A Novel Mechanosensitive Channel Controls Osmoregulation
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There Is Not a Latin Root Word Clear Your Desk Protist Quiz Grade Quiz
There is not a Latin Root Word Clear your desk Protist Quiz Grade Quiz Malaria Fever Wars Classification Kingdom Protista contains THREE main groups of organisms: 1. Protozoa: “animal-like protists” 2. Algae: “plant-like protists” 3. Slime & Water Molds: “fungus-like protists” Basics of Protozoa Unicellular Eukaryotic unlike bacteria 65, 000 different species Heterotrophic Free-living (move in aquatic environments) or Parasitic Habitats include oceans, rivers, ponds, soil, and other organisms. Protozoa Reproduction ALL protozoa can use asexual reproduction through binary fission or multiple fission FEW protozoa reproduce sexually through conjugation. Adaptation Special Protozoa Adaptations Eyespot: detects changes in the quantity/ quality of light, and physical/chemical changes in their environment Cyst: hardened external covering that protects protozoa in extreme environments. Basics of Algae: “Plant-like” protists. MOST unicellular; SOME multicellular. Make food by photosynthesis (“autotrophic prostists”). Were classified as plants, BUT… – Lack tissue differentiation- NO roots, stems, leaves, etc. – Reproduce differently Most algal cells have pyrenoids (organelles that make and store starch) Can use asexual or sexual reproduction. Algae Structure: Thallus: body portion; usually haploid Body Structure: 1) unicellular: single-celled; aquatic (Ex.phytoplankton, Chlamydomonas) 2) colonial: groups of coordinated cells; “division of labor” (Ex. Volvox) 3) filamentous: rod-shaped thallus; some anchor to ocean bottom (Ex. Spyrogyra) 4) multicellular: large, complex, leaflike thallus (Ex. Macrocystis- giant kelp) Basics of Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds: Water Molds: Once classified as fungi Fungus-like; composed of Found in damp soil, branching filaments rotting logs, and other Commonly freshwater; decaying matter. some in soil; some Some white, most yellow parasites. -
Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena
Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena Euglena are unicellular organisms classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta. All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment. Euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor. The flagellum is located on the anterior (front) end, and twirls in such a way as to pull the cell through the water. It is attached at an inward pocket called the reservoir. Color and label the reservoir grey. Color and label the flagellum black. The Euglena is unique in that it is both heterotrophic (must consume food) and autotrophic (can make its own food). Chloroplasts within the euglena trap sunlight that is used for photosynthesis and can be seen as several rod-like structures throughout the cell. Color and label the chloroplasts green. Euglena also have an eyespot at the anterior end that detects light, it can be seen near the reservoir. This helps the euglena find bright areas to gather sunlight to make their food. Color and label the eyespot red. Euglena can also gain nutrients by absorbing them across their cell membrane, hence they become heterotrophic when light is not available, and they cannot photosynthesize. The euglena has a stiff pellicle outside the cell membrane that helps it keep its shape, though the pellicle is somewhat flexible, and some euglena can be observed scrunching up and moving in an inchworm type fashion. -
Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World?
