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Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus
Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography… STUDIA MARITIMA, vol. XXXIII (2020) | ISSN 0137-3587 | DOI: 10.18276/sm.2020.33-04 Adam Krawiec Faculty of Historical Studies Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3936-5037 Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus Keywords: Pomerania, Duchy of Pomerania, medieval cartography, early modern cartography, maritime cartography The following paper deals with the question of the cartographical image of Pomer- ania. What I mean here are maps in the modern sense of the word, i.e. Graphic rep- resentations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world1. It is an important reservation because the line between graphic and non-graphic representations of the Earth’s surface in the Middle Ages was sometimes blurred, therefore the term mappamundi could mean either a cartographic image or a textual geographical description, and in some cases it functioned as an equivalent of the modern term “Geography”2. Consequently, there’s a tendency in the modern historiography to analyze both forms of the geographical descriptions together. However, the late medieval and early modern developments in the perception and re-constructing of the space led to distinguishing cartography as an autonomous, full-fledged discipline of knowledge, and to the general acceptance of the map in the modern sense as a basic form of presentation of the world’s surface. Most maps which will be examined in the paper were produced in this later period, so it seems justified to analyze only the “real” maps, although in a broader context of the geographical imaginations. -
Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Baracca Kaszubskie Liceum
ONLINE EXCHANGE BRESCIA & BRUSY Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Baracca Kaszubskie Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Brusach 2021 Elisa Lacagnina Thanks to the Etwinning platform I had the possibility to know Ms. Alicja Frymark, English teacher from Kashubian Secondary School (Kaszubskie Liceum Ogólnokształcące) in Brusy, Poland. Since our first online meeting on Skype, we have kept talking, most of all, of our school project called “Online exchange - Brescia & Brusy”. To start, we decided to assign our students a partner to make them work in pairs. Their task was to exchange emails with their friend about the topic given and then, with the information, to write a short article in English. We assigned different topics like Covid 19 and lockdown; traditional food; language uses; interesting facts about the city, the country and the region; school; local tradition. The first part of the project went really well and I was satisfied with the work done. My 5th-year students are enthusiastic about having a “virtual” foreign partner. I decided to start an online exchange because my students felt the need to improve their English speaking and writing skills, as we have only 3 hour English a week. According to me, these opportunities are not only useful to improve the language skills but also to expand your knowledge, to meet new people, to know about the uses and the customs of different countries. Moreover, it was the right moment to start a project of this kind precisely in this difficult period. We have been experiencing a different life, due to Covid 19 home–schooling, restrictions, curfews, prohibitions etc. -
Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1). -
History of the Crusades. Episode 231. the Baltic Crusades. the Livonian Crusade Part XXVIII
History of the Crusades. Episode 231. The Baltic Crusades. The Livonian Crusade Part XXVIII. The End of the Sword Brothers. Hello again. Last week we saw trouble brewing for the Sword Brothers. Forced to travel to Rome to defend themselves against allegations made by Baldwin of Alna, the Sword Brothers successfully defended the charges, but then faced a backlash from Pope Gregory IX, who decreed not only that Estonia be returned to the Danish Crown, but that the Sword Brothers owed King Valdemar II of Denmark a significant sum of money in compensation for removing Estonia from Danish hands. Pope Gregory also sent William of Modena, the Sword Brothers’ defender, to Scandinavia, effectively removing him from Estonia for the moment. So the Sword Brothers are in a bit of a pickle. Estonia was a vital source of income for the Order and now, not only had that source been taken away by Rome, the stipulation that the already financially stretched Order pay compensation to Denmark was a death blow. Although, it wasn’t actually. No, the death blow for the Sword Brothers is about to arrive not from Rome, but from the Lithuanians. Now, remember we saw last week that Master Volquin decided to invade Lithuania in an attempt to gain more land and income for his Order? Well, that turned out to be a really bad idea. Their first raid against the Lithuanians had been successful, but their next one wouldn’t be. In the year 1236 a contingent of crusaders arrived in Riga and their leaders, the Counts of Dunenburg and Haseldorf, were intent on bringing Christianity to the pagan Lithuanians. -
The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 -
Stepmother and Stepson: Duchess Matilda in the Power Struggle After the Death of Her Husband Barnim I, the Duke of Pomerania
