December 17, 2014

A Research Project conducted by the Notre Dame University, Cotabato City in partnership with the Local Government Academy (LGA), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) 0 January 20, 2015

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... 1 List of Tables...... 2 Executive Summary ...... 3 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 Objectives of the Study ...... 9 Significance of the Study ...... 9 Scope of the Study ...... 10 Terminologies ...... 10 METHODOLOGY ...... 12 Design ...... 12 Locale and Participants ...... 12 Sampling Design ...... 12 Instruments ...... 13 Data Analysis ...... 13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 15 A. Demographic Profile of Flood-prone Communities in Central Mindanao ...... 15 B. Flood-related Problems ...... 19 C. Disaster Preparedness ...... 25 D. Type and Level of Response ...... 32 E. Contributing and Hindering Factors to the Response Mechanism ...... 36 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 40 Conclusions ...... 40 Recommendations ...... 41 References ...... 43 Annexes A. Instruments 44 B. Gantt Chart 46 C. Letters 47 D. Photo Documentation 51 E. Project Staff 55 F. Acknowledgement 56

List of Tables

Table 1. Flood-prone Barangays per City ...... 12 Table 2. Barangay Disaster Checklist ...... 28 Table 3. Level of Capacity of 5 cities ...... 31 Table 4. Level of Effectiveness of Response Mechanism ...... 36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Flooding becomes more frequent now than before. Every year, flood, flashflood and erosion displace families living in low lying communities. The overflow of waterways has repeatedly inundated the flood-prone communities.

While heavy rainfall which is associated to climate changes has been recognized as the main cause for intensive and repetitive overflow of water system, clogging of waterways due to heavy siltation and improper disposal of garbage are other causes of flooding. In response to such serious obtaining condition, the national government introduced actions through Republic Act Number 10121 known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The law aims to develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive NDRRMP that likewise aims to strengthen the capacities of the national government and the LGUs to build disaster resilience of communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

This study was pursued as an answer to the call of the Local Government Academy (LGA) of the Philippines to determine the disaster preparedness and response of LGUs in flood-prone communities. Specifically, it answered the following objectives: 1. Determine the demographic profile of flood-prone communities in terms of: (a) population, (b) land area, (c) internal revenue allotment, and (d) structural threats and vulnerabilities; 2. Find out the flood- related problems confronting the LGUs in the community for the past 3 years; 3. Determine the level of preparedness and capacity of the LGUs in mitigating the flood-related problems in terms of: (a) extent of knowledge, ( b) attitude, and (c) level of competence; 4. Find out the types and level of effectiveness of response mechanisms of the LGUs in mitigating flood- related problems; and 5. Find out the contributing and hindering factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed.

The 11 identified flood-prone barangays in the cities of Kidapawan, Cotabato, Tacurong, Koronadal, and General Santos were the locale of the study. A total of 163 participants composed of City Executive/City Administrator, CDRRMO, barangay officials, and residents who were frequently displaced by flooding for the past three (3) years.

The findings revealed that Kidapawan City has a total land area of 33,926 hectares with a population of 125, 447 (2010). For Fiscal year 2014, the city has allotted P448M as its IRA. There are 6 out of 40 barangays which are susceptible to flashflood and erosion.

The city of Cotabato which has a land area of 17,600 hectares has a budget of P54M for 2014. In 2010 Census, it has a population of 217,786. The city is politically subdivided into 37 barangays, 21 of which are vulnerable to flooding.

In the south, Tacurong City has a land area of 15, 340 hectares with a population of 89,188 (2010 census). For Fiscal Year 2014, its fund amounts to P308, 672, 254.00. Out of its 20 barangays, 2 are frequently inundated by flooding.

Moreover, Koronadal City is home to a total population of 158,273 (2010 Census). Its land area of 27,700 hectares is subdivided into 27 barangays. For 2014, the city has a budget of P29, 463, 603.00. There are 11 flood-prone barangays which lie along the banks of river and creek.

The city of General Santos has a total area of 53, 606 hectares, populated by 528, 982 constituents as of 2010 Census. Out of 26 barangays, 13 are vulnerable to flooding.

The five cities are actually situated outside the typhoon belt and are crisscrossed by rivers and creeks. However, the City of Cotabato is unique because it lies below sea level and part of a major catch basin, the Mindanao River Basin. Kidapawan is a mountainous terrain, surrounded by elevated lands with Mt. Apo as the highest elevation, while General Santos City is a catchment of headwaters located at the foot of Daguman Range and two (2) dormant volcanoes; Mt. Matutum in Polomolok and Mount Parker in T’boli in South Cotabato. The city of Koronadal lies near the foot of mount ranges of Roxas and Quezon.

The major causes of flooding include heavy rainfall; siltation of rivers, creeks, and canals; presence of informal settlers along the banks of waterways; garbage; and others such as conversion of upland into banana plantation and over proliferation of water hyacinth.

On level of preparedness, the LGUs are moderately prepared. They have established some structures and systems, formulated policies and plans, acquired competencies, and procured few hardware and equipment. They have moderate level of capacity in terms of knowledge, competence, and attitude.

The types of response provided are services and assistance. The recipients perceived those responses as highly effective.

The common contributing factors to the response mechanism undertaken include degree of disaster preparedness at barangay and city levels; bayanihan spirit; early warning system; vulnerability assessment; and communication system; and construction of flood control infrastructures. One barangay recognizes the presence of enhanced equipment of the city and

4 community-based training. In contrast, the response mechanisms are hindered by limited disaster risk reduction fund; resistance to forced evacuation; lack of heavy equipment in almost all barangays; terrain of the city; political differences; and lack of alternative power supply.

The researchers conclude that flooding results from heavy rainfall and siltation of rivers, creeks, and canals. The erosion of soil at higher elevations as in mountain ranges in North and South Cotabato causes siltation of waterways.

Clogged sewerage due to garbage causes the overflow of creeks and canals. Improper disposal of garbage generally choke the waterways. The presence of informal settlers along river and creek banks contributes to the garbage problem. Dumping of wastes and trashes into the drainage system limits its capacity adversely affecting the flow of large volume of flood and flashflood waters.

The LGUs in the five (5) cities in Central Mindanao are moderately prepared (77.83%) They have some early preparations for flooding. The presence of some structures and system, policies and plans, skills training and hardware and equipment indicates that some proactive actions and plans are already in place. This clearly suggests that they have some knowledge and skills as well as some equipment needed for early preparations.

The level effectiveness of barangay disaster response depends on the level of early preparations of the barangay and CDRRMC. Early planning for response mechanism, competency building, and procurement of DRRM-related equipment, gadgets, tools, supplies and others can actually save more lives and properties of victims and also minimize damage to environment.

The residents in flood-prone areas have developed resiliency to flooding. Their repeated yearly encounter with flood has made them learn coping mechanisms. Their refusal to forced and pre-emptive evacuation is an indication that they have already acquired effective mechanism of coping with flooding.

Favorable rating is given to the proactive actions and response mechanism performed at the barangay level. In spite of the repeated experience of displacement due to flooding, the families in low lying barangays have positive view about the rendered services and assistance they received. This may imply that what they received during the emergency is reasonable and sufficient for their needs.

Community cooperation or bayanihan spirit is alive and strong in the barangays. The positive values such as caring, compassion, sympathy and support for the needy are favorable traits and characteristics that must be promoted and preserved among all peoples.

The 5 percent share from IRA for BDRRMC limits the barangay to implement their disaster risk reduction plans. The limited allocation for disaster hinders the local officials to establish and procure the basic requirements relative to flooding. The barangays which directly attend to the needs of community have limited hardware and equipment and trainings that will make them competent most especially on camp management and flood/swift water search and rescue.

The researchers would like to recommend the enhancement the early preparations in the barangay level. The barangays must have complete resolutions on early warning system, communication protocol, and organization of SAR. Barangay evacuation center be must be determined and protocol for evacuation must be properly disseminated to the affected residents. Enhance their skills through trainings in search and rescue, camp management, and first aid/basic life support. They need to enhance their hardware and equipment.

Increase the 5% share from IRA for BDRRM Programs. Bigger allocation is needed to fully capacitate the barangays most especially in building competencies and hardware and equipment. The budget must compliment the structures and systems articulated in Barangay Climate Change and Adaptation Plan.

Enhance further the resiliency of flood-prone families. Institutionalize the conduct of or follow up sessions on community-based training and drill which will capacitate families and purok members to survive and cope with the dangers of flooding must be conducted. In schools and colleges/universities, students must be well informed of the emergency protocols not only for earthquake and fire but also flooding in the disaster orientation and drill.

Since the primary cause of flooding is siltation of major rivers and the tributaries, the government needs to create community-based project on the rehabilitation of rivers. The indigenous technology in the recovery of Banga river in South Cotabato may serve as benchmark.

Erosion of soil from mountains and ranges is not new but it is becoming alarming these past three years. Mining activities and deforestation such as charcoal production in South Cotabato and in Bukidnon, Agusan, and South and North Cotabato need to be regulated by concerned government agencies. There is a need to intensify reforestation activities in all elevated places in Central Mindanao.

Intensify and sustain dredging of rivers, creeks, and canals. Regular monitoring of the status of the waterways must be one of the major recovery and rehabilitation concerns of the office of BDRRM and CDRRM.