Southeastern University FireScholars Classical Conversations Spring 2020 Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World? Karina L. Burton Southeastern University - Lakeland, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus Part of the Cell Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Burton, Karina L., "Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World?" (2020). Classical Conversations. 9. https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus/9 This Term Paper is brought to you for free and open access by FireScholars. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Conversations by an authorized administrator of FireScholars. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World? Karina L. Burton Classical Conversations: Challenge 4; Southeastern University ENGL 1233: English Composition II Grace Veach April 16, 2020 2 Abstract Protozoa are magnificent creatures. They exhibit all of the functions intrinsic to living organisms: irritability, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Within these functions, there are numerous examples of mutations that occur in order for organisms to adapt to their given environments. Irritability is demonstrated in protozoa by their use of pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia for motility; it has been shown that such locomotors exhibit diversity while maintaining similar protein and chemical structures that appear to be a result of evolutionary processes. Metabolism in protozoa is similar to that of larger animals, but their diet is unique. They primarily feast upon bacteria, which have begun mutating to evade easy ingestion and digestion by protozoa, therefore increasing their survival rate and making it necessary for protozoa to adapt. -
Snapshot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E
SnapShot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E. Clapham HHMI, Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA TRP Activators Inhibitors Putative Interacting Proteins Proposed Functions Activation potentiated by PLC pathways Gd, La TRPC4, TRPC5, calmodulin, TRPC3, Homodimer is a purported stretch-sensitive ion channel; form C1 TRPP1, IP3Rs, caveolin-1, PMCA heteromeric ion channels with TRPC4 or TRPC5 in neurons -/- Pheromone receptor mechanism? Calmodulin, IP3R3, Enkurin, TRPC6 TRPC2 mice respond abnormally to urine-based olfactory C2 cues; pheromone sensing 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, activation potentiated BTP2, flufenamate, Gd, La TRPC1, calmodulin, PLCβ, PLCγ, IP3R, Potential role in vasoregulation and airway regulation C3 by PLC pathways RyR, SERCA, caveolin-1, αSNAP, NCX1 La (100 µM), calmidazolium, activation [Ca2+] , 2-APB, niflumic acid, TRPC1, TRPC5, calmodulin, PLCβ, TRPC4-/- mice have abnormalities in endothelial-based vessel C4 i potentiated by PLC pathways DIDS, La (mM) NHERF1, IP3R permeability La (100 µM), activation potentiated by PLC 2-APB, flufenamate, La (mM) TRPC1, TRPC4, calmodulin, PLCβ, No phenotype yet reported in TRPC5-/- mice; potentially C5 pathways, nitric oxide NHERF1/2, ZO-1, IP3R regulates growth cones and neurite extension 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, 20-HETE, activation 2-APB, amiloride, Cd, La, Gd Calmodulin, TRPC3, TRPC7, FKBP12 Missense mutation in human focal segmental glomerulo- C6 potentiated by PLC pathways sclerosis (FSGS); abnormal vasoregulation in TRPC6-/- -
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function, TE
Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Section 7–1 Life Is Cellular (pages 169–172) This section explains what the cell theory is. It also describes the characteristics of two categories of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction (page 169) 1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The cell The Cell Theory (pages 169–170) 2. What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to see in the 1600s? He was the first person to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water. 3. What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? The cork seemed to be made of tiny chambers. 4. What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude? He concluded that all plants are made of cells. 5. What did the German scientist Theodor Schwann conclude? He concluded that animals were also made of cells. 6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work? He stated that where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell. 7. What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory? a. All living things are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. c. New cells are produced from existing cells. Basic Cell Structures (page 171) 8. Complete the table about structures that are common to most cells. COMMON CELL STRUCTURES Structure Description Cell membrane A thin, flexible barrier around the cell Cell wall A strong layer around the cell membrane in many cells © Pearson Education, Inc. -
Study of Selectivity and Permeation in Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Study of Selectivity and Permeation in Voltage-Gated Ion Channels By Janhavi Giri, Ph.D. Visiting Research Faculty Division of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA Email: [email protected] i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Overview .................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2. SELF-ORGANIZED MODELS OF SELECTIVITY IN CALCIUM CHANNELS ........................................................................................... 13 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Methods ...................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Model of Channel and Electrolyte ........................................................19 -
Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba Proteus
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 29: 85–90 (2004) © 2004 by Japan Society for Cell Biology Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba proteus Eri Nishihara, Teruo Shimmen, and Seiji Sonobe Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan ABSTRACT. Contractile vacuoles (CVs) released from cells of Amoeba proteus were used to analyze its function in vitro. When CV was transferred to a hypertonic medium, its volume decreased within 10 sec. When it was sub- sequently returned to its original medium, it quickly started swelling. However, it ruptured before recovering its initial volume. These results suggested that the CV membrane is semi-permeable and that the fluid is collected by the osmotic gradient in vivo. The water permeability of membrane of isolated CV was calculated from the rate of osmotic volume change to be 0.94 m/sec · OsM. This high value suggested that CV membrane is equipped with water channel. CV contracted (or burst) quickly upon addition of 1 mM ATP. Contraction was induced by ATP, but not by other nucleotides, GTP, ITP, ADP, or the analogues of ATP, AMP-PNP and ATPS. It was suggested that the contraction of isolated CV was caused by increase in the tension of its membrane by ATP. Key words: contractile vacuole/Amoeba proteus/osmolality/water permeability/ATP Introduction release fluid to cell exterior at systole. The function of CVs has been extensively studied in In higher animals forming multicellular systems, cells and Paramecium (Allen, 2000), in which CV apparatus is body fluids are isotonic. -
An Aquaporin-4/Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (AQP4/TRPV4) Complex Is Essential for Cell-Volume Control in Astrocytes
An aquaporin-4/transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (AQP4/TRPV4) complex is essential for cell-volume control in astrocytes Valentina Benfenatia,1, Marco Caprinib,1, Melania Doviziob, Maria N. Mylonakouc, Stefano Ferronib, Ole P. Ottersenc, and Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddamc,2 aInstitute for Nanostructured Materials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy; bDepartment of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; and cCenter for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway Edited* by Peter Agre, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, and approved December 27, 2010 (received for review September 1, 2010) Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is a key mechanism for volume channels (VRAC). Osmolyte efflux through VRAC is thought to control that serves to prevent detrimental swelling in response to provide the driving force for water exit (6, 7). The factors that hypo-osmotic stress. The molecular basis of RVD is not understood. initiate RVD have received comparatively little attention. Here Here we show that a complex containing aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and we test our hypothesis that activation of astroglial RVD depends transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is essential for RVD on a molecular interaction between AQP4 and TRPV4. fi in astrocytes. Astrocytes from AQP4-KO mice and astrocytes treated Our hypothesis rests on our recent nding that TRPV4 is with TRPV4 siRNA fail to respond to hypotonic stress by increased strongly expressed in astrocytic endfeet membranes abutting the – intracellular Ca2+ and RVD. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunohis- pia (including the extension of the pia that lines the Virchow tochemistry analyses show that AQP4 and TRPV4 interact and coloc- Robin spaces) and in endfeet underlying ependyma of the ven- alize. -
Gadolinium Chloride Restores the Function of the Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Between Hepatocytes in a Liver Injury
Article Gadolinium Chloride Restores the Function of the Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication between Hepatocytes in a Liver Injury Le Yang, Chengbin Dong, Lei Tian, Xiaofang Ji, Lin Yang and Liying Li * Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0086-10-83950468; Fax: +0086-10-83950468; Received: 3 July 2019; Accepted: 30 July 2019; Published: 31 July 2019 Abstract: Background: Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) has been reported to attenuate liver injury caused by a variety of toxicants. Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is thought to be essential in controlling liver homeostasis and pathology. Here we evaluate the effects of GdCl3 on functional GJIC and connexin expression in mouse models and primary hepatocytes. Methods: Mice were administered GdCl3 intraperitoneally the day before a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection or bile duct ligation (BDL) operation. Primary hepatocytes were treated with CCl4 or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), with or without GdCl3. A scrape loading/dye transfer assay was performed to assess the GJIC function. The expression of connexins was examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Results: CCl4 treatment or the BDL operation led to the dysfunction of GJIC and a down-regulation of Cx32 and Cx26 in injured liver. GdCl3 administration restored GJIC function between hepatocytes by facilitating the transfer of fluorescent dye from one cell into adjacent cells via GJIC, and markedly prevented the decrease of Cx32 and Cx26 in injured liver. In primary hepatocytes, CCl4 or LPS treatment induced an obvious decline of Cx32 and Cx26, whereas GdCl3 pretreatment prevented the down-regulation of connexins. -
