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Quantitative Analysis of Drag Reduction Methods for Blunt Shaped Automobiles
applied sciences Review Quantitative Analysis of Drag Reduction Methods for Blunt Shaped Automobiles Ferenc Szodrai Department of Building Services and Building Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Abstract: In fluid mechanics, drag related problems aim to reduce fuel consumption. This paper is intended to provide guidance for drag reduction applications on cars. The review covers papers from the beginning of 2000 to April 2020 related to drag reduction research for ground vehicles. Research papers were collected from the library of Science Direct, Web of Science, and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Achieved drag reductions of each research paper was collected and evaluated. The assessed research papers attained their results by wind tunnel measurements or calculating validated numerical models. The study mainly focuses on hatchback and notchback shaped ground vehicle drag reduction methods, such as active and passive systems. Quantitative analysis was made for the drag reduction methods where relative and absolute drag changes were used for evaluations. Keywords: active flow control; passive flow control; coefficient of drag; ground vehicle; car 1. Introduction In the field of fluid mechanics, drag related problems are fascinating to examine. With a small modification of complex geometry, flow aerodynamics can be changed; thus, less energy will be needed for the propulsion system for a vehicle. Drag related problems were first examined in the aeronautical industry after the automotive industry also realised that it could affect fuel consumption reduction. For ground vehicles, drag related problems are specific due to external effects, such as road inclination and wind. -
License Plate MOVES Categories Memorandum
MEMORANDUM To: Ross Patronsky From: Claire Bozic Date: July 1, 2016 Re: Illinois License Plate File MOVES Categories We received a license plate file from the Illinois Secretary of State’s office covering 8 counties of northeastern Illinois. This file is a snapshot of the number of registered vehicles in northeastern Illinois as of February, 2015. It contains 7,207,996 records in the non-attainment area and includes the following variables. File Variables # Variable Type Columns 1 Year Num 1-4 2 Make Char 5-17 3 Body Type Char 18-26 4 VIN Char 27-46 5 Rent/Lease Char 47-47 6 Registration Type Char 48-64 7 County Char 65-76 8 Municipality Char 77-97 9 Zipcode Num 98-102 10 (zip)+4 Num 103-106 The file includes registered vehicles (including heavy equipment and trailers) from the seven-county area. Registrations Share Cook 3,908,004 54.22% DuPage 1,003,177 13.92% Grundy 14,844 0.21% Kane 495,236 6.87% Kendall 47,098 0.65% Lake 720,667 10.00% McHenry 348,302 4.83% Will 670,668 9.30% Total 7,207,996 100.00% The remainder of this memo refers to the attached Excel workbook. SAS_Summary Tab The dataset was processed to result in a cross-tabulation of body type by registration type for all records in the file. Added to the table are two calculated fields: MOVES category describing the body type (body_cat) and MOVES category describing the registration type (regi_cat). These fields are filled in by the lookup tables shown on the lookups tabs, discussed in the next section. -
NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make
NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code ACAD Beaumont Series ACAD Canso Series ACAD Invader Series ACUR Integra ACUR Legend ACUR NSX ACUR Vigor ALFA 164 ALFA 2600 Sprint ALFA 2600 Spider ALFA Alfetta GT ALFA Arna ALFA Berlina ALFA Duetto ALFA GTV6 2.5 ALFA Giulia Sprint ALFA Giulia Spider ALFA Giulietta ALFA Giulia ALFA Alfa GT6 ALFA GT Veloce ALFA Milano ALFA Montreal ALFA Spider Series ALFA Zagato AMER Alliance AMER Ambasador AMER AMX AMER Concord AMER Eagle AMER Encore AMER Gremlin AMER Hornet AMER Javelin AMER Marlin AMER Matador AMER Medallion AMER Pacer AMER Rambler American AMER Rambler Classic AMER Rebel