Since the waterways problem is widespread, multi-sectorial participation is a tall order. The civic, business, religious, academic and others disciplines may be engaged by adopting a creek or canal in the cities. Such adoption must be geared towards maintenance and improvement of bodies of water. However, for the head rivers of the tributaries need broader cooperation, collaboration, and cooperation of provinces in South Cotabato and Maguindanao, ARMM. Inter-regional cooperation among Region XII, Region XI, Region X, and ARMM is imperative in addressing river problems.

INTRODUCTION

Disaster does not choose its victims. Rich or poor, young or old, educated or not are alike when calamity strikes. Disaster is a global concern because millions of people composed of families and hundreds of communities have already been victimized. Insurmountable worth of properties have been reduced to scrap, notwithstanding countless of engineering infrastructures such as bridges, high ways, buildings, schools, churches, mosques, and houses have become mere rubbles. The main culprit of all of these devastation is disaster. And what makes it even worse is its unpredictability.

In the light of the foregoing, flooding has occured more frequent now than before. Year after year flood, flashflood and erosion displace families living in low lying communities. The overflow of waterways has repeatedly inundated flood-prone communities. Indeed, these communities have much to bear in order to survive. The place of their abode become catch basins when water level rises. Unfortunately they are at higher risks and the residents are more vulnerable to displacement during the rainy or wet season..

In Central Mindanao, there are communities which are prone to flooding. They experience flooding almost every year. The local government units which have direct responsibility to the community have critical roles to play in any event of disaster. They are expected to implement certain measures that could prevent, if not, reduce impact, promote, and protect the life and welfare of the community.

In 2007, parallel to its function and mandate as National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) member–agency, the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) initiated the Rationalized Planning System (RPS) for local government units (LGUs), which aims to consolidate all local plans into two (2) major plans that include calamities and disaster preparedness. The RPS crafted a framework to integrate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of all local government units.

As a result of such effort, March of that same year, the DILG launched a handbook on Integrating Disaster Risk Management in Local Governance: A Facilitators’ Guide and a Sourcebook for Barangay Disaster Risk Management Training Workshop, which is a step-by- step handbook on how to facilitate sessions and modules on disaster risk management training. The handbook was designed primarily to provide LGUs with a guide in pushing forward the agenda of reducing risks at the community or local levels. It is divided into four modules. These are: (1) the introduction to disaster risk management; (2) barangay governance and disaster risk management; (3) barangay risk assessment; and, (4) barangay risk reduction planning.

The RA No. 10121 known as Phil. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, granted LGUs greater flexibility towards disaster mitigation, preparation, response, rehabilitation, and recovery. Section 2 (e) further states that it is the policy of the State to develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive NDRRMP that aims to strengthen the capacities of the national government and the LGUs to build the disaster resilience of communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

Grounded on these legal mandates for LGUs, this study was interested in finding out the preparedness of LGUs and their capacity to respond to flooding which has become a constant problem going side by side with climate change.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aimed to determine the disaster preparedness and response of local government units of flood-prone communities in Central Mindanao. Specifically, it answered answer the following objectives: 1. Determine the demographic profile of flood-prone communities in terms of: (a) population, (b) land area, (c) internal revenue allotment, and (d) structural threats and vulnerabilities; 2. Find out the flood-related problems confronting the LGUs in the community for the past 3 years; 3. Determine the level of preparedness and capacity of the LGUs in mitigating the flood- related problems in terms of; a) extent of knowledge, b)attitude, and c)level of competence; 4. Find out the types and level of effectiveness of response mechanisms of the LGUs in mitigating flood-related problems; 5. Find out the contributing and hindering factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study may provide relevant information to the Local Government Academy (LGA) in strengthening the capacity building programs for local government officials in the country. The data can serve as basis for reviewing existing programs and also as benchmark in designing a more relevant and timely intervention plan for the LGUs.

The findings may be used by the members of the National Disaster and Risk-Management Council (NDRMC) in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of NDRRMP 2011- 2028. More appropriate policies and programs may be designed to capacitate the LGUs, especially those in flood-prone communities, of their tasks and responsibilities.

The city and provincial government may be guided in their assessment of the programs for the barangays and municipalities. They may be guided in their long-term development plans for the city/province.

The government line agencies such as Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Health (DOH), Office of Civil Defense (OCD) and Department of Internal and Local Government (DILG) may gain additional information about the needs of the people, especially those living in flood-prone areas. Such data can be used in designing or redesigning a more responsive and relevant programs for the communities.

The barangay local officials, who directly plan, implement, and monitor their projects for the community, may be more directed by the findings of this study. The findings may lead them to adopt a better program in preparing themselves and their respective community before, during, and after a calamity.

The findings of this study will contribute to the literature on local governance. Unveiling the preparedness and response capacity of barangay officials in mitigating flood-related problems enriches the dearth of knowledge on local governance. The new information could contribute to the holistic view and understanding of the capacities of local governance, particularly in Central Mindanao.

Scope of the Study

This study focused on the flood-prone barangays in Central Mindanao. The disaster preparedness and response only covered the experiences of barangay officials and affected residents of flashflood/flooding within the past three (3) years, i.e. from 2010- 2013. The study targeted the identified flood-prone barangays in key cities in Central Mindanao such as Cotabato, Kidapawan, Tacurong, Koronadal, and General Santos.

Terminologies

Contributing factors include the socio-economic and political conditions, process, and policies present in the community which help and foster the implementation of the disaster response mechanisms.

Disaster preparedness refers to the early preparatory actions to be able to carry-out the functions at the barangay level during the critical period when an advisory is issued by PAGASA and are done when there is no threat of flooding in the locality. The actions are in reference to DILG Disaster Preparedness Checklist for Mayors.

Flood-related problems refer to actual risks factors which cause flooding in the community.

Hindering factors include the socio-economic and political conditions, processes, and policies present in the community which impede the implementation of the disaster response mechanisms.

Level of preparedness refers to the total number of points for the identified proactive actions in the barangay level with reference to DILG Disaster Preparedness Checklist for Mayors. These actions are identified by the barangay officials themselves and the selected residents during the FGD.

Level of capacity refers to barangay officials’ extent of knowledge, attitude, and competence in undertaking disaster preparedness programs and activities as required by DILG Disaster Preparedness Checklist for Mayors and RA 10121.

Level of effectiveness of Response Mechanisms refers to barangay officials’ personal assessment on the extent of implementation of the barangay disaster response programs and activities.

Types of Response Mechanisms are the barangay disaster response programs and activities which are implemented during and immediately after flooding in order to save lives, reduce negative health impact, and meet basic subsistence needs of affected people in the barangay as stipulated in the RA 10121.

METHODOLOGY

Design

This study employed qualitative and quantitative design. Key informant interviews (KIIs) with city mayor/administrators and CDRRMO and Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with local elected barangay officials and to selected residents of flood-prone barangays. Document analysis was undertaken in order to supplement the data generated.

Locale nd Participants

The study included the identified flood-prone barangays by the CDDRMO in the cities of Kidapawan, Cotabato, Tacurong, Koronadal, and General Santos. From the CDRRMO list of flood-prone barangays, the researchers randomly identified the participant barangays. A total of 11 barangays were covered from which the 163 participants were drawn. Each barangay was represented by the eigth (8) elected officials and seven (7) other severely affected residents. However, during the conduct of the FGD, the planned number of participants was not realized. Some barangays have exceeded the targeted number while in some has lesser than the expected number.

Table 1 Flood-prone Barangays per City No. of Flood-prone Number of No. of FGD Total No. of Cities No. of KII barangays Barangays Participants Participants Cotabato 21 4 48 2 50 Kidapawan 6 1 15 2 17 Tacurong 2 1 14 2 16 Koronadal 11 2 34 2 36 General Santos 13 3 42 2 44 Total 53 11 153 10 163

Sampling Design

Census was applied in identifying the barangay local officials and key informants and simple random sampling for selecting residents in the barangay. The key informants were the City Mayor or City Administrator and City Disaster Risk Reduction Officer (CDRRMO).

Instruments

The instrument used in the FGD with barangay officials and affected residents was a 5-item guide questions. The first question asked for the causes of flooding. The second, assessed the level of disaster preparedness of the respondents which was based and guided by the DILG Disaster Preparedness for Mayor Checklist. Pertinent and relevant items/issues from the Mayor Checklist were lifted from the document , specifically the ones that apply and conform with the barangay level formed the Barangay Disaster Preparedness Checklist. The checklist was subjected to content validation by two (2) Barangay Chairmen of flood-prone communities. After the validation, 30 out 32 items comprised the Checklist for Barangay Level. The third, asked for the type and level of effectiveness of response mechanism; and finally, on contributing and hindering factors on the level of effectiveness.

The key informant interview guide questions were utilized in the interview with Key Informant. The guide questions were also devised for document analysis.

Data Analysis

The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic approach. The researchers categorized the data using themes where meanings and implications were derived.

The level of preparedness of barangay officials was determined by point system. Considering the 30-item Barangay Disaster Preparedness Checklist as reference, each barangay was assessed based on the answers provided during the FGD. One (1) point was given for every early preparation. Thus, a maximum total of 30 points can be gathered by each barangay.

