T H E H I S T O RY

O F T H E

S O C I E T Y O F F R I E N D S

A M E RI C A .

B Y J A M E S B O W D E N .

Whatso ever is b orn of God o ve rcom eth th e world and this is th e victory that

o e rco m e th th e worl d e en our fa th . v , v i

h o i h e th a o vercom e th th e wor d b ut h e th e h t e W s t l , at b lieve t th at Je sus is h — S on of Go d 1 J H N . 4 5. O v ,

V O L . I .

L O N D O N

STREET WIT O T CH ARLES 5 B ISH OPSGATE H U . GILPIN, ,

P E E R F A C .

To inve stigate th e rise and t o trace th e pro gre ss o f a particular se ctio n o f th e re ligio us co mmunity is an int e

e o e e e e e e t o eo e r sting bj ct, and wh n it has r f r nc a p pl such

th e o e o f rie o e e e so as S ci ty F nds , wh s principl s and practic s pro min e ntly distinguish th e m am o ng o th e rs o f th e Christian

e th e e e o f s ur u e o e e e n nam , int r st uch a p s it b c m s gr atly

e h th e hanc d . T e de sign o f th e fo llo wing sh e e ts is t o re co rd

o o f i e o e A er — a o e hist ry th s p pl in m ica, c untry in which th y e xp e rie nc e d th e e xtre m e s o f e ntir e fr e e do m o f co nscie nc e o n th e o n e e e i o e e o o n th e hand, and cru l r l gi us p rs cuti n o e th r . The re e xist at th e pre se nt tim e o n th e N o rth Am e rican co ntin e nt n e arly six hundre d distinct religio us asse mblie s o f th e o e o f rie e e o e th e e o e e i S ci ty F nds, scatt r d v r r gi n xt nd ng

o M e th e o t o th e o i fr m Canada and ain in n rth, Car l nas and

e e e e th e o u o m e o o n th e T nn ss in S th , and fr its citi s and p rts

A t o th e o e e o f th e . e e tlantic, c untri s lying w st Mississippi Th s co mp o se in all s eve n se parate and inde p e nd e nt Ye arly M e et

o th e e e o - fifth s o f th e o e ings, and f rm in aggr gat f ur wh l

Th e o numb e r o f this p eo ple in th e w o rld . c nside ratio n o f this fact is calculate d th e re fo re to e xcite an inquiry such as

e e that t o which this wo rk is d vo t d . PRE FA C E .

r e n o o e e o o o f th e a e It is t u , that inc nsid rabl p rti ns valu bl

o r e o o f e we Go e re e e e t o t h e hist i s b th S l and ugh, hav f r nc

f Th e o e e o e e s o e e . e pr c ding Fri nds in Am rica d tails, h w v r, which th e se fu rnish are co nfine d principally t o th e suffe rings o f f e r N e w E so m e o their e arly m mb e rs o ministe rs in ngland, and t o transactio ns o f t h e S o cie ty within th e limits o f Pe nn

th e e e o e e sylvania and J rseys . Th e pre s nt w rk mbrac s a

e e t o e o o f much wid r fi ld, and aims xhibit a distinct hist ry e ach individual Ye arly M e e ting o f Fr ie nds in A m e rica fro m

s o t its ri e d wn o a p e rio d c o mparatively re c e nt . Th e n ew and unpublishe d mate rials r e latin g t o th e S o cie ty o f e th e we e o un e o Fri nds in st rn w rld, which, d r many fav ur able circumstance s th e w rite r has be e n e nable d t o co lle ct

o o o u e o n o e o f th e A o e e fr m vari us s rc s b th sid s tlantic, t g th r with an e asy acce ss t o num e ro us printe d wo rks o f ancie nt

te o f e e e i e th e da and gr at s carcity, hav plac d w thin his r ach m e ans o f e ffe cting th e o bj e ct t o a much large r ext e nt than h e o ul o c d have anticipate d . And h e re h e de sire s t o ackn w

' le dge th e kind and valuable assistance which h e has de rive d

o o m m e e th e e e b th fr tings and individuals, in r adin ss with

e e o him t o e e e o . which th y hav all w d acc ss M S S , including s m tho usands o f le tt e rs o f e arly Frie nds ; with o th e r imp o rtant

o i o e o f o e e hist r cal d cum nts m r r ce nt dat e .

i th e o o f th e o e o f e In study ng hist ry S ci ty Fri nds, it has

e e t o th e o o t o e t h e app ar d auth r imp rtant, rightly und rstand re ligio u s characte r and co nditio n o f th e p o p u latio n am o ngst

o ur o s h e which e arly Frie nds ar s e . With thi Vie w t e chapt r o n th e disco ve ry an d co lo nizatio n o f N o rth Am e ri ca has b e e n

o e o o e e e e o e intr duc d , and th ugh s m what xt nd d, it is h p d that

e i e e its d tails w ll no t b e co nsid r d inappro priat e .

It h ad b e e n int e nde d als o t o acco m pany this w o rk with an P RE FAC E . intro d ucto ry e ssay o n th e vario us disp e nsatio ns o f Divine

o e e t o m an t o o e th e e e e e o f Pr vid nc , and n tic r markabl s ri s

e e e for th e o ev nts, by which way was gradually pr par d intr ductio n int o th e w o rld o f th e re ligio n o f o ur L o rd and

o e e t o e e e o f th e S avi ur J sus Christ, as w ll as giv a bri f Vi w histo ry o f th e Chr istian church do wn t o th e tim e o f Ge o rge

Fo x as o e o o f . e t o b e o e ; but, bs rvati ns this kind app ar m r

e t o e e o o f e e e n o t e e suit d a g n ral hist ry Fri nds, th y hav b n n e o o e e ri e e o e i tro duc d int this m r r st ct d w o rk . B f r passing

o m e o e e m a b e e e ro fr this subj ct, h w v r, it y r mark d, that a p

e o e e th e e e o t o o w min nt bj ct in p nning ssay in qu sti n, was sh that th e Pro te stant R e fo rmatio n and th e sub s e que nt rise o f

o fe o o f e e e t h e Puritan pr ss rs Christianity, w r circumstanc s in t o e ul o i e e o f th e e al l e t o h e v rr ing pr v d nc s Divin Hand, c cu at d prepare th e he arts o f many for th e r e c e ptio n o f th o se spiri u m e o e o f th e eli o t al and pri itiv d ctrin s Christian r gi n, which

Fo x h is o e e n e e e e G e o rge and ass ciat s nu ciat d and r viv d, aft r

o f th e o o I n n th e lo ng and dark night R mish ap stacy . traci g

o f th e e e e o we th e histo ry Christianity, r fl ctiv mind cann t fail,

t o b e e e th e o e e e think, impr ss d with gradually pr gr ssiv natur

b e e e e o f th e Divin e disp e nsatio ns . It might xp ct d that in tre ating up o n th e histo ry o f a particul ar s e ctio n o f th e Chris

o e e o o ul e o f th e tian church, s m syst matic acc unt w d app ar r e ligio us Vie ws by which it is distinguish e d ; but fo r th e

e th e e e n e n o t ee re aso ns just advanc d, in pr s nt insta c it has b n atte mpte d . In re ading this histo ry the re may b e th o s e wh o in re fe

t o o e o f e e th e e re nce s m its arly chapt rs, may think that cru l and anti - christian co nduct e xhibite d by s o m e o f th e re ligio us b o die s in Am e rica to wards Frie nds might have b e e n r e vive d

o e e e e e e t o th e e e o f o se with le ss pr min nc , in d f r nc f lings th , F C P RE A E . wh o o o e t e e io n o n ow , alth ugh pr f ssing h sam e r lig us Opi i ns, e e ie ff f e e e so nt rtain v ws far di e re nt fr o m tho se o their pr d c s rs, t t as o h e to leratio n of individual se ntim e nt in r eligio n . But th e o t o b e l t o his o i e hist rian, faithfu trust, cann t w th justic i e t o e o e e o e a e b e t o his l st n such pl adings, h w v r c ng ni l th y may o wn e e in his t e o e th e e e th e f l gs . It is duty o lay b f r r ad r

s o o f th e e w o o e o o f i o . tran acti ns tim s, ith ut c nsid rati ns th s s rt

o e o e e m e o ul no t o nl If such an bj cti n w r ad itt d, it w d apply y t o all e e s o t o e e al hi o o ccl iastical hist ry, but g n r st ry als , and it will at o nce b e se e n that th e practical carrying o ut o f th e

ri e al e t o o e e o e ex e e r p ncipl lud d , w uld r nd r hist ri s tr m ly pa tial and unsatisfacto ry .

O e in e e e e m a b e n l e t o th rs again p rusing th s pag s, y i c in d e ur e as o e -wi l e th e o o f o e c ns stubb rn and s lf l d, c nduct th s wh o e e o n o o e e e e e e xhibit d many ccasi ns, th ir infl xibl adh r nc t o e e o f e o co nscie ntio us c o nvictio n . It was bs rv d Fri nds in th e i e o f eo e Fo x e e e a s 312 as tr ees t m G rg , that th y w r 37 .

e r e t o e t o e fo i a e vi e t o e Th i r fusal pay tith s, p r rm m lit ry s r c , tak

o &c . in th e e o e o f ffe s e e t o s aths, , sur pr sp ct su ring , gav ris thi

e . s ul t h e e o f e r mark Thi partic ar trait in charact r Fri nds,

b e e n e o e r e w e e o r has n maintai d fr m th ir is , ith gr at r smalle r

e e o o t o th e e e . C o o xc pti n, d wn pr s nt day larks n, in n ticing hi o o e e s e e t s unc mpr mising charact ristic, thus sp ak , It has b n

e i e e h e o th e o f th an stabl sh d rul wit th m , fr m f rmatio n o e

o e n o t t o e o e o r o e e o e e o r S ci ty, t mp riz , vi lat th ir c nsci nc ; , in o e o n o t t o do o o f th r w rds, that which, as a b dy Christians,

e e e e t o b e o o th e e s o f th e o o r th y b li v wr ng, th ugh usag w rld, th e o e e o f th e o e w c e e o ul g v rnm nt c untry und r hi h th y liv , sh d re quire it but rathe r t o submit t o th e fro wns and indigna

o f th e o n e th e e e e e e to e r ti n o , and l gal p nalti s ann x d th i ” e t diso b e dl en ce by th e o th e r . Aft r alluding o th e te stim o ny P F C RE A E .

e e e e ie e t o b e o which Fri nds b ar against what th y b l v wr ng, h e o e e o e e o f bearin tes tim on b pr c ds, this n bl practic g y, y which a fe w individuals attem pt to stem th e to rre nt o f imm o r alit b o e e e t o y, y Opp sing th ms lv s its stre am ; and which may b e o ere o o e o c nsid d as a living martyrd m , d s, in a m ral p o int o f e e e o f o o t e wh vi w, a gr at d al g d o tho s o co nscie ntio usly

o . e l e to e ad pt it It r ca ls first principl s th ir minds . It ke e ps

e r e e e th e e o o f e in th i r m mbranc r ligi us rights man . It t ache s

em t o e o o e t o e e r e e th r as n up n principl , and mak th i stimat s

o by a m ral standard . It is pro ductive b o th o f patie nce and

o f o r e . o o e t o b e e e c u ag It ccasi ns th m kind, and att ntiv , and m e l t o o e wh o are e e e rcifu th s . p rs cut d and Oppre sse d . It

o s e o th e e e e o f e t e are thr w th m int pr s nc Divinity, wh n h y

e e e e e e . o s e o e e p rs cut d th ms lv s In sh rt , it warm th ir m ral f l i e e il e e e o o . e o e e ngs, and l vat s th ir r ligi us th ughts Lik it k ps

- e o . i e e o e e e n e w th m fr m rusting L k a wh t st n , it giv s th m a e dge . Take away this practic e fro m th e co nstitutio n o f th e

e e o f o e o u ll o o e e m mb rs this S ci ty, and y pu d wn a c nsid rabl ” ” o o f e o e . e h e supp rt th ir m ral charact r It is a gr at pity,

o e o e s C r we o no t c ntinu s, that, as pr f sing h istians, sh uld m o re o f us inco rp o rate this n o ble principle individual ly into o W e o o o ur e o . e o r ligi n c ncur unqu sti nably in cust ms, thr ugh th e e o f e e e ul o f o ur e do f ar b ing r put d sing ar, which h arts n o t o e o o o e e always appr v ; th ugh n thing is m r tru , than that

e e e t o b e e e t o th e a Christian is xp ct d singular, with r sp ct

W e o f co rru ptio ns o f th e w o rld . hat an imm nsity goo d

o b e o e if e o f e o o o e t o ffe w uld d n , cas s p rs ns, ch sing rath r su r

t o e o e e e so e o t o th e e e than t mp riz , w r num r us as attract g n ral

o e o f m e n "Wo l n o t e e e o f f e o e e n tic u d v ry cas su f ring, p rat

o ne o f th e o o e e o o b e e t o as m st f rcibl l ss ns that c uld giv n , tho se wh o sh o uld se e it " And h o w lo ng w o uld that infam o us P RE FAC E .

s e e t o e e o e e e o yst m hav liv , which mak s a distincti n b tw n p li tical e xp e die ncy and m o ral right

In th e co urse o f this histo ry th e re ade r will m ee t with many bio graphical ske tche s o f th e live s o f tho se wh o w e re pro min e ntly and de vo te dly e ngage d in pro m o ting th e Re

’ ee e o th e e o th e advo d m r s kingd m in we st rn w rld, by public

Th e cacy o f th e simple and spir itual vie ws o f this S o ciety .

C i o th e e e e e e e th e e e hr stian c nstancy, infl xibl p rs v ranc , m k

e s s th e e e th e o e o e e n , pati nc , and h ly r signati n xhibit d by

e e r e o f i e s o f th m , und r a va i ty try ng circumstanc , and many

e n e o e o e e o th m u d r a m st cru l and barbar us p rs cuti n, and in o e e s e e t o th e o f e e o ffe t o th e s m cas v n taking away th ir liv s, r w o rld an un de niable t e stim o ny t o th e unfailin g s upp o rt o f th e u th e e e n o we o f e o t o th e faithf l in v rlasti g p r J h vah, and co nso latio ns an d j o ys e xp e rie nce d by th e true b elie ve rs in

Christ . With a Vi ew th e m o re distinctly to p o int o u t the ge o gra

h ical o o f e e n e t o e n e th e p situati n m ti gs and plac s, and abl re ade r th e m o re r e adily t o trace th e co u rs e o f th o se wh o trave lle d in go sp el lab o ur s in Am e rica,maps and plans will

o o o Fa - b e ccasi nally intr duce d . e simile s o f o riginal do cu

e o f e e o f e a e wi o b e e m nts and l tt rs rly Fri nds, ll als giv n .

o o th e e oul o e e if th e In c nclusi n , writ r w d bs rv , that in fo llo wing page s h e h as b e e n succe ssfu l in furnishing his r e s i e di o e e e t o f i nd w th r a ng fr m which th y may d riv instruc i n,

o f n o e m o e e e th e o e and i ducing am ng th m , r sp cially y ung r

e o f th e o e e e e e th e class s S ci ty , an incr as d int r st in histo ry o f e o wn e o e h e i e th e e e e th ir p pl , w ll hav pl asing r fl ctio n

e n o t e e in that his lab our s hav b n vain .

London Ninth M onth 1 850 . , ,

m r a e a e . . . 1 98 . Po tr itur of Qu k ris , vol iii p

E N G LI S H C O LO N 5 ES

’ N r fh amr ica e t e . T H E H I S T O R Y

OF TH E

S O C I E TY O F F R I E N D S I N A M E RI C A .

CHA PTER I .

— a r Am erica unknown to th e Ancients Icelandic M S . ccounts of No th — — m en Th e discovery of Am er ica by Colum bus and Cabot Th e e x pe Co r t er eal a RT U GU ES E N r m e r a—H e a dition of , PO , to o th A ic kidn ps — th e Indians for slave s Th e FRE N CH attem pt to for m colonie s unde r — Verazzani and Cartier Th e em igration of th e F rench Hugue nots and — Ro m anist sd Th e SP A N I A RD S e ea a e em e F r a nd vour to pl nt s ttl nts in lo id , er e de e a ae z e r a d de S and D e und Ponc L on, N rv , F n n o oto, on P dro e e e z— Th e EN GLI S H er er and a e a em e a M l nd , und Gilb t R l igh, tt pt to st — — blish colonie s in Car olina Th e settlem e nt of Virgin ia Th e characte r — of th e s ettlers -e - Disastrous conflict with th e Indians Th e intr o du c — tion of Negro Slave ry Th e p e r se cution of th e Pur itans in Englan d a em a ar er fo r a e w J am e s I . gr nts th ch t province in N England — — They s ettle at Plym outh Th e Massachuse tts Com pany Th e religious — — intole rance of th e Pur itans in Am erica Th e ir ch aracte r Their e e a a e — er W l am e ed an d rm p rs cutions in M ss chus tts Rog i li s is xil , fo s — a settle m ent at Providence Anne Hutchinson and th e Antinom ians — are a e an d e a a e a Th e er e b nish d, st blish colony on Rhod Isl nd p s — ca tion and banishm ent of t h e Baptists by th e Puritans Th e coloni — zatio n of New H am pshire and Conne cticut Th e Dutch settle at — — New Yor k Th e Swedish colony of D elaware Maryland coloniz e d by a and er er r d a m re—Car a and e r P pists oth s, und Lo B lti o olin its gov n ’ “ m e nt unde r Locke s Constitutions its succe ss under John Ar ch — — a e a Fr e e a a C em ark . d l , i nd R c pitul tion oncluding r s

TH E eo of o e e to e g graphy Eur p , Asia, and Africa, app ars hav ee e e oo th e e e e e e not b n w ll und rst d by anci nts, but th y nt rtain d th e remotest idea of th e existence of th e vas t continent o f o r DISCOVERY AMERICA . [1 4 92

er . Wh o e e th e o e e of th e e e o Am ica w r first disc v r rs w st rn w rld, e still r mains doubtful . Th e Royal S ociety of N o rthern Anti ” uaries o e e few e e e q , at C p nhag n, a y ars sinc , publish d a work to

o e o e th e e e e e o pr v that N rthm n , in t nth c ntury , w r its riginal Th e discoverers . work is compiled chi efly from Icelandic his ric al t o manuscripts . Much doubt has been thrown on th e

e e e n e o m en et no ffi e e auth nticity of th s a ci nt d cu ts, y su ci nt r ason ee o for o e e e e th e has b n sh wn, alt g th r r j cting conclusion that th e

o e o e e o e o N rth Am rican c ntin nt was visit d by N rthm n , alth ugh great uncertainty exists as to th e p ortion of th e coast on which

e e e . No e e o e e of o th y may hav land d d sir , h w v r, inquiring int th e e e of th e o e i e e o th s cr ts Atlantic, ar s , unt l sugg st d t wards e close of th e fifteenth century by th e s urpassing genius of o e o f e o e o . Christ ph r C lumbus, a nativ G n a

o n e th e e of e of set C lumbus , u d r auspic s Isab lla Spain , sail in th e o of 1 4 92 on th e e e e e Sixth M nth , maritim nt rpris , which has

o e e e H e o e e th e e s r markably signaliz d his nam . c nc iv d id a that it was practicable to reach th e distant and unkn own shores of e e o n th e o an e e ast rn Asia, by cr ssi g Atlantic, but with ut y xp cta tion that this attempt would lead to th e discovery of a new

o e . e of two o h e e e one of th e c ntin nt Aft r a sail m nths, d scri d

e e o e e Bahama Islands, and subs qu ntly disc v r d Cuba and Hayti e e o o th e o e of e th e but r turn d with ut t uching c ntin nt Am rica . In o of th e o o e e e i Ninth M nth f ll wing y ar, this nt rpris ng navigator left th e shores of Spain on a second western exp edition but his o e e e e no e two of th e ee v yag xt nd d furth r than Caribb Islands,

e o o . e e o o o e Pu rt Ric , and Jamaica A third xp diti n f ll w d, and e 1 4 98 h e o e of th e o e of o arly in , t uch d that part c ntin nt S uth e i e th e o o o e m o th e Am r ca, n ar which Orin c p urs its vast str a int ul M ex ican G f. Th e achievements of Columbus appear to have kindled in th e

e of th e e o e e for e o to h arts mul us , a d sir r n wn similar that which

e e e in th e e 1 4 96 o o oh charact riz d his nam , and y ar , J hn Cab t in d n e ee t a e o e . for o e fr m H ry VII , hims lf and thr s ns, a pat nt for w o o discovery and conquest of unkno n lands . J hn Cab t was

e e m e who e e o o o . e a V n tian rchant, r sid d ccasi nally in Brist l Littl is o of o t e h e e in kn wn his hist ry fur h r than that was w althy,

4 E"P o r TH E 1 500 THE EDITIONS FRENCH . [

Cortereal ee t e e e e e for o e fift s ing tha th y w r w ll fitt d lab ur, captur d y h r f t ce o e o h e o as e on his e u t o o . th m , wh m s ld slav s r t rn P rtugal

ffi th e o e of m en eno w Tra cking in b di s was an rmity, ith which th e o e e for o e e e e P rtugu s had , m r than half a c ntury, mad th m selves familiar and to that nation must b e attribute d th e lasting disgrace of having b een th e first t o connect th e abominations of th e - Slave trade with th e American continent . It is said that

o e e aflra th e e o this navigat r p rish d in an y with Indians, in a s c nd voyage which h e undertook for th e purpose of kidnapping more

‘ of e e e o e of Gas ar Cortereal are t o th m . Th s v yag s p all tha hist ry

o r records of PORTUGUESE expediti ns to North Ame ica .

Th e o e of e o ei e th e FRENCH , th ugh l ss a maritim nati n than th r

or o e e e e e o of " th e Spanish P rtugu s , w r d sir us participating in

e e o o e ffo e th e advantag s , which t rrit rial c nqu st might a rd th m in h o e e new o . W e . e w rld it this Vi w, Francis I mpl y d Juan V raz f o e o e e n o to or . zani , a skilful Fl r ntin avigat r, sail its distant sh r s

n of e e o n e e e ve e Passi g by way Mad ira, and having nc u t r d a s r e e Verazzani th e e e M o 1 5 2 3 e t mp st , , in El v nth nth , cam in sight of th e o of o o o h e e e e c ast N rth Car lina, and sailing n rthward , nt r d th e inlets which afterwards b ecame th e harbours of New York h e e e o e e e o . Th e and N wp rt land which pass d, b ing c v r d with

e e e oo e e e of o e g ntl and fin ly w d d hills , r mind d him Rh d s, and Th e from hence may be traced th e derivation of Rhode Island . e e o o o e o o ee e xp diti n c ntinuing its c urs n rthward, pr c d d as far as ’ e th e e of o e o e th e N ova Scotia . Whil nativ s Car lina w lc m d

t n e to e o e o e of th e o e e o e e o e s ra g rs th ir sh r s , th s n rth rn r gi n w r h stil

Th e of th e o e e to th e e for o . and suspici us visits P rtugu s latt r,

o e of o e are suflicient to e th e nefarious bj ct pr curing slav s, xplain

ff e this di erenc . Th e voyage of Verazzani which extended along seven hundre d

e o f o t e o o of th e e e e mil s c as , includinga larg p rti n pr s nt Unit d

a e o of o e e t o th e e St t s, and m st British N rth Am rica, gav Fr nch o e m to o e e e e of e o on th e assu m s m clai a c nsid rabl xt nt t rrit ry , p tion of discovery ; and with ‘ the desire of e xploring still further

of e o o e o e e e o e e and s ttling c l ni s in th s parts, an xp diti n for th s 4 o e wa o e e e 1 534 o e 1 5 1 . purp s s s f rm d und r Carti r in , and an th r in These and several other subsequent attempts of th e French TH E SPANIARDS IN FLORIDA .

o to o o e o e e e e nati n plant c l ni s in N rth Am rica, ntir ly fail d , until th e e e e o t o no w o 1 605 e s ttl m nt at P r R yal, Annap lis, in , und r H e n De o . e o th e e M nts, a Calvinist obtai d fr m Fr nch king

e o for th e ee e e e of e o for e for p rmissi n fr x rcis r ligi n , hims lf, and

u w Th e those H guen ot emigrants h o accompani ed him . French

o o e e o e e t o th e new e e e Cath lics , wh s att nti n was dir ct d s ttl m nt ,

e e o to o e e th e to e e o and b cam anxi us pr s lyt Indians th ir r ligi n , th e of e e e o e o o e arrival J suits with this xpr ss bj ct, quickly f ll w d .

Biart De Beincourt of o e e to e e on th and this rd r, w nt r sid am g e

of th e o e e e e u Indians Alg nquin rac , and w r succ ssf l in inducing th e e o o o e e e of e to e e th e P n bsc t and th r nativ trib s Main , mbrac

o e o to o e e th e New P pish r ligi n , which this day is pr f ss d by Eng m . e o o e o o land Indians Und r Cha plain , m nks fr m Franc als f und e t o th e e e e of e e o e th ir way Canada, but pr s nc th s pr s lyting

o l ed to e o e ee e th e R manists diss nsi ns b tw n th m and Calvinists ,

e e th e e of th e o o . Th e e which imp d d succ ss c l ny Fr nch , during

e e e en in n n u e e th e th ir s ttl m t Ca ada, havi g q arr ll d with English ,

e e d i e o e o e o e e e e w r r v n fr m th ir p ss ssi ns, but th y w r r instated by

Th e e e o of e o treaty in 1 632 . xt nsi n Am rican c lonization was now u e e th e e e e o e nd rtak n by Fr nch with incr as d vig ur, and und r th e e o of 1 64 2 of e t e e dir cti n Champlain in , a chain s tl m nts was o e e e n o e e t o on e few e f rm d, xt ndi g fr m Qu b c M tr al , and in a y ars

th e o e of e after as far west as sh r s Lak Ontario. Whilst th e French were endeavouring to extend th eir t erritori es on i o e th e e o e e sue th s vast c ntin nt , SPANIARDS , nc urag d by th ir e e th e o o e o for e o on c ss s in S uth , str v als t rrit rial acquisiti s in 1 5 1 2 on th e e o e . or N rth Am rica In , day call d Palm Sunday, in o o e de eon e e Spanish, Pasqua Fl rida, P nc L , an nt rprising

n o e e e e e n e of o o e Spa iard, disc v r d an xt nsiv ra g c untry cr wn d with

e o e to o o of th e on h e magnific nt f r st, and this, in h n ur day which

o e e h e e th e e of o . e t o n disc v r d it, gav nam Fl rida R turning Spai , h e obtained authority from th e king t o lead an exp edition to th e o e o e h i country h e had discovered . This bj ct h w ver e d d not live

to o e on e e . o t acc mplish , but di d his passag thith r N withstanding th e e of o e de eo th e e e o o ee e oo d ath P nc L n , xp diti n pr c d d, and s n o to o bu t no e o on o e f und its way Fl rida , att mpt at c l izati n app ars to ee e th e en e e is o of h have b n mad by adv tur rs , and littl kn wn t e TH E SPANIARDS IN NORTH AMERICA .

' e u of o e oth er ex editions of th e e e r s lt this and s m p Spaniards, xc pt e o o e th e e e of e r e o th e or e e that th y f ll w d xampl th i n ighb urs P tugu s , in th e iniquitous practice of kidnapping th e unsuspecting Indians fo r S e . Th e e of o o or was a lav s id a planting a c l ny in Fl ida, o e one th e s 1 52 8 e e o e fav urit with Spaniard , and in , th y mad an th r e on o e e e no e six e m en att mpt, a c nsid rabl scal l ss than hundr d five e e a e e for th e o e e arvaez in v ss ls, h ving mbark d bj ct und r N , a Th e eo e ex e distinguished adventurer of th e time . p pl in this p

o e e e th e e e of e r o diti n, b ing r gard d by nativ s as invad rs th i c untry , e e met on e di of o o o e of w r th ir lan ng by signs much pp siti n, but f ar European power soon caused th e Indians to retreat into th e depths of e e th e e o o e e th ir unknown forests . Und r impr ssi n that g ld n tr a e e e in th e o arvaez e e e to e o e th e sur s xist d c untry , N d t rmin d xpl r e T e o e e o e f r or. o a e e o o int i th ir dism y, h w v r, th y f und th ir h p s e e e e e e e w alth, a p rf ct chim ra, and , aft r trav rsing a rugg d and

o no o e e e t e e e oo m untai us c untry, int rsp rs d wi h xt nsiv lag ns and e e e o fli th e e e e marsh s, and maintaining fr qu nt c n cts with xasp rat d e t o of th e e e to e e Indians, a r mnan nly inland party r turn d r lat

e th ir sad adventures . Th e o e of th e e of arvaez so far o calamit us issu att mpt N , fr m e th e e e for o o e e e th e new o t xtinguishing d sir c l nial nt rpris in c un ry, s eems to have l ed to more determined efforts for its prosecution: 1 5 39 e o de o o wh o o e o In , F rnand S t , had acc mpani d Pizarr in his

e o o e th e o e of et o P ruvian invasi n, f rm d b ld id a s tling a kingd m in o e for e e e w ew Fl rida, with hims lf its supr m h ad, and ith this vi f h e sailed fro m Spain with nine hundred adventurers . Aware o th e d e e e o e wh o e e e isast rs which had b fall n th s had pr c d d him, in

o e e e of th e o of th e e o o o to c ns qu nc h stility nativ s, S t was anxi us o Th avoid a similar danger by endeavouring to c nciliate them . e

e of th e o e e e e h ow hatr d Indians t wards th ir h artl ss invad rs, was, ' e e too ee to be eflaced o e o of r e v r d p by pr f ssi ns Spanish f i ndship, e em e e and th e attempts t o reconcil th entir ly fail d . If they ” e e o e e e th e n e e o o e w r h n st, r pli d ativ s, th y w uld stay at h m and ul e e r own o e of o n to e to c tivat th i s il, inst ad c mi g distant climat s e o e e e e e o e e to th e e e o of xp s th ms lv s by th ir r bb ri s, x crati n man kind . After a long and disastrous attempt to find mineral

e o e o o e o w alth in N rth Am rica, S t di d in Fl rida, and his party, THE ENGLISH IN CAROLINA . 7

o e to o th e o e e t o having c nclud d aband n c untry, mad th ir way

M exico . Notwithstanding that th e Spaniards made many efforts to

o o e o e not e e e e e plant c l ni s in N rth Am rica, a singl p rman nt s ttl

e ee o e e t 15 65 e Don e o m nt had b n f rm d by th m un il , wh n P dr

M elendez received a commission from Philip II . to make an o e o to e e e e o e e o th r trial , and als xtirpat as h r tics , s m Hugu n ts

wh o e o . e e ez e o th e had land d in Fl rida M l nd sail d, and cr ssing oo o o on th e r er e Atlantic, t k up his p siti n iv (St ) Augustin , and e founde d th e town now known by that nam e. Exc pting those

on th e e St . e e e o e be con M xican isthmus, ( ) Augustin th r f r may sidered as th e oldest E uropean settlem ent on th e continent of Th e e for North America . Spaniards k pt p ossession of Florida two e t e o hi e e e e o of c n uri s fr m t s dat , but with scarc ly any xt nsi n e e e e e 1 830 o r o th ir s ttl m nt , and as lat as this c unt y , c ntaining an e o e e e o o of ar a s m what gr at r than all England , had a p pulati n T only about free p ersons . h e love of this p eople for

o e so e so o e g ld, which th y had asily and abundantly btain d in e e o unfitted em for o o n o e o e P ru and M xic , th c l nizi g th s c untri s in

o o e to e which agricultural lab ur nly was availabl , and this caus may be attributed th e failure of th e Spanish to extend their settlements in North Am erica .