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, t. 23, 2019 Mariola Freza ‑Olczyk (Instytut Historii, Uniwersytet Gdański) https://orcid.org/0000–0001–5088–9475 Stepmother and stepson: Duchess Matilda in the power struggle after the death of her husband Barnim I, the Duke of Pomerania https://doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.03 Keywords: Duchy of Pomerania, Duchess Matilda, Duke Barnim I, Duke Bogusław IV, margraves of Brandenburg This article explores the political relationship between some of the most prominent figures of the Duchy of Pomerania in the 13th cen‑ tury. The first part presents general information about the origins of Duke Barnim I, his son Duke Bogusław IV, and Duchess Matilda. The subsequent part shows their political activity and achievements as rulers. The family background had an immense influence on each one’s decisions. The pivotal point of the last section of this paper is to elaborate the political struggle between Duke Bogusław IV and his stepmother, Duchess Matilda. According to sources, Barnim I wasmarie tree times1. Edward Rymar claims that his first wife Marianna was a daughter of King 1 G. Sello, Chronica Marchionum Brandenburgensium. Nach einer Handschrift der Trierer Stadtbibliothek und den Excerpten des Pulkawa [in:] Forschungen zur Brandenburgischen und Preußischen Geschichte, Bd. 1, Leipzig 1888, p. 126; see also: PU, Bd. 1, no. 401 (29 March 1242); Bd. 2, no. 702 (25 May 1261). Margaret was only mentioned after her death; M.L. Wójcik, Ród Gryfitów do końca XIII wieku. Pochodzenie – genealogia – rozsiedlenie, Wrocław 1993, p. 39. Barnim was a ruler of the Griffin dynasty in Western Pomerania in the 13th century. -
Protection of Minorities in Upper Silesia
[Distributed to the Council.] Official No. : C-422. I 932 - I- Geneva, May 30th, 1932. LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN UPPER SILESIA PETITION FROM THE “ASSOCIATION OF POLES IN GERMANY”, SECTION I, OF OPPELN, CONCERNING THE SITUATION OF THE POLISH MINORITY IN GERMAN UPPER SILESIA Note by the Secretary-General. In accordance with the procedure established for petitions addressed to the Council of the League of Nations under Article 147 of the Germano-Polish Convention of May 15th, 1922, concerning Upper Silesia, the Secretary-General forwarded this petition with twenty appendices, on December 21st, 1931, to the German Government for its observations. A fter having obtained from the Acting-President of the Council an extension of the time limit fixed for the presentation of its observations, the German Government forwarded them in a letter dated March 30th, 1932, accompanied by twenty-nine appendices. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate, for the consideration of the Council, the petition and the observations of the German Government with their respective appendices. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page I Petition from the “Association of Poles in Germany”, Section I, of Oppeln, con cerning the Situation of the Polish Minority in German Upper Silesia . 5 A ppendices to th e P e t i t i o n ................................................................................................................... 20 II. O bservations of th e G erm an G o v e r n m e n t.................................................................................... 9^ A ppendices to th e O b s e r v a t i o n s ...............................................................................................................I03 S. A N. 400 (F.) 230 (A.) 5/32. -
Hitler and the Treaty of Versailles: Wordlist
HITLER AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES: WORDLIST the Rhineland - a region along the Rhine River in western Germany. It includes noted vineyards and highly industrial sections north of Bonn and Cologne. demilitarized zone - in military terms, a demilitarized zone (DMZ) is an area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice, or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. Often the demilitarized zone lies upon a line of control and forms a de-facto international border. the League of Nations - the League of Nations (LON) was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, and the precursor to the United Nations. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other goals in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. the Sudetenland - Sudetenland (Czech and Slovak: Sudety, Polish: Kraj Sudetów) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. the Munich Agreement - the Munich Pact (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda;Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; German: Münchner Abkommen; French: Accords de Munich; Italian:Accordi di Monaco) was an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. -
Po- POMERELIA E PRUSSIA. — Regioni Storiche Dell'europa
Originalveröffentlichung in: Enciclopedia dell'arte medievale, Bd. 9, Roma 1998, S. 619-623 Pomerelia e Prussia assoggettata alla Polonia verso il 1119. Con la suddivisione dello Stato polacco in principati dopo il 1138, la regione fu dapprima sottoposta al duca senior, successivamente, nella se conda metà del sec. 12°, si trasformò in ducato regionale con un’amministrazione autonoma e una propria dinastia, i cui primi esponenti, Sambor Ie Msciwój I, riconoscevano nomi nalmente, però, l’autorità dei duchi polacchi. Resasi indipen dente nel 1227, sotto il governo di Swiatopdk (1220-1266) la regione conobbe un notevole sviluppo economico, connes so con l’importanza rivestita dal punto di vista commerciale dalla Vistola, lungo il corso della quale la stessa città di Dan zica e i centri di Tczew e Swiecie costituivano altrettanti scali intermedi del traffico fra la Polonia e le città anseatiche. An nessa nuovamente alla Polonia a partire dal 1294, nel 1308 la P. venne occupata dall’Ordine dei Cavalieri Teutonici, che nel 1309 estese il proprio dominio anche ai territori della Po merania Occidentale. La regione storica della Prussia (ted. Preussen), posta fra il basso corso della Vistola e quello del Neman (in Russia) ed estesa dal Baltico fino alla Masovia, comprende gli od. voivo dati di Elblg.g, Torun, Olsztyn, Suwalki, la parte settentrio nale dei voivodati di Ciechanów e Ostroleka, nonché la re gione di Kònigsberg (polacco Królewiec; od. Kaliningrad), og gi appartenente alla Russia. Geograficamente è questa la zona dei laghi Masuri, già in antico abitata dalla popolazione baltica dei Prussi, affini ai Lettoni e ai Lituani, e divisa alla fine del sec. -