The cities with more than one barangay participant, the one point equivalent was proportionately allocated to the number of barangay participant. The over-all barangay disaster preparedness of the five cities or Central Mindanao was the average points garnered by the 11 barangays. Corresponding percentages for the points was also computed for more meaningful interpretation. The distribution of points and corresponding percentage in the level of preparedness is shown as follows:

Points Level Interpretation 1 – 6 Very low 0-60% prepared 7 – 12 Low 61%- 70% prepared 13 – 18 Moderate 71%-80% prepared 19 – 24 High 81%-90% prepared 25 – 30 Very High 91%-100% prepared

Moreover, the level of capacity of barangay officials was derived from the average rating of officials and residents. The scale is presented as follows:

Scale Range Description Interpretation 1 1.00-1.49 Very low lacks knowledge and competence; very negative and dissatisfied on early preparations 2 1.50-2.49 Low knowledgeable on few; can perform on few, and negative attitude, quite sad and satisfied on early preparations 3 2.50-3.49 Moderate knowledgeable on some; can perform on some; positive attitude and satisfied on some early preparations 4 3.50-4.49 High Knowledgeable in almost all; can perform on almost all preparations; and positive attitude and satisfied in almost all early preparations 5 4.50-5.00 Very high Knowledgeable in all; can perform in all; very positive and very satisfied on all early preparations

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Demographic Profile of Flood-prone Communities in Central Mindanao

Region XII is a region of the Philippines located in Central Mindanao and composed of four provinces, namely; South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos City (SOCCSKSARGEN).

The regional center is Koronadal City located in the province of South Cotabato. Cotabato City, though geographically within the boundaries of the province of Maguindanao, is part of SOCCSKSARGEN and is independent of Maguindanao province. Central Mindanao has a total area of 2,246,600 hectares and has a population of 3,829,081 (2007). There are five (5) cities in the region namely: Cotabato City, Kidapawan City, Tacurong, Koronadal, and General Santos City. The region is divided into 45 municipalities and is comprised by 1,194 barangays.

The region has extensive coastlines, valleys and mountain ranges. Known for its river system, the region is the catch basin of Mindanao. The system is a rich source of food, potable water and energy production. Cotabato contains the Rio Grande de Mindanao, which is the longest river in Mindanao and the second longest in the Philippines. (http://philippinesmyphilippines.wordpress.com/2011/04/27/soccsksargen-region-xii/)

Kidapawan City was founded in August 18, 1947 through Executive Order No. 82 and became a city under R.A. No. 8500 in February 12, 1998. As of 2010, it has a total population of 125, 447. The city’s total land area of 33,926 hectares is subdivided into 40 forty barangays. The slope of land area is classified into steep (3,797 hectares), rolling (6,537 hectares), and plains (2,1918 hectares).

Geographically, Kidapawan City is a mountainous terrain and a valley of hills and mountains located in the southeastern section of Cotabato Province. The city is situated outside the typhoon belt, and is protected by its surrounding mountain ranges. The locality being at a higher elevation enjoys a moderate temperature that registers at 27.5 degrees Celsius. Mt. Apo, its highest area, is the coolest part. Records show that 22,995 hectares of the city’s landscapes are within the cool uplands with temperature ranging from 2.25 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius. Another 2,653 hectares are volcanic plains and residual terraces with deep to very deep slopes. These are located in the warm lowlands of Katipunan, Sikitan, Gayola, San Isidro, and San Roque.

Kidapawan City is blessed with abundant fresh water, both ground and surface. Mt. Apo serves as the recharge point, and the areas at the foot of the mountain contain three large reservoirs – the biggest of which are in Barangays Balabag and Perez flowing through the lower slopes in Bongolanon, Magpet. These springs are now tapped to households for domestic use.

The major rivers, Nuangan, Land Mark, Madrid, Marbol, and Datu Iskak, which run through the area are the main sources of water in the rural barangays, supplying the domestic, industrial and agricultural water requirements of the people. About 720 hectares of depressed portions are eroded by occasional overflow of the rivers. These are the lands along the banks of Marbol River, particularly in San Roque. About 3,382 hectares of Barangays Ilomavis and Balabag are susceptible to erosion. With such geographic characteristics, heavy rains usually cause run off water from higher grounds to flow downstream. http://kidapawancity.gov.ph/profile/climate/climate.php

Barangay Poblacion has a population of 29,918 in 2013 with a land area of 612.5 hectares. For the fiscal year 2014, it has an IRA of P14M. Out of the 40 barangays comprising Kidapawan City, Barangay Poblacion is currently one of the six (6) flood-prone barangays.

Cotabato City is located on the northwestern part of Maguindanao Province. In July 1, 1950, the then Municipality of Cotabato was made first class municipality under Executive Order No. 466. It was created into a chartered city by virtue of Republic Act No. 2364 in June 20, 1959. The city has a budget of P54 million for fiscal year 2014.

On the north, the city is bounded by the Municipality of Sultan Kudarat, with Rio Grande de Mindanao as its boundary; on the east by the Municipality of Kabuntalan; on the south by the Municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat and on the west by the Illana Bay. The city has a total land area of 17,600 hectares with a population of 217,786 in 2010 census. Cotabato City is politically subdivided into 37 barangays.

Geographically, 70% of the city’s total land area lies below sea level. The two major rivers in Cotabato City, Rio Grande de Mindanao and Tamontaka, and their tributaries transverse within the area. The two rivers are linked by the Kakar river in the east and Manday-Bagua river in the center of the city. In addition, the city is criss-crossed by creeks and rivers such as Matampay, Parang, Timaco, Esteros, and Miwaruy. The headwaters originate from Bukidnon, Agusan Sur, Davao Norte, Davao City, South Cotabato and Maguindanao all flow into one catchment lake – the Ligawasan Marsh or the Mindanao River Basin.(http://www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cotabato-flooding-flood).

The 2,600 square kilometer- Mindanao River Basin is composed of three separate marshes, Ligawasan, Libungan and Ebpanan. These marshes are defined only during the dry season and combine as one Ligawasan Marsh during the rainy season. The Ligawasan and Libungan marshes empty into the Ebpanan marsh which in turn flows into the Rio Grande de Mindanao and Tamontaka rivers as outlets towards Illana Bay as delta. This makes Cotabato City part of the catch basin. (http://www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cotabato-flooding-flood)

According to the Key Informant, 21 out of 37 barangays are flood-prone. The Poblacion 1 has land area of 68.6038 hectares, Poblacion 2 with 17.6834 hectares, Poblacion 7 with 26.9220 hectares and 50.8814 hectares for Rosary Heights (RH) 3. As of 2007, the population of Poblacion 1 is 3,507, Poblacion 2 with 5,988, Poblacion 7 with 15,375, while RH 3 has 9,222 residents. The said barangays as locale of the study lie in the river banks of Rio Grande de Mindanao, Matampay, and Kakar.

Tacurong City is located at the center of Central Mindanao, geographical coordinates to degree 41 minutes and 42.583 second latitude, 124 degrees, 40 minutes and 29.818 second longitude. It is bounded by the municipalities of Lambayong, to the north, Isulan to the west, Pres. Quirino to the east and Tantangan of South Cotabato to the south.

The city of Tacurong is composed of 20 barangays most of which are agricultural based. It has a land area of 15,340 hectares with a population of 89,188. Its Internal Revenue Allocation is P308, 672,254 in 2014.

Tacurong City falls under the fourth type of climate characterized by an even distribution of rainfall. The average annual rainfall is 127.64 millimeter. The average temperature ranges from 27°.36” to 27°56” degrees Celsius. Relative humidity averages 80 degrees.

The city is traversed by three (3) rivers, namely; Banga River and Ala River, which pour into Kapingkong river. When there is heavy rainfall in the upland areas, the water from Kapingkong river overflow into the field.

The terrain of the city is mostly plain, about 84% and the slope ranges from 0-8%. The sloping areas are drained by the number of streams and creeks running south to north. There are two types of soil in the city, namely; the Banga sandy loam type and the Timaga loam clay type. Fifteen (15) of the barangays have the Banga sandy loam type which is suited for planting of corn and other crops. Five (5) barangays have the Timaga loam type, which is suited for rice production.

There are 20 barangays in Tacurong City. One of the two flood-prone barangays is Rajah Muda which has a land area of 1,310.0 hectares. As of 2010 census, the barangay has a population of 3,801 with 883 households. For fiscal year 2014, the barangay has IRA of P2.6M.

Koronadal City is located in the southern part of the island of Mindanao. The city caters the total population of 158,273 (2010 Census). Its land area of 27,700 hectares is subdivided into 27 barangays. For 2014, the city has a budget of P29, 463, 603.00. There are 11 identified flood-prone barangays which lie along the banks of river and creek.

The city is within the northern part of South Cotabato province lying in the latitude 124.58 east. It is bounded in the northwest by the municipality of Tantangan, South Cotabato and the municipality of Lutayan, Sultan Kudarat in the northeast; in the southwest, by the municipality of Banga and on the southwest by the municipalities of Tupi and Tampakan, South Cotabato.

Koronadal City has several distinct physiographical features. The mountain ranges of Roxas and Quezon surround the city with their peaks reaching as high as 700-800 meters above sea level and gradually dropping towards the center of the city. In general, Koronadal has a level to gently sloping terrain or 50.18% of the total land areas are predominantly flat.

The Flood Hazard condition of the city is categorized into the high, moderate and low rating. The critical areas are those that are being traversed by the two major rivers which are the Marvel river and Mani river, as well as those traversed by the B’lok Creek. Hence, dwellers along the said riverbanks and creek right of way are most vulnerable victims of flooding.

Marbel river traverses along the Barangays of Caloocan, Carpenter Hill, Concepcion, GPS, Namnama, New Pangasinan, San Roque, Saravia and Sto. Nino, while only Barangay San Jose is being traversed by the Mani river. On the other hand, six barangays are being traversed by the famous B’lok creek, namely: Morales, San Isidro, San Roque, Sta Cruz, Zone I and Zone III.