Th e o th e di o e e of er e e evi ENGLISH , th ugh sc v r rs Am ica, w r dently less earnest than either th e French or Spaniards to form be s ettlem ents in that country . This may partly ac counted for th e n e th e o e on by circumsta c , that public mind was much ccupi d th e u e of th e o e e o o o e o e o s bj ct Pr t stant R f rmati n , and s m th r t pics of an engrossing character ; it would be difficult otherwise to understand why n early a century should have passed away before any considerable eflort was made by th em to plant a colony in

th e e o e e o . e e t of n wly disc v r d w rld Sir Humphr y Gilb r , a man

t e th e to o for e n dis inguish d rank , was first f rm a plan s ttli g an o o o e e e e h e English c l ny in N rth Am rica, an nt rpris in which H was much encouraged and assisted by Sir Walter Raleigh . e to sea 1 5 83 five e e o two put in , with v ss ls , c ntaining in all hun “ e e o e e e of o dr d and sixty p rs ns, skill d in v ry faculty ; wh m

e e o o e o e e in o carp nt rs , mas ns , and m r particularly th s skill d w rk T H E COLONY OF VIRGINIA . i n e e o e o e e . o t g and r fining m tals, f rm d a c nsid rabl part In ab u

ee o th e e e on th e of e o thr m nths xp diti reached banks N wf undland, where Gilbert found no less than thirty s ix vessels busily engaged th e e o e e e h e e o e o o in fish ry v r th s assum d an abs lut c ntr l, and by

e of th e e e to him e h e e virtu pat nt grant d by Elizab th, claim d a e o e e di o t rrit ry xt n ng two hundre d miles from th e harb ur of (St . ) ’ o e e h f th e e e e to be . e o J hn s , wh r th n happen d In pursuanc o e e at e o e of h is o e h e e e o dl m r imm di bj ct v yag , quitt d N wf un and , e his o e for th e soiIth om e h e en and b nt c urs , but fr this tim

o e e a e e of e e e e o c unt r d s ri s disast rs , which pr v nt d him fr m landing on th e o e e n th e re of one of e e c ast, and aft r witn ssi g w ck his v ss ls, and th e departure of two others for England on account of sick

e e e e e e to e o e . th e n ss, Gilb rt prud ntly d t rmin d r turn h m On ’ e e e e o e e e e passag th y w r v rtak n by a hurrican , in which Gilb rt s e e e e e e v one e e v ss l sudd nly disapp ar d , l a ing but a small r duc d to o e e u e o e . alm st a wr ck , which r t rn d al n ’ Th e disastrous result of Sir Humphrey Gilbert s exp edition did not discourage th e E nglish from making an other attempt t o oo h New e wh o of t e Wo . gain a f ting in rld Ral igh , was a man e e e e e e oo o e ex distinguish d g nius and nt rpris , und rt k at his s l e e t pens a grand scheme for th e purpose . His first st p was o e out two e e to e o e th e o e e s nd small v ss ls xpl r c asts ; and th s ,

o e e ul o e e e th e o e of o fav ur d with a succ ssf v yag , r ach d sh r s N rth T h o e e e e o e . h e e w Car lina in saf ty nativ s , w r d scrib d as hand ” o e m en e o eo e e e o oo o e s m , and v ry c urt us in th ir d m an ur, s n fl ck d

to th e e e e e e e e . e v ss ls , and w r tr at d with much kindn ss Aft r o e e o o o th e e o c asting a littl furth r al ng N rth Car lina , xpl ring

e u e e o e th e o th e o l en~ party r t rn d, and r p rt d that s il was m st p ” ee u o e o e of all th e o tiful, sw t, fr itful and wh l s m w rld, and that

e e o e e ovi o of th e natives w r m st g ntl , l ng and faithful, v id all e e e th e o e guile and treason . Ral igh was d light d with fav urabl

o th e o oo e o i e e o acc unt , and nati n l k d f rward w th high xp ctati ns ee to th e undevelop ed treasures of th e new contin ent . Qu n

e e th e o e of e e n h er Elizab th , gratifi d with pr sp ct thus xt ndi g

o o e e th e o o of e to th e ro d mini ns , acc pt d h n ur giving a nam p misin o e o of h er e e of e g c untry , and as a m m rial singl stat lif , it was named VIRGINIA . THE COLON Y OF VIRGINIA .

e now o no e e r n o e e e o Ral igh l st tim in pr pa i g an th r xp diti n , and th e e e e of e o e for e was too at xp ns n arly all his f rtun , ( Elizab th cautious and penurious to expend th e public m oney in this way) b e e e 1 585 ee of e e e e o i one quipp d , in , a fl t s v n v ss ls, c nta ning e e o o e e th e o hundr d and ight c l nists , placing th m und r c mmand of Th e e e e e ee e of o e e . Gr nvill , a man c nsid rabl ability v ss ls r ach d e e e o th e o for o e Virginia in saf ty, and aft r xpl ring c ast m r than

two e e th e e a e o o e . We hundr d mil s, migr nts land d at R an k ” “ e o e e th e e one of e to be th e hav disc v r d main , r marks th m ,

oo e h f th e oo e g dli st soil under t e cep e o heaven . It is g dli st and m ost pleasing territory of th e world ; for th e soil is of a huge o reatnesse and e e e o e and o e o unkn wn g , v ry w ll p pl d t wn d, th ugh Th e English had not long occupied Roanok e ere e th y unhappily commenced a hostile course t owards th e natives .

e r e o e e o of th e o e e e e In th i arly c nflicts with th s s ns f r st , th y w r e e th e u se of fire - to e e o th e oo nabl d by arms driv th m int w ds , but they soon found to their dismay that they had made a dangerous

e e fo e f h Th e e of and t rribl o t e North Am erican Indian . trib s

o e n th e en of e new ene Car lina rightly stimati g str gth th ir my,

e for th e o e of th e om e o n unit d purp s driving English fr th ir c u try , and had not Drake arrived with a fleet in which th e colonists e e o e e o e th e e o o e e ee w r c nv y d h m , r sult w uld d ubtl ss hav b n fatal t o them all . e o of e e e Ral igh , th ughtful his Virginian nt rpris , had dis

e a e e e o e for th e o o ere patch d v ss l lad n with st r s c l nists, but

th e e o o e ee e e e . o e o t ship arriv d , R an k had b n d s rt d In an th r f r night Greenville came with three ships and ab out fifty new

e e e his oi e t on n th e e e S ttl rs, but gr at was disapp ntm n findi g s ttl e e e eo e i o e e th e h m nt ntir ly unp pl d ; unw lling , h w v r, that Englis

o o e e t o th e o h e e t ee of sh uld f rf it th ir right c untry , l f fift n his

m en to ee o e o of o o e and e t e to . k p p ss ssi n R an k , r urn d England

e e e e e to e h e no t Th s w r dispiriting circumstanc s Ral igh , but was

e e o of th e m o t e e of dismay d by th m . His Opini n i p r anc and valu o o on th e Ne w Wo e e h e e e f unding a c l y in rld was d cid d , and d t r

Th e mined to u se e very endeavour t o accomplish it . e fam of

— a e in II kl u t . . 31 1 . L n , a y , iii p 1 0 TH E COLONY or V IRGINIA . th e o e e to o re e n new ex c untry mad it asy pr cu migra ts , and a edition o e to e e a p was acc rdingly plann d, which Ral igh grant d e of o o o and in th e e of 1 5 87 e e chart r inc rp rati n , summ r , it r ach d Ro o an ke . H ere th e new adventurers searched in vain for th e m en e ee e th e o e e e o l ft by Gr nvill , but human b n s scatt r d ar und e no o e e e th e d of th e l ft d ubt that th y had p rish d by han s natives .

Th e new e o of e - e m en eve ee migrants , c nsisting ighty nin and s nt n o e o w m n , f ndly anticipating that they were settling a State in th e new o e th e o o of e e w rld, b gan f undati n a city, which th y nam d

e . Th e e t e o e e oo e to en e oo Ral igh s t l rs, h w v r, s n b gan t rtain gl my

e e o for th e e e o e o e to appr h nsi ns futur , and th ir g v rn r was s nt Eng to use e o f e land his p rsuasi n or fresh reinforcem nts and supplies . o e e e e o e h e e e and e to M r than a y ar pass d away b f r r turn d , th n his astonishment h e fo und th e island of Roanoke a second tim e de e e th e of e -b o e e s rt d , and city Ral igh wit ut a singl Europ an .

W e e of th e e e e n e hat b cam s ttl rs still r mai s a myst ry, but it is

on e e e e e to e e e e e e e c j ctur d that, b ing r duc d xtr m distr ss, th y w r

o o e o h e f e Th e e h spitably ad pt d int t tribe o Hatt ras Indians. lat r

a e of th e e o e n on physical ch ract r trib , and a traditi n xisti g am g its

e e are e on o of u d sc ndants adduc d in c firmati n this s pp osition . ’ Th e colonization of Am erica by th e E nglish after Raleigh s er o for e th e on o disast s lay d rmant many y ars, but additi al acc unts w e e e o of e and e hich w r furnish d by navigat rs, its f rtility b auty, gave at length a new impulse t o th e adventurous to seek a h om e th e n 1 06 e ew o . 6 e to o e in w rld In , a pat nt was grant d s m

We o o e for n o o o e althy L nd n rs planti g a c l ny in Virginia, and an th r t o o e e h of Th s m nterprising n oblemen in t e west England . e patent of th e L ondon company comprehended th e present terri o of o n th e o e e t ry Maryland, Virginia, and Car li a ; and th r, call d th h f T e o e e t e o o o . h e Plym uth adv ntur rs, c untry n rth Maryland attempts of th e Plym outh company proved a failure until th e e oo 1 62 0 th e o o or o e ro Puritans und rt k it in , but L nd n , m r p

’

e th e Vir inian com an we e o e e . In 1 606 p rly g p y, r m r succ ssful , preparations were m ade by th e latter on a larger scale than in n f r ee a y preceding effort of th e English o such an obj ect . Thr

e e e ou t in th e e t of 1 607 o e Ships w r fitt d , and arly par anch r d

e o e e th e e e e saf ly in Chesape ake Bay . Fr m th nc migrants asc nd d

1 64 4 THE COLONY o r VIRGINI A. [

of re to e o ee o o o e as on e en e things, in gard r ligi us fr d m , f ll w d a c s qu c of e for an 1 658 e e e this chang , and , but act in , by which Fri nds w r t e e e ee e to be fel on e o banish d, and th ir r turn was d m d yfi r ligi us o e t l ration would have been n early complete in Virginia . Th e right of th e Indians t o their native soil was a principle e e e o se th e n th e of e e e n v r r c gni d by Virgi ians , claims justic w r

o e oo e e on th e e of e o e n v rl k d and trampl d , and trib s that t rrit ry, b i g

r e for th e e of e n ro o e e th e ala m d saf ty th ir hunti g g unds , c nc iv d o f Th e was h rrible ide a o exterminating their invaders . plan

on e e e e e th e o c triv d, and k pt in gr at s cr cy, and in Third M nth ,

1 61 8 th e i e e e el o e u o th e nu , irr tat d and r v ng Alg nquin , f ll p n

e e e one o e o e 34 7 of o e susp cting s ttl rs, and in h ur , d str y d th s ‘ ’ o h f e con e on t e o e e . o l cat d banks Jam s s riv r Pr vid ntially , a ’ verte d Indian had revealed th e plot to th e inhabitants of James s

o th e e o e o e e is e th e o e T wn night b f r , th rwis it probabl that wh l T ff f e e colony would have p erish ed . h e e ect o this sudd n carnag h e e of th e was most disastrous t o th e rising colony . At t tim

e it o e 4 000 e massacr had m r than English , but within a y ar,

e e - Th e ee they were r duc d to nearly one half that numb er. f l ings of alarm which prompte d th e settlers to abandon their new o e on o e of th e n n e oo e to h m s , this utbr ak a gry ativ s, s n gav way

o e of e e e and e n of e e o e th s r v ng , in r tur , a war xt rminati n b ing

o e e th e o e e o th e e se c mm nc d against Indians , dr v th m int fastn s s

of h h e 1 4 4 t e e o . o t e 6 int ri r But, n twithstanding this, nativ s in , m e o e u e e ee e of th e ad an th r s dd n attack, and kill d thr hundr d o o c l nists . B efore concluding th e sketch of this first permanent settle e of th e e we no t o to o e m nt English in Am rica, must mit n tic

h 1 2 u i t e o o of e o e . 6 0 of intr ducti n n gr slav ry In , a D tch sh p ’ e e e offe we oe f e e e e or e . war nt r d Jam s s riv r, and r d t nty n gr s sal Th e se ttlers unhappily b ought them ; and thus commenced in

e o e th e e e fe of on Am rica an iniquit us syst m , ban ful f cts which th e e o e o e e of th e o o o e t mp ral and r ligi us int r sts c l ny, it is imp ssibl t o To e e e o s e e ee estimate . what xt nt n gr lav ry in Am rica has b n th e e of e t th e e o f e o th e e m ans r arding spr ad Vital r ligi n in arth ,

N r d a r . . 5 32 . o woo in B nc oft, i p TH E 1 RISE OF TIIE PURITANS IN ENGLAND . 3

o o to H im wh o is o e we be e is kn wn nly mnisci nt, but may w ll

e ee e t th e e o of assur d that it has b n gr at, and, tha r sp nsibility o o e o e on intr ducing and uph lding such a cru l utrag humanity, and so o o T e th e of u be e e . o which vi lat s rights man , m st tr m nd us

e e th e e e of e th e to Virginia th n , attach s ind libl stain b ing first o o e on th e o t e o e th e sin of e o pr m t N r h Am rican c ntin nt, n gr slavery . In tracing th e future history of th e American o o e not ffi u to e e e th e rod of e di c l ni s, it is di c lt p rc iv that divin s

e e e e on t e to pl asur has signally r st d this guilty s at , furnishing

o e e n e o th e e ee for mankind an th r t achi g l ss n , that sur st guarant th e e s e o e of eo e uncom ultimat ucc ss and pr sp rity a p pl , is an o n n eo e pr misi g adhere ce to th e law of universal right usn ss . For more than a century after th e discovery of th e Western

Wo th e e on o e o e rld, English had land d its sh r s, c mparativ ly

bu f e t e e o eo e. e e e e e Sp aking, a m r handful p pl Aft r r p at d failur s, th e o o o of e th e e e of th c l nizati n Virginia, und r manag m nt e

o o o l ed to e e e o was e e e L nd n c mpany, gr at xp ctati ns but it r s rv d for th e Puritans t o give th e greatest impulse to th e tide of emi gratien to th e new country . Th e Reformation in England had never been accompani ed by

o e o of en e e of e on a full t l rati n individual s tim nt in matt rs r ligi , and hence may be dated th e establishment of th e colonies In NE W

. Th e o on o em to e o e e ENGLAND N nc f rmist igrants that r gi n , w r

wh o o e e for o e o o e o o individuals , c nt nd d a m r th r ugh r f rmati n in

e on e o e ee e . e e e r ligi , than that r c gniz d by Qu n Elizab th Th y w r e th e o o of th e n dissatisfi d with p mp us display A glican Church,

f h o o Th e u and regarded it as a remnant o t e R mish ap stacy . se of organs and other instruments of music in th e time of public

o th e o o of e e o eo e th e o w rship , pr hibiti n xt mp ran us pray r, b wing at th e e of e th e use of th e e and o e e e nam J sus, surplic th r pri stly v st

e o e e wi th e th e o on of m nts, t g th r th liturgy and vari us distincti s

o th e e of e o e e on th e e rank am ng minist rs r ligi n , w r am g l ading ' n f of Th grou ds o dissent held by this class English Reform ers . e o e f e e e o two e th e Pr t stants o England thus b cam divid d int parti s, one e for e e th e pl ading gr at r purity and Simplicity in church , and th e o ther for entire conformity to th e reformed religion as recog nized Th e te e th e mo e o er of th e t wo by law. lat r b ing r p w ful , 1 620. THE PURITANS EMIGRATE TO NEW ENGLAND . [ soon had recourse to th e civil power in th e enforcem ent of their ' h e . 1 5 5 4 of o o was assed t e vi ws In an Act C nf rmity fp , and at o of e 1 593 o e of e e e e instigati n Elizab th in , an th r act gr at r s v rity

o o e o o for e t e on e f ll w d , including pr visi ns p nal i s and impris m nts, e e for e o e wh o e e to and v n capital punishm nt, against th s r fus d h conform to t e usages of th e church established by law . Th e enactments for enforcing conformity t o th e Anglican

o e th e to e o e of se e o church, dr v Puritan party sp ak p nly c ssi n, and

1 5 2 e o e e e o e o . Th e at last in 7 , th y f rm d a s parat c ngr gati n laws

t o o o e e now e e o e e e e agains n nc nf rmists w r cru lly nf rc d, numb rs w r

e th e o two e e e e e . Th e banish d c untry, and w r v n hang d at Tyburn

e e e n o ffo e e e e p rs cut d Puritans findi g that H lland a rd d th m a r fug , fled e o e o of e o e e thith r, and a c ngr gati n th m was f rm d at Amst r dam but th e intermarriages of their memb ers with Dutch families

e e e e e and o e o e o e o d cr as d th ir numb rs , this, with s m th r c nsid rati ns, l ed most of th e younger part of their church to resolve on a rem oval t o America . An application for a grant of land was accordingly o e o e K n e h e e e to btain d, and was sancti n d by i g Jam s but r fus d enter into any stipulati on for th e free e xercise of their religion ; s n e e e e e e e e no ayi g, that if th y d m an d th ms lv s qui tly, inquiry ” wo be e. th e e of 1 62 0 one e e o uld mad In summ r , hundr d p rs ns,

o oo and o o e e as e e having ab ut in g ds pr visi ns, mbark d xil s , seeking a new h ome on th e western shores of th e Atlantic . After

vo a e of two o e e th e o of e Cod a y g m nths, th y arriv d in harb ur Cap , Th e in sight of th e m ost barren part of Massachusetts . country on e e few e e o e ee e e e which th y land d, had, a y ars b f r , b n r nd r d a lonely desert by a p estilence which had swept over it . Wigwams

e e o n e r en d e e th e r s o e w r f u d, but th i t ants had isapp ar d ; i ing sm k

th e e o e e e th e not in distanc , h w v r, indicat d that Indian was far — ofl] a fact which was soon confir m ed by th e sound of th e war

oo for th e n e e th e o e o th e e wh p , ativ s kn w Eur p an nly as kidnapp r of e e e e o n th e o th e e o e th ir rac . Aft r xpl ri g c untry, migrants ch s

o th e o on to o e e e t o a sp t , as m st inviting which f rm a s ttl m nt, and h Th e e e this they gave t e name of Plym outh . wint r was pass d in ’ en e of e e e o ere o e e su n duranc xtr m privati n , and an th r summ r s

e e o th e e o one - of e e had b am d up n littl c mpany, half th ir numb r had o e e e hri " cl s d th ir earthly career . In imitation of th e primitiv C s 1 629 ] T H E PURITANS IN NEW ENGLAND . 1 5

e e m e o e o of oo th e tians , th s Pilgri Fath rs ad pt d a c mmunity g ds as basis of their system ; bu t they found t o their cost that it was o ne o r e so ill adapted to their state . Lab u was giv n with slug

o o o e e n e o e gish a disp siti n, that in s m instanc s whippi g was r s rt d t o h o o e th e o o e e oe e . t e , as a n c ssary c rciv In f ll wing y ar c l ny was For at e ee reinforced by an arrival of new e migrants . l ast thr

e e th e of th e r New e y ars aft r landing Pu itans in England, th y had

‘ t o s t to e e o e t ee ubmi gr at hardships, which th y b r wi h much ch r ten e o fulness and th e settlement increas ed . In y ars it was fl urish i n e e ee e . g, and numb r d thr hundr d inhabitants Th e determination of th e leaders of th e English Episcopal to e e o th e e e church , p rsist in nf rcing laws mad against diss nt , and th e unceasing efforts of Laud for th e introduction of a m ore o o o e o e of e p mp us ritual, acc mpani d with an inquisit rial syst m gr at se e n o o o e e th e e e of th e v rity agai st n nc nf rmists, incr as d d sir s

e e e f r e o to me Th e e e p rs cut d Puritans o migrati n A rica . r luctanc which many of them felt to exchange th e land of their nativity for th e wilds of th e new world was overcom e by th e pers ecution to e e e e o o for o o emi which th y w r subj cted , and an ass ciati n pr m ting ” f ration t o New o e on e e. en o g England, was f rm d a larg scal M rank “ e e e e e u e of St and influ nc , and j ct d P ritan minist rs high anding, e o e th e e e of o th e o e e t nc urag d sch m , and a grant land fr m g v rnm n Th h e e for. e ou not o o e to t e was appli d C rt was pp s d d sign , and “ te o e for th e o er o o of a pa nt was btain d , g v n r and c mpany Massa ” f n ch usetts . e o or e o ee e Bay Pr parati ns mbarkati n havi g b n mad , th e e o t o o e two e set six migrants, am unting ab v hundr d , sail in

h e o 1 62 e e e “ th o e e . t 9 e of v ss ls In Sixth M nth , , th y r ach d c ast

e e on o e e e Massachus tts, and land d a Sp t which th y nam d Sal m . o e ee e e s o to o one e S m n dy s ttl r , am unting ab ut hundr d , had

e o e e e e e o e e th e t alr ady l cat d th ms lv s at this plac , and alt g th r infan colony numb ered three hundred souls . Th e e e e e e o e of th e o o on arly s ttl rs at Sal m, lik th s Plym uth c l y , suflered e e e e ore th e o o o e gr at distr ss s, and b f f ll wing spring, m r than eighty of their number had died . But th e accounts trans mitted to e ee e o of th e new o England gav a ch ring d scripti n c untry, and th e feeling in favour of emigration b ecam e more intense among th e n onconformists In th e following year preparations PURITA Ns 1 630 THE IN NEW ENGLAND . [ .

e e e on s e e no e ee u e w r mad a till larg r scal , and l ss than fift n h ndr d

e o e on th e o e of e y p rs ns land d sh r s Massachus tts, including man

‘ o of e e i b th w alth and ducation . Th e desire for this fore gn land

o e to e e e e e e of c ntinu d gath r str ngth , and y ar aft r y ar, mass s English e e of th e o e e e o ee e to New . diss nt rs m st r sp ctabl class, pr c d d England Neale does not doubt that in a few years one fourth of th e pro e of th e o o e ee e to e no p rty kingd m w uld hav b n tak n Am rica, had e n e ee ffe o e . th e e e e m e e r sista c b n r d But gov rnm nt b ca alarm d, and a proclamation was issue d to restrain th e disorderly tran ’ o of his e s e e e of th e e sp rting Maj sty s ubj cts, b caus many idl and e o o o e o or end to e e o r fract ry hum urs, wh s nly principal is liv b y nd th e e of e e e r ach authority . On th e day following an ord r app ar d t o stay eight ships now in th e river of Tham es prepared to go for New n th e e e o o er E gland and pass ng rs, am ng wh m was Oliv f Cromwell e e o e to d e o o e e fi w r blig d is mbark . Alth ugh a c nsid rabl check was thus given to emigration by th e interference of th e

o e et e e o e t o e to civil p w r, y larg numb rs c ntinu d find th ir way

c u e . e e e e th e Massa h s tts It is calculat d that , during tw lv y ars , e - migrants amounted to no less than twenty one thousand . Escape d from a harassing and unjust p ersecution in their n e d it e ee e e e th e e e In New ativ lan , might hav b n xp ct d that s ttl rs England would recognize religious liberty as th e basis of their

e . no e e e e e e e syst m But such id a, it app ars , was v r nt rtain d by m the . Th e express o bj ect Of th e Puritans in seeking t o found a o o e was e e o th e ee e e e of c l ny in Am rica, , that th y might nj y fr x rcis e h e o . Th e e o e e e e e on t e th ir r ligi n chart r, h w v r, is ntir ly sil nt Th o s e . e e e th e e ubj ct king r gard d migrants as a trading c mpany, and they were forbidden to make any law or ordinance repugnant Th of th e e t o th e statutes of th e realm . e fair construction chart r e e e o th e s not e e is, that ntir diss nt fr m Engli h church was int nd d t o be o e nor oe e th e n o e e all w d, d s it app ar that E glish g v rnm nt, in

e e e th e o on granting it, v r anticipat d that Puritans w uld insist a e o of e or e own re o o s parati n church and stat , that th ir ligi n , b th

o e e to be th e o one o e e in d ctrin and disciplin , was nly t l rat d in

e . e e e e re o e o e e M assachus tts Th s st rn and unb nding f rm rs , h w v r,

’ — ’ M nal ia C r m e a a k . . 2 3. a am Mather s ag h isti A ric n , Boo I p H ll s

C a t r E a . . . 4 76 . onstitution l His o y of ngl nd, vol i p TH E CHA RACTER OF TH E PURITANS .

“ e e e o e e e th e o o nor th e o w r r s lv d that n ith r R mish ap stacy, c rrup

o of th e o suflerance w n th e ti ns English church, sh uld find ithi ” f e Th o e o o o . e o limits th ir jurisdicti n c mm n pray r w rship , and e e ee e to be o e e o pr lacy , th y d m d inc mpatibl with that r ligi us e for th e e o e of o e e e lib rty, nj ym nt which , th ugh in a w st rn wild r e e e th e o e of e e o e o n ss, th y had l ft h m s th ir anc st rs , and th y b ldly e determined to resist their introduction among th e settlers . Th ir

‘ o o th e e e o be o o of th e imp siti n, y d clar d, w uld a sinful vi lati n o of i be e e to be e w rship God. Rel gious union they li v d th ir

o o of th e e n th e str ngh ld against attacks hi rarchy in Engla d, and ” order of th e churches was to be m aintained at all hazards ; ” Th e e re o e e to be th e eo e of e o br th n nly, w r p pl th ir c untry,

e o e own e e o of o to be and all diss nt fr m th ir b li f and f rm w rship , was Visited by th e strong arm of magisterial authority both minister and ruler regarding every innovation of their principles as dan erous t o th e o f th e o e e e . e one o g c mmunity Dudl y, m st r sp ctabl o e o of th e o e o his e o of g v rn rs pr vinc , was f und at d ath with a c py e e o e c e e e o r v rs s in his p ck t, in whi h th s lin s ccu

Let m en Go d e of , in court and church s, watch ’ ” O r a d e such s o a toleration hatch .

Th e pure doctrines of Christianity th e Puritans fondly con ceived e e e e t o be e e to e , w r , by th ir instrum ntality, r duc d practic , " th e e o to e New and civiliz d w rld was hav in Puritan England, an e e of ee o o e o on xampl a church, fr fr m all th s p lluti s which had e o e o o m e th e gradually cr pt int Christ nd m . That this f r d primary o e th e on e o of th e e bj ct, and was c sci nti us aim Pilgrim Fath rs in

e n to New is not to be o e . migrati g England , d ubt d Th e character of these emigrants was undoubtedly much above

e e of th e o on for o e th e av rag British p pulati , s bri ty , industrial

God e i e e e of o . ee hab ts, and g n ral int grity c nduct sift d thr ” o one of e e o e o h e kingd ms , said th ir arly g v rn rs , that might ” o w bring choice grain into this wilderness . N t ithstanding their

o e e to e own o e th e e o big t d attachm nt th ir d ctrin s , and rr rs which

o t e on th e e of e o o e on e e they c mmi t d subj ct r ligi us t l rati , th r is am ple evidence that th e early Puritans of New England were

n en o o e o e n e m ostly a co sci ti us and pi us p pl , but disti guish d by 1 6 . TH E CH ARACTER OF THE PURITANS . [ 30

o e r n e Th e of e e s m st iki g p culiarities . practice substituting H br w n e e e e e of e for En am s, Spiritual t rms, and v n passag s scriptur , g o e e one of e o be lish pr p r nam s, was th m and fr m this fact may ‘ traced th e prevalence of Old T estament names in New England h e at t present day. Th e e th e e e to e e syst m which Puritans int nd d pursu in Am rica,

th e e to e o e e e to th e o r sp ct r ligi n , was un xp ct d English nati n ; it ee o o e e o e of e and had b n fully kn wn , n n , c rtainly, but th s th ir o wn o e o o e o e th e emi rationf e e pr f ssi n w uld hav j in d in g It happ n d , o e e of th e wh o e out 1 62 9 t wo wh o h w v r, that party w nt in , had ee o e e e of th e o o o th e o b n app int d m mb rs c l nial c uncil by C mpany, e e o s e e e n to e th e e w r Episc palian , and th s , r fusi g unit with Fath rs e o e of wo o e e o of th e e e in th ir m d rship , c ll ct d a c mpany s ttl rs at e wh o ere e o of u o th e o e e o e Sal m , w d sir us ph lding f rms and c r m ni s of th e e oo th e English church . This circumstanc t k Puritans by s e e e e e o o e e e e to urpris , but b ing s ttl d in th ir c nclusi ns , th y d t rmin d Th e two o m eet th e suppos ed evil with a high hand . Episc palian e o e e e as e th e o e l gislat rs, aft r b ing accus d spi s in camp , and f rbidd n t o e e e e e o e e e re e on x rcis th ir r ligi n in Massachus tts , w r ar st d, and h f th h t e e o e e e e a t o . t e r turn v ss ls, s nt b ck England This was first act of Puritan intolerance in New England and had it ee th e o one th e s o e ee e b n nly , Chri tian church w uld hav b n spar d e f e e som o its dark exc ss s .

Th e e e e of th e e e xclusiv syst m Puritans in Am rica, uph ld as it

was t th e o e e o e . e e e e wi h utm st s v rity, had its Opp n nts Th r w r on o e o e o e e e m en wh o saw am g th s strict pr f ss rs, nlight n d , that it

’ h B r oom e s Tra vels in En la nd . 2 79 a e a in t e In g , p , it is st t d, th t c S e em a e e e am e e e ounty of uss x, a j ury was p n ll d whos n s w r e e re e S e m a Acc pt d, T vor R turn , p l n e deem e C m B e a er R d, o pton F ithful, Join a B e D e a e e F int Not, wit Fly b t , Rob rts a e e a e ea th e F a W e M k P c , H ton Fight good ight of F ith, hit e a Sm a e F e God R w rd, rt Mor ruit, Fowl r S a a S e e e t ndf st on High, tring r Hop for, B nding Ear am a e erd th, Ad s Gr c ful, H ing Ca e d e Wee No t ll , Low r p , Billing K l Sin m e eek e e i l , Pi pl M , Br w r

20 T H E COLONY or S . 16 RHODE I LAND FOUNDED [ 37.

A e o o of e e o e e nn Hutchins n , a w man gr at l qu nc and ability was th e e e of e e o e e o e o l ad r th s Antin mians , and Harry Van , th n g v rn r of th e o e wh o e e e o o o pr vinc , and aft rwards b cam s c nspicu us in

e e e e . o o England, id ntifi d hims lf with their caus A furi us contr vers e wee th e y b t n ministers and th e Hutchinsonians took place .

