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The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key fi gures, terms, topics, and problems of the fi eld. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Recent books in the series: 1. A Companion to Heidegger Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 2. A Companion to Rationalism Edited by Alan Nelson 3. A Companion to Pragmatism Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis 4. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin 5. A Companion to Nietzsche Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson 6. A Companion to Socrates Edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar 7. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 8. A Companion to Kant Edited by Graham Bird 9. A Companion to Plato Edited by Hugh H. Benson 10. A Companion to Descartes Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero 11. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski 12. A Companion to Hume Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe 13. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Edited by Aviezer Tucker 14. A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos 15. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology Edited by Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, and Vincent F. Hendricks 44. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy Edited by Susana Nuccetelli, Ofelia Schutte, and Otávio Bueno 45. A Companion to the Philosophy of Literature Edited by Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost 46. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action Edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis 47. A Companion to Relativism Edited by Steven D. Hales 48. A Companion to Hegel Edited by Stephen Houlgate and Michael Baur Forthcoming: A Companion to Schopenhauer, Edited by Bart Vandenabeele A Companion to Rawls, Edited by Jon Mandle and David Reidy A Companion to Foucault, Edited by Chris Falzon, Timothy O’Leary, and Jana Sawicki A Companion to Derrida, Edited by Leonard Lawlor and Zeynep Direk A Companion to Continental Philosophy, Second Edition, Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder A Companion to Locke, Edited by Matthew Stuart THE BLACKWELL COMPANION TO NATURAL THEOLOGY Edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2009) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland to be identifi ed as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Blackwell companion to natural theology / edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-7657-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4443-5085-2 (paperback) 1. Natural theology. I. Craig, William Lane. II. Moreland, James Porter, 1948– III. Title: Companion to natural theology. BL175.B53 2009 212′.1–dc22 2008028316 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444308341; Wiley Online Library 9781444308334; ePub 9781444345421; Mobi 9781444345438 Set in 10/12.5pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Contents List of fi gures vi Notes on contributors vii Introduction ix William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland 1 The project of natural theology 1 Charles Taliaferro 2 The Leibnizian cosmological argument 24 Alexander R. Pruss 3 The kalam cosmological argument 101 William Lane Craig and James D. Sinclair 4 The teleological argument: an exploration of the fi ne-tuning of the universe 202 Robin Collins 5 The argument from consciousness 282 J. P. Moreland 6 The argument from reason 344 Victor Reppert 7 The moral argument 391 Mark D. Linville 8 The argument from evil 449 Stewart Goetz 9 The argument from religious experience 498 Kai-Man Kwan 10 The ontological argument 553 Robert E. Maydole 11 The argument from miracles: a cumulative case for the resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth 593 Timothy McGrew and Lydia McGrew Index 663 List of Figures 3.1 Some metaphysical options concerning the existence of abstract objects. 107 3.2 Analogy of the universe as a city laid out in a grid. 126 3.3 Model classes based on exceptions to the Hawking–Penrose singularity theorems. 132 3.4 A Gott–Li universe time machine. 133 3.5 In chaotic infl ation, an initial generic manifold undergoes regional infl ation. 140 3.6 The String Landscape infl ationary model. 141 3.7 Post-2003 cosmological model building based on fi nding exceptions to the Borde–Vilenkin–Guth Theorem. 143 3.8 Penrose depiction of Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology. 146 3.9 The de Sitter universe. 146 3.10 Evolution of an Emergent universe from a metastable loop quantum gravity state. 150 3.11 Baum–Frampton phantom bounce model. 152 3.12 Families of quantum gravity cosmologies. 159 3.13 String cosmology models and proponents. 160 3.14 Construction of the pre–Big Bang infl ation (PBBI) model is given at the “asymptotic past triviality” or APT point. 162 3.15 Rate of universe expansion versus time in the pre–Big Bang infl ation model. 163 3.16 Pre–Big Bang infl ation as a string quantum transition. 164 3.17 Pictorial description of the ekpyrotic cycle. 167 3.18 Candidate loop quantum gravity (LQG) cosmologies. 169 3.19 Quantum models with an explicit beginning to the fi nite past. 175 3.20 Creation ex nihilo of a universe. 176 3.21 Transition to “normal” time in a Hartle–Hawking approach. 177 3.22 Quantum tunneling of the universe to an infl ationary condition. 184 Notes on Contributors Robin Collins is professor of philosophy at Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania, specializing in the intersection of science and religion. He is the author of over 25 articles/ book chapters, including “The Multiverse Hypothesis: A Theistic Perspective” in Universe or Multiverse? (edited by Bernard Carr and published by Cambridge University Press, 2007). William Lane Craig is a research professor of philosophy at Talbot School of Theology in La Mirada, California. He is the co-author of Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology (Clarendon, 1993). Stewart Goetz is professor of philosophy at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania. He is the author of Freedom, Teleology, and Evil (Continuum Press, 2008). Kai-man Kwan is professor of philosophy at Hong Kong Baptist University in Hong Kong. He is the author of several articles on religious experience in books and journals, including Macmillan’s second edition of Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Mark D. Linville is an independent philosopher living in Atlanta, Georgia. He has pub- lished articles in such journals as the American Philosophical Quarterly, Religious Studies, The International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Faith and Philosophy, and Philosophia Christi. Robert E. Maydole is professor emeritus of philosophy at Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina. He is the author of several papers with new modal arguments for the existence of a supreme being. J. P. Moreland is distinguished professor of philosophy at Talbot School of Theology in La Mirada, California. He is the author of Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument (Routledge, 2008) and Universals (McGill-Queen’s, 2001). Lydia McGrew is the author (with Timothy McGrew) of Internalism and Epistemology (Routledge, 2007). viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Timothy McGrew is professor and chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan. He is the author of The Foundations of Knowl- edge (Rowman and Littlefi eld, 1995) and (with Lydia McGrew) Internalism and Epistemol- ogy (Routledge, 2007).
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