General Santos City lies on the receiving end of Daguma Range and adjacent to two dormant volcanoes located in two neighboring municipalities; namely Mount Matutum in Polomolok and Mount Parker in T’boli, South Cotabato. These mountains supply the headwaters and tributaries of major rivers which crisscross the city, namely; Silway, Buayan, Siguel, and Makar. These rivers have caused occasional flooding whenever there is heavy and long downpour in the mountains.

As of 2010 census, the city’s population is 528,982 who occupy its land area of 53,606 hectares. The city has an IRA of P1,288,393,599.00 for year 2014. There are 13 out of 26 barangays that are susceptible to flooding. The total land area of 3,498.17 hectares, that is high risk to flooding or about 6% affects 139,393 people or about 26% of the city’s population.

One of the city’s 13 flood-prone barangays is Lagao. Based on NSO 2010 Census, Baragay Lagao has total population of 47,254. However, in 2011 survey the population increased to 49,135. The total land area of the barangay is 1,271.12 hectares. For the current year 2014, the barangay has an IRA of P30M.

Barangay Baluan is another flood-prone community. As of 2009, the total population of 46,728 resides in the barangay’s total land area of 1,907 hectares.

Moreover, Barangay Dadiangas West is another community which is vulnerable to flooding. In 2009 NSO Census, a total population of 19,564 occupies the barangay’s total land area of 86 hectares.

B. Flood-related Problems

The flood-related problems are actual risks factors which cause flooding in the community. The FGDs and KIIs conducted among participants in the 11 barangays have revealed the causes of flooding in Central Mindanao.

Heavy Rainfall

In Kidapawan City, the key informant recalled the September 11, 2014-flash flood when Nuangan river overflowed and inundated all the villages on its path. The rain was unusually heavy that it recorded a 40 mm per hour rainfall. Most of the water which caused the overflow of the river and the eventual flashflood emanated from the country’s highest peak, the Mt. Apo. As reported, thirteen (13) houses were totally destroyed and fourteen (14) others were damaged when rampaging Nuangan Creek, Kidapawan City waters cascaded from Nuangan river toward the Poblacion of Kidapawan City.

The key informant explains that in monitoring rainfall, signal No. 1 is raised when it is measured at 13 mm per hour. The dangerous flood category comes next if rainfall reaches 20 mm per hour and emergent floods if it reaches 40 mm.

However, the participants of the FGD express that more severe casualty was reported in the recent flashflood than in the past three years. Yet, they recall the September 2010 flashflood which claimed three lives of children who were at that time swimming in the Landmark River. It was an unexpected disaster since the city then had fair weather but surprisingly, sudden rush

19 of large volume of water flashed through the rivers. However, they have observed heavy rains for several days in nearby forest upland and mountains prior to the tragic event.

In Cotabato City, the key informant recalls typhoon Egay in 2011. Heavy rain caused the flood in the city. While the volume of rainwater that fell is just above the normal range of the highest recorded rainfall during the wet season, the abnormality is that the rains fell at almost the same time in all of the areas of the river basin.

Thirty (30) of the 37 barangays have been inundated at various levels, the deepest of which was measured to be about 1.6 meters. This was recorded in areas near the riverbank. There were 25,375 families displaced in the city alone. In nearby Maguindanao and North Cotabato, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao government reported 30,000 families have been displaced by the floods.(http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/16247)

Barangay Poblacion II, Cotabato City

The flooding in Tacurong City is attributed by prolonged heavy rain from the upper valleys of South Cotabato such as Norallah, Lake Sebu, and other areas. When the Kapingkong River which traverses the central and southwestern part of the city overflows, it causes flooding to low- lying barangays of Rajah Muda, Baras, Upper Katungal, EJC Montilla, New Lagao, Buenaflor, D’ Ledesma, Lancheta, San Rafael, and San Antonio.

Kapingkong River, Tacurong City B’lok Creek, Koronadal City 20

The FGD participants recall their experience of flooding in 2013. Two (2) low-lying barangays were severely affected. One of these is Barangay Rajah Muda wherein about 276 households were displaced.

In Koronadal City, heavy downpour of rain causes large volume of runoff water from upstream to flow downward. Based on the climatic data of Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Adminitration (PAGASA), the highest recorded rainfall is 244.20 mm in September 2005. The mountain ranges of Roxas and Quezon and other higher surrounding elevations feed large volume of water considering that 50.18% of the city’s land area is predominantly flat.

The FGD participants recall the flooding which occurred in 2009. After the heavy precipitation in the nearby mountains, large volume of water rushed toward the city and made B’lok creek to overflow. At least 50 houses were damaged, few houses were carried by the fast-moving water and as reported, one child died due to drowning.

Similarly, for the past three (3) years, heavy precipitation did cause flashflood and river bank erosion in General Santos City. The city is the catchment basin of all water inflows from the mountainous portion of T’boli, Tupi, Polomolok, Silway River, General Santos Malungon, and Alabel of Sarangani Province. CityCity

Siltation of Rivers, Creeks, and Canals

Within Kidapawan City are four rivers which overflow during heavy rains due to heavily silted and clogged waterways. One of the causes of siltation is repeated erosion of soil during heavy rains considering that about 3,382 hectares of Barangays Ilomavis and

Balabag are susceptible to erosion. Silted Rivers, Creeks, and Canals

Similar experiences are gathered from the participants in Cotabato City. The heavy siltation of the Rio Grande originates from the silt of Ambal-Simuay River system. The Ambal-Simuay River which is similarly heavily silted has changed its course permanently after Typhoons

Frank and Cosme in 2008 heading towards the populated barangays of Bulalo and Salimbao in Sultan Kudarat. Siltation problem is also present in Tamontaka River.

Rio Grande de Mindanao, Cotabato City Tamontaka River, Cotabato City

The key informant comments that while several dredging activities have been undertaken, the effects of these efforts however, are not enough to yield results that minimize or lessen flooding, considering the extent and magnitude of the problem. Unless done in a massive scale, the dredged silt is easily replaced by new one coming from upstream as the wet season prevails until the first couple of months of the incoming year. This brings to fore the need to be able to control siltation from upstream.

Studies reveal that siltation is also reported in Ligawasan Marsh. The Ala River System is one of the main culprits of the heavy siltation. The denuded forests of the Daguma mountain range, the fast current from Lake Maughan and the loose soil from agricultural lands of South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat provinces are the primary sources of silt of the river. The heavy siltation of the Ala river is the primary cause of the meandering of the river and creating new river pathways during heavy rains. (http://www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cotabato-flooding-flood

Ala River Daguma Range

Tacurong City is one of the receiving ends of the Ala River. The moment it overflows, it carries silted waters to its tributaries such as the Kapingkong River which traverses the city. Understandably, the frequent overflowing of the Kapingkong River during heavy rains is primarily due to siltation. As a consequence, two of the city’s 20 barangays, namely Barangays Baras and Rajahmuda are most likely affected by flood. Barangay Rajahmuda is the most affected in the previous flooding. Three (3) puroks were badly affected, namely; Puroks 6, 7, and 8. Flooding situation usually occurs from a short one-day to as long as one week. However, since the water overflowing through the rice fields carries a strong current, its movement is usually accompanied by mud, sand and other debris materials causing tremendous agricultural damage.

In Koronadal City, siltation of B’lok Creek causes its frequent inundation towards the low-lying barangays of Zone 1, Zone 3, Morales, San Isidro, San Roque, and Sta. Cruz. Heavy rains in the surrounding elevations bring silted water into the waterways of the city. The key informant explains that though desiltation of B’lok Creek has been done, regular dredging must be of prime consideration since siltation occurs as frequent as the rain falls.

Siltation is not limited to rivers and creeks. The key B’lok Creek, Koronadal City informant in Koronadal City identifies the clogged drainage canals to be a contributing cause of flooding. Siltation and clogging limits the capacity of the drainage system to accommodate large volume of water.

The experience of participants in General Santos City is similar to others with the overflowing rivers and creeks as primary cause of flooding. They share that Kalaba river is the main source of flood. During heavy rains, the river overflows toward low lying barangays such as Punil, Lagao, Baluan, and Bula as catch basin before finally flowing into the sea. In addition, the Mabuhay dam located at Silway contributes to flooding in the city.

The coastal barangays like Dadiangas West in General Santos City are vulnerable to tidal waves. While they are displaced by the force of sea water, they are also inundated from flood waters. The combined forces of water coming from different sources burden tremendously the residents and communities.

The siltation problem of the Buayan and Silway rivers, Baluan Creek, and canals makes them overflow during heavy rains. Dredging of said waterways at the barangay level were initiated but was not sustained due to limited fund and lack of proper maintenance of the drainage system.

Moreover, the participants identify the insufficiency of the existing drainage system for it is too narrow to accommodate large volume of water. In some private-owned areas, canals were constructed but the culverts were installed higher than the usual level, thus leaving a vacuum above where water pushes its natural course.

Informal Settlers

In Kidapawan City, the Key Informant reveals that about 60% of residents along the river banks and creeks are informal settlers. The houses they have erected have become structural barriers to flood prevention and rehabilitation engineering construction programs of the local government. During the ocular visit, it was observed that some portions of the floodwalls were compromised due to existing infrastructures. Construction built during the ocular visit the presence of incomplete and non-uniformity of structural designs of flood- control projects in areas occupied by informal settlers. Some flood walls are structurally strong that they sustained the force of flashfloods for the past three (3) years while some walls with weaker Kidapawan City structure were damaged.