Th e o e o e e o e e th e o o f rm r c nv n d a syn d, which , aft r d claring rth o of th e New o ee e to e o e e d xy England church , pr c d d d n unc Ann ” o h er n for o e to e e Hutchins n and party, as u fit s ci ty, and xil e o th e “ f new e o e . Th e e o o o th e th m fr m pr vinc larg r p rti n s ct, e e W o o 1 63 o ee e o h ad d by illiam C ddingt n , in 7 pr c d d s uthward,

w th e of o e W ee e and ith assistance R g r illiams, succ d d in purchas ing of th e Narragansett Indians th e picturesque little territory of

o e . o e o o o e o o Rh d Island An th r c l ny was thus f und d, and C ddingt n

o e Th o e of e of was ch s n as its governor. e br ad principl lib rty conscience was fully recognize d in its constitution it being “ ” ee agr d that n one be acco unted a delinqu ent for doctrin e . Th e colonies of Providence and Rhode Island had not been

e e o e e e e o th e o e o s cur d a p litical xist nc by a chart r fr m m th r c untry, and consequently were excluded from th e colonial union of New

. Th e e e ee e e e e e e England s ttl rs, f ling that th ir xist nc as a s parat

o e e e e on th e o te o of e o e pr vinc , d p nd d pr cti n a chart r, app int d

o e W s 1 64 3 to o ee to for th e o e R g r illiam in , pr c d England purp s f o o one . e e en e e btaining Sir Harry Van , th n an influ tial m mb r of th e ia e o e th e o o Parl m nt, fav ur d applicati n , and thr ugh his e e o e o e o o th e two o o e x rti ns, a chart r was btain d, inc rp rating c l ni s ” u e th e e of H Th e n of th e nd r titl R ODE ISLAND . inhabita ts new province now happily experienced th e blessings of liberty of “ ” o e n e 65 4 e . We e ot e 1 c nsci nc hav f lt , th y said in , in an h f e to e o . e t e o e o o addr ss th ir patr n Sir H Van , iron y k w lvish o or th e new of th e e e nor bish ps, chains Pr sbyt rian tyrants, , in

o o e we ee o e th e o e - e o fire of this c l ny, hav b n c nsum d by v r z al us

e e not th e (so called) godly Christian magistrate. W hav known — what an excise m eans we have almost forgotten what tithes h e e e e of th e e f are . Such was t e happy xp ri nc arly inhabitants o

Rhode Island . e to th e o o e of e we R turning again c l ni s Massachus tts, find, few e e th e o n ee out that in a y ars aft r Antin mia s had b n cast , NEW AND HAMPSHIRE CONNECTICU T .

and t e th e o e n Anabaptism sprang up , dis urb d int l ra t Puritan . Th e

e of and th e o of e e ee d nying infant baptism , h lding s parat m tings,

’ e e of e own was call d, s tting up an altar th ir against God s ” ” “ t . God o e old a e we al ar f rbid , said Dudl y in his g , that ” o Sh uld tolerate errors . To say th at m en ought to have liberty f o o e e o o e ot e . e o c nsci nc , is impi us ign ranc , said an h r R ligi n ,

e o e th e o o o e o o m of no e e r sp nd d n t ri us pri st , N rt n , ad its cc ntric ”

o o . Th e on e o t e no te n ti ns c sci nti us Anabaptis shar d quar r, and

e e e e e fin s, whippings, and finally, banishm nts , cl ar d Massachus tts of w its Baptist population . H o then can we wonder that in

New e o w o e e e Puritanic England, Quak rism sh uld dra d wn a s v r r p ersecution Th e territory of NEW HAMPSHIRE was form ed into a colony in 2 h 1 6 2 o e o e e o . T e e e ; its pr gr ss, h w v r, was sl w inhabitants w r e o e e th e f chi fly Puritans fr m Massachus tts , which claim d right o

t o o e th e 1 64 2 e e to jurisdic i n v r district and in , it was ann x d that

o o 1 6 9 it e e e te e e c l ny ; but in 7 r c iv d a distinct char r, and b cam another province .

Th e e of th e o e e e vall y C nn cticut , by its alluvial f rtility, arly

e e e o e . 1 635 o of attract d s ttl rs fr m Massachus tts In , a c mpany sixty of th e Pilgrims emigrated in a body thro ugh th e forests to

o th e o o e e e e this c untry, and in f ll wing y ar, wh n still larg r numb rs o e to th e o e e of N e f und th ir way it, g v rnm nt CO NECTICUT was stab Th e lish ed e th e e of W o . e o und r auspic s inthr p fur trad , als , attracted many to settle on th e banks of its noble river ; these 1 2 e e e o New e . 66 th e o o w r chi fly Dutch fr m Amst rdam In , c l ny oo e e o to obtained a charter from Charles II . S n aft r migrati n

e o o n New en e Connecticut had b gun , a c l ny spru g up at Hav , und r e e e o e e o e e be Puritan auspic s ; it n v r, h w v r, btain d a chart r, but e n o cam e incorporated with th e form er und r o e g vernment .

Th e o o e e th e o e of NEW K c untry c mpr h nding pr vinc YOR ,

e t o e ee t e e o 1 609 app ars hav b n firs visit d by H nry Huds n in . e e e l d h whilst in th e employ of th e Dutch . This nt rpris e t e Dutch nati on to claim th e country contiguous to th e ri ver which

h e e of o and th e o n e o e bears t nam this navigat r , in foll wi g y ar, s m Amsterdam m erchants traded with th e Indians on th e Shores Of o n fe w e e o e L ong Island S u d ; and a y ars lat r, s m Dutch fur TH . E COLONY OF NEW YORK [ 1609 .

e oo n trad rs t k up their abode o n th e island of Manhatta . In 1 62 1 th e D We o n o e e to , utch st India C mpa y btain d a chart r o o e e o e e e e e n plant c l ni s in Am rica, and f ur y ars lat r, s v ral dw lli gs of e o wh o e to o e e th e e e e e e e o n p rs ns cam pr s cut fur trad , w r r ct d th e e of th e e t Of Ne e e th e e w o . sit pr s nt ci y Y rk Subs qu ntly, all

o e e o to New m e c untry xt nding fr m Maryland England, was clai d

‘ th e u . o o o e call e d New by D tch In c l nizing this c untry, th n

e e n th e We o n e o e e N th rla ds, Dutch st India C mpa y r c gniz d r li i ” ous o e o . Let e er e e e o e th e e o g t l rati n v y p ac ful citiz n , wr t dir ct rs o e e o ee o of o en e fr m Amst rdam , nj y fr d m c nsci c ; this maxim has m ade our city th e asylum for fugitives fro m every land ; tre ad in its steps and you shall be Th e liberty thus o e e e o o ffe e of o e and all w d, attract d p rs ns fr m di r nt parts Eur p , th e o o oo e e o e not o for n Dutch c l ny s n b cam a h m , nly E glish,

e e o for e o e s Fr nch, and B lgians, but als G rmans, B h mian , S wiss , Th n e and . e e e e Italians Fr nch prot sta ts cam in such numb rs ,

of o e e e o e e e e n e that ficial d cum nts w r s m tim s issu d in th ir la guag , as well as in Dutch and English f f' Th e enlightened legislation of New e e o o th e o o o of N th rlands , f rms a bright Sp t in c l nizati n

e and for th e on of th e e Am rica, , but c duct Calvinistic Stuyv sant ,

o e o e e o e e n e e its g v rn r, in p rs cuting s m Luth ra s and Fri nds , r li Th e gious toleration would have been complete within its limits .

o of o e e o e e o . durati n Dutch p w r in Am rica, was, h w v r, but Sh rt In

th e 1 664 it o e e ‘ a war with English in , was l st, and a dism mb r New o e m ent of New Netherlands followed th e conquest . Y rk f ll

o th e n Of e th e o e of e . th e int ha ds Jam s, br th r Charl s II , and

ou e of th e e e e t o o e e e c ntry ast D lawar , was assign d L rd B rk l y and

eo e e e o o e o ro now Sir G rg Cart r t, b th pr pri t rs in Ca lina and which h f NE received t e name o W JERSEY . Th e o o o of e 1 631 e o c l nizati n DELAWARE b gun in , wh n ab ut

eo e o e e e e e e o and thirty Dutch p pl f rm d a s ttl m nt n ar L wist wn , it e o e o e e e became a separate colony . B f r Eur p ans had plant d th m

e e on th e o of e e o K of s lv s s il D lawar , Gustavus Ad lphus , ing

e e e e e e for e o o of Sw d n , had plann d an nt rpris s ttling a c l ny his eo e th e new o and e o o p pl in w rld , at his instanc , a c mpany was inc r

“ d d . Albany Re cor s . t Ibi 1 631 JE Y ] NEW RSE AND DELAWARE .

orated f r h 1 638 o t e o e . not o e e p purp s It was , h w v r, until , that th e i o h e o of e e Scandinav ans f und their way to t e t rrit ry D lawar . e e o e e and Th ir numb rs , th ugh small at first, gradually incr as d in 1 65 4 e o e to o e e e e e . , th y am unt d ab ut s v n hundr d s ttl rs At this

e e e e on e e b th e th e o on e dat th y w r c qu r d y Dutch , and c l y cam e th e o o of Th e e e e e und r c ntr l that p eople . Sw dish migrants w r protestants of considerable pi ety they took much pains to educate e h e e on e m of e e t e o e . th ir childr n , and liv d t r s p ac with ab rigin s

Th e o e few n o New n for c untry attract d a E glish fr m E gland , th e enlighten ed Gustavus desire d that it should be Op en t o all ” o ppressed Christendom . Th e favourable accounts which th e early s ettlers in Virginia

e of th e e e o e of th e e e o e in~ gav f rtility and r s urc s w st rn c ntin nt, creased th e enthusiasm of th e English for American plantations

eo e e e o o e e e of and Sir G rg Calv rt, aft rwards L rd Baltim r , a m mb r th e o of e e i e Virginian c mpany , and a man ability and nt rpr s ,

e e th e ee n . H e e e o e to shar d larg ly in f li g b cam a c nv rt Papacy ,

o n o n o e ne offi e of e e of e and , av wi g his pi i ns , r sig d his c S cr tary Stat .

o e on e th e o e e e th e e of Baltim r , mbracing R mish faith , nt rtain d id a e to e th e of i e e migrating Am rica, but laws Virgin a xclud d Papists Th e o of th e o o . o n o o fr m its territ ry c untry lying rthward P t mac,

e o e e et e e th e in 1 632 h e b ing, h w v r, y unt nant d by English , f n f e or o e o e . o appli d and btain d fr m Charl s I a gra t land , which h e e o o of e e th e con call d MARYLAND , in h n ur H nri tta Maria,

o of th e K n . th e of th e o e o s rt i g In framing laws pr vinc , L rd Baltimore determine d that no preference should be given to any

I e for e e o e . t e s ct b cam an asylum Papists, but quality in r ligi us

ee o e e e t o . e o e rights , and civil fr d m , w r assur d all R ligi us lib rty was th e basis adopted by th e gove rn or of Maryland . I will not h e o e or o e e or , said in his ath , by mys lf any th r, dir ctly

e o e e o o e to e e e e r indir ctly , m l st any p rs n pr f ssing b li v in J sus Ch ist , ” h for or in respect of religion . Th e liberal instituti ons of t e new

o on o e e th e e of th e o e n ad c l y , t g th r with f rtility s il , attract d ma y venturers th e lonely forests were soon converted into prosp erous o and o o e o o e and n plantati ns , b th Pr t stants fr m Eur p , Purita s

o New n o e o e e n e to th e ro fr m E gland , fl ck d in c nsid rabl umb rs p Th h e . e o e t e o e e e vinc tr ubl s in m th r country b twe n Charles I . 1 5 4 Y 6 . MAR LAND . [

th e e e e e e e t th e and Parliam nt, w r watch d with much int r s by

Of e e th e e e of th e Papists Maryland ; and, f aring l st asc nd ncy

e e e th e e o e e o f th e o o e latt r, might ndang r r ligi us privil g s c l ny, th y

o e 1 649 t o t o o e ee o of con c nclud d in , pass an act , pr t ct fr d m e e in e of f r e o . n o sci nc matt rs r ligi n U happily Maryland, a dis e o e e ee o o e o e e o e put ar s b tw n L rd Baltim r and Clayb rn , a r s lut and e e wh o e to th e o e on th e nt rprising man, claim d a right pr vinc , e of o th e o 1 631 pl a a grant fr m Virginian c mpany in , and in

h e Th e con which was supported by many of th e colonists . flictin of th e two e e e th e o o g claims parti s gr atly divid d p pulati n , e Th e and s ctarianism had no small influence in th e controversy .

wh o ee e o e th e o e o to o e Puritans, had b n w lc m d by g v rn r, and wh s

e o e e e fo o th e o o ew lib ral p licy th y w r indebted r a h me in c l ny, thr

e e e o th e e of th e o e e th ir influ nc int scal Clayb rn party, and mad

e o e Th e th e o e e it pr p nd rate . e change which took plac in g v rnm nt of o o e e o o e e new Maryland was f ll w d by r ligi us int l ranc , and in a e e in 1 654 th e e th e e of ass mbly h ld , Puritans , und r auspic s

o e o e th e of e e e Clayb rn , supp rt d passing an act, which r fus d r li “ gious liberty to those wh o profess ed pop ery or prelacy ; but th e ungrateful enactm ent was never countenanced by Cromwell . o o e e h e e of e e o ee e e in L rd Baltim r , wh n h ard th s pr c dings , b cam

di nant e o e to i e his e . Th e g , and r s lv d vind cat supr macy Puritans Cl a bornites o e e oo to e e th e o e and y , h w v r, t k arms, and r p lling f rc s of th e o e o ne e o e th e e o o of g v rn r, maintai d th ir p w r until r st rati n

‘ th e m onarchy when th e authority of Baltimore was again re T f n o e e cognized . h e prosperity o Maryla d was pr gr ssiv ; it had become famed as an asylum for th e p ersecuted of every class o e o e o e o and c untry, and migrants fr m Franc , fr m G rmany, fr m o o e e o e o o o e H lland, fr m Sw d n , fr m Pi dm nt, and fr m B h mia, i o ts e . o e e o e s ught uns ctarian soil In that pr vinc , r marks a m d rn t “ historianfi th e empire of justice and humanity had b een com ” l ete for th e ffe of th e eo e e e . p , but su rings p pl call d Quak rs

e t th e o e on th e o o e 1 5 8 e Exc p disastr us att mpt R an k in 7, und r th e e of th e o e e th e e e e auspic s disapp int d Ral igh , and s ttl m nt in

1 65 0 of o e e o few e e em s m Virginian plant rs, and als a y ars aft r th , of o e New n m en th e t of e e no s m E gland in vicini y Cap F ar,

’ a U e S a e B ncroft s nit d t t s . THE COLONY OF CAROLINA . attempts at colonization in CAROLINA appear to have b een made b t h th e t e e 1 66 . y English, un il y ar 7 But although th e tide of emigration had b een ch ecked in this

e on th e e o f th e e e e on th e e of dir cti , by failur arly xp diti s , f rtility th e southern lands of North America was still rem em b ered and to Carolina was constituted a pro vince by a grant of Charles II .

e of o e Th e e o o e s om his m st influ ntial courtiers . gr at phil s ph r

o o e wh o e n e th e of J hn L ck , was intimat ly acquai t d with Earl

te u one of th e o e e e too o Shaf sb ry, pr pri tari s , und r k , at his s licita

o to e on t o for th e ne w o on . ti n , fram a c s ituti n c l y

a n o th e o of its e m e o e e e In l yi g d wn f rm gov rn nt , L ck vid ntly desire d that aristocratic influence sho uld be maintained in its

o but h e e e e e o e e o o e o . c uncils, n v rth l ss supp rt d r ligi us t l rati n An e xpress claus e in th e charter Op ene d th e way for its recognition

e o ee o to e e en o e e e and r ligi us fr d m J ws , h ath s , and th r diss nt rs , t m en of e o o o e to e e o . any r ligi n , was all w d s ttl rs in Car lina Th e e o o o f th e o e e e uns ctarian c nstituti n pr vinc was appr ciat d, and o e e th e e of th e o e n ot o t g th r with f rtility c untry, it attract d , nly and bu t o New o o English Irish, Dutch fr m Y rk and H lland ;

e e e e o o e e e o e e o p rs cut d Hugu n ts fr m Franc , and xil d C v nant rs fr m

Scotland . ’ Th e recognition of n egro Slavery in L ocke s constitutions for th e o e e e e o e e ee o o s uth rn s ttl m nt, was, h w v r, a d p bl t up n his

e o n th e o e e to be syst m , and pr misi g and fruitful as c untry app ar d , th ffi e o o e o . o c l ny advanc d Sl wly , and with di culty In N rth Carolina th e s ettlers soon becam e uneasy under th e political re “ ” s of th e o e m e 1 680 th e o o traints g v rn nt , and in , c nstituti ns

e e o e e t o m en wh o o t o e w r aband n d, as inapplicabl s ugh a m r p opular go vernment . Th e colonists of S outh Carolina began also to feel that their

e e e e th e e o of o e th e ro rights W r r strict d by l gislati n L ck , and p

rietors ee n th e u of e n to e o e e t e p s i g f tility att mpti g nf rc it, n ir ly e th laid asid e scheme of th e great philosopher . This was in th e

e 1 693 th e e e e n th e e e o th e o e o of y ar , y ar pr c di g l cti n by pr pri t rs ,

e e o f W e John Archdal , a Fri nd Chipping ycomb in Buckingham

e e or of . e th e n e e of shir , as gov rn South Carolina Und r ma ag m nt ” “ th e e e e h e is e e th e e to e ee p ac ful Archdal , as t rm d , m dia r b tw n V L C O . I . NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLI NA . [ 1 693

o th e ro e e to e th e e of o facti ns, p vinc b gan thriv , and fam Car lina “ th e er C o e o e as Am ican anaan that fl w d with milk and h n y,

e se . Th e o o e ene e o e o incr a d c l ny, says its nlight d Quak r g v rn r, stood circumstanced with th e honour of a tru e English govern e ze o for th e e e of e e o e m nt, al us incr as virtu , as w ll as utward trad Th and business . e representatives of th e freemen of th e settle e se e of th e e of e e e t t m nt, nsibl caus this happy chang , d clar d ha “ o e i o o firm J hn Archdal by his w sd m , and lab ur, had laid a ” o d o for ost o o e s e and: o e him f un ati n a m gl ri us sup r tructur , v t d re f an add ss o thanks .

now e our o or es o en e Having includ d in intr duct y pag , a c nd s d

e of th e o ve of th e o m e o en narrativ disc ry N rth A rican c ntin t , of th e e e en of e e o e o o e o to and s ttl m t its s v ral Eur p an c l ni s , d wn e th e end of th e e e ee e m a not be s n arly s v nt nth c ntury , it y amis , e o e e n o th e e t e to e e th e e n b f r r tiri g fr m subj c , bri fly r capitulat l adi g

e th e e t of th e p oints of th e history . We have se n that att mp s PORTUGUESE and of th e S PANISH nations for territorial acqu isi o ort o of th e e e o e e e th e ti ns in this p i n w st rn w rld , w r failur s that o e e e e e ou o e e e FRENCH , m r succ ssful in th ir nd av rs , had f rm d s ttl m ents of considerable extent in th e region now known as Canada ; that th e enterprising D UTCH had planted themselves in con siderabl e e on th e of th e o ro numb rs banks Huds n, and that p e E e o e e n o e t stant SW DES, nc urag d by Gustavus, th ir ki g, ccupi d o th e e of th e e e bu t we e o b th right and l ft banks D lawar , hav als

ee t o th e e e e e o of th e o s n that nt rprising x rti ns ENGLISH nati n, f o i th e colonisation o this vast c untry s mainly attributable . One of th e chief obj ects in p enning this introductory relation is to e xhibit th e m oral and religious Character of th e se veral o e th e e e e e to o th e e ee of e o pr vinc s at tim r f rr d , and als d gr r ligi us e e o n th e toleration which th y individually r c g ised . VIRGINIA e e e e e e e of th e o e 1 607 arli st p rman nt s ttl m nt English, f und d in , was colonised by a class of m en m ostly of th e high A nglican who o ee e to th e new o e t church, pr c d d c untry with xtravagan For th e e e e e to o hopes of wealth. first half c ntury th y r fus d all w h e e of an e o o e o o th e t e ex rcis y r ligi n th r than Episc pacy but, fr m

’ ’

Ar h dal 1 8 . em e c e s Ca a . Ass bly s Addr ss in rolin , p

RECAPITULATION .

and o so of e o l o t e e a o Irish , Sc tch , but al migrants fr m a m s v ry n ti n in Europe .

th e o of th e So e of e th e ob e t In studying hist ry ci ty Fri nds , s rvan

e e n o we to o e t it on . r ad r, ca n t, think , fail n tic , tha was ly in

o e w e e th e e Of o e h ad ee e e c untri s h r darkn ss p p ry b n much disp ll d, that its Spiritual and enlightene d views fo und steady acceptance. A t o our e e e e e e os e l abo urs in l h ugh arly Fri nds w r ngag d in g p l ‘ e e of th e o o o es of e we do not s v ral R man Cath lic c untri Europ , find that they were successful in th e establishment of a single ee n or e e a few e m ti g, xc pt in cas s, in Obtaining an individual o e o to e e on th e o e c nv rsi n th ir principl s ; whilst th r hand, in

o e e o e n o w e e e Com alm st v ry Pr t stant ati n in hich th y pr ach d, m unities e e e e d wh o o e e and o e e w r gath r , pr f ss d pr mulgat d th ir

o The e e e o e d es . o o n e ctrin R f rmati n , th r f r , was i strum ntal in preparing th e way for th e introduction of Quakerism into Chris

f h e e of th e t e ndom . en se o t e e e But franchi d, as most s ttl rs w st rn

o e e th e e o f o e and t o e e e t w rld w r , from shackl s p p ry , a larg xt n

o e o and nsi n e of -siderabl e fr m pr lacy als ; co sti g , as th y did con

e of o a wh o ee d e o e r numb rs pi us individu ls , had b n riv n fr m th i e e e o e th e u e of e o th e o o e of r sp ctiv c untri s for ca s r ligi n , c l ni s Am erica presented a Sphere p eculiarly adapted fo r th e reception of o e e i e e e of C w th e th s high and nl ght n d vi ws hristianity, hich

o e of e e e e to o to o e o S ci ty Fri nds w r call d uph ld , and adv cat am ng

- h e bo of e e o m en . t o e e en e th ir f ll w Of la urs their g sp l m ss g rs , and of th e manner in which their principles were received in th e b th e o e Of o ur e e to e new o e . w rld , it will bj ct futur pag s tr at

CHA PTER II.

— ’ Th e rise of th e Society of Friends Ge orge Fox s br ief n arrative re — s pe cting it Mary Fisher and Anne Austin visit Barbado e s and — New England Fac - sim ile of a l etter from M ary Fisher to George — — Fox Th e prej udice of t h e Puritans against Fr iends Mary Fishe r — and Anne Austin reach Boston The ir trunks are s earche d for — Quak er books A sp ec ial council of t h e m agistr ates of Boston con — ve ned They issue an or der for t h e im prisonm e nt and banishm e nt — — of th e two Fr ie nds The ir books are bur nt They are se arche d as w e — Are a e an d e ar a e — e e e r itch s b nish d, s nt to B b do s L tt r of H n y e ar a e Fe m ar ad e —S e th e e a F ll to M g r t ll, fro B b o s k tch of lif of M ry F and isher Anne Austin .

T H E ris e of th e religi ous S ociety of Fri ends app ears from th e m os t authentic data t o have taken place in 1 64 4 ; th e year in

o e o — o e e o es n e e e h e which s m pi usly disp s d p rs ns, r idi g in L ic st rs ir , o ne of th e o es of n o e e midland c unti E gland, first ass ciat d th m s e in i r e lves relig ous profession with G eorge Fox . Fo abo ut sev n e o e o th e o e not e e e be y ars fr m this p ri d, S ci ty had xt nd d much f o ew of th e e o o e u o e . y nd a n ighb uring c unti s , incl ding Y rkshir “ In a brief acco unt gi ven by George Fox of th e spreading of

h e no e th e e o e of th e o e . Th e truth , thus tic s arly pr gr ss S ci ty n to so to be eo e to th e o truth spra g up first us, as a p pl L rd , in

e e e e 1 64 4 W e 1 64 5 o n L ic st rshir in , in arwickshir in , in N tti g

e 1 64 6 e e 1 64 7 and th e d ent hamshir in , in D rbyshir in , in a jac o e 1 64 8 1 64 9 1 650 o e Th e c unti s in , , and ; in Y rkshir in year 1 65 2 was marked by a very considerable enlargem ent of th e o e wh o e e e ne en S ci ty , and many individuals , b cam mi nt instrum ts

th e of th e o for th e o o o of e in hand L rd pr m ti n his holy caus , te e e united with th e new association . At this da it numb r d

r a Ge r e ee Ed . 1 1 . . 4 65 . Jou n l of o g Fox, L ds , vol p N EW ENGLAND .

e - five e o e eo e Fox tw nty minist rs , by wh m , r marks G rg , multi ” e e e o e Th e of e e o e o e tud s w r c nvinc d . ministry th s g sp l lab ur rs,

th e e e e on e to during this and subs qu nt y ar, was principally c fin d th e o e o of h o 1 65 4 n rth rn and midland p rtions t e kingd m but in , we find Quaker ministers travelling in nearly all th e counties of n n W e of o t e E gla d and al s , and in parts Sc land and Ir land , whilst th e establishment of m eetings had taken place in m ost parts of th e h e nation . There were now no fewer than Six ty engaged in t

o Of th e e ours e e o o e n w rk ministry, and th ir lab w r f ll w d with sig al

u e o o e e e e e e e e e s cc ss ; a c nvincing p w r att nd d th m in th s ngag m nts, e e on e o e e th e which impr ss d awful c sid rati ns, and awak n d slum bering consciences of their audiences to an earnest desire for th e ” s f o o o e o . e e alvati n th ir s uls Th ir pr aching, says an hist rian , was in th e dem onstration of th e Spirit and with power , e o e to e e n e e e doc multitud s fl ck d h ar th m , and ma y mbrac d th ir

ee en e as e e th e e e of th e i D ply s sibl , w r arly Fri nds , Spir tuality

o e of th e e w e e e of and imp rtanc vi ws hich th y had mbrac d, and

e e t e o e th e o e e e of r th ir n ir acc rdanc with d ctrin s and pr c pts Ch ist,

e on e for e e e e o e th e e e th y l g d th ir univ rsal r c pti n and, und r influ nc of t h e e e e e e o e o e to Holy Spirit, th ir h arts w r warm d in g sp l l v e e o —m en e n e e e e th e th ir f ll w ev ry where. Havi g th ms lv s f lt e ffi of th e ee e of e e e n to e cacy fr t aching Christ, th y w r draw invit o e to th e e e e e e e e and o e e see th rs sam bl ss d xp ri nc , c m , tast and ” h o o h e e n f o l t e o t t e o e . that L rd is g d, was mpha ic la guag th ir s u s te e th e of eo e e e e e to see Enligh n d by Sun Right usn ss, th y w r giv n , that great darkness and deadness in religion had overspread pro fessing Christendo m They deeply lamented th e departure from th e e of th e e so primitiv purity and simplicity tru church , which

e e e e and e e e o of o on g n rally pr vail d, und r an appr h nsi n a call fr m ’ er e e o of th e o e o e high , many , at a v y arly p ri d S ci ty s pr gr ss, travelled in distant lands to preach th e glad tidings Of p eace and h e e o o e s e . e salvati n , thr ugh J sus C ri t, and him crucifi d Und r th s

e o we in 1 65 5 o e e o e to th e impr ssi ns, find that , s m had pass d v r o e o nen w e r e e ee Eur p an c nti t , hil Ma y Fish r and Ann Austin, f ling

’

m u h s r Fr e d . . . 14 3. g Histo y of i n s, vol i p

32 1 NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 6 .

h rulers . Episcopacy was at that tim e no longer t e acknowledge d e io of th e Th e e e o e o e r lig n state . pulpits w r ccupi d b th by Pr sby terians e e ee th e l e e and Indep ndents . B tw n civi and ccl siastical

o e o e e e o e o e of New n t e e p w rs at h m th r f r , and th s E gland , h r was at e o e e of ee n e e for this p ri d , a gr at id ntity f li g, and that d sir th e e e of o in e o o e th e stablishm nt unif rmity r ligi n , which pr mpt d Presbyterians t o endeavour to set up a consistory in every parish * o o o e e o e th e o o of thr ugh ut England , f und its ampl r sp ns in b s ms th e o e big t d rulers of Massachusetts .

th e e of th e o e of e do th e Striking, as principl s S ci ty Fri nds , at e o o of e e o be v ry f undati n hi rarchical syst ms , and all distincti ns ee e e m et w e e e o o o o tw n laity and cl rgy, th y ith v h m nt pp siti n fr m

o e e of e o o e o o o alm st v ry class r ligi us pr f ss rs , and b th R yalist and

e Parliamentarian j oin ed in common cause to oppress them . Th ir e e e not e e e e e eo e for n mi s, cont nt with p rs cuting this d spis d p pl e e t e e e e e e e ou e s ntim nts which h y r ally h ld and pr ach d, nd av r d, by

e o o o of e e e o to e e e an n rm us am unt misr pr s ntati n , rais a pr judic against th em in th e minds of those wh o had not an Opportunity - of r e Th e o te o e judging fo th mselves . dist r d acc unts r which wer o e e e e e e industri usly circulat d r sp cting th m , had, at a v ry arly e o of e o e e th e e o e t e e e of th e p ri d th ir hist ry, r ach d r m t s s ttl m nts e e e th e e o o British mpir ; and, as it r gards Am rican c l nists, had o e on e not o e e e e e pr duc d am g th m nly a s ttl d pr judic against Fri nds, but also a deep - rooted repugnance to th e Spiritual views which they Th e manner in ee e e advocated . which this f ling was manif st d

b e th e e n e ur New e e . in P itan England, will sh wn in subs qu t pag s

th e e t of th e o 1 65 6 It was in arly par Fifth M nth , , that Mary ' e e arrived at o o e o Fish r and Ann Austin B st n , and th ir appr ach appears to have caused no inconsiderable d egree of consternati on f e Th e e s of th e to th e authorities o Massachus tts Bay . n w arrival of th e two strangers had no sooner reached th e ears of

e th e e o e o th e o e o e e n B llingham, d puty g v rn r, g v rn r hims lf b i g

e n e t o er th e e e o o of abs nt, tha , in his z al av t dr ad d intr ducti n

’ N th e a . . . 24 Ed . 1 795 . eal s History of Purit ns, vol iii p , " a a e e e th e De 1 S ee Heretic l Qu k rs d lud d by vil, in A Mirror or ” a b S am e C ar Ed 1 65 6 . Looking Gl ss, y u l l k ition of NEW EN GLAND . 33

e e o e o th e o o h e o o e e th h r tical d ctrin s int c l ny , f rthwith rd r d that e t wo Friends Should be detain ed on board th e ship in which they a e e o be e e for e c m , and that th ir trunks sh uld s arch d any print d

o e e e o e e e w rks which th y might have brought . Th s rd rs w r strictly

e out e e e e o e o e th e e e carri d ; th y w r k pt cl s ly c nfin d in v ss l , and

o one e oo e e e o e o e to ab ut hundr d b ks w r tak n fr m th m , and c mmitt d ” h f th ffi r e o o o t e o o e e . cust dy O c s On this xtra rdinary ccasi n , as * th e o e e it th e e of o o oo th e hist rian N al t rms , magistrat s B st n t k th e o e e e e e o e en alarm and, as if t wn w r thr at n d with s m immin t e th e of two e e o e dang r, by arrival qui t and harml ss English w m n ,

e o o e e o e e e o e e a sp cial c uncil was c nv n d, wh s d lib rati ns t rminat d in th e issue of th e following order

A t a cou ncil h eld a t B osto n 1 1 th Ju l 1 65 6 , y, ,

W e e e e are e e on e e h r as, th r s v ral laws l g sinc mad and pub lish ed on e e on e e in this jurisdicti , b aring t stim y against h r tics and e o eo e o et o o K em th orn o f rr n us p rs ns ; y , n twithstanding , Sim n p e o e of th e S wa llow of o o o Charl st wn , mast r ship B st n , hath br ught

o o o th e of oe two o e int this jurisdicti n , fr m island Barbad s, w m n , wh o e e e es e th e e of one n nam th ms lv Ann , wif Austi , and Mary

e e n of o of e e o on o th e n e Fish r, b i g that s rt p opl c mm ly kn wn by am of e wh o o e o are o not o to be Quak rs, , up n xaminati n f und nly

e o of th e o e bu t to o e e o transgr ss rs f rm r laws, h ld v ry dang r us , e e e o o e do o o h r tical, and blasph m us Opini ns and th y als ackn w ledge that they came here purposely to propagate their said e o e e e w e e e e rr rs and h r si s , bringing ith th m and Spr ading h r oo e e n are o e o o e e sundry b ks, wh r i c ntain d m st c rrupt,h r tical, and e o o e o to th e of th e o e e e blasph m us d ctrin s, c ntrary truth g sp l h r

Th h r o e e o . e o e e o e e e n t e e pr f ss d am ngst us c uncil th r f r , t nd ri g p e o of th e e e e o e o e e o th e s rvati n p ac and truth , nj y d and pr f ss d am ng

e of in ou do e e o e : church s Christ this c ntry , h r by rd r o oo a be o o Fir st. That all such c rrupt b ks s Shall f und up n

e to be o e th e o e e o be s arch br ught in and Spr ad by af r said p rs ns, forthwith burned and destroyed by th e common executioner. th e e be e o e S econdly. That said Ann and Mary k pt in cl s

’ N a r Ne w E a . . . 2 92 . e l s Histo y of ngl nd , vol i p . 1 5 NEW ENGLAND [ 6 6 .