The Teutonic Military Order Status and Rule In
BLASCO VALLÈS, Almudena, e COSTA, Ricardo da (coord.). Mirabilia 10 A Idade Média e as Cruzadas La Edad Media y las Cruzadas – The Middle Ages and the Crusades Jan-Jun 2010/ISSN 1676-5818 Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity Entre o Reino Latino de Jerusalém e a Depressão dos Cárpatos húngara medieval (Burzenland ) – o status e Regra da Ordem Teutônica nas fronteiras do Cristianismo Shlomo LOTAN 1 Abstract : The 800 th anniversary of the Teutonic Order's occupation of Burzenland (Barcaság) in the eastern part of the medieval Hungary (in the Braşov region in Transylvania – Romania) will be marked in 2011. It is significant because of the role of the Teutonic Military Order as defenders of the Hungarian borders from the invasion of the Cumans heathen tribes into the western part of Hungary. Another issue of significance is the relationship between the role of the Teutonic Order located in Burzenland and their presence in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem during the thirteenth century, where they held their central headquarters and defended the Kingdom from its enemies. This article will emphasize the idea that the presence of the Teutonic Order in eastern Hungary, in Burzenland, had not been an attempt to divorce itself from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where it had its centre which continued to region the Order’s activities. It did serve the Military Order in furthering its institutional authority and standing amongst its membership. It also contributed to their image as defenders and promoted of the Christianity borders and it had reinforced their settlement in Eastern Europe. -
LEAGUS of NATIONS. C.699.1930.1. +N the Council
LEAGUS OF NATIONS. Communicated C.699.1930.1. +n the Council. " " Geneva, December 20th, 1930. PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN POLAND. Note from the German Government, dated December 17th, 1930 concerning the situation of the German minority in the Voivodies of Posnan and Pomorze, (Poland)♦ Note by the Seoretary-General. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate for the consideration of the Council a note from the German Government, dated December 17th, 1930, with an annex, con cerning the situation of the German minority in the Voivodies of Posnan and Pomorze. renfilât ion. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the German Reich. IV Po.11347/30. Berlin, December 17th, 1930. To the Secretary-General, League of Nations. Sir, In the Polish Voivodeships of Posen and Pomerelia a series of incidents have recently occurred in connection with the elections to the Seym and Senate, which constitute a breach of the provisions of the Treaty for the Protection of Minorities concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers and Poland on June 28th, 1919. In the Annex a_i account is given of the proceedings by which the rights of the German minority have been infringed. The German Government invites the attention of the Council of the League of Nations to these proceedings under Article 12, paragraph 2, of the above-mentioned Treaty. I should be grateful if you could have this question placed on the agenda of the next session of the Council of the league of Nations. For a long time past the German Gcverraient has been following with the utmost anxiety the development of the situation of the German minority in the Voivode ships of Posen and Pomerelia. -
Further Reading
further reading introduction: definition and scope T. S. R. Boase, ‘Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography’, History, 22 (1937), 110–25 J. Brundage, ‘Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions’, Catholic Historical Review, 49 (1964), 493–507 G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 1–22 R. Irwin, ‘Orientalism and the Early Development of Crusader Studies’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defi ning the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 214–30 J. La Monte, ‘Some Problems in Crusading Historiography’, Speculum, 15 (1939), 57–75 J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986) J. Riley-Smith, ‘Erdmann and the Historiography of the Crusades, 1935–95’, in La primera cruzada novecientos años después: el Concilio de Clermont y los orígenes del movimiento cruzado, ed. L. García-Guijarro Ramos (Madrid, 1997), pp. 17–32 J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? 3rd edn (Basingstoke, 2002) C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998) chapter 1: ideology and motivation in the first crusade P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris, 1954; réédition, 1995) M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (c. 970–c. 1130) (Oxford, 1993) P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991) J. Flori, Croisade et chevalerie, XIe-XIIe siècles (Paris and Brussels, 1998) J.