On the other hand, the key informant in Cotabato City has combined democracy and political will in arresting the problem of informal settlers living along the major creeks and rivers in flood-prone barangays. Issuance of warning and then demolition order to informal settlers to vacate government land properties has been done in order to insure the full implementation of disaster rehabilitation program such as dredging activities of rivers, creeks, and canals. Cotabato City

Meanwhile, the informal settlers in General Santos City contribute to the issue of flooding. Their dwellings hamper the restoration of the creeks and canals. Demolition of the structures was pursued, thus clearing the crowded areas and at the same time broadened the passage of water. However, the key informant is dismayed about several hardheaded settlers still remain in the unclaimed areas.

Garbage

The data gathered from participants in all areas point out that garbage become one of the flood- related problems as the city become urbanized. The combined volume of improperly disposed commercial and residential garbage collects and pile up along water ways and drainage system which cause flooding. Non-biodegradable waste such as plastic and Styrofoam including empty cans, empty bottles, etc. thrown into the rivers and creeks clogged the drainage and sewerage. The rivers and their tributaries had become dumpsites of garbage, thus narrowing, and worst, clogging the course of waterways.

The low lying barangays in all cities become catch basin also of garbage. During and even after the flood, by simply following the path of water, notwithstanding the interconnectedness of water passages, the barangays receive a bonus of all sorts of garbage from adjacent communities. The garbage collects and eventually, clog the flow of water at the same time increases the water level.

Other Causes

In Kidapawan City, the participants elaborate that flashflood in the city has become more frequent now than before. The nearby higher places of Magpet and President Roxas were used to be covered with trees. Over the years, the upland vegetation, mostly private lands, dramatically changed with their conversion to banana plantation. Massive cutting of trees in the city and its neighboring localities has limited the capacity of the soil to absorb water and to prevent erosion.

Based on these scenarios, the flash floods in the city occurred due to extensive saturation of high ground accompanied by intense short-duration rainfall. This resul ted to sudden release of large volumes of water along narrow channels from high ground to low lying catchment, like the narrow tributaries within Barangay Poblacion and other flood-prone barangays. (Official Journal of European Union, 2007/en.pdf)

It is observed that the width of these rivers and their tributaries varies largely. Approximately, in the areas visited the width of the tributaries varies from one (1) meter to 10 meters. The flood control wall constructed along river banks varies also in thickness, width, height and design.

The key informant attributed the 2011-flood experience in Cotabato City to Typhoon Egay which brought heavy rains for several days. The continuous and simultaneous rain aggravated by emergency releases of water from the NAPOCOR, PULANGUI IV (totally around 98million cubic meters in 20 days) immediately caused the level of Liguasan marsh to rise and as the water rose, it uprooted the water hyacinths that have over the years proliferated in the said marshes. With the swelling of the river mouths and increase in current, huge volumes of said plants began to break awa y and slowly drifted to Cotabato City. (http://www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cot abato-flooding-flood

However, prior to flooding a considerable bulk of water of hyacinth has already grown and stacked in the Delta Brigde. The mass of water hyacinth is estimated to be about 10 to 12 hectares as of June 14, 2011. This mass of fast-growing vegetation has already hardened and reached the river bed estimated to be about three to four meters deep. The massive clog has seemingly transformed into a natural dam which caused a large portion of the water to overflow into the Matampay River at the right side and to Barangay Bulibod, Sultan Kudarat Municipality on the left. (http://www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cotabato-flooding-flood)

C. Disaster Preparedness

This refers to the early preparatory actions to be taken in order to carry out the functions at the barangay level during the critical period when a threatening weather advisory is issued by PAGASA. Ideally, these preparations are undertaken when there are no signs yet of eminent flooding in the locality. The Barangay Disaster Preparedness Checklist which is based on the prescribed DILG Disaster Preparedness Checklist for Mayors contains proactive actions . The

26 four (4) areas of concern include: Structures and System, Policies and Plans, Building Competencies, and Hardware and Equipment.

Level of Preparedness In this study, the level of preparedness refers to the total number of points for the identified proactive actions in the barangay level. These actions are identified by the respondent barangay officials themselves together with the selected residents during the FGDs as data gathering technique. Table 2 presents the earned points of the 11 identified barangays in the five (5) cities using the 30-item Barangay Disaster Checklist.

Based on Table 2, the barangay of Kidapawan City has earned 17.0 points (78.33% prepared); Tacurong City with 18.0 points (80.0% prepared); the two barangays in Koronadal City have an average points of 16.0 (76.67% prepared); 17.27 points for the three barangays of General Santos City (78.78% prepared),while the four (4) others located in Cotabato City have 15.25 as average points(75.42% prepared).

In terms of Structures and Systems, all (100%) barangays have BDRRMC and BDRRMO, and three (3) of these barangays have their own evacuation center ready to accommodate their constituents should the need arises. The other two (2) barangays have yet to organize their own group of volunteers for disaster.

As to Policies and Plans, all (100%) have passed the resolution for the creation of BDRRMC and BDRRMO, four (4) others have resolution to effect the creation of Group of SAR (Search and Rescue) while three (3) barangays have adopted a resolution intended for Communication Protocol. However, the 10 barangays do not have any resolution relative to Early Warning System and all barangays do not have policies on Inter-barangay Coordination.

With respect to Building Competencies, the eleven (11) barangays already have their barangay officials underwent training/seminar on Risk Communication; 8 of 11 have officials trained in Warning Monitoring; have assigned persons to perform Community- based Monitoring and Rapid Disaster Needs Assessment. In addition; 7 barangays have been doing Hazard Risk Management; 6 barangays have groups who underwent training for first aid/basic life support while only 5 barangays have trained persons for Post Disaster needs Assessment. On Flood/Search and Rescue, 4 barangays have persons trained; and only 2 barangays have competence in Camp Management. According to the participants, competence building is not limited to barangay officials since they have also sent purok leaders to trainings/seminars.

Table 2 Barangay Disaster Checklist General Kidapawan Cotabato Tacurong Koronadal Total Santos n=1 n=4 n=1 n=2 n=11 Areas n=3 f Pts f Pts. f Pts f Pts f Pts f Pts Structures and System 1.BDRRMC 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 2.BDRRMO 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 3.Organization of Volunteers 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 .33 9 4.33 4.Evacuation Center 0 1 .25 1 1 0 1 .33 3 1.33 Policies and Plans 5.Early warning System 0 0 0 0 1 .33 1 .33 6.Communication protocol 0 0 0 2 1 1 .33 3 1.33 7.BDRRMC 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 8.BDRRMO 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 9.Group of SAR 1 1 2 .50 0 0 1 .33 4 1.83 10.Inter-barangay Coordination 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building Competencies 11.Risk Communication 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 12.Hazard Risk management 1 1 2 .50 1 1 1 .50 2 .66 7 3.66 13.Warning monitoring 0 2 .50 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 3.50 14.Camp Management 0 0 1 1 0 1 .33 2 1.33 15.Community-based monitoring 1 1 1 .25 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 4.25 16.Flood/swift water search and 1 1 3 .75 0 0 0 4 1.75 rescue 17.First aid/basic life support 1 1 1 .25 1 1 2 1 1 .33 6 3.58 18.Rapid disaster needs assessment 1 1 1 .25 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 4.25 19.Post disaster needs assessment 1 1 0 0 1 .50 3 1 5 2.50 Hardware and Equipment 20.Early warning 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 1.0 21.Handheld radio 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 22. Water level marker 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 1.0 23. Hazard risks maps 0 1 .25 0 1 .50 2 .66 4 1.41 24.Emergency Operation system 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 .66 10 4.66 25.Household emergency balde 0 0 0 0 1 .33 1 .33 26.Standby pack relief goods 0 0 0 0 1 .33 1 .33 27.Tent 0 1 .25 1 1 0 1 .33 3 1.58 28.Personal protective equipment 0 1 .25 0 1 .50 2 .66 4 1.41 29.Heavy equipment for rescue 1 1 1 .25 1 1 0 1 .33 4 2.58 30.Response vehicle 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 11 5.0 Total Points 17.0 15.25 18.0 16.0 17.27 16.70 Percentage 78.33 75.42 80.0 76.67 78.78 77.3 Mod Mod Mod Mod Mode Mod Level of Preparedness erate erate erate erate rate erate Legend: Points Level Interpretation 1 – 6 Very low 0-60% prepared 7 – 12 Low 61%- 70% prepared 13 – 18 Moderate 71%-80% Prepared 19 – 24 High 81%- 90% prepared 25-30 Very high 91%- 100% prepared

For Hardware and Equipment, the 11 barangays have gadget for communication specifically Hand held radio and cellphone and Response vehicles such as multi-cab and motor cycles; and 10 barangays have Emergency Operation System. Furthermore, only 4 out 11 barangays have Early Warning; Water Marker; Hazard Maps; Personal Protective Equipment; Heavy Equipment; and Tent. Nevertheless, only one (1) for having Standby Relief Goods and also one (1) of the barangays expressed possession of Household Emergency Balde.

The participants in the FGD explain that the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CDRRM) Office assists the barangays in the event of flooding. This means that those barangays with insufficient early preparation, for instance lack of evacuation center and trained volunteers for search and rescue, are left with no other option but rely on the assistance of the CDRRMO. This implies that there is coordination between the CDRRMO and the affected barangay during the crisis, specifically in competencies of SAR for basic life support and usage of hardware and equipment.