' r o no e e o o e p is n , and n admitt d c mmunicati n with th m without

e e o th e o e o e o e o or two e to l av fr m g v rn r, d puty g v rn r, magistrat s, e e th e e e o o o e pr v nt spr ading th ir c rrupt pini ns, until such tim as

e be e e e o of o e e e to be n o e u of th y d liv r d ab ard s m v ss l, tra sp rt d o t th e country .

Thir dl . Th e s o Kem th orn e e e o e y aid Sim n p is h r by nj in d,

ee e to o t or e to be o e th e Sp dily and dir ctly, transp r caus transp rt d, s e o o e e to oe o e e e e aid p rs ns fr m h nc Barbad s, fr m wh nc th y cam , h e defraying all th e charges of their imprisonment and for th e effe e o e e eo h e to e e o Of ctual p rf rmanc h r f, is giv s curity in a b nd

£100. s e on e to e u se h e to t rling, and his r fusal giv s ch curity , is be h e d committed to prison till o it .

In th e e xtraordinary proceedings of th e council of B oston in

n o e we see th e e e e of th e e of passi g this rd r, first d lib rat act rul rs

New e o o e o e . Th e England in th ir c rp rat capacity, t wards Fri nds

o e e e not o o o e e instructi ns thus issu d w r nly rig r usly, but v n bar r e e e e o barously enforced . Ma y Fish r and Ann Austin w r br ught on e o e th e o of o o e r shor and c nfin d in dismal ga l B st n , whilst th i books were committed to th e flames by th e hands of th e ex ecu i n r e ne o e e one wh o t o e . Oh , l ar d and malici us cru lty r marks ’ ale oo e o e o o for e e was s n aft r a pris n r in B st n his Quak r s principl s, as if another man had no t b een sufficient t o burn a few harm e oo e e e e e t e l ss b ks , which , lik th ir mast rs, can n ith r figh , strik , ” T e o e e e e o to e e . e nor quarr l h auth riti s, in th ir d t rminati n pr v nt ” th e e e o e om e o th e e e h r tical d ctrin s fr spr ading am ng s ttl rs, on n h o threatened to inflict a penalty of £5 . any o e w should e ven attempt to converse with th e Friends through th e window of their prison ; subsequently they had it boarded up as an ad

i nal e not ee e e e on r e e dit o s curity, and d ming th s pr cauti a y m asur s

ffi e e e t e r e th e o e of e r su ci nt , th y n x d p iv d pris n rs th ir w iting m aterials . e of th e o was e e e th e re o e Th e ord r c uncil s v r , but v lting tr at

e e e o e e e e e o e ment to which th s harml ss w m n w r aft rwards xp s d, F r e e re was a still greater outrage upon humanity. o som y ars p

m e Hu phr y Norton . 1 65 NEW ENGLAND . 35

e e o of o t e o c ding, a d lusi n a m s xtra rdinary and alarming cha racter e e e e to the e of e e , in r f r nc subj ct witch s, had unhappily tak n o o n th e of th e o o Of New e e h ld minds c l nists England , and s v ral p ersons had already b een put to death under th e charge of witch T ee e e o one 1 64 8 . wo e o craft had b n x cut d at B st n , in , and ’ o e e own e - in - l aw few o e o e an th r, B llingham s sist r , but a m nths b f r h h e e th e e t e arrival of t e two strangers . Wh th r p rsecutors of Mary Fisher and Anne Austin, were really designing th e death of th e of e o effe e e e e victims th ir big try, and in cting it w r nd a vouring to avoid offering violence to th e feelings of th e com

we o not th e of now e munity, kn w , but cry witchcraft was rais d ai e e e e o e e to o e ex ag nst th m . Th y w r acc rdingly subj ct d a cl s a o no o e t o of th e minati n, but v r act in substantiati n malignant

e Th e o o e o be e . e e r charg , c uld adduc d auth riti s , thus f il d in th i

e o e e t e e e to e e and ' cruel wick d purp s , n x subj ct d th m an ind c nt e o of e e o to see o e of xaminati n th ir p rs ns , if s m marks witchcraft

e e not o e e th e o e o o o w r up n th m , und r p pular sup rstiti us n ti n , that some distinctive Sign would be found on th e bodies of those wh o

o t e o ou e ee fearful had thus s ld hems lves t Satan . It w ld hav b n a

or o e of e ee e thing had any mark m l a p culiar kind b n appar nt,

o of th e o to be o e e e but n thing s rt was f und, and th y thus scap d an ignomini ous death .

Th e e th e e e e n new e e magistrat s , ba d in th ir wick d d sig , r fus d to e o e o i o or e e to o th e furnish th ir pris n rs with pr v si ns, v n all w citiz ens of B oston t o do so but H e wh o fed Elijah in th e e es wh o e for e e e e Of wild rn s , and car th His saints und r v ry vari ty h e e to e . e of t e circumstanc , was n ar h lp An ag d inhabitant o e o o for e ffe e th e city, t uch d with c mpassi n th ir su rings, brib d o e i him five ee to o e ga l r, by giv ng Shillings a w k , all w him privat ly e t o administer to th ir wants .

e o e of e five ee the o of Aft r an impris nm nt n arly w ks, and l ss e e e e hi th e o e oo for ee th ir b ds and th ir bibl , w ch ga l r t k his f s, e e e e e on o th e e e Mary Fish r and Ann Austin , w r s nt b ard v ss l in

e e now o to to oe which th y cam , and which was ab ut sail Barbad s,

h e e o e e of one e o t captain b ing b und , und r a p nalty hundr d p unds, t o em to and t o e e e e e n carry th that island, pr v nt th ir ith r landi g in New or an o eo e. England, in y way c mmunicating with its p pl 6 1 5 6 6. NEW ENGLAND . [

Th e te of e e o o o was th e 5 th of th e da th ir banishm nt fr m B st n ,

1 Kem h h e t e to o 65 6 . t orn t Sixth M nth , p , cap ain , submitt d th e e o of th e o is o e arbitrary r quisiti n c uncil ; and, it supp s d ,

for th e e h e to o paid r turning passage of t e two Fri nds Barbad es .

W e e o ee e e o n o Endicot th e hilst th s pr c dings w r g i g f rward , , o e no o e of th e o o t o e e g v r r, was in an th r part c l ny and his abs nc o o o be e th e e e of e fr m B st n may attribut d scap Mary Fish r, and h er o o f c o e t o o e . ee mpani n, fr m a cru l y an th r kind If I had b n e e e e in on e th e o e pr s nt , said this p rs cut g Puritan , h aring c urs ” w o e o e o e e e e . ad pt d t ards th m , I w uld hav had th m w ll whipp d This was that Endicot wh o afterwards made himself so conspi c uous th e New l Th e un ub in Eng and p ersecutions . following p lish ed e e th e t o e o e t o of e l tt r in Swar hm r c ll c i n manuscripts, writt n

e e wh o e oe o e o by H nry F ll, visit d Barbad s ab ut this tim , c ntains

o Of th e of th e b e e t an acc unt arrival anish d Fri nds at tha island , e and will probably be read with int rest .

To HENRY FELL MARGARET FELL .

a a e the 3rd da o e N inth M o nth B rb do s, y f y ,

M Y D EARLY BELOVED ,

th e o e e o e e ee. In L rd J sus Christ, my d ar l v salut s th I landed here upon th e Barbadoes th e 7th day of th e Eighth ’ o th e e oo e to e M nth , in aft rn n, and that night w nt a Fri nd s

o e th e o m e off w o o e e h us in c untry, Six il s , (a id w w man), wh r I h o m e e e e e e e . S e o o was gladly r c iv d t ld that P t r H ad, J hn R us, e e e o e o th e th e e o e and Mary Fish r, w r g n fr m island day b f r , sh e e it o e o e e for th e ne (for any thing kn w) but pr v d th rwis , xt

o n e t o - e e e e e e t o e e m rni g I w nt Indian Bridg , wh r th y w r hav tak n for th e ee e e A nte o shipping L ward Islands, nam ly N vis and g , about eighty or ninety leagues from their place but I found them n ot o e for th e t s o e e e g n , Shipping tha h uld hav carri d th m had e e e en e e deceive d them . And truly I was much r fr sh d and str gth n d

‘ r e o e e e o o r ee by finding of th em th e e. Th y c ntinu d h r ab ut f u t n

e e e e o e e ot o e days aft r I cam hith r, b f r th y g shipping fr m henc , e we e e ee o e and in which tim had s v ral m tings am ngst Fri nds, o f et e so they pas sed away . I know n thing o their r urn hith r NEW ENGLAND . 37

for e ou sa e of or e o be again , th y c ld y littl it, which way th y Sh uld o e of e and o ne e wh o e disp s d . Mary Fish r, ( Ann Austin , is lat ly o e o n ee e e e o e e o e e c m fr m E gland , ) had b n h r b f r , and w nt fr m h nc t o New e e e e e u t o e r e England , wh r th y w r p in pris n , and v ry c u lly ‘ u e e e e e oo e o e s d and s arch d as witch s, and th ir b ks tak n fr m th m

' o e suflered t o o e to e to e e and burnt, and n n c m sp ak th m , whil they were in prison for there was a fine of five p ounds laid u p on one o o e to see ° th em o or o on e any that Sh uld c m in pris n , sh uld c c al

of e oo . o t n e e one e any th ir b ks N twi hstandi g , th r was man cam t o th e on and offe e t o a th e fine h e e pris , pr r d p y that might Sp ak w e o not be m e so e e e e ith th m , but c uld ad itt d , aft rwards , th y w r e o not ffe e e o e s nt ab ard again , and su r d any lib rty at all ash r , and so e e o to B oe o e e e e w r br ught again arbad s, fr m wh nc th y cam by n order from th e Governor of New E gland . Truly Mary Fisher

e o e ee e e e e e e so i like is a pr ci us h art, and hath b n v ry s rvic abl h r

e e o o e e e and th e o e wis hav J hn R us and P t r H ad, L rd hath giv n

e n t o e o for th e e eo e r for e e a bl ssi g th ir lab urs , fruits th r f app a , h r are eo e o n e of th e o o th e o many p pl c nvi c d truth , (am ng wh m L rd

e wh o ee o e e e e ee e e is placing his nam ) , m t t g th r in Sil nc , in thr s v ral

e th e th e o o e plac s in island and L rd is adding m r , such as shall be saved .

As it will be interesting to kn ow s om ething further of th e i o of e e n e th e t wh h st ry Mary Fish r, and Ann Austi , b ing firs o landed on th e Am erican contin ent to promulgate th e doctrines of

e e was an e m e m e th e S e . 1 656 h e H nry F ll in nt inist r in oci ty In , ee e a m e th e We a a and a a proc d d on visit to so of st Indi Isl nds, g in in

1 658 . D th e h e was a e r m m e a o n uring first visit, bs nt f o ho bout e year .

r m 1 659 1 66 2 h e was m e a e e a E a d F o to , ostly ng g d in gosp l l bours in ngl n , and r m e we ll H f o this p riod lose a trace of h im . e is m e ntioned in ’ W Ca a e as a e m e r a W a a r hiting s t logu h ving di d in A ic but in h t p rt, o at a m e w r e a e rm e . m e was a a re n wh t ti , uninfo d His ho in L nc shi , a d ere re a e e e a h e was a e a re a e d e th is son to b li v th t n r l tiv of Ju g Fe ll . H e a ar ppe s to h ave re ceive d an e duca t ion considerably above m os t of h is da y . 38 N 1 5 . EW ENGLAND . [ 6 6

e s the e e e o u e w e e of Fri nd , pr s nt chapt r will c ncl d ith a bri f Sk tch

e e o e e . th ir liv s, as far as hist rical mat rials p rmit MARY FISHER was b orn in th e n orth of England about th e ’ e 1 62 3 at er e e o of th e o e o e y ar , and a v y arly p ri d S ci ty s pr gr ss in t o e o e o of th e e e e that par , j in d in pr f ssi n with it, but pr cis dat and e of r h circumstanc h e convincement we have no record . S e was one wh o o es e e o e th e e e of h er sex p ss s d tal nts much ab v av rag , and o e e e ul e o e e e e e e wh s int ll ctual fac ti s, bs rv s an arly writ r, w r greatly adorn ed by th e gravity of h er H er resi dence at th e time of h er convincement it is believed was at h e e o e of th e Pontefract in Yorkshire . S cam f rth as a minist r o e 1652 th e e e we h er o e g sp l in , and in sam y ar find impris n d wi o e for e an e th e o e Of thin Y rk Castl , addr ssing ass mbly at cl s public worship at S elby ; an imprisonment which lasted sixteen - months r Almost immediately on h er release from this long

o e e sh e o ee e on o e o . t o th e o c nfin m nt, pr c d d a g sp l missi n s uth e e of o e W ast rn parts England, in c mpany with Elizab th illiams ,

e o - h Two e e e a f ll w lab ourer in t e ministry . f mal s thus trav lling o o to o e th e o e of th e fr m c unty c unty , publicly pr aching d ctrin s new S ociety in parts where hitherto its name had scarcely been

o n e e e no e th e eo e on t kn w , must hav xcit d small surpris in p pl am gs

om e e e e o e e o o e o wh th y cam . Th y pass d, h w v r , with ut m l stati n

ou h e o th e e o 1 653 e e thr gh t c untry, until T nth M nth, , wh n th y T h e e e of e in e e . o t arriv d at Cambridg stud nts at this s at l arn g , th e e e e of e e e e e pr s nc itin rant pr ach rs app ar d an absurdity, but e o e o e t o e e that Quak r w m n sh uld att mpt pr ach in Cambridg , was ,

e e o e e e o . e in th ir stimati n , a still gr at r pr sumpti n Mary Fish r and h er e to e o e o th e n of fri nd, faithful th ir call, disc urs d ab ut thi gs ” “ God w th e o n e e e e o e e ith y u g stud nts, and pr ach d at Sidn y C ll g th e o e of gate t o th e inmates of that establishment . But d ctrin th e ee o of o e th e di e of e e o fr d m g sp l ministry, and sus all c r m nial

e e e o e e to th e e e - e e o e Obs rvanc s in r ligi n , app ar d l tt r l arn d c ll gians mere jargon, and they began to mock and deride th e two strangers as e i o th e o of th e o e e t o r l gi us fanatics , Whilst may r t wn , ag r Sup o th e o o o of his o e e e to be e t o th e p rt rth d xy church, rd r d th m tak n

’

h 1 24 . e a Cro ese s t e a e . e . G r rd History of Qu k rs Book s cond, p ’

t l 89 . Vo . . . Be sse s Sufferings of th e Pe ople called Quakers . ii p

1 NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 6.

n " e o n sh e t e e visiti g Italy , ant , C rinth , and Smyr a, at las r ach d Adrian ople where th e Sultan was encamp ed with his army; H er e ew e o th e o eo s int rvi with this gr at Asiatic m narch , and c urt u e sh e e e e are es so mann r in which was r c iv d by him , circumstanc e o to en e e e for to e e m o e w ll kn wn , as r d r it unn c ssary us r f r r e v n th e of o m e particularly to them . On l a i g court this Mah m dan o e e Sh e o ee e t o o o e o e e sh e oo p t ntat , pr c d d C nstantin pl , fr m wh nc t k h er e f r d d parture o Englan .

oo e e e e o th e e sh e was S n aft r Mary Fish r had r turn d fr m ast,

te e W e of oo e o e e uni d in marriag with illiam Bayl y P l , in D rs tshir ,

n Th e e oo e a eminent minister in th e S o cie ty . marriag t k plac in th e early part of William Bayley was by occupation a ne o o e o e to th e We t e mari r, and ccasi nally mad v yag s s Indi s , but

h e e e sea th e o o 1 675 . th e e di d wh n at , in F urth M nth , Of issu of e we e no e o we find o e ve this marriag hav r c rd , h w r, that Sophia

e n e e of e t o e th e Hum , a mi ist ring Fri nd x ra rdinary charact r, was

- * th e e e grand daughter of William and Mary Bayley . In S v nth on 1 678 e was e e h M th , , Mary Bayl y unit d in marriag with Jo n Cross of L ondon ] H ow long John Cross and his wife resided in L ondo n after

e o oe not e o o th e e e of n th ir uni n , d s app ar, but, f ll wing xampl ma y e of e 1 6 o e e e to e . 97 th r Fri nds that day , th y migrat d Am rica In , we e o e o e n e o find Mary a s c nd tim a wid w, r sidi g at Charl st wn in

o o . o e o e o e e e S uth Car lina R b rt Barr w, aft r his pr vid ntial scap

om e on th e oa of o e n th e fr shipwr ck c st Fl rida, Whilst trav lli g in o e e h n f t e o . e ministry, was c nv y d by Spa iards St Augustin , to h m e o e e e e e h er e o e e . W to Charl st wn , wh r b ca w lc m gu st riting his

e o e e en t o th e e e e e h e wif fr m this plac , aft r m i ning s v r illn ss had e e n o his t o h e e of ndur d, arisi g fr m priva i ns , thus sp aks his kind

o e en we e e e e e h st ss At l gth arriv d at Ashl y Riv r, and it pl as d

God the e o e to e oo e one o e , I had gr at f rtun hav a g d nurs , wh s n e e e of o e om o two am you hav h ard , a Y rkshir w an , b rn within

i e of o h er e n e e sh e m l s Y rk ; maid n am was Mary Fish r, that ’ e to th e re e Sh e spak g at Turk aft rwards William Bayley s wife .

M e Yearly Mee ting of London S . T stim onie s concerning de ce ased m r iniste s . ’ 1 e th e We e ee n l 1 vo . . . 1 8 . Minut s of Two ks M ti g of London, i p N EW ENGLAND .

h e o of e o is now my landlady and nurse . S is a wid w a s c nd

h er e no w Crossfl< husband , nam is Mary ’ h e e of o e o e e th e a e of o At t dat R b rt Barr w s l tt r, g Mary Cr ss e Sh e e could not have b een much under seventy years . Sinc l ft

- th e o e of for Ne w o one e e e . sh r s Britain England , f rty y ars had laps d

h e e h er e o e e o we S e doubtl ss finish d arthly c urs at Charl st wn , but regret that hitherto we have been unable to meet with any par ticul ars of th e o e of. h er e e e or of th e e e cl s v ntful lif , dat wh n it h oo e . We o e e e e e e e e s e t k plac may , h w v r, r v r ntly b li v , that was not unprepared for th e solemn summ ons and that Sh e has entered

o e e o o of eo e th e int that r st, and nj ys that cr wn right usn ss, which L ord th e righteous Judge giveth unto all those that love his app earing . Respecting ANNE AUSTIN we have but few particulars t o

e . th e e of h er to New sh e was m en narrat At tim visit England, tioned one e e ‘ e th e o e of five as strick n in y ars , 1 and as b ing m th r H e e . r e e e childr n r sid nc it appears was in th e city of L ondon . e e o o o sh e e h er o o Exp ll d fr m B st n , was carri d with c mpani n Mary

H e e to oe . r on t not ro Fish r , Barbad s stay tha island was a p longe d one ; as we find th e exp enses of h er returning passage

e h f h 5 - t o t e o o t e o e for 1 6 6 . England , includ d in acc unts S ci ty 7 h er e of r Continuing faithful in high calling as a minist r Ch ist ,

e on h er e to h er e to ee th e Ann Austin , r turn nativ land, had f l p ersecuting hands of ungodly m en ; and thus one of th e fil thy

o of o o 1 659 e e h er o e for e e n h er ga ls L nd n in , b cam ab d , x rcisi g e e f h h e e of h er gift in th e ass mbli s o er own S ociety. From t tim

o e e to of h er e e e no e impris nm nt at this dat , that d c as , incid nt is e e H recorded of this d dicat d woman . er death occurred during th e o of 1 665 of th e awful visitati n , by which inhabitants of o o e e e o e to e e Th e e e L nd n w r call d fr m tim t rnity . burial r gist r of th e o e t e sh e e th e o 1 665 S ci ty s at s, that di d in Sixth M nth , ,

th e e er e Bunh ill —fields we o of plagu , and was int r d at ; and d ubt not Sh e e to e e e e th e but that was call d r c iv that r ward , which is s ure inh eritance of all th e faithful in Christ .

- M S . e er . ar r 1 e a e e 696 7 . L tt of R B ow to his wif , d t d Tw lfth Month, J ’ r r d Cro ese s t r h . e a t e a e . 124 . G r His o y of Qu k rs, book ii p V OL. I . D CHA PTE R III . — Eight Ministers of th e Society arrive at Boston from London Their are ea e — e are m m e and e e e trunks s rch d Th y co itt d ‘to prison s nt nc d a m e —Th e a a em e a e to b nish nt c pt in who brought th , bound ov r to t k — them back to England Th e m agistrates take m easur e s to legaliz e — their p er se cuting procee dings A l aw is enacte d fo r banishing Fr iends — fr om th e colony of Boston Nicholas Upsh al testifie s against th e l aw —H e a e e e m ed and a e —H e ee e e is rr st d, fin d, i prison , b nish d s ks r fug th e l m e e e — e within co ony of Ply outh, and Wint rs th r Is banish d

e e ee e . th nc , and proc ds to Rhod Island

IN th e e u o of e o New th e l e of xp lsi n Fri nds fr m England, ru rs B oston had evidently much underrated th e task which they had unhappily imposed upon themselves ; and well would it have b een for their country had their actions responded to th e advice e e e eren e to th e e of th e o e giv n by Gamali l, in r f c pr aching Ap stl s

e e e th e e o to s e e at J rusal m , wh n J ws s ught lay th m R frain

7 o e e m en l et th em al one for o e or i fr m th s , and , if this c uns l th s

’ o be of m en o e to no be of God e w rk , it will c m ught but if it , y o o e o e th e o e th e cann t v rthr w Scarc ly had ship , which b r two e e e of th e o e o th e o e of e m ss ng rs g sp l fr m sh r s Massachus tts , e h er o e o a th e Carribbean sea e o e e e b nt c urs t w rds , wh n an th r v ss l o o o on o ei o e e e fr m L nd n , having b ard ght th r Fri nds, arriv d in

o o . e e e e o e o e o o e B st n Bay Th s w r Christ ph r H ld r, J hn C p land, o o W e n e o Th mas Thurst n , illiam Br nd, Mary Pri c , Sarah Gibb ns,

‘ M We e o o Wau h r Th e e of e ary atherh ad , and D r thy g l dat th ir

38 Acts v . . ’ i e e A u dl and s a a e e r e d In a l tt r of John to M rg r t F ll, w itt n uring 1 65 5 m r we th e r em a k e e e e m e , fro B istol, find following r in r f r nc to so of e ar a e m f r r a e e r th se . Many e r is d up and oved o se ve al p rts ; th r a e r r m e ea a m e Ne w E a m en fou f o h r w y ov d to go for ngl nd, two and two ” m e m e are e F ce and m e fo r a . Th e cir wo n ; so gon for ran , so Holl nd 1 65 NEW ENGLAND .

th e 7th of th e o 1 65 6 e on two arrival was Sixth M nth , , b ing ly

e th e e e of e e days aft r d partur Mary Fish r and Ann Austin .

e h ad ee o e e e th e of God Th y b n br ught h r , th y said , in will ,

i ee e e e . of th e e o n of his ee hav ng b n mad s nsibl cri s and gr a s s d , which was crying unto him for help and deliverance under cruel

Th e e of th e e e o e e on mast r v ss l , alm st imm diat ly his arrival,

‘ e th e o e o l of en e e furnish d g v rn r with a ist his pass g rs, and wh n it

no n e t of e e e e n n was k w that igh th m w r Quak rs from E gla d , with

a t of on s a wh o o e e Richard Smith an inh bi ant L g I l nd , pr f ss d with

e offi e e e o e on o com th m , c rs w r f rthwith s nt b ard with a warrant, “ n e to e th e o e es of th e mandi g th m s arch b x s, ch ts, and trunks

e for e o eo oo e o Quak rs , rr n us b ks and h llish and als to Th e bring th e Friends before th e court then sitting at B oston . o e e n o e e e th e e e e e e to rd rs b i g pr mptly x cut d, Fri nds w r subj ct d

o o o e o o e e e e to e a l ng and friv l us xaminati n , m stly in r f r nc th ir

e e th e e of th e e e n and on e n n th e b li f in natur Divin B i g , c c r i g

h e o e e e . e e th e e one of t e Scriptur s R sp cting latt r, pri sts c nt nd d , o n th e o of th e e th e e o e e of e e auth rity passag in s c nd pistl P t r, 1 e to th e o e e o of o e . 9 i , which allud s m r sur w rd pr ph cy, that Th e e th e Scriptures were th e only rule and guide of life . pri st

th e o to t n o o during discussi n , finding it difficult main ai his p siti n , b egan to admit more than was in accordance with th e views of o e of th e e on e o o e o s m magistrat s , which much diss nsi n ar s am ng them to th e no small alarm and consternation of th e pri est .

th e e o een th e o ne e e e L ong as xaminati n had b , c urt was v rth l ss desirous t o resume it on th e following day ; th e Friends were

e to r o for th e o therefore committ d p is n night , and br ught up Th e e t o th e again on th e following morning . subj c s up n which n w e o e e n o e e prisoners were o int rr gat d , b i g th s which th y had

’ d e er Fra H o w ill s c um stance is also thus allude to in a l tt of ncis g , r r m d and r r m w ritten a fe w m onths l ater . Fou f o Lon on fou f o

r are e ar Ne w E and re ear t h e e B istol, gon tow ds ngl ; p tty h ts ; bl ssing ” ’ — n s h r d em and dre a e e re em . Ca to of t e Lo is with th , his d go s b fo th ' S Co llectio n oj M S . ’ ’

r Ne w E an E . 7 . Hum phrey No ton s ngl d s nsign , p 1 NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 6.

e on th e e o s e e e e e e discuss d pr vi u day, th y d clin d r plying , xc pt by e e r th e e t o e o e n e ee r f r ing magistrat s th ir f rm r a sw rs, which had b n e e all carefully taken down . Th y th n demanded to know why e e e Endicot t e ee e of e e . h y had b n arr st d , and d priv d th ir lib rty , wh o e e o m th e o e e to th e had r turn d fr c untry, vading an answ r e o e e e ee e e not o ur ecclesiastica l qu sti n , r pli d, Tak h d y br ak l aws for e e are e to e , th n y sur str tch by a Notwithstanding th e intolerant course pursued by th e priests

e on o o not be o e and magistrat s this ccasi n , it must supp s d that th e proceedings m et with th e sanction of th e inhabitants gene ‘ rally ; and it is only proper to add that th e language of their to e go vernor gave rise vry intelligible marks of dissatisfaction .

th e o e of th e e o e e e of e At cl s xaminati n , a S nt nc banishm nt was

o o n e o th e o e on e e for th e pr n u c d up n pris n rs, instructi s b ing issu d

o e on e e of th e e e th e cl s c fin m nt ight English Fri nds , until ship in

e e o be e to e t . th e which th y cam sh uld r ady r urn Richard Smith,

e of o e e e e o l be e o e Fri nd L ng Island, th y d t rmin d sh u d s nt h m by

ea e th e o e o e o e e s , rath r than by sh rt r and m r c nv ni nt way by land ; these bigoted rulers considering it needful to u se all pre ” cautionary m eans t o prevent th e Quaker heretics from even passing through their country . Th e au thorities having taken so summary a course against th e e now e for th e e of th e e e e Fri nds , s nt mast r v ss l in which th y

e o e to e e o th e su m of for cam , in rd r mak him giv b nd in e to own Th o e e n o e o . e c nv ying th m England at his c st h n st s ama ,

ee h e o e no of o n f ling that had vi lat d law his c untry, in havi g

o h er ee- o to of h er o o br ught fr b rn inhabitants this part d mini ns , h e o on e e to o t r e o . r fus d c mply with arbitra y r quisiti n His Opp siti ,

o e e o e o e of o s suf h w v r , pr v d unavailing ; an impris nm nt f ur day

t o o e o e ee n of e e en e to e e ficed v rc m his f li gs ind p nd c , and r duc him to submission . o e of o on o e e to o e e Th e auth riti s B st , anxi us in th ir z al ad pt v ry

to e e th e o o o th e e e of e mode s cur c l ny fr m influ nc Quak rism , iss u ed th e following order to th e keep er of th e prison

are e e eo t o ee th e e fo e You , by virtu h r f, k p Quak rs rm rly

E a r New e e e . 1 0. ngl nd Judg d, by G o g Bishop, p ’

h . 1 97 . a a e . . Hutchinson s Hist . of M ss c us tts, vol i p NEW ENGLAND . o e to o o as e o e o o t o c mmitt d y ur cust dy dang r us p rs ns , industri us improve all their abilities to seduce th e p eople of this j urisdic o o o e e to th e o e e e of th e ti n , b th by w rds and l tt rs , ab minabl t n ts e to ee e o e o e not uffe e to Quak rs, and k p th m cl s pris n rs, s ring th m e or o e e o nor e em to e sp ak c nf r with any p rs n , p rmitting th hav paper or ink .