AMER Rambler Rogue AMER Spirit AMER Sportabout ASTO DB-5 ASTO DB-6 ASTO Lagonda ASTO Vantage ASTO Volante Page 1 of 22 NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code ASUN GT ASUN SE ASUN Sunfire ASUN Sunrunner AUDI 100 AUDI 100GL AUDI 100LS AUDI 200LS AUDI 4000 AUDI 5000 AUDI 850 AUDI 80 AUDI 90 AUDI S4 AUDI Avant AUDI Cabriolet AUDI 80 LS AUDI Quattro AUDI Super 90 AUDI V-8 AUHE 100 Series AUHE 3000 Series AUHE Sprite AUST 1100 AUST 1800 AUST 850 AUST A99 & 110 AUST A40 AUST A55 AUST Cambridge AUST Cooper "S" AUST Marina AUST Mini Cooper AUST Mini AUST Westminster AVTI Series A AVTI Series B BENT Brooklands BENT Continental Convertible BENT Corniche BENT Eight BENT Mulsanne BENT Turbo R BERO Cabrio BERO Palinuro BERO X19 BMC Princess BMW 2002 Series BMW 1600 Page 2 of 22 NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code BMW 1800 BMW 200 BMW 2000 Series BMW 2500 Series BMW 2.8 BMW 2800 -
VRG Class SVRA Class
VRG Class SVRA Class SCCA Class Years Make Model Series Displacement Carbs Brakes Comments CPV 3/CP Abarth-Simca 1300 FPV 1/FP AC Ace 1991 AC engine DPV 3/DP AC Ace Bristol 1971 Bristol FPV 1/FP AC Aceca 1991 AC engine DPV 3/DP AC Aceca Bristol 1971 Bristol APV 6/AP AC Cobra 427 BPV 6/BP AC Cobra 289 Alfa Romeo Spiders: HPV 1/HP 1955-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider 1290 1x Solex FPV 1/FP 1956-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider Veloce 1290 2x Weber FPV 1/FP 1963-1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider 1570 1x Solex EPV 3/EP 1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider Veloce 1570 2x Weber FPV 1/FP Alfa Romeo Duetto Spider Jr 1300 EPV 3/EP 1966-1967 Alfa Romeo Duetto 1570 Twin Weber EPV 3/EP 1968-1971 Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 1750) 1779 2x Weber or Spica FI CPV 3/CP 1972 - on Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 2000) 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI DPH 8/DP 1972 - on Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 2000) 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI Alfa Romeo Coupes: HPV n/a 1954-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint 1290 1x Solex GPV 1/GP 1956-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint Veloce 1290 2x Weber FPv n/a 1963-1964 Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint 101 1570 1x Solex CSV 1/CS Alfa Romeo GT Jr 1290 BSv 3/BS 1963-1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GT 105 1570 2x Weber BSv 3/BS 1965-1968 Alfa Romeo GTV 1570 2x Weber TA2 8/BS 1967-1972 Alfa Romeo GTV 1779 2x Weber or Spica FI TA2 8/BS 1971-1974 Alfa Romeo GTV 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI TA2 8/BS Alfa Romeo GTA 1779 or 1962 CSV 1/CS Alfa Romeo GTA Jr 1290 1970-1971 Alfa Romeo GTAm 1779 or 1962 Spica FI or Lucas FI Alfa Romeo Sedans: CSv n/a 1955-1963 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Berlina -
1960-72 Ford Galaxie Catalog
THE BEST 80/20 RAYON/NYLON CARPET! Here at Concours Parts we only offer the highest quality 80/20 rayon/nylon carpet on the market Dimmer today. The heel pad is manufactured to original Switch specifications. Correct style dimmer switch Grommet grommet, when applicable. “OEM STYLE” Heel Pad Please specify YEAR and BODY CODE when ordering. Chose from the colors shown below. T T +1960/1972 Front & rear carpet . 214.95 E E P P 13000-JUTE 3’ x 5’ Standard Jute padding . .pc. 17.95 R R A A P17 Spray Adhesive . .16 oz. 24.95 C C See inside the back cover for our Ultimate Heat and Noise Reduction Kit. The perfect add on kit for anyone who wants to keep heat and road noise to a minimum! CARPET COLORS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR VEHICLE! A 25% Re-Stocking Fee will be applied to any carpet returned for reasons other than defect! Please Note: Due to printing variation, these colors may appear different than actual color. + = Oversized or Special shipping + = Oversized or Special shipping UPHOLSTERY 3 ACCESSORIES-RADIO 12 Dear Ford Owner, WHEELS-SPARE TIRE 15 I As the owner of Concours Parts & Accessories, I would like BRAKES 16 I N to tell you a little bit about the company & the people who are N T here to help you buy the parts you need, or answer any FRT. SUSPENSION-STEERING 19 T R technical questions you may have. On a personal note, 2016 R DIFFERENTIAL-DRIVE SHAFT 25 marks my 59th year of selling Ford parts. Since 1957 I have O O worked in & managed Parts Departments in California Ford FRONT & REAR SPRINGS D 26 D Dealerships. -