Over-all, the five cities comprising Central Mindanao are moderately prepared (16.70 points or 77.83%). Based on the checklist, majority of the barangays have incomplete proactive actions as preparatory measures for flooding. Reflective of this level of preparedness connotes that the barangays have established some structures and systems, crafted some policies and plans, built some competencies, and procured some hardware and equipment which the officials could activate, mobilize, and use during flashflood or flooding at the level of the barangay.

Level of Capacity of LGUs refers to barangay officials’ extent of knowledge, competence, and attitude in undertaking early disaster preparation programs and activities as specified in the Barangay Disaster Preparedness Checklist.

Table 3 reveals the participants’ impression that the barangay officials are moderately knowledgeable on some early disaster preparation plans and programs (mean=3.00). The officials have named some of the mandated preliminary ground rules in mitigating disaster in the locality such as creation of BDRRMC and the designation of BDRRMO. These actions are in accordance with RA No.10121 known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 which was enacted in May 27, 2010. It recognizes local risk patterns across the country and directs the strengthening of local government capacities on disaster risk reduction. This law has equipped them with sufficient understanding of the various underlying forces of nature with the end in view of strengthening the disaster risk reduction system of their community.

The FGD participants assess the barangay officials in the area of competence at moderate level (3.10). This indicates that majority of the officials can perform some of the early preparations. As shown in Table 2, majority of the 11 barangays have built competencies among their officials and volunteers on risk communication, warning monitoring, hazard management, community-based monitoring, and rapid disaster needs assessment while the areas where only few barangays have competence include camp management (2 out of 11), flash/swift water search and rescue (4 out of 11), first aid and basic life support (6 out of 11), and post disaster needs assessment (5 out of 11). These data may imply that there are more barangays needing to enhance their level of competence to yield the needed actions and perform the responsibilities during the crisis (flood).

As regards the attitude towards the early preparations undertaken at the barangay level, majority of the FGD participants find the officials having moderate level of satisfaction and attitude towards the early disaster preparation (mean=3.14). While their level of capacity is just within moderate or average level, the FGD participants are quite satisfied on the proactive actions.

Generally, the level of capacity of barangay officials in five cities is moderate (mean=3.20). This suggests that they are knowledgeable on some early preparations, can perform some of the required actions, and and quite satisfied for the early preparations. On the side of the resident- participants who are actually at the receiving end of the early preparations of their respective barangay, consider their officials as having moderate level of capacity, as shown in the mean rating of FGD participants in Table 3.

Table 3. Level of Capacity of 5 cities General Kidpawan Cotabato Tacurong Koronadal Over-all Areas Santos Description (n=15) (n=48) (n=15) (n=33) mean (n=42) Knowledge 3.00 2.95 3.4 3.52 3.41 3.26 Moderate Competence 3.07 2.40 3.30 3.43 3.29 3.10 Moderate Attitude 2.93 2.78 3.4 3.48 3.13 3.14 Moderate Over-all mean 3.00 2.88 3.37 3.48 3.27 3.20 Moderate Description Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Legend: Scale Range Description Interpretation 1 1.00-1.49 Very low lacks knowledge and competence; very negative and dissatisfied on early preparations 2 1.50-2.49 Low knowledgeable on few; can perform on few, and negative attitude, quite sad and satisfied on early preparations 3 2.50-3.49 Moderate knowledgeable on some; can perform on some; and quite satisfied on some early preparations 4 3.50-4.49 High Knowledgeable in almost all; can perform on almost all preparations; and positive attitude and satisfied in almost all early preparations 5 4.50-5.00 Very high Knowledgeable in all; can perform in all; very positive and very satisfied on all early preparations

For the over-all disaster preparedness of the barangays being studied, the combined levels of preparedness (16.70 or 77.83% prepared) and capacity (mean=3.20/moderate) reveal that the barangay officials are quite prepared on early preparations. Based on the data, there is incompleteearly preparations at the barangay level. During the FGD, there was difficulty of some barangay officials in identifying the basic structures and systems, policies and plans they have crafted, trainings attended, and hardware and equipment. For instance, the lack of pre-determined evacuation center in the barangay could cause big problem to residents on where to go during emergency.

The lack of resolution for the creation of evacuation center in most barangays (3 out of 11) may insinuate that such move is not among the major priority a major priorities in the barangay level. While all barangays have resolution for the creation of BDRRMC and BDRRMO, yet it is noted that some of the documents scrutinized lack substance. Disaster response protocol needs more elaboration and clarity. For instance, early warning (1 out of 11) and communication protocol (3 out of 11) in the barangay level is missing in almost all barangays. It could be taken that in actual disaster such as flooding, difficulty in the mobilization of structures and systems could arise.

Competency building is limited. Only 2 barangays have undergone training on camp management; 4 out of 11 have mentioned flood/swift water search and rescue; while 5 out of

11 have trained persons to perform Post Disaster Needs Assessment. This data implies that barangay officials need to enhance their abilities and skills through trainings/re-trainings.

Data reveals that most of the barangays have limited hardware and equipment. This obtaining condition may likely pose difficulty thereby limiting success in response capability. The lack of early warning system, water marker, and personal protective equipment, and the hazard maps of flood-vulnerable puroks is very costly considering lost lives and damaged properties. The lack of standby packed relief goods would only mean reliance to CDRRMO for immediate assistance, notwithstanding private benefactors and other donors.

D. Type and Level of Response

Types of Response Mechanisms are the disaster response services and assistance programs and activities which are implemented during and immediately after flooding/flashflood in order to save lives, reduce negative health impact, and meet basic subsistence needs of affected people in the barangay.

Services

Search and Rescue. In the barangays with organized volunteers and SAR, the FGD participants share that the barangay officials and disaster volunteers assisted and rescued the affected families.

In some barangays, though they have their own rescue team, however, experience in the actual or natural setting do not show their independence but still very dependent to the CDRRMC. The communication system in the barangay and the city worked effectively during search and rescue operations. The creation a 24-hour Operation Center or Call 911 of Kidapawan City, White House of Cotabato City, and the Quick Response Team in Koronadal, Tacurong, and General Santos cities is generally intended to have an effective, reliable, fast and wide area of coverage for inter- barangay and city-barangay communication system.

As far as the recent flooding is concerned, families living near or along river banks were forced to evacuate. In flashflood-prone communities like in the cities of Kidapawan, Koronadal, General Santos, and Tacurong they clarified about their reliance over the rain gauge data as important basis for issuing warning to residents along creeks and river banks. But in low-

32 lying areas, such as Cotabato City, the residents have actually developed indigenous way to detect alarm brought about by rising water level. The key informant shared that the old residents from the most vulnerable barangays have high regard and give importance to the color of flood water in determining alarm level such as: black means shallow, as not alarming; brown means they need to monitor; and clear for deep which means the residents in the area need to evacuate. However, some FGD participants in General City need to wait for the warning message to be communicated by the monitoring team regarding cloud formation. However, they find it hard to implement forced evacuation. There were residents who refused to leave their houses for fear of looting which could happen anytime when nobody is left to watch over the properties.

Temporary Shelter. Since most of the barangays do not have their own structures for evacuation, schools, gymnasium, and mosque are mostly used as temporary shelter for the evacuees are identified by the CDRRMO. With the exception of the barangay participants from Tacurong City and another group respondents from one barangay in General Santos City, the rest of the LGUs from the five cities are left with no other option but go to public schools. Unlike the two barangays mentioned earlier, should there be a need for emergency evacuation, they already have their own respective evacuation centers to house them. By having such center, classes in public schools would not be unnecessarily affected and jeopardized. In the cities where the duration of flooding lasts for hours, the evacuees just stay in the evacuation center for few hours and shortly thereafter, go back to their homes. In contrast, the evacuees in Cotabato City usually stay in the center for several days to weeks.

Relief Operation. The FGD participants with trained volunteers and responders have provided relief operation. In coordination with CDRRMO, the emergency booth installed by the Red Cross provided first aid and basic life support and a venue ready for blood supply and donation.

Security. Peace and order is insured by the barangay Tanod and PNP. Proactively, presence of security force in the areas prevented stealing and looting of properties.

Heavy Equipment and Transport Facilities. All key informants claim that their respective city owns ambulance, rescue vehicles, dump trucks, motorcycles, and speed boats for transporting affected families to the evacuation center. At the barangay level, transport service includes dump truck, multi-cabs, and motorcycle. The barangays in Cotabato have speed boat used for rescuing flood victims.

One barangay in General Santos owns clearing equipment such as chainsaw and submersible pump, and standby generators in times of brownout. On the other hand, Cotabato City owns two (2) amphibious excavators which are used for river maintenance.

Psychosocial Counseling. Post disaster counseling and stress debriefing conducted by the barangay health workers was an additional support for individuals. Only the participants in Kidapawan and Koronadal Cities reported to have afforded this service to severely affected victims.

Assistance

Relief assistance. In all areas covered in the study, the FGD participants provide relief assistance to the affected families each time disaster strikes. The resident- participants confirm that they received food (rice, noodles, canned goods), clothing, utensils, and medicines. In General Santos City, one barangay entered into a memorandum of agreement with businessmen in the barangay. In the agreement, the barangay could secure rice and other ready to consume goods anytime and distribute immediately to the affected families, rather than having to wait for the fund release on calamity. However, in one barangay, seven (7) severely affected resident-participants deny receiving any relief goods. They suspect that their names were not included in the list of affected families. Deliberately done, or otherwise is something they consider beyond comprehension. One fact remains, nonetheless, they are still the victims. This experience of residents could be the off-shoot of the lack of competence of barangay officials in undertaking post disaster needs assessment.