S ecr etar . EDWARD RAWSON , y h 1 h 1 A ugus t t e 8t , 65 6 .

e e th e o e o o e e to e o e Subs qu ntly, ga l r was als rd r d s arch, as ft n

h e saw ee th e o e e of th e e as m t , b x s , ch sts and things Quak rs o e o t e to o for en e f rm rly c mmi t d his cust dy , p , ink and pap r, e oo to e pap rs and b ks , and tak them from

Th e e o ou e th e e of e xtra rdinary c rs , which rul rs Massachus tts e th e o e o of e was not o O o had tak n in pr s cuti n Fri nds , nly in pp si

o t o th e of th e o e o o o o ti n laws m th r c untry , but als with ut sancti n o an of o e of th e Th f o o . e o e o o o fr m y th s c l ny auth riti s B st n , e e e e e th e o of e e o e e not to ag r as th y w r in w rk p rs cuti n , w r blind their position in this respect and hence we find them anxiously endeavouring t o promote m easures for legalizing their wicke d

o ee . th e 2 nd of th e e e on 1 65 6 th e pr c dings O n S v nth M th , ,

o e o e of th e o o e e e g v rn r and magistrat s B st n pat nt ass mbl d, and prepared a letter addressed to Th e C ommissioners of th e United

o e wh o e e o to ee o Pr vinc s, w r ab ut m t at Plym uth ; in which

e e o me e o e e e e bee com ended th y r c m nd d, That s m g n rall rul s may to e e e o to e e th e o o us o ach G n rall C urt, pr v nt c ming in am ngst fr m forai ne ac e o o o h ereti ues e e g pl s such n t ri us q , as Quak rs , Rant rs, ” Th e e o e e th e m & c . e subj ct having be n thus br ught b for co o e th e o of o o e for missi n rs , sancti n that b dy was btain d framing a to th e o e h th e e o o r e law , justify c urs whic rul rs at B st n had pu su d , “ e ee to o o e o and t o legalize future intolerance . Th y agr d pr p s t th e e e e e o t e e o e s v ral G n rall C urts, tha all Quak rs , Rant rs , and th r no torious h eretiques bee prohibited coming into th e United Colonies e e e o e or e on us and if any Shall h r aft r c m aris am gst , that ” e bee o h cecure d or e o e ou t of th e th y f rt with r m v d all jurisdictions .

e e . . . 1 79 B ss , vol ii p . 4 6 . 1 NEW ENGLAND [ 65 6 .

o e th e e o e o of th e o one th e Enc urag d by r c mm ndati n C mmissi rs , authoriti es at B oston soon passe d a law for th e banishm ent of e m Fri nds fro their territory . This p ersecuting enactment was th e in e e e e first Am rica Sp cially dir ct d against th e S ociety. It is as follows

A t Gen r l a e a Cou r t held a t B oston th e 1 4 th o October 1 65 6 . f ,

W e e e e is e e of h er etics e e h r as , th r a curs d s ct lat ly ris n up in th e o are o o e e wh o e o w rld, which c mm nly call d Quak rs, tak up n ” e to be e e e of God e b th m imm diat ly s nt , and infallibly assist d v th e to e e e o o o e n Spirit , sp ak and writ blasph m us pini ns, d spisi g

o e en th e O e of God th e c om g v rnm t , and rd r in church and m onweal th e n e of n e e o n e n , sp aki g vil dig iti s, r pr achi g and r vili g

e e ee n to th e eo e o th e magistrat s and minist rs , s ki g turn p pl fr m

o e e to e e o . o faith , and gain pr s lyt s th ir p rnici us ways This c urt ,

o o e o th e e e to e e th e e taking int c nsid rati n pr mis s , and pr v nt lik

e e e n o our o e e mischi f, as by th ir m a s is wr ught in land, d th h r by o e o of o be o e e e ed rd r, and by auth rity this c urt, it rd r d and nact ,

te or o e Of an or e that what mas r, c mmand r y ship , bark , pink , k tch ,

“ e e o o o ee or o e Shall h nc f rth bring int any harb ur, cr k c v , within

o e or e or o e e o this jurisdicti n , any Quak r Quak rs , th r blasph m us e e or e to be th e fine of one e h r tics, shall pay caus paid , hundr d o to th e e e of th e o e e e h e p unds tr asur r c untry, xc pt it app ar want

e o e e or o o of e e tru kn wl dg inf rmati n th ir b ing such , and in that

e h e e to e e o e suflicient cas hath lib rty cl ar hims lf by his ath , wh n proof t o th e contrary is wanting : and for default of good pay

e or o o e u for be o on e e m nt , g d s c rity it , shall cast int pris , and th r to continue till th e said sum be satisfied t o th e Treasurer as

A nd th e o of or e e e o e i . e e af r sa d c mmand r any k tch , ship v ss l , b ing

e o e e f e e t to th e o e o l gally c nvict d, shall giv in su fici nt s curi y g v rn r, or one or o e of th e m i e wh o e e t o de any m r ag strat s , hav pow r

e ne th e e to e to th e e e e h e t rmi sam , carry th m back plac wh nc

e on e so to do th e e o or one or brought th m , and his r fusal , gov rn r,

o e of th e e are e e e e e t o e ou t or m r magistrat s , h r by mpow r d issu his e to o e or o n e to o th ir warrants, c mmit such mast r c mma d r pris n , there to continue till h e give in sufficient security to th e content

th e o e o or of th e e o e . is of g v rn r, any magistrat s af r said And it

1 5 NEW ENGLAND . [ 6 6 . th e e r e of th e r e ec th e ero f a ful charact r cu s d s t, and dang us “ o e e e to e o be e o e S c ns qu nc s which th y w uld xp s d, if uch blas ” h em ous e e e e e e o p h r tics w r p rmitt d to c me am ongst them . With

e of e e o e o e to o e th e e o of th e b at drum , th r f r , in rd r ar us att nti n th e l aw in e o was in few u ro inhabitants , qu sti n , a days p blicly p e in th e t ee of o o o e ee of e e claim d s r ts B st n , pr ducing a d gr xcit

e o o o to th e e o ee m nt and c mm ti n, which city had hith rt b n much a stranger.

to th e one e We th e e Turning again impris d Fri nds, find as tim for e e o o e th e offi e un e th e ro th ir mbarkati n appr ach d, that c rs d r p o s of o e n e on th e oo of th e visi n an th r warra t , mad a distraint g ds ’ ri o e for th e e of th e o e ee e of p s n rs paym nt ga l r s f s , in pursuanc e e e e e e for which all th ir b dding was tak n . In this stat , unpr par d o e o th e e th e ffe e e e a v yag acr ss wid Atlantic, su r rs w r inhumanly on o th e e e now o to not e thrust b ard v ss l ab ut sail, and had th ir

oo ee e ee e o e of th e wh o g ds b n kindly r d m d by s m . inhabitants, — were touched wi th sympathy for them in their distress they o e ee o e o e o th e o e of w uld hav b n f rc d away, thus unpr vid d, fr m sh r s

e . te o e of o t e e e ee and Am rica Af r an impris nm nt ab u l v n w ks , in th e o 1 65 6 th e e e e o e off o Eighth M nth , , Fri nds w r b rn fr m

o o e o th e o e e e e B st n , and aft r cr ssing c an in saf ty, th y land d at

o e e th e e o e of e e o th e L ndon . Thus nd d s c nd att mpt m mb rs f S ociety to preach th e gosp el on th e continent of th e western world . Th e e e n e of e e o New n d pr c di g d tails Puritan p rs cuti n in E glan , e e to th e e m e of o e wh o e as r e t o r lat tr at nt th s , cam st ang rs that

e o now be e e t e e t e country . Our att nti n will dir ct d o cru lti s prac is d o o o wh o een o e t th e e of t wards c l nists , had b c nvinc d tha principl s th e e e o ze th e o t ne e e banish d Fri nds, harm ni d with d c ri s and pr c pts th e e o Of th e e e of Christ . In r lati n tr atment which Mary Fish r

ne A ustin ' received o on o e to th e and An at B st , allusi n is mad t o of e of th e e s chris ian c nduct an ag d inhabitant plac , in upply ing those p ersecuted women with provisions during their impri nm n o U h al o e ffe so e t . s This individual was Nich las p , wh s su rings we e now to e o er th e o e o e o hav r c rd, und c nsci nti us t stim ny which h e o e th e e o ee of his b r , against wick d and arbitrary pr c dings o H e o ee ree of c untrym en . had l ng b n an inhabitant and f man 1 5 6 6 ] NEW ENGLAND . 4 9

o to ze o one wh o B s n, was a al us and faithful christian , and , , o e e e ee e e eem fr m his arli r y ars, had b n h ld in much st , as a man f ” H o sob er and unblameable conversation . e had been a e o o e o th e o e t of th e Puritan in r ligi us pr f ssi n , and in pr sp ri y o e o to h e e o e h e ee ee particular c ngr gati n which b l ng d, had b n d ply

e e e f r e e f h e e int r st d o a long s ri s o years . But t e forms and c r m oni es of his church had for some time past b een burdensom e to H him . e had felt their insufficiency t o satisfy th e soul in its longing and thirsting after God and h e was prepared t o receive h o e a ew of e o . W e e e o e e m r Spiritu l vi s r ligi us truth h n th r f r , o on th e e of th e e e e e wh o f und inquiry, that vi ws p rs cut d strang rs, e o e o e e e o o e em h ati r n unc d all utward Obs rvanc s in r ligi n , p int d p to th e e e of as th e o o o cally inward app aranc Christ, c ns lati n and

e of th e th e e e e of str ngth Christian , and as l ad r and guid his eo e e e e e e m et i e on e o o p pl v rywh r , th y w th a r sp s in his b s m , and h e was much

“ Th e e e e in New e cru l law nact d England against Fri nds, and which had been ostentatiously announced to th e citizens of

o on e of ee ffe e th e of oo B st by b at drum , d ply a ct d mind this g d ” e e e th e e e e o e e th e im man . B ing gri v d at h art, th r f r , und r pressi on that these unrighteous actions would be followed by th e

t e of th e os e th e o o of th e jus judgm nts M t High , wh n pr clamati n l aw e e o e own oo h e e o ne t o e his was mad b f r his d r, f lt c nstrai d rais H voice in public disapprobation o f th e act . e was anxious that — his fellow citizens might kn ow that h e disclaim ed any participa tion in proceedings utterly at variance with th e character of true

Th e o e o o e e th e e e e religion . c nsci nti us c urs pursu d by v n rabl

o o ie e th e e - eo e r e offe e c l nist, was v w d by s lf right us rul rs as a g av nc o one e e th e e against their auth rity , and which r quir d mark d th e o o o e e o e h e severity of th e court . On f ll wing m rning, th r f r ,

e o e e o e e to e th e e e e e was cit d t app ar b f r th m , answ r charg pr f rr d

for e e e o o of th e against him , having xpr ss d his disappr bati n ” “ ne o U sh al law against Quakers . Thus arraig d, Nich las p , in ” e e o e e e w his e o - e on much tend rn ss and l v , pl ad d ith f ll w citiz ns e n e e to th e iniquitous course they wer pursui g, and warn d th m ” g Th e God. take heed lest they should be found fighting a ainst t

’ “ 1 b d . 13. r E . 1 2 . No ton s nsign , p I i , p 1 NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 6 .

e e e o e e determi magistrat s w r unt uch d by his appeal , and in th ir

' o to e o of e fined o e nati n crush any qu sti ning th ir acts, , impris n d , e o th e o o Th e fine e o and banish d him fr m c l ny . was tw nty p unds, and th e time allowed him to prepare for his expatriation was only H o of h e e r o . e o thirty days , f ur which pass d in p is n was als

e e t o on fine of ee o for not e subj ct d an additi al thr p unds, att nding th e f e of o e e e e e o e . usual plac w rship , whil und r s nt nc banishm nt Th e tim e had arrived wh en Nicholas Upsh al was to bid a final

“ e e to e o e to e o e of th e o e far w ll a city , m m rabl hims lf, and th rs ld r n e of e e o r i habitants, as a plac r fug , which , thr ugh many t ials and

f e e h ad ou th e of th e e e n o di ficulti s, th y s ght in wilds w st r w rld, “ ” “ ” o e e Th e e e o o fr m p rs cution at home . w ak and ag d c l nist e e e o w d th e o e of th e e l aving his wif and childr n , t ar s cl s T nth

o o ee e o th e h O e of e e M nth, pr c d d s uthward in p finding a sh lt r at h e e o of i th e o o of o . T o Sandwich , within c l ny Plym uth g v rn r th s

o o e ee e of n e o de c l ny, had it app ars, b n appris d his i t nti n , and , to v e o et siring assist in dri ing Quak rs fr m Massachus ts , had e o n of th e eo e of to issu d a warrant, f rbiddi g any p pl Sandwich e e Th n of th e o o e e e e not . e nt rtain him inhabita ts t wn , h w v r, w r d o e to o e h e oo on th e e e of e isp s d cl s t ir d rs distr ss d, many th m had too e for th e e e of to o th e much r gard pr c pts Christianity , aband n houseless and age d stranger to th e incl em enci es of a wintry season ; and h Nich olas Upsh al found a ready hom e amongst them . But t e

o of th e - e e eo e of e e ei h spitality kind h art d p pl Sandwich , displ as d th r

o e o wh o e o of in of e intoler g v rn r, , d sir us hav g this victim pri stly e o e e e e e anc m r imm diat ly within his grasp, issu d a Sp cial warrant f r Th o e of th o his app earance b efore him at Plymouth . e c ldn ss e ’ e o e e th e e o e of o U sh al s wint r, t g th r with pr cari us stat Nich las p

e o h e e e e e an e e h e e e to h alth, w uld , b li v d, nd g r his lif , if att mpt d o e h H e o e e o e not to t e o . e e b y summ ns , th r f r , wis ly c nclud d

o o ed th e o e o e e th e c mply , and inf rm g v rn r by l tt r, that if warrant

o be e o e h e e e oo o be e e sh uld nf rc d , and p rish d, his bl d w uld r quir d hi o o not t o e o e o at s hands . His res luti n r m v fr m Sandwich is o e to e e e e e o e e o th e o e supp s d hav r c iv d nc urag m nt fr m t wnsm n , by whom also it appears th e constabulary were restrained from e h e o th e n to th e e o e o e Of. t o e nf rcing warra t, and sam c urs s m m r moderate of th e magistrates inclined . In th e early part of th e o o o e e th e o e of th e f ll wing Spring, h w v r, auth riti s Sandwich at NEW ENGLAND . 5 1

e n o o of th e o e o e o e th e e unr mitti g s licitati n g v rn r, r s lv d that banish d

o o e e e th e man sh uld find a h m ls wh ere . On intimation of this e o o th e e o of th e e e was e e to o e r s luti n , att nti n xil dir ct d Rh d Island , f H e — as a place o safety . kn ew that its liberal minde d settlers would allow him a hom e amongst them could h e be favou red to i “ e e ee o . h e e e o r ach th ir fr s l This att mpt d , and, thr ugh many dif e e e e o its ficulti s and dang rs, at last land d at N wp rt, principal

' b ni h m m town . H ere his a s ent beca e th e general them e of con Th n e o . e o e wh o e e o th e v rsati n untut r d Indians , still li g r d ab ut

e of th e e m an e th e e e o on of dw llings whit , h ard tal with m ti s o o one wh o o e th e e of l ot s rr w and , was t uch d with hardn ss his , “ offe e o e on e o e h e r d him a h m am g his trib and pr mis d that, if

o o e e t h e o e oo w uld c m and liv wi h him , w uld mak him a g d warm o e e o e o e e l ed to An th r chi f, wh s c nt mplativ mind him e e on th e e of e o o om r fl ct charact r that r ligi n , which c uld pr pt its o o e to of e t o e f ll w rs such acts inhumanity, was h ard xclaim ,

W God e th e wh o e so one no e hat a hav English, d al with a th r

‘ ab out their God " 1 Th e tyranny which had marked th e conduct of th e rulers o f

e e t o o e th e e e of of th e e e t o Massachus tts b gan p n y s many s ttl rs, th e o u of th e o e to ee inc ngr ity spirit , which pr mpt d such d ds , with that of th e b enign religion of J esus Christ . Notwithstanding th e e e e e o of th e e e th e e arn st nd av urs pri sts and rul rs , by string nt

e of e e to e e th e o on claus s th ir act against Quak rs, pr v nt intr ducti of e e e e e e e th e of not few to th ir t n ts, a d sir was xcit d in minds a , acquaint themsel ves more intimately with th e doctrin es and

e of e o e e e e e e ee e o e to practic s a s ct , wh s pr s nc it was v n d m d impr p r

ow m on e e oo o e e of e all a g th m and , thus, v ry s n , a kn wl dg Quak r doctrines was more or less spread abroad in all th e New England

th e o e o e e e e o o e . o e e c l ni s Am ng th s , as in m th r c untry, th r w r o o o e wh o e e to e e e f und pi usly disp s d individuals, w r , a gr at xt nt ,

e e t o e e e th e e e of pr par d r c iv simpl and Spiritual vi ws Christianity ,

o e e e o e e e e o e e as pr f ss d by Fri nds, and s m , at a v ry arly p ri d b cam e n united in religious fellowship with them . Furth r remarks o this interesting point will be given in a future chapter .

’ ’ t Se e r Fr 1 1 N r E . 14 . e 6 . o ton s nsign, p w l s Histo y of i nds, CH A PTER IV . — Mary Dyer and Ann Burden arrive at Boston from London They are — im m e diately im prisoned and sentence d to banishm ent Ann Bur de n — is se nt to England Mary Dyer goes to h er hom e on Rhode Island — Extract fr om a letter of H enry Fell to Margaret Fell Eleven Fri ends

- — in th e m inistry feel a r eligious call to visit New England The ir f a a a e— er e a Fr e ffe di ficulty in procuring p ss g Rob t Fowl r, i nd, o rs his — — sm all ve sse l for th e purpose His offer is a ccepte d Pr ocee dings of th e Society for defraying th e e xpense s of this and other fore ign — — gospel m issions They sail from London William Dewsbury visits — — ’ them at th e Downs His letter to Margaret Fell Rob ert Fowle r s

— - narrative of th e voyage Fac sim ile of a letter fr om W. Robinson o ne th e m a r Ne w E a e a a e e r of rty s in ngl nd, writt n to M rg r t F ll, du ing th e a e— e th e r e a at New m er am New voy g Fiv of F i nds l nd A st d , now — — ’ York Th e others procee d to Rhode Island John Copeland s letter m e a fro Rhod Isl nd .

FOR few o e th e e of o U shal th e a m nths aft r banishm nt Nich las p , ” of o T colony B ston app eared t o be clear of Quaker heretics . h e ee e for e e on th e n e law which had b n pass d th ir xclusi , Purita rul rs and ecclesiastics fondly hoped would prove effectual for its intended o e purp s and thus ended th e year 165 6 . But this eventful

e o th e o of e e e o e p ri d in hist ry Fri nds in Am rica had scarc ly cl s d, ere others of th e S ociety were directing their course to th e for hidden of e a d e o th e land Massachus tts, n as arly pr bably as First

o of 1 65 e e e e th e of M nth 7, Mary Dy r and Ann Burd n r ach d bay o o that c l ny .

e of o e ee Mary Dy r was an inhabitant Rh d Island, and had b n on for o t e t o e e no . a visit Gr at Britain , but what purp s it is cl ar W sh e e m e o e of th e e of hilst in England , b ca c nvinc d principl s h e e e e e t . u en Fri nds, and had r c iv d a gift in ministry Ann B rd , no t h e e o e . S e o e it app ars , at this p ri d was a minist r had f rm rly

e New ee of o o or liv d in England, having b n an inhabitant B st n NEW ENGLAND . 5 3 its vicinity for sixteen years but h er husband had removed his

to e h e e n w family England and di d there . S th refore o came to o o for th e o e of o e n om e e du e to e B st n , purp s c ll cti g s d bts his state. B oth had been Antino mian exiles of Massachusetts Mary

e h er on e e o e e Dy r and husband th ir banishm nt , had s ught r fug

th e ee o o of o e e h er in fr c l ny Rh d Island, whilst Ann Burd n and

e e to e e to e o e o husband r turn d th ir nativ land, nj y that r ligi us ee o h n fr d m which t e Purita s fo und under th e C omm onwealth .

o e . Alm st imm ediately on th e arrival of M . Dy r and A Burden off o o e th e o o of th e e e B st n , und r pr visi ns Act against Quak rs, th y

e e e e o e of th e e e e o e w r s iz d by rd r magistrat s , and plac d und r cl s ” o e e o e no e o e em c nfin m nt , in rd r that n might c m at th " On e e o e e e th e e of h er th ir xaminati n , Ann Burd n pl ad d lawfuln ss

e th e o o th e o e e to h er e o busin ss in c l ny, but nly r ply giv n r as ning

sh e e e e . was , that was a plain Quak r, and must abid th ir law 3: e o e of ee o n sh e ffe e Aft r an impris nm nt thr m nths , duri g which su r d

o o o sh e e on hi o for e t. fr m indisp siti n , was plac d s pb ard banishm n ’ Th e obj ect of Ann Burden s voyage from England being thus

e th e e e e th e of th e frustrat d by unr l nting rul rs , sympathy kind he arted p eople of th e town was excited on h er b ehalf : some of e e e e e e e o of th e e e e o th m x rt d th ms lv s in fav ur p rs cut d wid w, and h er e e e o e e o o of h er e fath rl ss childr n , and c ll ct d a p rti n d bts, in h of o o h e oo e n oo to t e e o . t g ds , valu ab ut f rty p unds But g ds b i g of e o e for th e e e e e e a d scripti n unsuit d English mark t , th y int rc d d with th e magistracy that sh e might be allowed to take them to

oe e e e o e e . e Barbad s , wh r th y w uld find a r ady sal This human f e o e e e o e e . Th e e o and r as nabl r qu st was, h w v r, unavailing mast r th e ship was compelled to carry h er to England and on inquiring from whom h e was to receive payment for h er returning

e h e e to e e ffi e of h er oo passag , was advis d s iz a su ci nt quantity g ds to m eet th e charge ; but with th e remark that it was without h er on e t h e e e e e h e e e to o c s nt tha s b cam his pass ng r, d clin d act up n

Th e o e e of th e e th e recomm endation . m ral s nsibiliti s magistrat s

e b e o not e so e on th e e o of blunt d v s ctarian big try, b ing nic qu sti n

d 2 “ N w E a 8 . See r . 0 . 1 e e . 3 Int o uction, p ngl nd Judg d, p 9 Ne w E a d e . 38 . . 3 . I ngl nd Ju g d, p Ibid, p NEw . 1 ENGLAND [ 65 7.

or ro th e e th e sea a right w ng in matt r, as that which capt in had e e e e i e o e e o th e o o of vinc d, th y imm d at ly rd r d a distraint up n g ds th e o e to th e o t of o ten ll n for pris n r, am un six p unds and shi i gs,

e of th e e o e and not ee f e paym nt passag m n y , d ming this a su fici nt infliction on th e distressed widow for professing Quakerism in their e o e e e e e o e of th e e n t rrit ry, th y subs qu ntly dir ct d that n n r mai ing

o o of h er oo o be s e so sh e e e e p rti n g ds sh uld hipp d ; that, r c iv d no of th e oo o e e for h er e e th e part g ds c ll ct d and, xc pting small sum of six e o e e o sh e o e n o shillings , s nt by an h n st d bt r, btain d ’ o f p rti on o th e am ount due to h er husband s estate . H ow o e o e not e h er l ng Mary Dy r was impris n d is stat d, but

wh o not e o o e o e on husband, was in r ligi us pr f ssi n with Fri nds , ’ e of his e o e e o o e to h aring wif s impris nm nt , cam fr m Rh d Island h e er. S o o e e th e e e of o o f tch much , h w v r, did pri sts and rul rs B st n

e e e e e o not o w t o e dr ad Quak r influ nc , that th y w uld all him tak h er to o e h e e e o e e not his h m , until b cam b und in a gr at p nalty

‘ to o e h er o o f th e o on nor e to e l dg in any t wn c l y , p rmit any hav Sp eech with h er on h er Th e following extract from a le tter addresse d by H enry F ell to e e o o e o e e to th e Margar t F ll, c ntains s m additi nal facts r lativ visit f o Mary Dyer and Ann Burden .

HENEY FELL TO MARGARET FELL .

B a rba do 1 9 th o Twe th M on th 1 65 6 . es , f lf ,

M Y Y E th e o e s DEARL BELOV D , in L rd J sus Chri t ,

was e e to o e th e e ee ee I xp cting c m away with n xt ship , s ing fr dom to o e o e no no o e e c m away fr m this plac , and k wing th r th n th o e e but for England . But truly at present e L ord hath rd r d it o e w e o o to own et th r is , and, th ugh it was c ntrary my will , y by

e e o e e to e to H im wh o his t rnal p w r, I was mad willing giv up all on th e th of th e hath laid down his life for m e . Up 9 day ' e en o t th e o of th e o e to m e th at o El v th M n h , w rd L rd cam I sh uld o t o New n e e to be e for so g E gland , th r a witn ss Him ; I was e to offe e o e e e to th e o mad willing r up my lif and all, in b di nc L rd

* ‘ New E a e . 39 . ngl nd Judg d, p

1 NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 7.

” Th e o e e e to th e o e of ship which c nv y d Ann Burd n sh r s Britain , e e e o for h er e o th e had scarc ly w igh d anch r passag acr ss Atlantic,

e o e six of th e e e wh o ee e e e o b f r ight Fri nds , had b n xp ll d fr m o o th e e e e e e e e e e e e to B st n in pr c ding y ar, b li v d th ms lv s r quir d e o e o e to New e r er att mpt an th r v yag England, b ing fi mly p s uaded that th e L ord had called them to b ear testimony t o his

e e t u e of H e truth in th s par s, and having a full ass ranc faith, that would support them through whatsoever exercises H e should be ” e e ff e e W to su er e t o be e . e e pl as d th m tri d with Th s w r , illiam e o e o e o o e o Br nd, Christ ph r H ld r, J hn C p land , Sarah Gibb ns , Weth erh ea * o t th e e e Mary d and D orothy Waugh . Ab u sam tim

e o of e o e five o e a similar impr ssi n r ligi us duty was f lt by th rs,

Viz . o e o o e o to Doudne , R b rt H dgs n , Humphr y N r n , Richard y, W o illiam R binson and Mary Clark . Th e er e e e of th e o of o o im p s cuting nactm nt c urt B st n , which posed serious penalties on th e master of any ship wh o sho uld

e e to e th e of its r on v ntur land Quak rs within limits ju isdicti , had

Th e remaining two of th e e ight were Thom as Thurston and Mary

e . Th e m e a e m er m we a l er e Princ for r ag in visit d A ica, and to who sh l h after re fe r but th e latter do e s not appear to have h ad any further call in ’ h er e e our e e divin Mast r s service to that land . As it is int ntion to giv br ie fnotice s of th e live s ofthose who visite d th e n ew contine nt in th e work th e e e e we r m th e b e th e a e of gosp l, b for turn f o su j ct of visit of M ry Princ h m i w a f w ar h r er a e e e a e e . and co p n ons, sh ll giv a p ticul rs conc rning a e was an a a and was one e M ry Princ inh bit nt of Bristol, of thos who were c onvince d through th e powerful and baptiz ing m inistry of John

Cam m and Au dl and e a 1 65 4 . S John , on th ir visit to th t city in oon er h er em e sh e a e a and r e aft convinc nt was c ll d to l bour in word doct in , we a e e e a a h er e e e m e h v , how v r, no p rticul rs of s rvic s as a gosp l inist r, h r e e 1 65 6 . 1 660 sh e a e e e e until visit to Boston in In , tr v ll d xt nsiv ly on th e e D th e ea 1 663 contin nt of Europe with Mary Fisher . uring y rs 1 664 e o e F e d c m m m h er e - ~ and , this d v t d ri n , in o on with ost of f llow pro f essors ffe e e e e h er r e . W e e in Bristol, su r d s v r ly for ligion ithin th s two ea sh e wa e m e m m e H er y rs s thr e ti s co itt d to prison in that city . da e a a a e was e m a a e ught r H nn h, bout this p riod, unit d in rri g with C a e ar a a a r h ad a ee ed h rl s M sh ll, physici n of B istol, who lso b n convinc , nd m a a few e a e a a e r th e m . ar , who in y ars ft r lso c fo th in inistry M y Pr ince die d in th e Tenth Month 1 679 in th e bur ial re cord sh e is de r ed as a Ca e re sc ib widow of stl P cincts, Bristol . NEW ENGLAND .

now e o e o re e b c m kn wn in England, and a luctanc was naturally

felt by th e own ers of vessels to take them as pass engers . There

e e e e o e no e e o e e e e o e app ar d, th r f r , v ry arly pr sp ct that th s d v t d s ou be e to o e to New individual w ld abl btain a passag England . H e wh o o e o e e e o e But , is w nd rful in w rking, and xc ll nt in c uns l , wh o o e e e to n e W o o e and is ft n pl as d ma if st his isd m and p w r, at a

e e e e e o - e ro tim and in a way l ast xp ct d by sh rt sight d man , was p viding a means by which his Servants might be enabled to go

or th e o to H e e e . o e o e f ward in w rk which had call d th m R b rt F wl r, e e of n o o e e a minist ring Fri nd Burli gt n, in Y rkshir , a marin r by o o o e o e e th e i of ccupati n , had ab ut this tim , c mpl t d bu lding a

s e e and th e o e of o o h e mall v ss l whilst it was in c urs c nstructi n ,

e e th e e e t h e o e to e o e was impr ss d with b li f, tha sh uld hav d v t it t o o f h e H s me purpos e in furtherance o t e caus of Truth . e first saile d in his new ship t o L ondon and whilst at this port thought it right to state th e feelings which had impresse d him to Gerard e h o e of W ee . e w o was one R b rts, a m rchant atling Str t G rard , of th e most active memb ers of th e S ociety in making th e n eedful

e e th e of e to o e r arrang m nts for visits its minist rs f r ign pa ts, was not slow t o disco ver that a providential hand had l ed to their To e e th e e e t oo m intervie w. all human app aranc v ss l was far s all t o venture with safety on th e mighty billows of th e Atlantic ; e o e e e not e o but G rard R b rts and his br thr n , qu sti ning that this was th e o e o e for o e n th e to New m d pr vid d c nv yi g party England , >l< engage d it for that purpose . Th e e e e e th e e e o to fact, that l v n Fri nds in ministry w r ab ut

e e e e for th e o e of Ne w n e l av th ir nativ land sh r s Engla d, and und r t e so e not be e su circums anc s p culiar, did fail, as it may r adily p o e to o e e ee of e e th e o e p s d, pr duc an unusual d gr int r st in S ci ty ;

Th e e xpense s incurre d by s everal ofthese e arly m issions we re consider a e b ut t h e er e a ee e r a e th e rre e bl , s vic s h ving b n und t k n with full concu nc th e S e th e ar e ere a r m a d r a e fo r th e r e of oci ty, ch g s w p id f o fun is d pu pos , er m ar th e ra e th e S e t h e re e d I in a m ann si il to p ctic of oci ty in p s nt ay . n th e year following that in which Robe rt Fowle r saile d with t h e little

m a for m e r a th e r e ar e e th e S e w as d co p ny A ic , fi st Y ly M ting of oci ty h el . a e at Scal eh o u se ab re e m e r m S in r It took pl c , out th il s f o kipton , Yo k

m e e th e b e o f t h e r e d b e shire . At this ting su j ct visits of F i n s yond

VOL. I . E 1 5 NEW ENGLAND . [ 6 7.

ee o i e e H e wh o o e th e and a d p s l citud was f lt , that h ld th e th e o o of n o em wat rs as in h ll w his ha d , might g with th , and th e l st prosper them in that Whereunto they were sent . On s ea a m e m e an d was a e e e m m e d a e e a cl i d uch att ntion, it gr d to r co n g n r l i e m coll e ction in a d of the se gosp l issions . In pursuance of this conclu sion th e following e pistle was issue d

A t a m eetin o F r iends ou t o th e N or th er n Cou nties o Yo rk Lincol n g f f f , ,

Lancas ter Ch es ter N ottin ha m D er b Wes tm or ela nd C u m ber l a nd , , g , y , , , D u rh a m a nd N or th u mber la nd a t S c aleh ou se th 2 4 , , , e th of th e F ou r th

M onth 1 658 . ,

a ea f e a e th e m e H ving h rd o gr t things don by ighty pow r of God, in m a a e th e ea e r H e a a e r m a ny n tions b yond s s, whith h th c ll d fo th ny of o u r ea e e and e r ea th e e e r a e m d r br thr n sist rs, to p ch v l sting Gosp l by who H e a e ea e t h e m er r a ee m h th r v l d yst y of His t uth , which h th b n hid fro a e and e er a ar e ra e a r ea a an g s g n tions, who now in st ng l nds, in g t str its d ar and th e a az a e r e — e ear fo r h dships, in d ily h rd of th i liv s our bow ls y n em and o u r ear are e e e e e e e th , h ts fill d with t nd r lov to thos pr cious on s ’ r ee a e e t h e Seed a e e r e of God, who so f ly h v giv n up for s s k , th i fri nds, ei ea e a e r and r e a e ea e th r n r r l tions, th ir count y wo ldly st t s , y , and th ir e a and th e ee w e ar e a e e r a me e own liv s lso in f ling [h v ] of th i tri ls, c s e an d ffe we e e re th e th e S r and siti s su rings, do th r fo in unity of pi it bond ’ ee r a ree th e r d am e and e m e and of truth, ch fully g , in Lo s n pow r, to ov th e ea e d e e e m a a l stir up h rts of Fri n s in th s counti s, (who God h th c l e d a e e t h e r o ne e re e and era and g th r d out of wo ld ,) with cons nt, f ly lib lly, ffe e r ear a e a r as a to o r up unto God of th i thly subst nc , cco ding God h th

e e e e o ne - b e ee e as a ee - bl ss d v ry , to sp dily s nt up to London, fr will ’ offer ing for t h e See d s sake th at th e hands of those that ar e beyond th e ’ ea th e r r m a b e e e ed and e e e r e ed s s in Lo d s wo k y str ngth n , th ir bow ls r f sh , An d we m m h r from th e love of the ir bre thren . co it it to t e ca e of o u r dear e e m S dar e rrar b er br thr n of London, A os tod t, G d Ro ts , John Boulton, m a ar and ar D a e an d d e a a Tho s H t , Rich d vis, to ord r ispos of wh t sh ll r m e em for t h e as are al rea b e f o us s nt unto th , supply of such dy gone r al b e m e th e r an r fo th, or such as sh l ov d of Lo d to go forth, into y othe nd a we are a e a e a e e a re . n tion, of whos c r f ithfuln ss w ll ssu d And such r e as are er e r e e ar e b e d e e e era F i nds h p s nt, to ilig nt in th ir s v l countie s an d a e a th e m a b e a e ed all e e ee pl c s, th t work y h st n with conv ni nt sp d . [Signe d by m any Fr iends ]

ina l F r om th e Orig .

