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Examining Cultural Relevancy in The" Doctor Bird Readers."

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Examining Cultural Relevancy in The DOCUMENT RESUME ED 321 234 CS 010 150 AUTHOR Headlam, Alis L. TITLE Examining Cultural Relevancy in the "Doctor Bird Readers." PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 393p.; Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts. For a paper on this subject, see CS 010 149. PUB TYPE Dissertations/Theses - Doctoral Dissertations (041) -- Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Chilarens Literature; *Cultural Awareness; Cultural Background; *Cultural Context; Cultural Influences; Foreign Countries; Instructional Effectiveness; Intermediate Grades; Interviews; Questionnaires; Reading Habits; Reading Instruction; *Reading Materials; Reading Research IDENTIFIERS *Cultural Relevance; *Jamaica; Text Factors ABSTRACT The "Doctor Bird Readers" represent m first attempt by the Jamaican government to produce readers for children in grades four-six by us:olg Jamaican authors and artists. This study examined whether cultural relevancy was achieved in the development of stories for the "Doctor Bird Readers." A quantitative questionnaire combined with interview data collected during a pilot study shows that the books were regarded as culturally relevant by both students and teachers. In the study, information gathered during interviews with authors and artists examines why they chose certain stories or illustrations. Interviews with children and teachers indicated elements of the stories, illustrations, and language that they considered relevant. The study concluded that the books achieved a high degree of relevancy. Children are able to find themselves and other familiar persons, events, and settings in the stories, the illustrations, and the language. Results indicated that the books have had a significant impact on reading education in Jamaica. For the first time, all children in grades f'ur -six have their own books which, are given free of charge. Children read not only in their classrooms but also at home. Results indicated that low and middle reading groups are having greater success with reading than they have had with previous books. (Appendixes include book lists by grade level, authors and artists, evaluation of readers, questionnaires, pilot study information, letters and agreement contracts, factors affecting the study, and story analysis for grades four, five, and six. Eighty references are attached.' (MG) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S OEPARTME NT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Office of Educations: Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER {ERIC) JILIS HeADLIAM O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organizstion Originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction duality TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in tine doCu- ment do not necessarily represent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OE RI position or policy EXAMINING CULTURAL RELEVANCY IN THE DOCTOR BIRD READERS A Dissertation Presented by ALIS L. HEADLAM C) \.4 Submitted to the Graduate School of the O University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR. OF EDUCATION CJ S.Jptember 1989 School of Education BEST COPYAVAILABLE 4,4 c Copyright by Alis Headlam 1989 All Rights Reserved EXAMINING CULTURAL RELEVANCY IN THEDOCTOR BIRD READERS A Dissertation Presented by ALIS L. HEADLAM Approved as to style and content by: S5ilia Nieto, Chairperson of Committee / Judy Sol ken, Member Jan Dizatd, Vember Marilyn Homing-Hidore, Dean School of Education Lx DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to Grace Eweka, one of the creators of the book project, who died in Africa shortly after the project began and to Hyacinth (Peggy) Campbell who died after the books had been distributed to the schools. If it had not been for their efforts this project would riot have come about. I would further like to dedicate my efforts to my mother, Amy Glazier, who passed away before I was able to complete the writing. Without her encouragement and support the writing would not have been completed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Olive Forrester for her support and assistance in arranging the introductions to authors, artists and the schools. I would also like to thank the authors and artists who so patiently participated in my lengthy interview sessions. I am especially grateful to the children in the four schools who cooperated with me. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Sonia Nieto, Dr. Judy Solskein and Dr. Jan Dizard for helping me through a very difficult writing process by encouraging and supporting me at every step. I would like also to thank my husband, Ronald Headlam, my father, Lyle Glazier and my aunt, Olive Niles for their continued support and interest in my work. v 6 ABSTRACT EXAMINING CULTURAL RELEVANCY IN THE DOCTOR BIRD READERS SEPTEMBER 1989 ALIS HEADLAM, B.A. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS M.A. LESLEY COLLEGE Ed.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed bv: Dr. Sonia Nieto The Doctor Bird Readers represents a first attempt by the Jamaican government to produce reading books for children in grades 4 - 6. The Ministry of Education sought to develop stories which were relevant to the lives of the readers by using Jamaican authors ane artists. This dissertation uses primarily a qualitative methodology to examine whether cultural relevancy was achieved. An important element of the research describes the researcher's immersion in the Jamaican culture before beginning interviews with authors, artists, students, and teachers. vi 7 A quantitative questionnaire combined with interview data collected during a pilot study shows that the books were regarded as culturally relevant by both students and teachers, This data confirms a study conducted by the Ministry of Education prior to island-wide distribution of the books. In the study information gathered during interviews with authors and artists examines why they chose certain stories or illustrations. Interviews with children and teachers indicate elements of the stories, illustrations and language that they considered relevant. The study concludes that the books achieved a high degree of relevancy. Children are able to find themselves, and other familiar persons, events and settings in the stories, the illustrations and the language. This research supports the notion that the content of the text, not the words themselves, is what makes the text relevant to children. The books have had a significant impact on reading education in Jamaica. For the first time all children in grades 4 6 have their own books which are given free of charge. Children read not only in their classrooms but also at home. Low and middle reading groups are having greater success with reading than with previous books. The project is considered a success by the Ministry of Education and continues to be funded today. vii S TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABSTRACT vi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Background of the Problem 1 Nature of the Problem 7 Definition of Terms 9 Theoretical Framework 10 Approach to This Study 25 Scope and Limitations 28 Significance 29 Summary 30 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 32 Text Analysis Research 32 Checklists Reviewed 39 Ethnographies in Reading Research 43 Conclusions 48 3. METHODOLOGY 49 Definitions 49 Development of a Methodology 52 Prccedures 54 Summary 64 4. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES 66 Preparation for This Research Project 66 Questionnaire 72 Selection of Schools 79 Ethnographic Records 83 Conclusions 121 5. PILOT STUDY 125 Methodology 125 Purpose of This Study 125 Introduction to Patience School 126 Selection of Students for Interviews 139 Analysis of Student Interviews 141 Analysis of Teacher Interviews 149 Findings 152 Comparison to Ministry Study 162 viii Conclusions and Research Recommendations 166 Summary 170 6. AUTHORS AND ARTISTS INTERVIEWS 173 Profiles of the Authors and Artists 174 Writing and Production Process 183 Discussion of Stories 194 Reflective Process 206 Findings 212 Summary 214 7. ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL INTERVIEWS 216 Introduction to Schools and Students 217 Student Interviews 241 Conclusions 268 Teacher Interviews 275 Conclusions 282 Summary 283 8. FINDINGS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 286 Restatement of the Problem 287 Findings 288 Issues and Problems in Conducting This Study 301 Implications of This Study 307 Recommendations for Future Research 311 Summary 312 APPENDICES A. DR. BIRD READERS LISTED BY GRADE LEVEL 316 B. LIST OF AUTHORS AND ARTISTS 319 C. EVALUATION OF READERS: PRIMARY READING PROJECT 321 D. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SCHOOLS 332 E. QUESTIONNAIRE: RECORD Or RETURNS 335 F. QUESTIONNAIRE: CREDITS/CONCERNS 337 G. RECORD OF SCHOOL VISITS 342 H. MAP OF JAMAICA 345 I. LETTER FROM MR. DAVIS 347 J. PILOT STUDY: STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE 349 R. Pilot Study: Teacher Questionnaire 353 L. ?ARTICIPANT /RESEARCHER AGREEMENT FOR TEACHERS 355 L. STUDENT PROFILE QUESTIONNAIRE 358 M. STUDENT PROFILES BY SCHOOL 360 N. FACTORS USED TO DETERMINE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATIONS OF STUDENTS 364 0. PARTICIPANT/RESEARCHER AGREEMENT FOR PARENTS 366 ix 10 R. STORY ANALYSIS FOR GRADES 4,5, AND 6 368 Q. PARTICIPANT/RESEARCHER AGREEMENT FOR AUTHORS AND ARTISTS 372 BIBLIOGRAPHY 375 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the P: oblem In the summer of 1979 I was on holiday in Negril, Jamaica. While
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