1948 Hudson Cars Described
1948 HUDSON CARS DESCRIBED 1948 HUDSON - GENERAL: In 1948 Hudson introduced a completely new line of cars, using what would shortly become a popular styling approach. The streamlined 1948 Hudson stood just 60 inches high, which was as much as 5 inches lower than most of its contemporaries. This dramatic new styling was the result of a group of Hudson designers under the direction of Frank Spring. Conceptually, it was based on the Czechoslovakian Tatra T87, combined with some inspiration and target being GM's 1942 fastback “sedanet,” one of the last new designs introduced before the war had curtailed automobile production. The Hudson looked like it had been “chopped” by one of the then new California custom shops. It also looked thoroughly aerodynamic, which it was, considering Hudson didn’t have a test track, much less a wind tunnel. Later wind tunnel tests conducted by Nash later found that the Hudson had almost 20% less drag than contemporary notchback sedans. Despite Hudson President's A.E. Barit’s reticence, the press and public reaction to the new Hudson was favorable, if not enthusiastic. The frame Hudson released was also new - their trademarked “monobuilt” with “step-down” interior. It had a strong semi- unit body with a perimeter frame that runs around it entirely. This requires passengers to step down into their vehicles. The design was beneficial for Hudson on multiple levels; it provided passengers with extra protection because they were surrounded completely by the frame, and it allowed for weight savings, and therefore overall money savings, as it required less metal in production. -
Vehicle Make, Vehicle Model
V8, V9 VEHICLE MAKE, VEHICLE MODEL Format: VEHICLE MAKE – 2 numeric VEHICLE MODEL – 3 numeric Element Values: MAKE: Blanks 01-03, 06-10, 12-14, 18-25, 29-65, 69-77, 80-89, 90-94, 98-99 MODEL: Blanks 001-999 Remarks: SEE REMARKS UNDER VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER – V12 2009 181 ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MAKES FARS MAKE MAKE/ NCIC FARS MAKE MAKE/ NCIC MAKE MODEL CODE* MAKE MODEL CODE* CODE TABLE CODE TABLE PAGE # PAGE # 54 Acura 187 (ACUR) 71 Ducati 253 (DUCA) 31 Alfa Romeo 187 (ALFA) 10 Eagle 205 (EGIL) 03 AM General 188 (AMGN) 91 Eagle Coach 267 01 American Motors 189 (AMER) 29-398 Excaliber 250 (EXCL) 69-031 Aston Martin 250 (ASTO) 69-035 Ferrari 251 (FERR) 32 Audi 190 (AUDI) 36 Fiat 205 (FIAT) 33 Austin/Austin 191 (AUST) 12 Ford 206 (FORD) Healey 82 Freightliner 259 (FRHT) 29-001 Avanti 250 (AVTI) 83 FWD 260 (FWD) 98-802 Auto-Union-DKW 269 (AUTU) 69-398 Gazelle 252 (GZL) 69-042 Bentley 251 (BENT) 92 Gillig 268 69-052 Bertone 251 (BERO) 23 GMC 210 (GMC) 90 Bluebird 267 (BLUI) 25 Grumman 212 (GRUM) 34 BMW 191 (BMW) 72 Harley- 253 (HD) 69-032 Bricklin 250 (BRIC) Davidson 80 Brockway 257 (BROC) 69-036 Hillman 251 (HILL) 70 BSA 253 (BSA) 98-806 Hino 270 (HINO) 18 Buick 193 (BUIC) 37 Honda 213 (HOND) 19 Cadillac 194 (CADI) 29-398 Hudson 250 (HUDS) 98-903 Carpenter 270 55 Hyundai 215 (HYUN) 29-002 Checker 250 (CHEC) 08 Imperial 216 (CHRY) 20 Chevrolet 195 (CHEV) 58 Infiniti 216 (INFI) 06 Chrysler 199 (CHRY) 84 International 261 (INTL) 69-033 Citroen 250 (CITR) Harvester 98-904 Collins Bus 270 38 Isuzu 217 (ISU ) 64 Daewoo 201 (DAEW) 88 Iveco/Magirus -
Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three Typical Passenger Vehicles
Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 659-671, 2014. Available online at www.jafmonline.net, ISSN 1735-3572, EISSN 1735-3645. Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three Typical Passenger Vehicles Y. Wang1, 2†, Y. Xin1, Zh. Gu3, Sh. Wang3, Y. Deng1 and X. Yang4 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Parts, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China 2State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Changchun 130025, China 3State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Changsha 430082, China 4Wuhan Ordnance Noncommissioned officers School, Wuhan 430075, China † Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] (Received September 6, 2013; accepted November 11, 2013) ABSTRACT The numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiment were employed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of three typical rear shapes: fastback, notchback and squareback. The object was to investigate the sensibility of aerodynamic characteristic to the rear shape, and provide more comprehensive experimental data as a reference to validate the numerical simulation. In the wind tunnel experiments, the aerodynamic six components of the three models with the yaw angles range from -15 and 15 were measured. The realizable k-ε model was employed to compute the aerodynamic drag, lift and surface pressure distribution at a zero yaw angle. In order to improve the calculation efficiency and accuracy, a hybrid Tetrahedron-Hexahedron- Pentahedral-Prism mesh strategy was used to discretize the computational domain. The computational results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and the results revealed that different rear shapes would induce very different aerodynamic characteristic, and it was difficult to determine the best shape. -
2007 ACURA SAMPLE VIN: JH4KB16567C000000 2007 AUDI (Continued) MODEL: KB165 SAMPLE VIN: WAUHF78P37A000000
2007 ACURA SAMPLE VIN: JH4KB16567C000000 2007 AUDI (continued) MODEL: KB165 SAMPLE VIN: WAUHF78P37A000000 MODEL: HF78 BODY TYPE MODEL BASE PRICE BODY TYPE MODEL BASE PRICE ACURA MDX AUDI A4 QUATTRO – 4 x 4 Station Wagon (SUV) YD282 $39,995 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Transmission − 4 cyl. DF78, DF98 $30,340 Station Wagon (SUV) with Technology Package YD283 43,495 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Trans. − 4 cyl. − S-Line EF78, EF98 33,740 Station Wagon (SUV) with Technology Package 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Transmission − 4 cyl. DF78, DF98 31,540 and Entertainment System YD284 45,595 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 4 cyl. − S-Line EF78, EF98 34,940 Station Wagon (SUV) with Sport Package YD285 45,695 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Transmission – 6 cyl. DH78, DH98 36,440 Station Wagon (SUV) with Sport Package 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Trans. – 6 cyl. – S-Line EH78, EH98 39,190 and Entertainment System YD288 47,795 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 6 cyl. DH78, DH98 37,640 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 6 cyl. − S-Line EH78, EH98 40,390 ACURA RDX Station Wagon (SUV) TB182 32,995 AUDI A6 Station Wagon (SUV) – Technocharged TB185 36,495 4 Door Sedan – 6 cyl. AH74, AH94 41,950 4 Door Sedan − 6 cyl. − S-Line model BH74, BH94 45,500 ACURA RL 4 Door Sedan KB165 45,780 AUDI A6 AVANT QUATTRO − 4 x 4 4 Door Sedan with Technology Package KB166 49,400 Station Wagon − 6 cyl. H74, KH94 48,000 4 Door Sedan − Hawaii KB163 48,665 Station Wagon − 6 cyl. -
Dmv 349 Crash Report Data Element Dictionary
DMV 349 CRASH REPORT DATA ELEMENT DICTIONARY for North Carolina for North Published January 29, 2015 By: North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Motor Vehicles Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria MinimumUniform Crash NORTH CAROLINA CRASH CRITERIA 2 | P a g e Contents Motor Vehicle Crash – A motor vehicle crash involves a motor vehicle in transport resulting in an un-stabilized situation, which includes at least one harmful event. An un-stabilized situation is a set of events not under human control, which originates when control is lost and terminates when control is regained or when all persons and property are at rest. ........................................................ 