Th e a e a m a e was e a e e and pp l thus d lib r lly r spond d to, , considering th e r e a e a e m e at a e a a e am was a e l tiv v lu of on y th t p riod, l rg ount r is d .

e e e and th e m a e r was e e e R sp cting this coll ction , nn in which it xp nd d, a NEW ENGLAND . of th e o r o 1 65 7 o e o e e th e F u th M nth, , R b rt F wl r sail d with party h o o o on th e o o e e t e o . e e fr m L nd n , and f ll wing day r ach d D wns H r ,

r and e e a e e ee cu ious int r sting ccount, hith rto unpublish d, has b n found in

t h e S ar m e e M SS . er e w th or coll ction of , which is ins t d

A CCO M P I'‘S o r M ON I E S RE CEI VE D M ON I ES D I S B U RS E D F OR T H E SE RVI CE

F OR T H E S E RVI CE O F TRU TH . O F T RU T H .

3 . Yorkshire 30 0 For Friends diet returning B erkshire 4 6 1 1 from Ne w England 1 2 O E e 4 8 10 S a 4 1 3 O ss x John tubbs, to Holl nd D Buckingham shire 9 0 For clothe s an d other things 5 C K ingston 2 15 0 To take with h im 3 1 0 M Wel o —5 1 3 0 a a h im lingb rough P id in Holl nd for , K e nt 14 1 0 and other Friends there 19 1 8 O

S e 2 4 1 6 W l . Ca a 2 1 0 O uss x il ton, to Holl nd

C am H Geo . a e a e 4 O b . and unting B yl y, to Fr nc

d on W . S a a 2 O ill h w, suit Che shire Boo ks to France and Je r sey 4 O Shre wsbury NE N GLAN D To W E . Durham Guildfor d Fo r pr ovision fo r th eir voyage 2 9 Lincolnshire Paid to th e m aster for par t Nor folk of his fr eight 30 Wor ce ster shire Fo r b edding an d oth e r things 12 Ne wpor t And In m oney 35 Tibbalds More to William Brend 1

e e e re . ea er L ic st rshi D o M . W th head 2 S am D outh pton o . S arah Gibbons 4 Cornwall U R K E Y T o T . Radnorshire F o r a a e C t . ar al 2 5 S uffolk p ss g , to p M sh l Fo r e r 10 Do r setshire th i di e t Fo r e d e ne Be dfordshire b d ing, and oth r c essari Ja co b - stree t es a m e m Rutlandshire P id in on y to the Oxford Paid by bill of e xchange fo r em r e 60 0 Glouce ster shire th in Tu k y O a fo r So m e r setshi re Ag in, by bill John B anbury Pe rr ot in Turkey 2 0 0 0 Again forthe ir u se in m oney

Th e a 4 4 3 3 5 and the things 7 9 8 tot l , o r

34 1 6 6 NE W ENGLAND .

W e wh o en e in o e o K e illiam D wsbury, was gag d g sp l lab urs in nt , e on o to e was e e to e w nt b ard visit th m , and nabl d hand th m a d it s . an .

e 44 3 3 e 34 1 6 6 Brought ov r, Brought ov r,

Geo . Ro fe a 2 1 0 0 For , to Holl nd ’ For Ann Austin s p assage back from Barbadoe s ’ a er as For p rt of M . Fish s p Q sage b ack from Barbadoe s 2 4 O Fo r letter s out of France 0 1 7 O To H e ster Biddle 1 1 0 O Ge o a e F a e 5 0 O To . B yl y, in r nc Fo r Books to Virginia 2 5 O D a a 1 0 1 2 ( John H ll, to Holl nd For two Fr iends that re tur ned fr om H am burgh 1 1 0 Fo r ne ce ssar ie s for John H all S am er To . Fish m F e More to Sa . ish r For th e Fr i ends that w ent to Venic e 4 7 1 0 Fo r o ne Fr e am a a i nd to J ic , for h er passage For ne ce ssaries To t h e other Fr iends that w » D we nt to Jam aica 1 C a—3 O Mor e fo r Fr i endsbeyond sea i <

H en . Fe e and To ll, cloth s nece ssar ie s

Fo r e cloth s for Ann Austin, when sh e w ent to kee p ’ Sam . Fisher s house a e h e To John H rwood, wh n cam e out of France 4 1 0 0

er 4 4 3 3 5 Th e a sum 4 80 1 2 5 Brought ov , ] tot l ,

th e e e a ear M ee e at S t h e 2 sth d At G n r l or Y ly ting h ld kipton, ay of th e S e 1 660 an e e was e a a r cond Month, , pistl issu d cont ining ecom m en a for a m a e m m e e d tion si il r coll ction . It co nc s thus

DE R FR I E N D S A ND RE TH RE N A B , We a n ert a m a r m m e Fr e nd h vi g c in infor tion f o so i nds of Lo on, of NEW ENGLAND . 61

o of e o e w rd nc uragem nt. Writing to Margaret Fell about that e h e o e o on tim , thus n tic s g ing b oard

W SB To * ILLIAM DEW URY MARGARET FELL .

Ke the 5 th o F o u r th M o nth nt, f , 1 65 7

DEAR SISTER, Friends that go to New England I was aboard with in th e

o th e of mo . e e e e e e D wns, third day this nth Th y w r , in th ir m asur ,

o th e o e of God : th e e e b ld in p w r lif did aris in them . When I

e off e o on th e e o e of th e o u cam , th y did g in nam and p w r L rd o r e ee h e God. e e e e e t th His v rlasting pr s nc k p th m in unity, in e

e o e e o for e e lif , and pr sp r th m in his w rk many d ar childr n Shall come forth in th e power of God in those countries where they

desire to go .

h e e of th e o d t o Go e e . In p w r L rd , far w ll

As they passed down th e English Chann el th e wind blew

o dee e e t o o u r ughly, and it was m d advisabl put in at P rtsmo th .

W e W o o one of th e e e e hilst at this plac , illiam R bins n , l v n , addressed th e following letter to Margaret F ell

th e ea k and erv e th e e th e e e e a ar gr t wor s ic of Lord b yond s as, in s v r l p ts a d e as erm a m e a an d m a e a and a e n r gions, G ny, A ric , ny oth r isl nds pl c s , as r e e a a a a e a a m e r e Jeru Flo nc , M ntu , P l tin , Tusc ny, It ly, Ro , Tu k y, sa l e m ra e e e a N a ar a e e rm a a am a a , F nc , G n v , orw y, B b do s, B ud , Antigu , J ic , S r am e l a d r all r e d a e a ed th e u in , N wfound n th ough which, F i n s h v p ss in er i e th e r and e e e a e a d an d s v c of Lo d, div rs oth r countri s, pl c s, isl n s, a nd m m a a th e a e a e n tions a a ong ny n tions of Indi ns, in which th y h v h ad er e th e and ea a a a e ed s vic for Lord, through gr t tr v ils h v publish His am e and e ar e t h e e e a e ea e em a a e n , d cl d v rl sting gosp l of p c unto th th t h v

' ee a a o ff a e m b e &c . b n f r , th t th y ight brought nigh unto God, e e r e m m e e in e e ar a m ee b e A coll ction is th n co nd d v ry p ticul r ting, to h ” e as m e r d t e e e u se a e a . s nt for ly, to Lon on , for s rvic and for s id

Ca C e M SS . e an a e m e e e ton oll ction of , b ing nci nt volu of l tt rs of

Early Friends copied by William Caton . E N W ENGLAND .

B TO WILLIAM RO INSON MARGARET FELL .

S am th e 6th o th e Four th M onth 165 . outh pton, f , 7 M F e e e o e e ee n D ar Sist r, my d ar l v salut s th in that which thinks ot was e o e o e e t ill, which b f r w rds w r , in which I stand faithful o him wh o e o arm th e e of th e hath call d us, and d th us against fi ry darts h e f h e e e e t e e o t e . o ee n my, v n in f ar and dr ad Almighty I kn w th

’ e o with th ee o e o ee o and hav uni n , th ugh abs nt fr m th . I th ught m ee t to l e t ee o th e s e e d to New it th kn w, that hip that carri s Fri n s i m s now o o o . We o England riding in P rts uth, harb ur nly stay for : Th e two e th e h is e a fair wind Fri nds, man and wif , o o m e of We ee o e which th u t ld h n I was with th at Swarthm r , I hear n othing of their coming to L ondon as yet ; so I thought oo to l et ee o th e e of e t do o w are t en g d th kn w nam s th m tha g , hich e th e o of th e n e o o in numb r, in w rk mi istry ; Humphr y N rt n ,

o e H odsh on Dorith W r o . o e W R b rt , y augh , Ch ist H ld r, illiam D u dne M e e e o o e . o W e Br nd, J hn C p land, Rich y, ary ath rh ad, Th e of th hi o e . e e s e Sarah Gibb ns, Mary Clark mast r ship , nam i o e o e e so e not e s R b rt F wl r, a Fri nd ; in that which chang s , I r main,

e t H odsh on m e e for we e e Rob r is with at this plac , cam hith r oo to e ee n ee th e e e this aftern n hav a m ti g , s ing wind is at pr s nt we e th e o e to e contrary but int nd, if L rd p rmit , r turn back again

- to o o . o e e e e e o e to ee toth e ship m rr w R b rt r m mb rs his d ar l v th , — o th e e of e e o . W. . and t r st Fri nds , with min als R

e e o o o on th e 1 1 th of th e o r o Th y sail d fr m P rtsm uth F u th M nth,

e o e o e ou o th e e and aft r nc m r t ching English gr und, littl bark was h h e on t e o e . t e e e e fairly launch d mighty c an During passag , s v ral of e e e o u e are e e incidents an int r sting charact r cc rr d, which d tail d in a descriptive account p enned by Robert F owler himself a

o of e o e eo e Fox is re manuscript c py which , nd rs d by G rg , still p h e of th e o e Th e served among t e archiv s S ci ty in L ondon . narra

b e e g e o e too e e to e o te e . tiv , th ugh l ngthy , is int r sting mit d in th s pa s l It is as fol ows

NEW ENGLA ND .

A TRUE RELATION OF THE VOYAGE UNDERTAK EN BY ME ROBERT W FOWLER, WITH MY SMALL VESSEL CALLED THE OODHOUSE ’ BUT F BY K A S OA H S A RK PER ORMED THE LORD, LI E HE DID N , WHEREIN HE SHUT UP A FEW RIGHTEOUS PERSONS AND LANDED

THEM SAFE , EVEN AT THE HILL ARARAT .

Th e e o e e a tru disc urse taken as followeth . This v ss l was p . o e for e e o th e e e o e p int d this s rvic fr m b ginning, as I hav ft n had m e e o m e was i m e e e e it anif st d unt that it said with n s v ral tim s, Thou hast h er not for nothing and also New England pre

e e e o e m e . o e Sh e e e e s nt d b f r Als , wh n was finish d and fr ight d, e to sea o r to o to o o and mad , c ntra y my will, was br ught L nd n,

e e e o er to e o er wh r , sp aking t uching this matt G rard R b ts and o e e o r e th e e e of th e o th rs, th y c nfi m d matt r in b half L rd, that it

be so . Yet e e o e o e tem ta must nt ring int r as ning, and l tting in p

o hi th e o of e e e ti ns and hards ps, and l ss my lif , Wif , and childr n ,

the e o e of e l o m e l ow with nj ym nt all arth y things, it br ught as as

th e e m e as one e t o th e of God. grav , and laid d ad as things But e eo e Fox was e e e e by his instrum nt G rg , I r fr sh d and rais d up e o e o to e o as again , which b f r was much c ntrary mys lf, that I c uld willingly have died as have gone but by th e strength of God I now e to do ea th e u o was [ ] mad willing his will ; y , c st ms and

h - n m l fashions of t e custom house could ot s top e . Sti l was I

e th e e e wh o e e o m e e assault d with n my, pr ss d fr m my s rvants so for o o e we e e two m en e e o that this l ng v yag w r but and thr b ys, besides myself.

o th e 1 st of th e ou o e u e e e e Up n day F rth M nth, call d J n , r c iv d ’ th e o e o wh o e I L rd s s rvants ab ard, cam with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm with them ; so that with co urage we set s e to th e o th e 2 nd e e o ur e ail, and cam D wns day, wh r d arly

e o e W e w t . o o e o b l v d illiam D sbury , wi h Mich Th mps n cam ab ard , and e we e e e e e e e o me in th m w r much r fr sh d ; and , aft r r c m nding to th e e of God we e o . us grac , launch d f rth

E a h ad a m e e a flee t fo r th e a ngl nd bout this ti fitt d out B ltic, in r e r as was a e e t h e a e s th e S e m a o d , ll g d , to stop ggr ssion of w dish on rch a D m tow rds e n ark . 1 5 NEW ENGLAND . [ 6 7

re o e e e o me t o o e m e t o Again as n nt r d up n , and h ughts r s in

e o e to th e e e o for the hav g n Admiral , and hav mad c mplaint want of e for o o o my s rvants, and a c nv y, fr m which thing I was with o e th h ld n by that Hand which was my helper . Shortly after e o e e so e us to s uth wind bl w a littl hard, that it caus d put in at

o o e e e o e of m en o di P rtsm uth , wh r I was furnish d with ch ic , acc r ng to one of th e o t o m e e e o captains w rds , that I might hav n ugh for o e h e e e so h e oul not o m n y but said my v ss l was small, w d g th e o e for v yag h er.

e we e e e e th e e of C rtain days lay th r , wh r in minist rs Christ

e e not e e o e e e w r idl , but w nt f rth and gath r d sticks , and kindl d a fire and e o , l ft it burning als several Friends came on board and e hi we e e e e e . Visit d us, in w ch w r r fr sh d Again we launche d forth

o e e o th e 1 1th of th e o o e e fr m th nc ab ut day F urth M nth, and w r o o o e e we e o e put back again int S uth Yarm uth, Wh r w nt ash r , and

e e o e e e h m e e th r in s m m asur did t e like . Also we t with thr e

e e e e for th e e o wh o did pr tty larg Ships which w r N wf undland, o us o e e e o e 300 acc mpany ab ut fifty l agu s , but might hav d n , if they had not feared th e m en- of- war but for escaping them they oo t o th e o e o o e of e to th e t k n rthward , and l ft us with ut h p h lp as outward though before our parting it was showe d to Humphrey o o e th e o e e e ni o N rt n arly in m rning, that th y w r gh unt us that o our e h e e o m e o m e a s ught liv s , and call d unt and t ld ; but s id, th e o e b e e Thus saith L rd , y shall carri d away as in a mist e e we e e e o us and pr s ntly spi d a gr at ship making up t wards , and th e ee e hi e e e o thr gr at s ps w r much afraid , and tack d ab ut with What Speed they could ; in th e very interim th e L ord God ful e o e our e e e th e e con fill d his pr mis , and struck n mi s in fac with a

trar o e ul to our e e e . e o our y wind, w nd rf ly r fr shm nt Th n up n parting from these three ships we were brought to ask counsel of th e o th e o o o eer o L rd, and w rd was fr m Him, Cut thr ugh and st y ur s e o e o m e o traight st c urs , and mind n thing but unt which thing

H e o o e e to ee o e e e e much pr v k d us, and caus d us m t t g th r v ry day,

H e e m et e e e e and hims lf with us, and manif st d hims lf larg ly unto u s so o we e e not e e e o ee o e , that by st rms w r pr v nt d [fr m m ting] ab v Th e ea u f ee e our o e . s e or thr tim s in all v yag was my fig r , if any

ot th e sea t o o e m e thing g up within , wi h ut r s up against , and NEW ENGLAND .

e th e ood e e of e oo th n fl s clapp d th ir hands , which in tim I t k

o e o e o o . o of th e n tic , and t ld Humphr y N rt n Again , in a visi n n saw o e o o th e e o e ight , I s m anch rs swimming ab ut wat r, and s m n l o of o e our w our ee thi g a s a ship which cr ss d way, hich in m ting saw e for e o e o o so I fulfill d , I mys lf, with th rs, had l st urs , that for a little season th e vessel run loose in a manner which after

th e o of God re o e e o e e con wards, by wisd m , was c v r d int a b tt r dition than before .

o o th e 2 5 th of th e e o th e o Als up n day sam m nth, in m rning, we saw o e e o us a an th r gr at ship making up t wards , which did p e off t o be e e h er for to p ar, far , a frigat , and mad sign us com e to

e o m e e o we e to of th m , which unt was a gr at cr ss , b ing windward

e Go e th e o s e th m and it was said, sp ak him , cr s is sur ; did I ever fail thee therein " And u nto others there appeared no e so we did it o e e of dang r in it, that ; and pr v d a trad sman

o o o we . o er e e L nd n , by wh m writ back Als it is v y r markabl ,

e we ee five ee sea e e th e wh n had b n w ks at in a bark, wh r in o e of e e e th e re e e u p w rs darkn ss app ar d in g at st str ngth against s, e o 300 e e e o o ll having sail d but ab ut l agu s , Humphr y N rt n fa ing

o o o God o m e h e e e e com int c mmuni n with , t ld that had r c iv d a fortabl e answer and also that about such a day we should land

er e e so e . o was all in Am ica, which was v n fulfill d Als thus it th e o e th e ul wh o e e e far o e o v yag with faithf , w r carri d ab v st rms e e e th e e e er to th e t and t mp sts, that wh n ship w nt ith righ hand or to th e e e o e one ire h er l ft, th ir hands j in d all as , and did d ct so we e ee we ee th e o e way that hav s n and said, s L rd l ading our vessel even as it were a man leading a horse by th e head we e e e e nor o e e to our e r garding n ith r latitud l ngitud , but k pt Lin , our e e e e but e which was and is L ad r, Guid , and Rul , th y that did failed .

o th e of th e o 1 65 we e . Up n last day Fifth M nth, 7, mad land of o o t o th e e e o of It was part L ng Island, far c ntrary xp ctati ns th e o e o e our r ee th e e to pil t furth rm r , d awing had b n all passag ee to th e o th e e e e o e we e k p s uthwards , until v ning b f r mad land,

e th e o e e l o th e o and th n w rd was , Th r is a i n in way unt

we e o e ie e Let e ee o r s which gav b d nc and said , th m st r n rthwa d until th e day following ; and soon after th e middle of th e day 66 1 . 65 NEW ENGLAND [ 7.

e e to ee o e e e o e o ur u e th r was a drawing m t t g th r b f r us al tim , and

we oo o -in th e e e n We it was said , that may l k abr ad v ni g and as sat o th e o e o e e th e our waiting up n L rd th y disc v r d land, and m ouths were Op ened in prayer and thanksgiving ; and as way e we e o e ee our e was mad , mad t wards it, and spying a cr k, advic to e e e e but th e of th e o e e was nt r th r , will man [in pil t] r sist d ; e we e ne to be o e o o but in that stat had l ar d c nt nt, and t ld him b th

e e e e o o be o e o e to sid s w r saf , but g ing that way w uld m r tr ubl o h e saw e h e h ad th e t th e him ; als aft r laid by all nigh , thing fulfilled .

ow to e o e ou o th e e e of th e om N lay b f r y , in sh rt, larg n ss wisd ,

o e of God " ee l ed e ee th e will, and p w r thus, this cr k us in b tw n

o o e e th e o of o e Dutch Plantati n and L ng Island , wh r m vings s m

e e e o o e w e ee e diflicul t Fri nds w r unt , which th r is had b n v ry for th em to have gotten t o : also th e L ord God that moved them

o t e to th e e o e l ed n o our br ugh th m plac app int d, and us i t way, o to th e o e o o e o e acc rding w rd which cam unt Christ ph r H ld r, ” You are in th e road to Rhode Island . In that creek came a o to ee to be t e we our Shall p m t us , taking us s rang rs, making way t our o e o e o e o wi h b at, and th y sp k English , and inf rm d us, and als Th e o e of th e o e o u e o . s guid d us al ng p w r L rd f ll much up n , and o e o th e ee e an irresistible w rd cam unt us, That s d in Am rica shall be as th e sand of th e sea it was published in th e ears of th e e e e e r to e o e of br thr n , which caus d t a s br ak f rth with fuln ss o so e e for e e e o e re e e e e j y that pr s ntly th s plac s s m p par d th ms lv s, wh o e e o e o o Dou dne o w r R b rt H dgs n , Richard y, Sarah Gibb ns , e e e o o W wh o th e e e e Mary W ath rh ad, and D r thy augh , n xt day w r

e o e o th e o e New e put saf ly ash r int Dutch plantati n , call d Amst r — We e e th e of th e ee e e dam. cam , and it b ing First day w k s v ral

e o to we e our o . e to o cam ab ard us, and b gan w rk I was caus d g to th e o e o o e o o m e— h e was o e e G v rn r, and R b rt H dgs n with m d rat

- b oth in words and actions . Robert and I had several days b efore seen in a vision th e

e e e n e th e o o e e e v ss l in gr at da g r day f ll wing this , it was fulfill d, th r

U th e a New e e a th e E a e th e pon cquisition of N th rl nds, nglish ch ng d am e w m e am New th e D e k n of Ne A st rd to York, in honour of uk of Yor , afterwards J am e s II . N E W ENGLAND .

e e e two w e th e b ing a passag b twixt lands , hich is call d by name of e - e we e o e e for o o H ll gat ; lay v ry c nv ni ntly a pil t, and int that

e we e o e e o e o e e e e plac cam , and int it w r f rc d , and v r it w r carri d , which I never heard of any before that were [there were] rocks ’ m n on o e so e e e one e t o a y b th sid s, that I b li v yard s l ng h w uld e e n f e o e e hav nda gered loss o both v ssel and goods . Als th r was

o of fish e our e e o o e h er a sh al which pursu d v ss l , and f ll w d t e o o e o ur e our ee s rang ly, and al ng cl s by rudd r ; and in m ting h e s e m e e e fish are to ee e . o t it was h wn , th s th a figur Thus d th prayers of th e churches procee d to th e L ord for thee and th e h m rest . Surely in our m eeting did t e thing run through e as il o m e oi e . , and bid e much r j c

o e b eo e Fox End rs d y G rg , ’

R . F owler s Vo a e 1 65 7. y g ,

ee e e t of th e e e e h It has b n alr ady stat d, tha l v n Friends w o “ o e th e th e Woo o e five . o e t cr ss d Atlantic in dh us , , Viz R b r

o o Doudne o We e e H dgs n , Richard y, Sarah Gibb ns, Mary ath rh ad ,

o o W e New e on th e 1 t and D r thy augh , land d at Amst rdam s of th e o 1 65 7 e two o o th e f Sixth M nth , , b ing m nths fr m time o n their leaving L ondo . Th e rest of this little band of gospel labourers left New Am ’ sterdam o e o e e e on th e 3rd of th e o in R b rt F wl r s v ss l Sixth M nth ,

n o o o e e o e and passi g thr ugh L ng Island S und, r ach d Rh d Island o e re h o o e . W e e o e t e w in saf ty hilst h r , J hn C p land add ss d f ll ing letter to his parents in England

e a th e 1 2 th o th e S ix th M onth 1 65 7 . Rhod Isl nd, f ,

DEAR FATHER AND MOTHER,

o e e ou th e e wh o My l v salut s y and all faithful in Christ J sus,

. i l o o do e o e e e t. s to et is my j y, and in Wh m I r j ic at pr s n This ou o o e e e e we y all kn w that I am at Rh d Island and in h alth, wh r are receive d with much j oy of heart but now I and Christophe r ’ o e are o to e o e e e to th e l H ld r g ing Martha s Vin yard, in b di nc wi l

our God w o e our o . of , h s will is j y I 65 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 7

Humphrey Norton is at present at Rhode Island Mary Clark waiting to go to wards B oston William Brend is towards

o e e . Th e o Go d of o w u s th e o of Pr vid nc L rd H sts is ith , sh ut a K o th e eo e e our God for oo e ing is am ngst us, p pl f ar , his g dn ss is

e e e e to th e e of th e e o er larg and gr at, and r ach s nds arth his p w l ed on e ee o o e o e has us all al g, and I hav s n his gl ry, and am v rc m

o e . e no o for m e for m th e with his l v Tak th ught , y trust is in ’ L f Th e ord ; only be valiant or th e truth upon earth . L ord s

o e o e owe m e do ot e for p w r hath v rshad d , and man I n f ar ; my th e o wh o is e o e our e e trust is in L rd, b c m Shi ld and buckl r, and exceeding great reward . Th e e o e th e o e o e o er e ncl s d is v yag as R b rt F wl did giv it, which

ou e ou . e m e e to e e y may r ad as y can Salut d arly my d ar fri nds , ’ o e th e o o e o e o ou so with wh m my lif is, and L rd s p w r v rshad w y

ou b e e er e to o e e . t may y pr s v d his gl ry . Am n , am n Stand fas h e e th e o . We are o to to t in L rd ab ut sail Vin yard, and having

o o ee t o l et ou o th e oe this pp rtunity, I was fr y kn w, by Barbad s, ’ h o e h o . for t e w we are e e . e Far w ll I am your s rvant L rd s sak ,

JOHN COPELAND .

70 . 1 NEW ENGLAND [ 65 7. h er to o o e e h er to be e e e e pris n rd r d s v r ly whipp d . This punish

e e e e e e o e m nt was x cut d with gr at barbarity, tw nty str k s with a

e ee- o e w on t e e h avy thr c rd d hip , laid wi h fury, b ing inflict d For ee o he u pon h er. thr m nths s was detain ed a prison er in ’ tim e h e ffe o o o s e o o . B st n ga l, during which su r d much fr m c ld

o o e o e o e e e e J hn C p land and Christ ph r H ld r, v ry arly aft r land in on o e e it e e of e to V th e g Rh d Island, f lt r quir d th m isit island ’ of a e few e e o th e Marth s Vin yard, which lay a l agu s fr m main e on th e 1 6th of h e Th e e e t o . e land, wh r th y land d Sixth M nth principal portion of its inhabitants at this p erio d consisted of

of th e o e o o th e n Indians Alg nquin rac , am ng wh m Purita s had e t o for e o e o to s ablished a missi n th ir c nv rsi n Christianity . At h h e on of h e o f h Th t e head of this was t s t g vernor o t e island . e class to who m th e religious lab ours of th e two Friends were m ore d e e e th e n e e of th e imm ediately ir ct d, b ing E glish s ttl rs island e t e f o t o e o o . e e they th ught it right att nd h ir plac w rship H r ,

n e ew th e e o e after waiti g qui tly until Mayh , pri st, had c nclud d , e few o t o th e o Th one of them spok a w rds c mpany . e liberty thus

e e ofience th e e e e o tak en gav gr at , and Fri nds w r f rthwith thrust

ou t of oo th e o e. o e e no d rs, by c nstabl This r ugh tr atm nt did t

o e e o n o e e th e disc urag th m fr m maki g an th r att mpt, and in after e e th e n noon they again ass mbl d with co gregation . On this occa

o e o e e on o o e e si n, th y had s m disput d ctrinal p ints , and w r

o e e to . Th e o e o o e e t all w d qui tly withdraw g v rn r, h w v r, par icipa ’ n in th e e e t e e e e t o ti g pr judic s agains Fri nds , d t rmin d rid Martha s e of e o on th e o o n o n Vin yard th m and acc rdingly , f ll wi g m rni g, o e h e e on th e two e taking a c nstabl with him , call d strang rs , and

Bu ordered them forthwith to leave th e island . t J ohn Copeland

o e o e wh o e e e e e o e e e and Christ ph r H ld r, cam as th y b li v d in b di nc “ t o e l no t e o wn e e th e a divin ca l, and in th ir will, r pli d, that in ” i h will of God they sto od as H e made way . It s t e will of ” od e o e th e o e o ou o o to - G , r j in d g v rn r, that y sh uld g day and

n e n t o o e e t o th e o e e havi g hir d an India c nv y th m mainland, rd r d e e no t e th e Fri ends to pay for th e passag th mselves . But b ing

n to e e own e no t ee willi g facilitat th ir banishm nt , and f ling that it ’ e e e for e to e e th e e was th ir divin Mast r s will th m l av island , th y

e ne to o or to th e wh o e to e e . d cli d g , pay Indian was hir d tak th m NEW ENGLAND . 71

Th e ne e e to th e o e o e e n th e e r fusal was u xp ct d g v rn r, and aft r dir cti g

o e o t o o th e e e o th e e c nstabl f rcibly btain r quisit sum fr m strang rs , h e gave peremptory orders to th e natives to take them away in h o o e no e e e noe . T e e t th ir ca s Alg nquins, h w v r, b ing in any gr at h aste to execute th e bidding of th e governor contrary to th e will of th e e e too e th e e e o Fri nds , and at a tim wh n w ath r was st rmy , entertained them for three days with marked kindness and h es

italit e th e we e e e th e p y. A chang in ath r th n taking plac , and banished on es feeling that it was no longer required of them to

on th e th e e own e e e e to stay island, Indians, at th ir r qu st , pr par d e h ff e e o . e o e t e th e e o e e tak th m acr ss B f r l aving island , Fri nds r d to e e e th e n e for e e e e oo eo e r mun rat ativ s th ir kindn ss, but th s p r p pl , o th e e e o e of e e n o e o fr m g n r us impuls s th ir h arts , acti g m r in unis n with th e spirit of Christianity than those wh o were wont to be e e e e e to e e e e You are th ir t ach rs , d clin d r c iv any r ward ;

n e e e e e o t o o e stra g rs , th y r pli d , and J h vah hath taught us l v Such simple and feeling language from th e lips of a o e n e e to th e o nd N rth Am rican Indian , was a striki g r buk big try a intolerance which marked th e conduct of their highly professing teachers . J ohn Copeland and Christopher H older landed on th e coast of se on th e 2 oth of th e h o 1 65 and Massachu tts Sixt M nth , 7, h ow f proceeded to t e t n o Sandwich . Their arrival at this place was hailed with feelings of satisfaction by many wh o were sincere

ee e e e e e wh o on ee e e s k rs aft r h av nly rich s , but had l g b n burth n d i T e e e o e o . o e e with a lif l ss m nistry and d ad f rms in r ligi n th s , in th e o e of th e o e th e two e e e e e auth rity and lif g sp l, Fri nds w r nabl d ff h o of o o o e o e e h t o o er t e w rd c ns lati n and nc urag m nt . But t e

o of h ad its o e of e o e e t wn Sandwich adv cat s r ligi us intol ranc , and no o o o e e e e e o small c mm ti n nsu d , wh n it was g n rally kn wn that two English Quakers had arrived amongst them . Great was th e o e of th e o o n e e ea stir and n is tumultu us t w , th y r mark , y , o e t we wh o e e e e all in an upr ar, h aring tha , w r call d by such a nam

e e e o e o o e . e fire was e as Quak rs, w r c m int th s parts A gr at kindl d ,

th e e of e so th e e and h arts many did burn within th m , that in h at

e eo o e one and o e o e bu t th e th r f s m said thing, s m an th r most ” n th part k ew not what was e matter. 1 ’ 2 N E 2 . 2 2 orton s nsign, p . . t Ibid . p . . 1 65 NEW ENGLAND [ 7.