Protists: Amoeba
Microorganisms – Protists: Amoeba The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name amoeba comes from the Greek word amoibe, which means change. (Amoeba is also spelled ameba.) Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that don't fit into the other kingdoms. Some protozoans are considered plant- like while others are considered animal-like. The amoeba is considered an animal-like protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have cilia or flagella, but the ameba has an unusual way of creeping along by stretching its cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions called pseudopodia. The word "pseudopodia" means "false foot". Label the pseudopodia. When looking at ameba under a microscope, an observer will note that no amoeba looks the same as any other. The cell membrane is very flexible and allows for the amoeba to change shape. Amoebas live in ponds or puddles, and some can even live inside people. Color and label the cell membrane red. There are two types of cytoplasm in the amoeba. The darker cytoplasm toward the interior of the protozoan is called endoplasm. The clearer cytoplasm that is found near the cell membrane is called ectoplasm. On the diagram, the endoplasm is indicated by the dotted area, and the ectoplasm by the white area. Color and label the endoplasm pink. Color and label the ectoplasm light blue. By pushing the endoplasm toward the cell membrane, the amoeba causes its body to extend and creep along. It is also by this method that the amoeba consumes its food. -
Contractile Vacuole Complex— Its Expanding Protein Inventory
Contractile Vacuole Complex— Its Expanding Protein Inventory Helmut Plattner1 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 372 2. Basic Structural and Functional Elements of CVC 372 2.1 Basic structure of CVC 373 2.2 Proton pump as a basic constituent 375 2.3 Proteins required for membrane trafficking 376 3. Handling of Calcium by CVC 383 3.1 Calcium uptake by CVC 383 3.2 Ca2 þ release from the CVC by Ca2 þ-channels 385 4. Unique Structural Aspects and Molecular Components 390 4.1 What enables reversible organelle expansion and collapse? 390 4.2 CVC components known specifically from Dictyostelium 391 5. Cytoskeletal Elements, Motor Proteins, Endocytotic Input, and Clathrin 393 5.1 Cytoskeletal components and motor proteins 393 5.2 Endocytotic input and role of clathrin 395 6. The CV Pore and Epigenetic Aspects of Organelle Positioning 396 6.1 Components of the CV pore 396 6.2 Biogenesis and epigenetically determined positioning of CVC in Paramecium 398 7. Conclusions and Hypotheses 400 7.1 Summary of a molecular anatomy of CVC 400 7.2 Generalized scheme of CVC function 401 7.3 Steady-state biogenesis by vesicle trafficking and protein turnover 402 7.4 Hypothetic considerations about de novo CVC biogenesis 404 7.5 Complexity of protein pattern to be expected in future research 406 Acknowledgment 407 References 407 Abstract The contractile vacuole complex (CVC) of some protists serves for the osmotic equili- bration of water and ions, notably Ca2þ, by chemiosmotic exploitation of a Hþ gradient generated by the organelle-resident V-type Hþ-ATPase. -
Labned.Com Bovine
Antibodies Predicted to Bind Homologous Bovine Targets This is a catalog of all antibodies predicted to react with bovine proteins in addition to their validated reactivities. This catalog was assembled by identifying proteins targeted by LabNed antibodies that share 99% sequence homology withtheir bovine counterparts. Table of Contents High Affinity Antibodies .................................................................................... 1 High Sensitivity ELISA Kits .................................................................................... 31 High Affinity Antibodies LabNed supplies only the highest quality antibodies. Our high-affinity polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are thoroughly validated by Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry and ELISA. This is our comprehensive catalog of our antibody products predicted to react with bovine proteins, sorted in alphabetical order by target gene name. Applications Gene Name Product Name Reactivity WB ABAT Anti-ABA Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCA1 Anti-ABCA1 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCA1 Anti-ABCA1 Human, Mouse, Rat IHC-P, WB ABCB11 Anti-ABCB11 Human, Mouse, Rat IHC-P, WB ABCC1 Anti-MRP1 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCC4 Anti-MRP4 Human, Mouse, Rat IHC-P, WB ABCD3 Anti-PMP70 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCE1 Anti-ABCE1 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCG1 Anti-ABCG1 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCG2 Anti-ABCG2 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCG4 Anti-ABCG4 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABCG5 Anti-ABCG5 Human IHC-P, ICC, WB ABI1 Anti-ABI1 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ABI2 Anti-ABI2 Human, Mouse, Rat WB ACO2 Anti-Aconitase 2 Human, Mouse, Rat