Through the initiative of the city government, the local Rotary Club, Chamber of Commerce, and private group such as fraternity and sorority who donated goods also assisted the LGUs and DSWD in reaching out the families. Some of the assistance receive by the affected residents include food such as lugaw, noodles, and sardines, kitchen utensils, blankets, and medicines.

Cash Assistance. The city government of Cotabato, Kidapawan, Tacurong, Koronadal, and General Santos provided cash assistance to recipients after the DSWD staff and barangay health worker (with post disaster needs assessment) have visited the affected families and

34 conducted the post evaluation and assessment of damage. The barangays in Koronadal and Tacurong Cities gave the cash-for-work assistance to qualified flood victims.

Effectiveness of Response Mechanism

Level of effectiveness of Response Mechanisms refers to extent of disaster services and assistance programs and activities undertaken or spearheaded by barangay officials during and immediately after flooding.

By and large, the resident participants find the disaster responses implemented in the barangay highly effective (mean=2.78). Table 4 shows that majority of participants in the FGD have rated the rendered services and assistance highly effective. The key informant in Koronadal City clarifies that the absence of casualties is an indication of the effectiveness of the actions taken as disaster preparation. Minimal damage of properties has been recorded in the past three (3) years. Moreover, the city of Koronadal was awarded the 2014 Regional Gawad Kalasag as Best Prepared LGU-City level as valid testimony to the effectiveness of response mechanism. Similarly, Tacurong City is also a recipient of the same award and category in 2012.

Based on the gathered data, the LGUs have some response mechanisms to save lives, reduce negative health impact, and meet basic subsistence needs of affected people in the barangay. As stipulated in RA 10121, it is the policy of the State to develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive NDRRMP that aims to strengthen the capacities of the national government and the LGUs to build the disaster resilience of communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

The sources of services and assistance received by the affected families come from various groups/organizations in the community. At the barangay level, there limited services rendered by SAR and voluteers and food assistance. Much of these services and assistance come the city government in terms of competencies and hardware and equipment such as early warning, standby pack relief goods, heavy equipment, water marker, and others.

It can be gleaned from the data that survivors of flooding in flood-prone communities are content with what is given to them. In the event of disaster, there are barangay officials and groups of concerned individuals who have extended service and assistance to them. Although these responses are limited, yet they find them effective and responsive to their needs.

Resiliency could been acquired by the residents. The repeated experience of displacement due to flashflood/flooding has made them learn to cope and live with the impact of the crisis. On the otherhand, there could be lack of knowledge on the allocated fund for barangay DRRM.

Table 4. Level of Effectiveness of Response Mechanism Cities Mean Description Interpretation Kidapawan (n=15) 2.90 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness Cotabato 2.76 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness Tacurong 2.87 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness Koronadal 2.85 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness General Santos 2.54 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness Over-all mean 2.78 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness Legend: ScaleRange Description Interpretation 1 1.00-1.49 Thumbs Down Low level of effectiveness 2 1.50-2.49 Middle Moderate level of effectiveness 3 2.50-3.00 Thumbs Up High level of effectiveness

E. Contributing and Hindering Factors to the Response Mechanism

Contributing factors include the socio-economic and political conditions, process, and policies present in the community which help and foster the implementation of the disaster response mechanisms.

Degree of Preparedness. The participants express that the level of preparedness of the city and barangay officials made the responses fast and relevant. Proactive planning and preparations are a necessity before any crisis strikes. Mobilization and activation of the early preparations are realized right away during flashflood/flooding and erosion.

The Bayanihan Spirit among multi-sectors brings together the purpose and intention of the business, civic, religious, government and non-government organizations and groups. Their collected and coordinated efforts have become more potent to address the aftermath of the obtaining issue of flood. According to the participants, the active cooperation and support of the various sectors of the society during disaster like provision of food, medicine, clothing, etc. and services indicates strong value of compassion among people in the community. The cooperation with barangay officials among the most vulnerable residents lessened the impact of flooding on them. Some did not wait for notice for forced evacuation when they observed the critical level of water.

The experience of Cotabato City of 2011-disaster response is an evidence of bayanihan spirit. The concerted efforts of various government agencies, LGUs with the assistance of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and MILF, focused on opening channels along the sides of the river to redirect a major portion of the river flow to its original course. These side channels were made with great effort and completed by evening of June 16. They served as a way to push the arriving water lilies to allow them to flow freely and avoid further accumulation.

Early warning system such as rain gauge and other indigenous signals for critical water level provide the officials and affected residents to avoid the impact of the disaster. In Kidapawan City for instance, their rain gauged measured 40 mm/hour of precipitation which according to the key informant is already emergent level. On the other hand, makers such as height of flood wall and color of flood water are used as warning signs for evacuation among flood- prone barangays in Cotabato City. One coastal barangay in General Santos observe cloud formation above the head start of Silway, Makar, and Siguel rivers as sign of upcoming volume of water to the city.

Vulnerabily Assesssment The conduct of vulnerability assessment in barangays exposed to flood and landslide risk, profiling of vulnerable families (individual identification of families), and the identification of needs of (need assessment) in time of occurrence of calamities have prepared the barangay officials and CDRRMC in the search and rescue activities. The key informants in the cities of Koronadal, Kidapawan, and Tacurong have identified the puroks which are most prone to flooding. During heavy rains, the CDRRMO and barangay officials monitor closely the areas. Pre-emptive evacuation or forced evacuation usually occurs among identified families.

Communication System. The communication system has made the job of SAR responders easier. The Call 911 in Kidapawan City and White House in Cotabato City, and Quick response in Koronadal, Tacurong, and General Santos have facilitated the relay of information from the barangay to the city. The hand held radio and cellphone serve well during emergency.

Construction of flood control infrastructures such as flood wall and riprap in the cities of Kidapawan City, Cotabato, Koronadal, and General Santos has reduced the impact of the incident to life and properties. In Tacurong City, erosion and flood control project along Banga River. The project aims to reclaim the land eroded during flooding using indigenous technology. They erected rows of bamboos near the river banks in order to trap sediments such as mud, sand, and other heavy particles carried by flood waters.

Other Factors

Enhanced Equipment. One (1) key informant recognizes the enhanced equipment capabilities as well as the availability of calamity funds have contributed for the effective services and assistance. According to the informant, they have utilized the 30% of their IRA for calamity fund. However, some participants express disappointment in the delay of fund releases. To resolve this dilemma, one barangay head used the family business as collateral for signing agreement with businessmen for them get supply of rice for the evacuees.

Community family- based disaster preparedness training. The key informant in Koronadal City reveals that the community family- based disaster preparedness training in vulnerable barangays have capacitated the residents. The trained purok leaders and selected members have gained knowledge in preparing themselves and family when water level rises. InTacurong City, the barangay officials rely on the DOST-installed monitoring system in the bridge located in Purok 8.

Hindering factors include the socio-economic and political conditions, process, and policies present in the community which impede the implementation of the disaster response mechanisms.

Limited Funds. Most of the barangay leaders have easily identified the 5% share of the IRA for BDRRM Fund and 30% of which is allotted to Quick response Fund or stand-by-fund for relief and recovery program. However, they find it very limited. In addition, the 70% which is allocated to disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited to pre-disaster preparedness programs including training, purchase of disaster response and rescue equipment, supplies and medicines for post-disaster activities and payment of premiums and calamity insurance. With the limited available fund, the barangays have also limited hardware and equipment as revealed in the checklist in Table 1. Based on the data, one (1) barangay has household emergency balde; one (1) has standby pack relief goods; and four (4) barangays have tent. For structures, only two (2) barangays have their evacuation center.

Resistance to Forced Evacuation According to the participants, some families who reside near or in the danger zone for flashflood and erosion refuse to vacate their dwelling for fear that they will lose their house and properties. The passive attitude towards and lack of cooperation to forced evacuation order burden the rescuers in terms of areas to be covered. The problem of the rescuers could have lessened if the residents followed the forced evacuation order.

Lack of heavy equipment. The barangays lacks heavy equipment for road clearing operation. Based on the data, only four (4) barangays have heavy equipment for rescue while other barangays have chainsaw and shovel. The lack of heavy equipment to response the simultaneous needs in the different barangays is also a challenge to the CDRRMO

Others

Terrain of the city. The areas located in steep sides of the elevated areas are most vulnerable to erosion and flashflood. The participants in Kidapawan City have identified the terrain as hindering factor in providing service and assistance to the victims. The Impassable roads to the affected communities especially in the remote uplands delay the rescuers.

Political differences. Some participants voice out that conflict between political leaders has sacrificed the response to the barangays. While most resident participants have recognized the services and assistance provided by city government, there are some who claim that they did not received any. According to them, their elected officials belong to other political party, consequently, limited cooperation and support from the city to the barangay or vice versa.

Lack of Alternative Power Supply. Based on the experiences of the participants, flashfloods and sudden rise of water level usually happen at night. Oftentimes, typhoon which causes interruption of electric supply hinders the search and rescue operations. However, one (1) barangay in General Santos has procured standby generator as alternative energy source.

Complacency of Barangay Officials. According of one key informant, one of the factors which hinder effective response is the officials’ attitude. Being too complacent and taking the situation lightly has sacrificed the needs of flood victims.

Favoritism of Barangay Officials. Based on the sharing of some FGD participants, they have sensed that there are officials who usually prioritize their relatives and close friends when it comes to response. This could be the reason why some participants voice out that they never receive any service and assistance from the barangay.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The researchers conclude the following:

Flooding results from heavy siltation of rivers, creeks, and canals. The erosion of soil in higher elevations such as mountains and ranges in North and South Cotabato causes siltation of waterways.