Th e stay of John Copeland and Christopher H older at Sand

was or o e e e o ee e to wich but sh t, and fr m th nc th y pr c d d Plymouth .

e e as e e e e ee H r , at Sandwich, th ir pr s nc s ms to have caused much o e o e e on th e e c nst rnati n, sp cially am g rul rs and ecclesiastics of th e

e . W th e o e e so e wh o e plac hilst at rdinary th r , m d sired to

e th e e e e l e asc rtain fact that Quak r minist rs had r a ly arriv d, came o e e and had a l ng disput with th m ; and, finding that they

e e of th e e e e o e e o not be er w r h r tical s ct, t ld th m that th y c uld p mitted to e w i th e t of o Th o . e e r main ith n limi s that c l ny Fri nds , o e e ee t e e of e to e to h w v r, f ling tha it was r quir d th m r turn Sand

o th e e e o not e e h wich, frankly t ld magistrat s that th y c uld l av t e

o o e a i e o . e e e c l ny, until th y had gain V sit d that t wn Th y r turn d n o e e t o e o n on th e o o n that night u m l st d th ir l dgi gs, but f ll wi g o e e m rning th y w re arreste d and tak en before th e magistrates . On e e o e on e e to e e e th ir xaminati n many qu sti s w r put th m, but as th r no o for e o to o e e e s e was gr und th ir c mmittal pris n , th y w r di charg d, “ e e o e o th e e to be o e ou t of eir with xpr ss rd rs fr m b nch, g n th ” h n e e for o o . t e o o o c l ny On f ll wing m rni g th y l ft Sandwich , but had not proceeded far b efore they were overtaken and arrested by a

o e wh o o e to e e e e c nstabl , , having rd rs pr v nt th ir trav lling in that e o o e e e six e o o e dir cti n , c nv y d th m mil s t wards Rh d Island, and

e e e . e o of e r o r e not h o w th n l ft th m This int rrupti n th i c u s did , e Th e e e e o e to ea . e e v r, d t r th m fr m att mpting r ch Sandwich pri sts e e e th e e of th e e e l e on th e o th r , alarm d at r turn Fri nds, pr vai d l cal

e few to e e e e e magistracy, aft r a days, hav th m arr st d and tak n t o o e e e e e e e th e re back Plym uth, Wh r th y w r again xamin d in p e f h o o of th e o e s nce o t e governor . N infracti n law was pr v d e e e e e e e e e e to e o against th m , th y w r n v rth l ss r quir d d part fr m

o ee th e e e e e of e th e col ny . F ling that s rvic r quir d th m in that

of New not o e e e to th e part England was acc mplish d, th y intimat d

o o o not e e t o e e g vern r that they c uld acc d his r qu st, and that it e e was their intention to return to Sandwich . It app ars that th ir gospel ministry had b een instrum ental in convincing many at this

e of th e of e e in plac e principl s Fri nds, a circumstanc which e e th e of th e e wh o now e e e e cr as d alarm pri sts , x rt d th ir utmost Th e e e influence to procure their banishment . urg nt app al was effe e th e o e o to e s e t ctiv , and g v rn r satisfy th m , is u d a warran for 1 65 NEW ENGLAND . th e e of th e e a s e e on arr st Fri nds , xtravagant p rs s and vaga ”

o to be o e o e o . o of b nds, br ught b f r him at Plym uth A c py th e warrant under which they were thus deprived of their liberty

e e e e W ewl and e b ing ask d for and r fus d , illiam N at wh os house th e ee th e e o e ee e e m tings of n wly c nvinc d had b n h ld , insist d that it was illegal thus to commit th e strangers without acceding to d fin e e . e e e e e an e of ten i n th ir d mand A s v r r buk , a sh lli gs , was h e of e e o o n e of th e Th t e r sult his x rti ns b half prison ers . e

o e e e o e th e o o e e o pris n rs again arraign d b f r c urt at Plym uth , w r t ld

th e e wh o e e e on th e e e e by magistrat s , w r urg d by pri sts , that th r

o e to e n d o Th was a law f rbidding th m r mai in that j uris icti n . e e n o e to Th e e e ot e e . e o o Fri nds r pli d , that th y could pr mis l av f ll w

for e e o e e o e ing warrant th ir xpulsi n was th n issu d , acc mpani d

e o th e e e e e e with a thr at fr m b nch , that if th y r turn d th y should be whipped as vagab onds

To - OE T H E or U THE UNDER MARSHAL JURISDICTION PLYMO TH ,

W e e e e ee two e e on e h r as , th r hath b n xtravagant p rs s , prof ss in e e e to be e th e of o wh o g th ms lv s Quak rs , at town Plym uth, , o n t o o e not be e t e to e t th e e acc rdi g rd r, may p rmi t d abid wi hin lib rty

e e e o e h e f hi o f this j urisdiction . Th s are ther f r in t name o s high ne th e o e o of n o e n to ss , Lord Pr t ct r Engla d, Sc tland , and Ir la d ,

o ou o on e e e eo to e th e will and c mmand y f rthwith , r c ipt h r f, conv y nd n e o . o e o e a o o e u o said p rs ns , Viz Christ ph r H ld r J hn C p land , t h o o of our W e eo no t ou t e utm st b unds jurisdiction . h r f fail at y r

Da ted a t Pl m outh the 31 s t o A u us t 1 65 7 . y , f g ,

Th e e - u e t of e o e e und r marshal , in f lfilm n his charg , c nv y d

e e th e e o of o e e set th m fifty mil s in dir cti n Rh d Island , and th n them at liberty ; and th e Friends soon reache d that asylum for th e persecuted .

th e o e of o e e th e New En In c urs this hist ry , and sp cially in g

o of e e n e of e n e e e land divisi n it , s v ral insta c s Fri nds havi g nt r d One th e public place s of worship will be m et with . has already

’

r E . 2 4 . No ton s nsign, p

OL. V I . 74 NEW ENGLAND . b een mentioned in th e foregoing account of th e religious services

. o e . of C H older and J . C p land Much censure has been unde servedl o our e e o e o e e for y cast up n arly Fri nds, by s m m d rn writ rs, e e of e o e e we sa e e e e e th e th s acts d v t dn ss y und s rv dly, b caus practice of individuals addressing th e congregation after th e m e o e his e o was not e e n inist r had c nclud d s rm n , unfr qu nt duri g

nor Th e e th e o o e e t o r e . t C mm nw alth , at all p culiar F i nds subj c is one of e e ffe th e e of of th e much int r st, as a cting charact r many

om e e e of th e o e e o pr in nt m mb rs S ci ty, during its ris , b th in this

o r e th e o e e e to c unt y and Am rica ; and, in h p that th y may t nd remove th e censure which has been unjustly entertained in this re e th e o o n e are offe e sp ct, f ll wi g r marks r d . ene t e th e It is g rally admi t d , that Christian church in apostolic days recognised no one individual as th e appointed minister of

e e o o e o e e wh o e t th ir r ligi us c ngr gati ns, but that all pr s nt, f l a divine to e th e e e e e to do o . Y call addr ss ass mbly, w r at lib rty s e may

o e to th e o one one all pr ph sy, said Paul C rinthian church , by , “ e be o o te e e o e that all may l arn , and all may c mf r d ; wh r f r ”

e e h e o e o e to o e . Th e o n br thr n , c ntinu s, c v t pr ph sy rigi al e of th e ur e e ee w th e practic Christian ch ch in this r sp ct , agr d ith

e of th e e o e th e o for usag s J wish Synag gu s , in which it was cust m ffi r n h e o o n no o e o o en to e t e e . p rs ns h ldi g c app i tm t, addr ss ass mbly

we and e e to th e e Thus find, that Paul Barnabas pr ach d J ws in ” e n o e Sal amis o ri h th ir sy ag gu at fl and that Paul, b th at Co nt and

e e e e n o th e o e e o e Eph sus, nt r d i t synag gu and r as n d with As th e Christian church departed from its primitive purity and

e o e simplicity, this individual lib rty was disc ntinu d , but at what

e o of o th e e o oo e not particular p ri d its hist ry r stricti n t k plac , it is e dmini easy t o ascertain . S everal allusions are made to thes a s

h of th e e of th e e trations in t e writings . Fath rs first c ntury, and we also find them noticed during th e latter part of th e secon d

h i Tr h th e Jew e . s o e o c ntury Justin Martyr in dial gu with yp , A D 1 33 e on th e of o e e e e e e o , m nti s that gifts pr ph cy w r x rcis d b th

m en o e e are o e e e to Ireneu s o by and w m n th y als r f rr d by , bish p h of o A D 1 8. We e n e e t e Ly ns , 7 h ar ma y br thr n in church,

- 5 . 4 1 9 . 31 . . 1 Cor . xiv . . t Acts xiii i Acts xviii NEW ENGLAND . 75 h e e wh o are e e o e wh o e r marks , ndu d with pr ph tic gifts sp ak by th e Spirit in all kinds of languages wh o bring to light th e secrets of m en for oo o e wh o e e e g d purp s s, and d clar divin

th e on of o o e th e ee During l g night ap stacy which foll w d , fr dom of gospel ministry was sup ersede d by human ordination and inter ~ vention oe not e e e o n , and it d s app ar that Luth r and his r f rmi g

o e o e e e e e e on e e e o c nt mp rari s, w r nlight n d this manif st d partur fr m

h t th e e n o e o e . on e e C ristian principl Am gs diss nti g b di s , h w v r,

o e oo e th e e o o th e e for indivi that ar s s n aft r R f rmati n , lib rty any d ual m ember of th e church wh o felt himself divinely called t o Th e th e on e o e . e t addr ss c gr gati n , was again admitt d Baptis and

e e e e o G e t n o th e Ind p nd nt church s f r a Britai , and als Pilgrim h e of New e o e t e e e e . Fath rs England, r c gnis d primitiv xampl In a work entitled Th e True Constitution Of a particular visible

e 1 64 2 o o o n o of church, publish d in , by J hn C tt n , Purita past r

o o e h e e e th e e ee of e B st n , in Massachus tts , thus d scrib s d gr lib rty then allowe d Where th ere be m ore prophets as pastors and e e e o e two or ee th e e e t ach rs , th y may pr ph sy thr , and if tim p rmit , th e e e o e of th e e e e e of th e e ld rs may call any th r br thr n , wh th r sam

or to e of e to th e eo e church , any , sp ak a word xhortation p pl , and ’ for th e e n of e o e be b ett r edifyi g a man s s lf, or th rs , it may lawful for an n or old e o for en t o e o y (you g , ) sav nly wom , ask qu sti ns at ” Th e 1 64 3 e e th e m outh of th e prophets . Baptists in , thus xpr ss themselves on th e subj ect Although it is i ncumbent on th e pastors and teachers of th e churches to be in stant in preach

th e o of e et th e o of e n th e ing w rd , by way of fic ; y w rk pr achi g

o e e e word is not so p eculiarly c nfin d to th m , but that oth rs also

e e th e o o o e e gift d and fitt d by H ly Gh st for it , and appr v d , b ing by

u and e th e o e e of God e e e lawf l ways m ans , in pr vid nc call d th r to ,

o n o n e o so e may publickly , rdi arily, and c nsta tly p rf rm it , that th y ” - Th e e e e e e e e e e o . giv th ms lv s up th r t f English Ind p nd nts , e o e o o so t o f r marks R b rt Barclay, als g far as a firm , that any e o e e e h e m e e gift d br th r, as th y call th m , if find hi s lf qualifi d

~ I re s l ib . V . ca . 6 . ra a r m . I a3 Mode rn t nsl tion f o Adv , p ‘l A de cl aration of t h e faith and O rder of t h e (Baptists) congrega

Ed . t io nal chur che s in Engl and . 6 7 A 1 5 . NEW ENGL ND . [ 6 7

e e o ru e o e th e th r t , may inst ct , xh rt, and pr ach in During h h e of I t e t e e . no u o o civil wars in tim Charl s , it was nc mm n

e for th e and e e for o ie to e th e practic laity, v n s ld rs, pr ach in

e of o w th e f o e n o o th e . public plac s w rship , and ith sa cti n civil p w r

o e e e e f of o e e e at Sir J hn Ch k , wh n High Sh ri f Oxf rdshir , pr ach d ’ th e University at Oxford dress ed in his sheriff s robe and gold

of offi e. Th e e e n of o o e e chain c rigid Pr sbyt ria s Sc tland , h w v r, ’ never admitted th e liberty and during Cromwell s Victorious

o 1 650 th e o e e e e campaign in that c untry in , Sc tch minist rs xpr ss d their dissatisfaction with him for opening th e pulpit doors to all intruders to which h e returned this me morable reply ; We ’ oo on m e e e of not o ds o e th e of o l k inist rs as h lp rs , l r v r, faith G d s

e o e . e to e on e e e e en n e p pl I app al th ir c sci nc s, wh th r any, d yi g th ir o e or e o e not th e e e of a d ctrin s diss nting fr m th m , will incur c nsur

e . t o e n e e s ctary And what is this but d ny Christia s th ir lib rty , and assume th e infallible chair " Where do you find in Scrip ture that preaching is exclusively your functions " Though an

o o o m en o e be e et h e appr bati n fr m has rd r in it, and may w ll, y

not e e none . o e H e that hath a b tt r than that , hath at all I h p

a e e on m a e t o o h e e e that sc nd d up high , y giv his gifts wh m pl as s , o e be th e e l of on are not ou en o and if th s gifts s a missi s, y vi us , though Eldad and M edad prophesy You know wh o has bid us

o e e ne th e e bu t e we o e c v t ar stly b st gifts , chi fly that may pr ph sy w th e o e e to be e n to on edifi hich ap stl xplains , a sp aki g instructi ; on o o t th e e edified o o ed cati , and c mf r , which instruct d , , and c mf rt , can best tell th e energy and effect of. ow be e v e e e ee ou e not for o r own N if this id nc , tak h d y nvy y u a e e ou be of re e o e e o e s k s, l st y guilty a g at r fault than M s s r pr v d

o e h e e e for e . ee ou err o in J shua, wh n nvi d his sak Ind d y thr ugh f e of th e e . o o o o e e e mistak Scriptur s Appr bati n is an act c nv ni nc , e e of o e not of e e to e to e th e in r sp ct rd r, n c ssity, giv faculty pr ach e in h o e . o e e e e e e o o e t e g sp l Y ur pr t nd d f ar, l st rr r sh uld st p , is lik

o ee th e e out of th e o e m en man that w uld k p all win c untry, l st

o be u b o n e e o sh uld dr nk . It will e f und an u just and unwis j al usy, t o m an th e e h e n e o o o deny a lib rty hath by atur , up n a supp siti n

’ ". " . a a r . 1 B rcl y s Apology, P op III

78 NEW ENGL A ND .

o th e was e e e 1 64 5 o e o m Episc pacy, Liturgy sup rs d d in , by an th r f r ” of o e th e e o o e use w rship, call d, Dir ct ry , and which c ntinu d in Th e e o not until th e restoration of th e m onarchy . Dir ct ry was an

o e o of e o o o e on o e e e direc abs lut f rm d v ti n, but c ntain d ly s m g n ral

o t o th e t e t o e e and o e ti ns minis rs as public pray r and pr aching, th r

of e t on e em et o o e t o parts th ir func i s , l aving th a discr i nary p w r e e e e e o fill up th e vacant time . Whilst th r was this g n ral r gulati n

e e e th e o of o th e ere o e as r sp ct d f rm w rship , pulpits w ccupi d

e e e e variously by all kinds of professors . Ind p nd nt and Pr sby e e o e e o e e eo e Fox in t rian pri sts , and s m Baptist pri sts, bs rv s G rg 1 655 o t o th e ee e wh o now th e , had g int st pl and , o e e e out e e to e benefice Episc palians w r driv n , w r said hunt aft r a ” o do e o e h ee as cr ws aft r a r tt n s p . t Enlightened as were our early Friends on th e subj ect of minis

o e e e ee of o o th e o e of try and w rship , th y vi w d with f lings s rr w r utin lifeless forms and cerem oni es which prevailed among th e various — classes of th e religious community a strong and a deep conviction e e on e th e e e o e e e r st d th ir minds, that pr vailing r ligi us syst ms w r e e o o e t o th e o of ss ntially pp s d e pure and Spiritual r ligi n Christ . e e e not e u e e of nor m a be ed Th y w r l ss f lly p rsuad d this , , it y add , on e o o or e l ss substantial gr unds, than J hn Huss Martin Luth r

f h - was o t e anti christian character of th e Romish church . They e e e em e e e o to e th e e of b li v d th s lv s call d up n t stify, in nam th e o e o e so o a L rd , against a syst m which c ntain d w ful an d f m mixture o hu an invention .

e e e e o e e e o to Our arly pr d c ss rs , wh n th y first w nt f rth preach

o e e o —m en th e e am ng th ir f ll w , spiritual and primitiv doctrines of th e o e e u e e e th e e e h g sp l, fr q ntly mbrac d lib rty grant d in t e days of th e o o e of d e th e o e at o C mm nw alth, ad r ssing c ngr g i ns in steeple

o e . A s e as 1 64 8 eo e Fox e e e e e h us s arly , G rg pr ach d in th s plac s . ” o e h e o e e d e to o to e e I was m v d, bs rv s at this at , g s v ral o ee e- o e at e o e e to c urts and st pl h us s Mansfi ld, and th r plac s, warn e t o e e off o e o o to o th m l av ppr ssi n and aths, and turn fr m deceit to ” L th e o do ustl In th e two ee e h L rd , and j y ; succ ding y ars e also

- e o e ee e o e . 1 65 1 h e e o m nti ns pr aching in st pl h us s In , r c rds several

’

r a . . 304 . T Ibid . . . . 305 : 105 . G Fox s Jou n l, vol i p p . 3 Ibid . p . NEW ENGLAND . 79

e of e e. e e e h e e e to instanc s this s rvic At B v rl y, writ s, I w nt up th e ee e— o e e e e h st pl h us wh r was a man preaching . Wh n e had do e o e to e to to th e eo e th e n , I was m v d sp ak him , and p pl , , in

o e of God e e to e e e mighty p w r , and turn d th m th ir t ach r, Christ h — e . t e e oo e to o e ee e o e ou J sus In aft rn n I w nt an th r st pl h us , ab t

W e th e e e two miles off. h n pri st had don I was m oved to Speak h r T t o to t e eo e e e . h e eo e e e him, and p pl v ry la g ly p pl w r Very

o o e me o e on ee - l ving, and w uld hav had c m again a w k day, and preach among At Malton th e priest wish ed him to go

o th e t o e o to h e e e int pulpi , but having an bj cti n pulpits , d clin d , e e th e on e o o e o o e and addr ss d c gr gati n fr m a l ss c nspicu us plac , and

e o o o e h e e e having had a larg pp rtunity am ng th m , d part d in ” h t e o . e e . e oo e o p ac At Pick ring s n af r, had a similar pp rtunity eor e Fox e h e e o e e to Ul G g , wh n first Visit d Swarthm r , w nt — verstone steeple- hous e on a lecture or fast day but h e cam e not ” e e th e eo e e e e e in, says Margar t F ll, till p pl w r gath r d I , and

e ee o e e e e o e. e e my childr n , had b n a l ng tim th r b f r And wh n th y we e e o e th e e o h e e e e r Singing b f r s rm n, cam in and wh n th y had

o e h e oo o e or o e e d n singing, st d up up n a s at f rm , and d sir d that h e might have liberty to sp eak and h e that was in th e pulpit s h e o e o e h e e to e aid , Fr m Ulv rst n w nt Ald nham and

m ide ee e— o e e e h e o e e th e o e Ra s st pl h us s , wh r als addr ss d c ngr ga

th e e e th e e e th e tions . At latt r plac , pri st having acquaint d ’ e e H f . ox e e . e o people o G F s Visit, a larg numb r att nd d als m entions preaching in several other steeple-houses during th e same year . 1 654 e e e o o e no t unfre In , wh n Fri nds first visit d L nd n , th y e e o o t quently availed th emselve s of th s pp r unities . Last First ” one o e e . o 1 65 4 at day but , bs rv s E Burr ughs in , I was a

- th e o e oo ee e to e steeple house in f r n n, and had fr lib rty sp ak what ” ee e to our ee th e e oon I was fr , and pass d away [ ] m ting in aft rn : H ow ill e e B. o th e e e . to . wh o Ab ut sam dat F g writ s , I w nt E , o e to o ee to ee e - o e e e o was g n L mbard str t a public st pl h us , wh r m st f h e o th e o e so e to o t high n tionists in city c m , and I cam him

’

a . . . 1 5 4 . G . Fox s Journ l , vol i p

‘ ’ m . e . Fo x . a 1 Testi ony of M Fox conc rning G in G Fox s Journ l .

e er ar a e e Ca M SS . 1 L tt to M g r t F ll, ton E 1 65 . NEW NGLAND . [ 7

e o e th e e o e e h e e e oo b f r pri st had d n , and aft r c as d, Edward st d up o e o e o o e o e up n a s at and sp k with a l ud v ic , and in much p w r, and

was e h e o e one ou th e all still and qui t ; and sp k about h r, and

eo e e e e te o e and we e e p pl w r v ry calm and af rwards, I Sp k , cl ar d ou r consciences and passed away in In th e following

e w e H ubberth orne e th e e e t e h e y ar h n Richard Visit d ast rn coun i s , o s o e ee — one o o h e cca i nally pr ached in st ple h ouses . On ccasi n says that h e staid all day in th e steeple-house with th e p eople ; “ ” on th e m e h e e e e was and sa day , r marks, Jam s Parn ll at ‘ - o e ee e e e e th e e u ffe e to e . an th r st pl hous , wh r pri st S r d him sp ak 1

is o o o o o u wh o e It als n t ri us , that J hn B nyan , was a Baptist , h ld

on e o - disputati s with Fri nds in B edf rd steeple house . Th e circumstance of our early Friends entering th e public e of o i th e e of th e o o e t one plac s w rsh p in tim s C mm nw al h, is which F ee e oo e e e e e . or has b n much misund rst d, and gr atly misr pr s nt d these acts of dedication they have been calumniated as disturbers of e o on e o an d o a th e e e o e r ligi us c gr gati ns , as utr ging p ac and rd r

h e e o e ee o e of t e churches . This stimat d ubtl ss has b n f rm d with reference to u sages of m ore modern date but to decide up on th e co d of e o o e o of n uct Fri nds in this particular, fr m a c nsid rati n l b e e e ou e e ee e o eo . e pr s nt circumstanc s, w d xc dingly rr n us In pr ach th e o es of o e e ing in nati nal plac w rship , th y did but avail th m

e e of o mo e e o of e o e e e t s lv s a c m n lib rty, in a p ri d xtra rdinary xcit m n

e e e e e o o e e i ou ee o n religious things . Th r w r num r us th r r l gi s m t n e o e e o o e of e e e d ob i gs h ld in th s tim s, but int n n th s did Fri n s

e e e e . o e o e th e of trud th ms lv s S m , pr bably, will argu , that fact

e e n so e e e e e n e th ir b i g s v r ly punish d for p rsisti g in this practic , m ay be adduced in support of its irregularity but it may be an swered th e e of e o e e e e t , that pr aching Fri nds alm st v rywh r at tha

e e e ee e - o e or e o e or in- oo or tim , wh th r in st pl h us s privat h us s, d rs ou t of oo e e o th e o of e e ven d rs , qually call d d wn rig ur ccl siastical

eance . It no t in e e e e e e e g was , fact, b caus Fri nds pr ach d in th s

f r e e e ffe e so o e e . plac s much as what th y pr ach d, that th y su r d

W e eo e Fox o e t o e o 1 65 0 e h n G rg was c mmitt d D rby pris n in , aft r ” e n th e ee e- o e e e e th e pr achi g in st pl h us at a gr at l ctur , mittimus e offe e for e n o n of stat s, that his nc was utt ri g and br achi g

" e e ar a e e l Ca M SS . . L tt r to M g r t F l , ton 1 Ibid

. 1 NEW ENGLAND [ 65 7.

e e f e e Th m asur s o a v ry d cided character. e C ommissioners of th e

e o o e e n e ear to th e s e o of in l Unit d C l ni s, l ndi g a r ady ugg sti ns to e

e e e e t o e e e o e e e t o effe th ranc , d t rmin d x rt th ir p w r and influ nc ct e

e e o e o e to o e th e o e of d sir d bj ct, and , if p ssibl , c mp l auth riti s Rhode to e th e o e o o e of New Island unit with th r c l ni s England, in n e o th e expelli g Quakers from their t rrit ry . In early part of th e

e e o 1 65 7 e e ee of o oo e S v nth M nth, , a g n ral m ting this b dy t k plac

o o e of e u o e th e o at B st n, at which, in pursuanc th ir p rp s , foll w ing minute and letter were prepared for th e governor of Rhode

Island . Th e o 1 2 h 1 65 . o e S e t. t 7 e n o e p , C mmissi n rs, b i g inf rm d that e e are i e e o e div rs Quak rs arr v d this summ r at Rh d Island , and e e a e e e o e e o t o th e o e nt rt in d th r , which may pr v dang r us col ni s, o eet to e e to th e o e o e e th ught m manif st th ir minds g v rn r th r , as followeth

—We o e ou e e oo th e GENTLEMEN , supp s y hav und rst d that e om of e e o o o no o e last y ar a c pany Quak rs arriv d at B st n , up n th r o t o e e e e o o on e not acc unt than disp rs th ir p rnici us pini s, had th y

ee e e e th e e e of th e o e e wh o b n pr v nt d by prud nt car g v rnm nt , by

e e e e e of e e e e of th e n e that xp ri nc th y had th m , b ing s nsibl da g r

e th e i e o e e o e e ffe that might b fall Christ an r ligi n h r pr f ss d, by su r to be e e e or o e th e o e e e ing such r c iv d c ntinu d in c untry, pr s nt d th e same unto th e C ommissioners at their m eeting at Plymouth wh o u o o o o e e t o th e e e o of , p n that ccasi n , c mm nd d it g n ral c urts th e e o o e e e o o Unit d C l ni s , that all Quak rs , Rant rs , and such n t

on e e be o e o o ri s h r tics, might pr hibit d c ming am ng us and that

o e o o o e e ee e be if such Sh uld aris fr m am ngst urs lv s, sp dy car might taken to remove them ; (and as we are informed) th e several jurisdictions have made pro visi on accordingly but it is by ex pe rience found that m eans will fall Short without further care by

e o of o o e e of o e e r as n y ur admissi n and r c iving such , fr m wh nc

e e o t to ee on or e to th y may hav Opp r unity cr p in am gst us , m ans infuse and Spread their accursed tenets to th e great trouble of th e o o e ot to th e o e e e notwith c l ni s, if n pr f ss d in th m standing any care that hath been hitherto taken t o prevent th e same whereof we cannot but be very sensible and think no care too e to e e e o e th e o o e eo gr at pr s rv us fr m such a p st, c ntagi n wh r f 1 65 NEW ENGLAND .

o o o e e e o t o be ff u e to (if received) within y ur c l ny, w r dang r us di s d ' of th e e o e e e t o th e l aces of th e others by m eans int rc urs , sp cially fp trade amongst us which we desire may be with safety continued

e e o e e our e e ou th e b etween us ; we th r f r mak it r qu st, that y as

o e e o e e e o e ou rest of th e col ni s , tak such rd r h r in that y ur n ighb rs ou e o e e e e may be freed fro m that danger . That y r m v th s Quak rs

e e e e for th e e o e o n that have b e n r c iv d , and futur pr hibit th ir c mi g am ongst you Wh ereunto th e rule of charity t o yourselves and us

we o e e o o e o u e e ou o we o e ( c nc iv ) , d th blig y ; wh r in if y sh uld h p you will not be wanting yet we could not but signify this our e e e we e e be ou r desire and furth r d clar , that appr h nd that it will

t o o e o i o God to duty seriously c nsid r, what pr v si n may call us make t o prevent th e afo resaid mischi ef and for our further

e o e e we e e ou to o guidance and dir cti n h r in , d sir y impart y ur mind

th e e e o of e t W and resolution to G n ral C urt Massachus t s, hich e e e not e to assembl eth th e 1 4 th of October n xt . W hav furth r

o e ou e e bu t t o e ou we e e to o e tr ubl y at pr s nt, assur y d sir c ntinu o o e e o th e o o e of th e y ur l ving fri nds and n ighb urs, C mmissi n rs

United C olonies . “ B oston S e tem ber 1 2th 1 65 7. , p ,

Th e e e of th e o o e e n e e e th e l tt r C mmissi n rs , b i g r c iv d by

o e o of o e was e en e to th e o t g v rn r Rh d Island , pr s t d by him C ur ” o f e o e e th e 1 3th of th e i o Trials, h ld at Pr vid nc , E ghth M nth

th e e e of o to e following. It was d sir that b dy maintain fri ndly

e o th e e e e of Ne w r lati ns with all s ttl m nts England ; but, acting

o th e of e o o e be o n e in unis n with law th ir col ny, that n n acc u t d a delinquent for they resolved that no settler or

n e th e of e o o be e e stra g r within limits th ir jurisdicti n , sh uld p rs cuted for whate ver Opinions in religi on h e might either hold or ” Th o t of n to o an e . e o e e e t ach C ur Trials , h w v r, d siri g av id y e e o o e e o o e to imm diat c llisi n with th ir n ighb urs, th ught it b st

e n o e t o th e o o e o n e r tur a cauti us answ r C mmissi n rs , inf rmi g th m that th e subj ect would obtain further considerati on at their o wn h n e e e to ee e t e o o e . g n ral ass mbly, which was m t arly in f ll wi g y ar

Th e e o e of th e o e of e as e r ply , alth ugh it sp aks d ctrin s Fri nds t nd 1 4 1 Enactm ent of 6 . 1 65 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 7 ing to th e very absolute cutti ng down and overturning relations and o er e o m en e e e e e h civil g v nm nt am ng , if g n rally r c iv d, whic

reference onl to e e o e e had l y th ir t stim ny against war, vid ntly

e o e e e th e o o o e admitt d that , alth ugh s v ral had visit d c l ny, and s m

e e e th e o e e e e et th e o e had r c iv d d ctrin s th y pr ach d, y civil auth riti s had no complain t to prefer against Th e general assembly of o e Th e e e to m et th e o 1 658 . Rh d Island adv rt d , in First M nth , o o of th e o o e of th e e o o e c mmunicati n C mmissi n rs Unit d C l ni s ,

e e o e e o e o e e th e b ing th n br ught und r th ir c nsid rati n , r sult d in preparation of th e following answer

Fr om th e Gener a l A ss em bly to th e Com m issioner s of th e

United Colonies .