7 I. CRASH LEVEL .................................................................................................................................... 7 C1. Crash Case Identifier ................................................................................................................. 7 C2. Local Report Number ................................................................................................................ 7 C3. Crash Date .................................................................................................................................. 8 C4. Crash Time ................................................................................................................................. 8 C5. Crash County ............................................................................................................................. -
Northeast Chapter - Professional Car Society
Northeast Chapter - Professional Car Society Kristen Affrime Home (609) 287-6556 1111 Graham Ave. E-Mail [email protected] Cherry Hill, NJ 08002 Steve and Helen Ahlstedt Home (201) 825-1666 38 S Central Ave. E-Mail [email protected] Ramsey, NJ 07446-1837 1976 Cadillac Superior Ambulance Michael & Victoria Barruzza Home 1210 Florida Ave. E-Mail [email protected] Bensalem, PA 19020-3106 1974 Cadillac Superior Flower Car 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham Lead Car 1975 Cadillac 7 Pass Formal Limo 1963 Cadillac S&S Parkrow Combo 1973 Cadillac S&S Victoria Hearse 1977 Cadillac Superior Transport Hi-Top Ambulance 1996 Cadillac S&S Limousine 1966 Cadillac Superior Rescue Hi-Top Ambulance Eugene and Joanne Brown Home (610) 597-2283 534 3rd ST, Apt 307 E-Mail [email protected] Catasauqua, PA 18032 Joseph Buono Home (201) 768-1079 47 Dora St. E-Mail Harrington Park, NJ 07640-1354 Charles Castiglione Home (973) 747-6046 178 Clinton Rd. E-Mail [email protected] West Caldwell, NJ 07006 1996 Cadillac Superior Hearse Timothy J. Cenowa Home (586) 781-9320 54701 Apache Ln. E-Mail [email protected] Shelby Twp., MI 48315-1112 Saturday, August 29, 2020 Page 1 of 4 Northeast Chapter - Professional Car Society Nick Elias Home (610) 740-0990 2343 Reading Rd. E-Mail [email protected] Allentown, PA 18104 1973 Superior Cadillac Ambulance 2008 Cadillac S&S Medalist 1963 Cadillac Eureka Hearse Frackville Community Ambulance Assoc. Home (570) 874-2955 PO Box 15 E-Mail Frackville, PA 17931 Roy B. Garretson Home (973) 773-1564 19 Haussler Terr. -
VTR-249 Standard Abbreviations for Vehicle Makes and Body Styles
Standard Abbreviations for Vehicle Makes and Body Styles Automobiles, Buses, and Light Trucks ACURA................................ACUR FERRARI............................ FERR MINI.....................................MNNI ALFA ROMEO.....................ALFA FIAT.................................... FIAT MITSUBISHI........................MITS ALL STATE.........................ALLS FISKER...............................FSKR MONARCH..........................MONA AMBASSADOR...................AMER FORD..................................FORD MORGAN............................MORG AMERICAN.........................AMER FORMERLY YUGO.............ZCZY MORRIS..............................MORR ASSEMBLED......................ASVE FRAZIER.............................FRAZ NASH..................................NASH ASTON-MARTIN.................ASTO GEO....................................GEO NISSAN...............................NISS AUBURN.............................AUBU GMC....................................GMC OLDSMOBILE.....................OLDS AUDI....................................AUDI HILLMAN.............................HILL OPEL...................................OPEL AUSTIN...............................AUST HOMEMADE.......................HMDE PACKARD...........................PACK AUSTIN-HEALY..................AUHE HONDA...............................HOND PEUGEOT...........................PEUG AUTOCAR...........................AUTO HUDSON.............................HUDS PIERCE ARROW................PRCA AVANTI...............................AVTI