Clogged sewerage due to garbage causes overflow of creeks and canals. Improper disposal of garbage brings double burden to the waterways. The presence of informal settlers along river and creek banks contributes to the garbage problem. Dumping of wastes and thrashes into the drainage system limits the flow of large volume of flood and flashflood waters.

The LGUs in the cities in Central Mindanao are moderately prepared (77.83%) They have some early preparations for flooding. The presence of some structures and system, policies and plans, skills training and hardware and equipment indicates that some proactive actions and plans are in place. This shows that they have limited knowledge and skills and equipment needed for early preparations.

The level effectiveness of barangay disaster response depends on the level of early preparations of the barangay and CDRRMC. Early planning for response mechanism, competency building, and procurement of DRRM-related equipment, gadgets, tools, supplies and others saves more lives and properties, of victims and damage to environment.

The residents in flood-prone areas have developed resiliency to flooding. Their repeated or yearly encounter with flood has made them learn mechanisms. Their refusal to forced and pre- emptive evacuation is an indication that they have already acquired effective mechanism of coping with flooding. In spite of the repeated experience of displacement due to flooding, the families in low lying barangays have positive view on the rendered services and assistance. This may imply that what they received during the emergency is just enough to their needs.

Community cooperation or bayanihan spirit is strong in the barangays. The positive values such as caring, compassion, and support for the needy are favorable characteristics that must be preserved among all peoples.

The 5% share from IRA for BDRRMC limits the barangay to implement their disaster risk reduction plans. The limited allocation for disaster hinders the local officials to establish and

40 procure the basic requirements relative to flooding. The barangays which directly attend to the needs of community have limited hardware and equipment and trainings that will make them competent most especially on camp management and flood/swift water search and rescue..

Recommendations

The researchers would like to recommend the following:

Enhance the early preparations of the barangays. The barangays must have complete resolutions on early warning system, communication protocol, and organization of SAR. Barangay evacuation center be must be determined and protocol for evacuation must be properly disseminated to the affected residents. Enhance their knowledge and skills through trainings in search and rescue, camp management, and first aid/basic life support. They need to enhance their hardware and equipment.

Enhance the resiliency of flood-prone families. Institutionalize the conduct of or follow sessions on community-based training and drill which will capacitate families and purok members to survive and cope with the dangers of flooding must be conducted. In schools and colleges/universities, students must be well informed of the emergency protocols not only for earthquake and fire but also flooding in the disaster orientation and drill.

Since the primary cause of flooding is siltation of major rivers, the government needs to create community-based project on the rehabilitation of rivers. The indigenous technology in the recovery of Banga river in South Cotabato may serve as benchmark.

Intensify dredging of rivers, creeks, and canals. Regular monitoring of the status of the waterways must be one of the major recovery and rehabilitation concerns of the CDDM Office.

Since the waterways problem is widespread, multi-sectoral participation is a tall order. The civic, business, religious, academic and others disciplines may be engaged by adopting a creek or canal in the cities. Such adoption must be geared towards maintenance and improvement of bodies of water. However, for the headrivers of the tributaries need broader cooperation, collaboration, and cooperation of provinces in South Cotabato and Maguindanao, ARMM. Inter-regional cooperation among Region XII, Region XI, Region X, and ARMM is imperative in addressing river problems.

REFERENCES

DILG-DRRM Checklist for Mayor

Tacurong City DRRM-Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2014-2019

Kidapawan City Comprehensive Public Safety Manual, 2014

City of Koronadal Local Climate Change Action Plan for 2014-2016

Comprehensive DRRM Plan for Cotabato City, 2011

Adaptation Plan for General Santos City, 2014

Barangay DRRM Contingency Plan of Barangay Lagao, General Santos City http//kidapawancity.gov.ph/profile/climate/change.php http//www.mindanews.com/2011/06/19/cotabato-flooding-flood http//newsinfo.inquirer.net16247

Official Journal of European Union, 2007/en.pdf http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2011/06/18/egay-stalls-...

http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/323247/cohesive-efforts-urged-against...

http://philippinesmyphilippines.wordpress.com/2011/04/27/soccsksargen-region-xii/

Community–Based Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines. Partnerships for Disaster Reduction-South East Asia Phase 4. April 2008

Annex A. INSTRUMENTS

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN FLOOD-PRONE COMMUNITIES

1. Focus Group Discussion Guide Questions with Barangay officials and residents

Part I. Profile

Age Sex Educational attainment Position Length of service/term

Part II.

1. What are the causes of flooding in your barangay in the past three (3) years? 2. What are the actions taken as preparation to flooding in your community? 3. What is your level of preparedness and capacity on the actions taken in terms of: a) extent of knowledge, b) attitude, and c) level of competence or capacity? 4. What are the response mechanisms have you pursued in mitigating flooding in your barangay? 5. What is the level of effectiveness of the response mechanisms being pursued? 6. What are the contributing factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed? Why? 7. What are your best practices in mitigating flooding in the barangay? 8. What are hindering factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed? Why? 9. What do you recommend to address the hindering factors relative to response mechanisms in mitigating flooding in your barangay?

2. Key Informant Interview Guide

1. What are the causes of flooding in your city/community for the past 3 years? 2. What are preparations taken by the barangay officials regarding flooding? 3. How would you describe the level of preparedness and capacity of the barangay officials in mitigating the flood-related problems in terms of extent of knowledge, attitude, and level of competence; 4. What are the response mechanisms of the barangay officials in mitigating the causes of flooding? How effectiveness is these mechanisms?

5. What are the contributing factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed? 6. What are the best practices in mitigating flooding in the barangay? 7. What are the hindering factors to the effectiveness of the response mechanisms being employed? 8. What do you recommend to address the hindering factors relative to response mechanisms in mitigating flooding in the affected barangays?

3. Document Analysis Guide

1. What is the demographic profile of the barangay in terms of: Population Land area Internal revenue allocation Structural threat and vulnerabilities

2. What is the City/Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Strategic Plan?

Annex B. GANTT CHART

Activities July August September October November December A. Preliminaries 1. Creation of Team 2. Finalization/Pilot Testing of

Tools 3. Delivery of Communication 4. Ocular Visit B. Field Work for Data Gathering 5. Data Gathering 6. Data Editing, Tabulation, Encoding and Processing of Data C. 7. Report Writing D. 8. Editing//Revision E. 9. Validation of Data 10. Dissemination of research

findings 11. Submission of final report

Annex C. LETTERS

Annex D. PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Kidapawan City

Annex E. PROJECT STAFF

Research Team Dr. Estelita S. Gayak Dr. Alano T. Kadil Prof. Felipe Q. Gayak

City Point Persons Dr. Daisy Labadia (Kidapawan City) Mr. Renato Neri (Tacurong City) Mr. Hilarion Matavia, Jr. (Koronadal City) Ms. Marichell Dacillo (General Santos City) Dr. Estelita S.Gayak (Cotabato City)

FGD Facilitators Dr. Estelita S. Gayak Dr. Alano T. Kadil Prof. Felipe Q. Gayak Prof. Carmencita Teresa C. Cang, RP Prof. Aida L. Tan

FGD Documenters Prof. Joselyn H. Bacera, RGC Engr. Ma. Angela Estella Ms. Ma. Sheila Florido Prof. Pamfila Gorreon Mr. Gerard Rosal Prof. Rosario Ungsod Prof. Isidro Apollo Valensoy

Key Informant Interviewers Dr. Estelita S. Gayak Mr. Hilarion Matavia Prof. Isidro Apollo Valensoy

Editor Prof. Felipe Q. Gayak

Encoder/Photographer Luis Carlo S. Gayak

Annex F. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Fr. Eduardo G. Tanudtanud, OMI Former NDU President

Fr. Charlie M. Inzon, OMI, PhD NDU President

Dr. Dolores S. Daguino VP Academic Affairs

Dr. Ma. Araceli C. Juliano Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

Dr. Ma. Theresa P. Llano Director, University Research Center

SPECIAL THANKS TO CITY MAYORS:

Hon. Japal Guiani, Jr. City Mayor, Cotabato City

Hon. Joseph Evangelista City Mayor, Kidapawan City

Hon. Lina Montilla City Mayor, Tacurong City

Hon. Peter Miguel, MD City Mayor, Koronadal City

Hon. Ronnel Rivera City Mayor, General Santos City

CITY ADMINISTRATORS/CDRRMC

Atty. Frances Cynthia Guiani-Sayyadi City Administrator, Cotabato City

Engr. Franklin Poot CDRRMO, Cotabato City

Mr. Psalmer Bernalte

CDRRMO, Kidapawan City

Ms. Eufemia Robles CDRRMO, Tacurong City Mr. Cyrus Urbano, CPA City Administrator/CDRRMO, Koronadal City

Dr. Agripino Dacera, DDM CDRRMO, General Santos City

BARANGAY OFFICIALS AND RESIDENTS:

Barangays Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 7, and RH 3, Cotabato City

Barangay Poblacion, Kidapawan City

Barangay Rajah Muda, Tacurong City

Barangays Zone 1 and Zone 3, Koronadal City

Barangays Lagao, Baluan, and Dadiangas West, General Santos City

Barangay Disaster Preparedness Checklist Validators:

Hon. Abdilla Lim and Hon. Nasser Usman Punong Barangay, Cotabato City

College of Arts and Sciences Faculty and Staff

and

University Research Center Staff