' — e e ee e e e to our HONOURED GENTLEMEN, Th r hath b n pr s nt d

V e our o o e e e e e ea e e e e i w, by h n ur d pr sid nt, a l tt r b ring dat S pt mb r 2 5th e th e ono e e e en o o e last, subscrib d by h ur d g ntl m , c mmissi n rs of th e n e o o e o e o of eo e e u it d c l ni s, c nc rning a c mpany p pl , (lat ly

r e e e of th e o o o o th e a riv d in th s parts w rld, ) c mm nly kn wn by n e of e wh o are e e on e e e o e e am Quak rs g n rally c c iv d p rnici us , ith r n e o or at e - e effe e e to th e o of i t nti nally, l ast wis in ct, v n c rrupting oo e n th e o o e e so e e of g d mann rs, and disturbi g c mm n p ac , and ci ti s , h t e e e e e e or e o o & c . plac s Wh r th y aris r s rt unt ,

ow e e ee o of ffe e t o e e to be ro N , wh r as fr d m di r n c nsci nc s, p t ected o e o e e th e o of our e fr m nf rc m nts, was principal gr und chart r,

o - e e to our e s for o th e e b th with r sp ct humbl uit it , as als tru

e of th e o o e eno e e of int nt h n urabl and r wn d Parliam nt England, in granting th e same unto us which freedom we still prize as th e greatest happiness that m en can possess in this world there

o e we for th e e e o of our e e or e f r , Shall , pr s rvati n civil p ac and d r, th e o e e o e no e o e eo e o e m r s ri usly tak tic that th s p pl , and any th r are e e or o e on be e e that h r , shall c m am g us, impartially r quir d , to our o o e t o e o e e e and utm st c nstrain d, p rf rm all duti s r quisit - o w th e th e of e and th e t ards maintaining dignity his highn ss, o e e of o e o e o on e of g v rnm nt that m st r n wn d C mm w alth England, in this colony ; which is most happily included under th e same

’ See a e e . H c nsw r in App ndix to vol . i of ut hinson s H istory of a M ssachusetts .

86 1 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 65 7 th e ro of e e e e e e to principal g und th ir chart r, manif sts th ir d sir e on th e of th e e of e h ow e impr ss minds rul rs Massachus tts, gr atly

e e Th e e e of n e th y priz d that privilege. abs nc any thi g lik a response to th e feelings which dictate d th e m essage from Massa ch usetts th e o e effe of e e n , and pr babl ct th ir answ r in induci g a o e ee o e l ed e o e t o e e th e h stil f ling t wards th m, th m d ubtl ss r f r in manner they did to their being graciously taken into proteo ” o n e e to o e th ti n by E gland. It is evident that th y wish d c nv y e e th e e e of o l or e e be n e o e to id a, that in v nt c mpu s y m asur s i g r s rt d , th e assistance “ of th e C ommonwealth would be sought ; and th e parallel which they draw between their o wn p osition and that of th e o e o e e to th e e of e s m th r c untry, by r f rring circumstanc Fri nd “ — being suffere d t o live in England in th e very heart of th e ” o of e o e e of ee nati n, was significant th ir h p , that in cas n d, that e o not be o assistanc w uld s ught in vain .

Th e e e e of o e ee th e e u g n ral ass mbly Rh d Island, f ling p c liarity of their p osition in extending toleratio n to Quakers within their

o e o e to e e e e e En b rd rs, th ught it advisabl put th ir r pr s ntativ in g in Th e o o ex land possession of th e facts of th e case . f ll wing

o e e e e to on th e e t e tract fr m a l tt r addr ss d him subj ct , s ill furth r Shows th e manner in which they regarded th e communication of th e C ommissioners

Th e e we en ou e o e last y ar had lad y with much mpl ym nt, w we e e e o e o of o m e too e to hich w r th n put up n , by r as n s r frac ry

o o e e e e we e e n o ou for o e am ng urs lv s wh r in app al d u t y y ur advic , for th e more public manifestation of it with resp ect t o our h e e o . our e e e ee e o t e sup ri rs But int llig nc it s ms f ll sh rt, in gr at

o of th e o e e e e to be . We l ss ship , which is c nc iv d h r cast away e now new o o e old e e of hav a ccasi n , giv n by an Spirit, b caus a

o of eo e e th e e of e wh o are o e s rt p pl , call d by nam Quak rs, c m on e e e wh o ee e en t o am gst us , and hav rais d up div rs , s m at pr s t be of e e e th e o o e o ee to be offe e th ir spirit , wh r at c l ni s ab ut us s m nd d

e e th e eo e e e e o with us, b caus said p pl hav th ir lib rty am ngst us, as h e e e e o our o e or o our e l e . t nt rtain d int h us s , int ass mb i s And for

e e w e have n o u s t ca u se to e e th e e of pr s nt , j charg th m with br ach th e civil p eace only they are constantly going forth among them

bo vex ou e e o of e e io a ut us, and and tr bl th m in p int th ir r lig n and 1 65 NE W ENGLAND .

e o e e w o on Spiritual stat , th ugh th y r turn ith many a f ul scar their h ff bodies for th e same. And t e o ence ou r n eighbours take against

e e we e not o e o e th e eo e us is , b caus tak s m c urs against said p pl , e e to e e e o o or e o e ith r xp l th m fr m am ng us, tak such c urs s against e as e e e do wh o are e e e e o th m th ms lv s , in f ar l st th ir r ligi n should o e be corrupted by them . C nc rning which displeasure that they ,

ee to e it e e e to o e e e e s m tak ; was xpr ss d us in a s l mn l tt r, writt n

th e o o e of th e e o o e e by C mmissi n rs Unit d C l ni s at th ir sitting , as

o e o to o to e th ugh th y w uld bring us in act acc rding th ir scantling, or else tak e s ome cours e t o do us greater displeasure . A copy of

e te we e e e e u o ou e e ou which l t r hav h r with s nt nt y , wh r in y may e o we p erceive h ow they express themselv s . As als have here wi e our e e e o e t o e ou t th s nt pr s nt answ r unt th m, giv y what ligh

h e e we e . e e one e t e may in this matt r Th r is claus in t ir l t r, which

e e o o e e e e . plainly impli s a thr at, th ugh c v rtly xpr ss d

i our e e t e e e e o ou Sir, th s is arn s and pr s nt r qu st unt y in this

e ou e e e our e to th e e Col onres matt r, as y may p rc iv in answ r Unit d ,

t we to our e e e e to e tha fly, as r fug in all civil r sp cts, his highn ss

o o e o not e e to an o e and h n urabl c uncil , as b ing subj ct y th rs in matters of our civil state so may it please you to have an eye

ear o e e our e e ou ee to de e and p n , in cas adv rsari s sh ld s k un rmin us

our e e e o to e ou r e in privil g s grant d unt us, and pl ad cas in such sort as we m ay not be comp elled to ex ercise any civil p ower over ’ e o e e so o o e o o f i m n s c nsci nc s , l ng as human rd rs, in p int civ lity , are not o e o e our e o o t do c rrupt d and vi lat d, which n ighb urs ab u us

e ue e e eo of e e e e e e fr q ntly practic , wh r f many us hav larg xp ri nc , f ” and do judge it to be no less than a point o absolute cruelty .

e t o o e o e o o e o R turning Christ ph r H ld r and J hn C p land , wh m we e t o e e e e o o ou we l f in Rh d Island aft r th ir xpulsi n fr m Plym th, e o th e e of th e e e o 1 65 7 find th m , ab ut middl S v nth M nth, , pass

o t t o e th e e e e of e ing n r hwards Sal m , within s ttl m nt Massachus tts .

t e e ee n e o e to th e In that vicini y th y h ld m ti gs , and mad c nv rts e e d to doctrines they preached . Ref rring aft rwar s this visit they

e o e e o God and e n thus sp ak Having btain d m rcy fr m , b i g

e o o en n e we e e ee baptiz d int his c v a t Christ J sus , [ ] pr ach d fr ly u o e th e n we ee and e and nt th m thi gs had s n h ard, our hands had 1 65 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 7

e as e e o oo e e s handl d, which an ngraft d w rd t k plac in th m , uch as

e e b e oo e out so our e e o e n v r can r t d , that h ar rs in a sh rt tim b ecam e our fellow - th e 2 1 st of e e o e e to th e On First day , S v nth M nth , th yw nt Puritan

e of o e and e th e e o e plac w rship at Sal m , aft r pri st had c nclud d,

e o e e o h e Christoph r H lder f lt a r ligi us call to address t e ass mbly. ’ e e o e e t e h e no t o e to H r , h w v r, as in Mar ha s Vin yard, was all w d ” o ee one of th e o o e e e pr c d , C mmissi n rs, with much fury s iz d ” h im th e of e ‘ o e him, and , haling back by . hair his h ad , 1 Vi l ntly

n o e thrust a glove and handkerchief i to his m uth . Samu l Shat o wh o e e e o e on ne n th e o t ck , aft rwards b cam c nvinc d, wit ssi g furi us

on of th e o o e e e th e e be c duct C mmissi n r, and f arful l st Fri nd might

o e te e ed th e of th e e e e ew ch k d, in rf r , and, taking hand inc ns d rul r, dr ”

. Sh attock o of oo re u tation t o it away , th ugh a man g d p , j; had suffer severely for thus evincing his kindness t o th e stranger ;

e e t th e e o e th e two e to b ings n n xt day, as a pris n r with Fri nds Th e o e e th e o e of o th e B oston . c urs tak n by auth riti s Bost n with “ e t o e e e e e o e to strang rs , was xamin th m s parat ly, in rd r find

e o o for o e e and th m in c ntradicti ns and this purp s , B llingham , ” th e e e o e th e e e o of th e s cr tary, acc mpani d by Eld r and D ac n ” h e th e e we e e t o e . e plac , Visit d pris n rs But, r mark Fri nds ,

th e but one e one so abiding in truth, which is , spak thing, that

e no n e ne e o e o of th y had adva tag against us , ith r c uld tak h ld any ” Th o o e e not e we o e . e thing had sp k n inquisit rs, h w v r, b ing

to o e e t e o o e e o willing ackn wl dg tha th ir lab ur was alt g th r l st, e e e e we e e e th e e d clar d that th ir answ rs r d lusiv , and that d vil had taught them a deal of

few o e e e o e o e o A h urs aft r this int rvi w, Christ ph r H ld r and J hn C opeland were ushered into th e presence of th e Governor and

o o e e e o o o e o C mmissi n rs ; and, aft r und rg ing a friv l us xaminati n , “ ” e e e en e e th e l aw t e to e e e w r s nt c d , und r agains Quak rs , r c iv Th e e th e e e e thirty lashes . brutal mann r in which s nt nc was

e ou t was o e th e o e th e carri d , in acc rdanc with spirit that pr mpt d h l w ee—o e o e e rulers to pass t e cruel a . A thr c rd d kn tt d whip was us d o n th e o o th e e e t o e to e o e e of ccasi n and x cu i n r, mak m r sur his

’ ‘ E 0 New E a e 4 . 6 . 1 . 0 . Norton s nsign, p ngl nd Judg d, p ’ N E a d e 4 1 . ew r E . 6 1 I ngl nd Ju g d, No ton s nsign, p .

1 65 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 7

of e e e to e th e l ot o whipping thirty lash s , and was th n s nt shar f his r e o o f i nds in B st n gaol . It will be readily supp osed that th e course pursued by th e

e n o e of e o e pri sts and ruli g p w rs Massachus tts t wards Fri nds, must have raise d in th e minds of many of th e honest - hearte d s ettlers no on e e e f Th e inc sid rabl d gree o prejudice against them . dis torted e of e e e e e o circu vi ws Quak r t n ts, which w r industri usly

e o o New n d o of th e e e lat d thr ugh ut E glan , in justificati n cru lti s e o e ul In th e practis d c uld scarc ly fail to produce such a res t . e o o e e misre re Am rican c l ni s , as w ll as in England, calumny and p sentation were too generally favourite weapons of th e enemies of th e new ee th e o S oci ety . From a very early date it had b n pra

e of e o e to o e th e e e e e tic Fri nds, in rd r c rr ct p ublic mind in r f r nc t o e e to o e o of e n th ir principl s, put f rth d clarati ns th ir christia faith , and this course Christopher H older and J ohn Copeland felt it right to Th e e e o o e o . e o ad pt whilst impris n d at B ston d cum nt th y issu d, e e o of ee e e e e e e th e an imp rf ct c py which has b n pr s rv d, is r nd r d m o e e e e e e e th e e e o r int r sting, as b ing, it is b li v d, first writt n xp * o of th e o V ew of th e o e o siti u d ctrinal i s S ci ty, and c ntaining , as it

oe e e i e e of th e o ne of th e e of our e d s , cl ar v d nc s und ss vi ws arly

D udne on ornrn e o v e . o Fri nds, is additi nally aluabl Richard y, j g his o e hi to th e e o r o e e s e . imp is n d fri nds, als attach d Signatur d clarati n There is but little dou bt that this document is th e pap er of ex hortation i referred to by th e historian S ewel it is as follows

or " To OBEDI ENGE A DECLARATION FAITH , AND AN E HORTATION BY P THERETO , ISSUED CHRISTOPHER HOLDER, JOHN CO ELAND DOUDNEY W S AND RICHARD , HILE IN PRI ON AT BOSTON IN

NEW 1 65 7. ENGLAND ,

Whereas it is rep orted by them that have not a bridle to

e on e we wh o are th e o e e are th ir t gu s, that , by w rld call d Quak rs,

e e e et e e e we do e th e blasph m rs, h r ics, and d c iv rs ; and that d ny

Th e fir st D e cl aration or Confe ssion of Faith publishe d in England an e e a e a a e ee th e o ne r of which y r cord xists, pp rs to h v b n put fo th by ' a ar ar 1 65 8 . Vide E a E th e Rich d F nsworth, in , v n s xposition of F ith ” h e S e Fr e d . . of t e R ligious oci ty of i n s, p xiv ’ S e e r . 1 72 . t w l s Histo y , p NEW ENGLAND .

e th e e e o e e e o e we wh o are scriptur s, and truth th r in c ntain d th r f r , , e e o few o e e e h r in pris n , shall in w rds, in truth and plainn ss, d clar o eo e see th e o of our e o unt all p pl that may this, gr und r ligi n , and ff th e t we o e for th e e e e o e we e . faith tha c nt nd , and caus wh r f r su r

e e o e e ou e our o l et th e ee e Th r f r , wh n y r ad w rds , m k Spirit b ar e e e th e e e d out of rul , and w igh th m in qual balanc , and stan e e th e t e and m easureth pr judic , in light tha judg th all things, m nife te h and a s t all things .

for u s We do e e e th e o e God As [ ] b li v in nly tru and living , th e e of m i o e wh o e th e e e Fath r L rd J sus Christ, hath mad h av ns th e e th e sea e o e and arth , and all things in th m c ntain d, and doth uphold all things that h e hath created by th e word of h o e . W o e e e his p w r , at sundry tim s , and in div rs mann rs,

' e e t o our e b th e o e e e spak in tim past fath rs y pr ph ts , but in th s t h e o e o S on w o he las days hath sp k n unt us by his , h m hath Th e e of w o h e e th e o . e mad h ir all things, by h m mad w rld which Son is that J esus Christ that was b orn of th e Virgin ; wh o ffe e for our offe e e for our su r d nc s, and is ris n again justi — fication e e o th e e e en e , and is asc nd d int high st h av s, and sitt th

th e of G d th e e e do we be at right hand o Fath r. Ev n in him

e e wh o th e on e o e S on of th e e of li v is ly b g tt n Fath r, full A n grace and truth . d in him do we trust alone for salva tion by whose bloo d we are washed fro m sin through who m we e e to th e t e o e e e hav acc ss Fa h r with b ldn ss, b ing justifi d by

h th e faith in b elieving in his nam e . W o hath s ent forth o o to wit th e of o ee e o H ly Gh st, , Spirit Truth , that pr c d th fr m th e Father and th e S on ; by which we are seale d and adopted

n of th e o o th e so s and heirs kingd m of heaven . Fr m which th e e of e e e o t th e Spirit, Scriptur s truth w r giv n f r h , as , saith o e e e o m en of God e e e e o e Ap stl P t r, H ly spak as th y w r m v d by ’ o Th e e f r ur o o th e H oly Gh st. which w re written o o adm niti n , on whom th e ends of th e world are com e and are profitable for th e of God t o e o e to e o t to o man , r pr v , and xh r , and adm nish , as th e of God n e e o o e e e Spirit bri g th th m unt him , and p n th th m in

i e him th e n h m e of e . , and giv th und rstandi g th m S O that before all [m en] we do declare that we do b elieve in God th e e Son o o n as e are Fath r, and H ly Spirit , acc rdi g th y [declared of in th e] Scriptures ; and th e Scriptures we own to G 2 5 92 16 . NEW ENGLAND . [ 7 be e e o of th e e Son a tru d clarati n Fath r, and Spirit in [which] is e e w the e n w was e e d clar d hat was in b ginni g, hat pr s nt, and wa to o s c m e .

e e o e e eo e o o e "s Th r f r , all [y ] p pl in wh m h n sty is tand still

o e . e e e not e sa e o we ll and c nsid r B li v th m that y, R p rt, and wi — e o it sa o e l et us e e th e o e r p rt that y, C m , smit th m with t ngu ;

b ut and o is oo . we try all things, h ld fast that which g d Again sa e ee of e e e to e o for y, tak h d b li ving and giving cr dit r p rts o th e u e wa o e e kn w that tr th in all ag s s Sp k n against , and th y

e e e e of th e o h e e e e that liv d in it , w r , in all ag s w rld, at d, p rs cut d, o e e th e n e of e e e e and impris n d, und r am s h r tics , blasph m rs , and

e e ar Of th e a e r off and can b e ‘ [H r p t p p r is to n it only known, by

an e e e a ee e are . We e unint lligibl shr d, th t fourt n lin s lost r ad again as follows

sh oweth ou th e e e of o e th e ee that y s cr ts y ur h arts, and d ds that th e are not oo . e e o e e ou e e e e g d Th r f r , whil y hav light, b li v in ou be th e e of th e for ou o e light , that y may childr n light , as y l v o e e ou to e e e ou to o it and b y it, it will l ad y r p ntanc , bring y kn w o is e o of s o God is e e e Him in wh m r missi n ins, in wh m w ll pl as d wh o e ou e n e o th e o of God in will giv y an ntra c int kingd m , an For th heritance amongst them that are sanctified . this is e e e of our o for e th e e ea e God d sir s uls all that hav l ast br things aft r , e o e to o ee that th y may c m kn w Him in d d and in truth , and find o e e to ee e o to his p w r in and with th m , k p th m fr m falling, and present them faultless b efore th e throne of his glory wh o is th e strength and life of all them that put their tru st in Him wh o upholdeth all things by th e word of his power wh o is God over

e e for e e . e . all , bl ss d v r Am n Thus we rem arn friends to all that fear th e L ord ; wh o are

ffe e not for e o for hearin e o to th e su r rs , vil d ing, but g t stim ny o e e e to th e o God of e o o we c om truth, in b di nc L rd lif unt wh m our e wh o is e to e th e e of th e o e mit caus ris n pl ad caus inn c nt, and t o help him that hath no help on th e earth ; wh o will be hi e h e e on s e e e t e o oe . av ng d all n mi s, and will r pay pr ud d rs P CHRISTO HER HO LDER ,

JOHN COPELAND , DOU DNE Y RICHARD , F r om th e H o us e of Cor r ectio n th e 1 s t of th e “ ” E i h th n th 1 5 in B s to n . g M o , 6 7, o

1 65 NEW . 7 ENGLAND [ .

o to th e new e o e to tr th e effe of et anim sity s ct , c nclud d y ct y se e e e e e o th e o 1 65 7 v r r m asur s, and at th ir c urt in Eighth M nth , , passed th e following l aw

o to th e e o e e e e e to th e o As an additi n lat rd r, in r f r nc c ming, or bringing in any of th e curse d sect of th e Quakers into this juris i t on It is o e e o oe e o e e o d c i , rd r d , that wh s v r shall fr m h nc f rth bring,

or e t o be o e or di e o n e caus br ught, dir ctly in r ctly, any kn w Quak r or e or o e b e o e e o o Quak rs, th r lasph m us h r tics int this jurisdicti n , e e o h e o e s o e th e um of £1 00. t o t v ry such p r n shall f rf it s c untry ,

o e be o e to o and shall, by warrant fr m any magistrat , c mmitt d pris n , e e t o e th e e be e th r r main, until p nalty fully satisfi d and paid e o or e o o e e and if any p rs n p rs ns within this jurisdicti n , shall h nc fOrth e er or o e e or e or o e nt tain c nc al any Quak r Quak rs , th r blas ph em ou s heretics (knowing them to be so) every such p erson Shall ’ forfeit to th e country forty shillings for every hour s conce alment e f be e e o e or e & c. s and nt rtainm nt any Quak r Quak rs, , and hall committed to prison till th e forfeitures be fully satisfied and paid it e o e e e or e And is furth r rd r d, that if any Quak r Quak rs shall presume (after they have once suffered what th e law requireth) t o o e o i o e e e e for th e c m int this jur sdicti n , v ry such mal Quak r shall, fir offe e e one of e off h e e o st nc , hav his ars cut , and k pt at w rk in

th e o e of o e o h e be e his own h us c rr cti n , till can s nt away at ' ‘ e for th e e o o flence e o e e ar charg ; and s c nd , shall hav his th r cut ff e th e o e of o e e e o o o e . , and k pt at h us c rr cti n as af r said And v ry

o e ffe e th e e e re w man Quak r that hath su r d law h r , that shall p

e to o e o o be e e e e sum c m int this jurisdicti n shall s v r ly whipp d, and

e th e o e of o e o o h e be e w k pt at h us c rr cti n at w rk, till s s nt a ay at

h er own e so o for h er o n sh e be charg ; and als c ming agai , shall

o e : for e e e h e or sh e used as af r said And v ry Quak r, , that shall a

e offe e s e e o e o e o third tim nd, th y hall hav th ir t ngu s b r d thr ugh

h ot o e th e o e of o e o o e to o with a ir n , and k pt at h us c rr cti n cl s w rk n i u e till they be sent away at their ow charge . And it s f rth r

o e e e e e o on our rd r d, That all and v ry Quak r, arising fr m am gst

e e b e e ffer th e e e th e s lv s , Shall d alt with and su lik punishm nt , as

law provides against foreign Quakers .

S S ecr etar . EDWARD RAW ON, y ost n 14 da o ob r B o , th y f Oct e , N EW ENGLAND .

Th e barbarous and illegal proceedings of Endicott and B elling

in o e th e o to be e e ham , rd ring impris n ed Friends whipp d twic

ee th e e e e e o o a w k in mann r d scrib d, rais d l ud murmurs am ng

of th e o wh o e e indi many inhabitants t wn , f lt that such cru l g nities e e e e Th e com w r alik r pugnant to humanity and justice. o e e o th e ffe e eflected e e e e passi n thus xcit d t wards su r rs, th ir r l as ,

on th e 2 4 th of th e o e o e e and Ninth M nth , th y btain d th ir dis Th e l charge . aw which had been enacte d in th e previous m onth

e e t o e e e e e o e was th n r ad th m , wh n th y w r f rthwith banish d o th e o o e e o wh o e e fr m c l ny, xc pt Cassandra S uthwick , was p rmitt d to e to h er o t o o e r turn h m e at Salem . In addition Christ ph r

o e o o e Doudne we H ld r, J hn C p land and Richard y, find that Mary e on Clark was banish d this occasion . ’ e o o wh o e o o e t o e e e Humphr y N rt n , land d fr m R b r F wl r s v ss l at

’ o e e to e ee e e in o o Rh d Island, app ars hav b n ngag d that c l ny during th e e e o th e o o on Sixth and S v nth M nths, and in f ll wing m th ,

th e of o e e th e e within limits Plym uth colony . On nt ring latt r h e o ee e o t o e e h e o e th e pr c d d f rthwith Sandwich, wh r lab ur d in work of th e ministry among those wh o had now b ecome his fellow

H on o e o . e o e e o e to e pr f ss rs was not , h w v r, all w d r main l g undis ur bed h e e t . A warrant was issued against him o n t e vagu charg of e e e o h e e e c on b ing an xtravagant p rs n , and was arr st d and e e on e e veyed to Plymouth . Having b een detained th r a c sid rabl e o e o e e t o e th e tim with ut xaminati n , Humphr y b gan f ar that court then sitting would adj ourn without giving him a hearing h e therefore sent this brief message t o th e magistrates .

ee ou e e e e m e e deer S ing y hav appr h nd d publicly as an vil , and o e m e o e o to e oo have c ntinu d [a pris n r] c ntrary law, quity , and g d o e e e e of ou e o o c nsci nc , I r quir y a public xaminati n , and if f und to be e not guilty, publickly punish d if , Th e magistrates accordingly had th e prison er brought before f e e e ee of o e o n e . e e o ot th m S v ral th m vinc d a f ling m d rati n, but o th e o e o wh o o e e on th e o e of s g v rn r, c mm nc d an attack d ctrin s

e e th e e e e e e Fri nds, d nying that light which nlight n d v ry man was e o o o e i sufficient for salvation . But Humphr y N rt n Sh w d h m by

’

r E . 2 5 No ton s nsign, p . 96 NEW ENGLAND . [165 7. th e e o of o W t t th e e of God d clarati n H ly ri , tha grac , that bringeth salvation hath appeared unto all m en and that Christ e i ffi ” had said my grac s su cient for thee. Th e governor then asked him whether th e Scriptures were not th e rule of life and ” H o of . e e e it on o gr und faith r pli d, that was ly thr ugh faith in

r e th e re o e of our th e Ch ist J sus, g at Auth r and Finish r faith, and e ul e e of e th e e e e e to tru R and Guid lif , that Scriptur s w r abl make e to o t him f wise unto salvation . Unabl c nvic o any breach of

e e e e e e e e to e e . th ir laws , th y n v rth l ss s nt nc d him banishm nt Having been taken by th e officers fifty miles in th e direction of Rhode h e o ee e to e e e n th e f Island, pr c d d that s ttl m nt, withi limits o which h e laboured for some months in th e work of his Great

e . o th e o e of th e ea h e e o e t Mast r T wards cl s y r, pass d v r o L ong

th e e o Southh old h e Island, and arriving in Tw lfth M nth at , was

e e e to New e o e e e h e arr st d and tak n Hav n in C nn cticut, wh r was

e o e o e for e - one notwith h avily ir n d, and impris n d tw nty days, and , i th e e e of th e e o o e e th e use o stand ng s v rity s as n , was als d ni d b th T hi N of fire e . o s r e ffe ew e we and candl fu th r su rings at Hav n, shall have occasion again to refer.

W e wh o we e e e e e o illiam Br nd, may h r r mark , was an ag d p rs n ,

e o o o e e to aft r landing with his c mpani ns at Rh d Island , app ars have confined his gosp el labours to that province until th e

e e o of 1 65 7 e be o e o El v nth M nth wh n , ing j in d by his y ung e d o o e wh o ee few ee e o e fri n J hn C p land, had b n but a w ks b f r

e o o o h e set out on to th e o o of banish d fr m B st n , a Visit c l ny

w e o e o . e t o ee e to e no Plym uth Th y firs pr c d d Scituat , ( P mbr k )

e e e m et e e o - o e o wh o wh r th y with th ir f ll w v yag r Sarah Gibb ns , had

e e e lately come from New Netherlands . At Scituat there wer thos wh o e o e th e e of th e o e e e e r j ic d in Spr ad d ctrin s d clar d by Fri nds, th e o e of e wo e th e ee and at h us Jam s Cud rth, a magistrat , thr e e e gospel labourers m et with a cordial reception . Th ir pres nc in th e o o e th e ul e o c l ny again disturb d r rs at Plym uth, and, antici

e e o nor e o - e of pating that n ith r Cudw rth , his f ll w magistrat s

e o o e e e oflicers we e e for e Scituat , w uld pr s cut th m , r dispatch d th ir

e . o e o e e of e on arr st Tim thy Hath rly, an th r magistrat Scituat ,

’

N E . 33. orton s nsign, p

98 . 1 65 NEW ENGLAND [ 7.

u e were r Q ak rism abo tive . Ministers of th e new S ociety con tinued to rr e e th e o a iv within th ir limits, and d ctrines which they

e e ee re e e wh e o e pr ach d had b n c iv d by many, o r j ic d to welcome e to e r th m th i homes . Th e noble conduct of Cudworth and

e o e th e erse e r e e e re Hath rly, in pr t cting p cut d F i nds, t nd d g atly t o n e e th e oo re e o of th e r e i cr as gl my app h nsi ns Pu itans. Th se alarm ” o of th e e of th e er o o ing indicati ns spr ad Quak c ntagi n , having o e th e e ons e o of th e o o btain d grav c id rati n C urt at Plym uth , n e to e th e o i duc d it nact foll wing law.

Whereas there hath several p ersons come into this Govern e o o e er o e o e e m nt c mm nly call d Quak s , wh s d ctrin and practic s manifestly tend to th e subversion of th e fundamentals of Christian e o o e i e e of o this o e e r ligi n , church rd r, and civ l p ac G v rnm nt , as a e th e e o e pp ars by t stim ni s given in sundry deposi tions and other.

' e e o e e e th e o and auth orit t e eo It is th r f r nact d by C urt y h r f, that no e or e o n o o so e be e e e Quak r p rs c mm nly call d, nt rtain d by any e o or e o w hi o e e e th e e of p rs n p rs ns ithin t s G v rnm nt, und r p nalty five o n for e e e or be e A nd e p u ds v ry such d fault whipp d . in cas an one e e i an e o o h e y Shall nt rta n y such p rs n ign rantly, if Shall e on o h e ew not e t o be h e be t stify his ath that kn th m such , Shall ee of th e o e e o e h e u o ce fr af r said p nalty , pr vid d , p n his first dis rn in e to be do o e e to th e o e or his g th m such, disc v r th m c nstabl ” deputy .

Th e passing of th e foregoing order brings us to th e close of th e e 1 65 e e o e th e e o of e y ar 7, a y ar m m rabl in arly hist ry Fri nds o to o e wh o e o th e Wo o in America. In additi n th s land d fr m d ” o e New was so e o th e o e of h us , England al visit d t wards cl s this e r o o Leddra o o y a by J hn R us, William , and Th mas Harris fr m e ten e wh o e e oe . e e e e e e o e Barbad s Th r w r , th r f r , at l ast Fri nds w r travelling at this period in th e work of th e ministry in that pro o h as e ee e e ev e th e vince . Fr m what alr ady b n r lat d, it is id nt that

o e e e en e not of m o e w rk in which th y w r gag d was hu an app intm nt , e th e e e th e e o e advo and that , und r divin bl ssing , pr ci us truths th y

cated e oo e e e n th e es e o . , had tak n r t , and w r spr adi g in w t rn w rld