Potentials and Limitations of Spatial and Demographic Development in Kosovo- Metohija Lignite Basin 1

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 711.554 (497.115): 622; 502.131.1:711.554 Monograph study

POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SPATIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN KOSOVO- METOHIJA LIGNITE BASIN 1

Nenad Spasić, Ksenija Petovar, Vesna Jokić

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan’s propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin. Key words: large lignite basins, degradation of the ecosystem, resettling of population, settlement network, environmental pollution.

INTRODUCTION are particularly prominent in areas of intensive Relative scarcity of primary energy sources, exploitation and processing of energy mineral and the fact that over 70 percent of overall The limited availability of non-renewable raw materials, most strikingly in large lignite available energy potentials on Serbia’s territory natural resources, promotion of human rights basins. The high intensity, scope and spread of are found in two lignite basis (Kosovo-Metohija (civil and political, economic, social and these processes and environmental and Kolubara) bespeak the importance of these cultural, environmental) and the increasing degradation, along with numerous basins for energy sector development, and environmental problems, are the three most developmental conflicts in the above stress the need for rational utilization of important factors in the modern world arising mentioned areas add to the role and avalable energy sources. Planning is thus the awareness of the need for planned importance of the institution of planning (1,5). faced with a delicate and difficult task of development and offsetting of numerous solving the problems inherent in major development conflicts. Development problems

1 This paper was completed as a part of the project “Spatial, social and ecological aspects od development in great mining basins” which has been financed by the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological development The paper is based on the findings of extensive reserach carried out within the elaboration of the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin (1987-1990 and 1998 -1999).

30 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

structural changes in space, as wel as adverse Strategic concepts in the energy sector are adopted concept and solutions in this zone will external effects and irrationalities resulting based on long-term prognoses (for the period essentially influence the concept of the Spatial from intensive exploitation of lignite, of 30, 50 or more years), while long-term Plan as a whole. development problems in the zone of MEIS prognoses in other fields, especially economy The Spatial Plan, in addition to the existing, influence, numerous conflicts and the large and social development, are considered also addressed the prospective limitations scope of environmental degradation (2,6). unreliable. The Plan has dealt with this discord related to the development of transportaion and by using different levels of detailed forecasting The work on the Spatial Plan for Kosovo- other large infrastructure, the system of for different time periods. Thereby more Metohija Lignite Basin (hereinafter Spatial settlements, agriculture, distribution of the detailed and reliable solutions were proposed Plan) started over two decades ago. Stage one population etc. in the future MEIS zone. for shorter horizons, while longer-term took place in 1987-1990 and stage two in Therefore the need to perceive the MEIS proposals offer only tentative solutions, are 1998-1999 period. In early 1999 the draft of development after the year 2020, until the final often limited to the objectives and main the Plan was completed, but after June 1999 depletion of lignite deposits. premises, and sometimes presented in several all activities related to this project were variants. It is assumed that these long-term The Spatial Plan area may be divided into two discontinued. Meanwhile, several texts based prognoses will be reexamined in the specific entities, different from one another in on preparatory work and the draft itself have subsequent cycles of research and planning terms of their population, overal development been published, offering analyses of specific (7). and degree of urbanization. problems along with possible solutions (4,10- 13). The authors of this text believe that today, We believe that changes in demographic a) The first entity is that of Priština with several and in the context of current developments in developments, competencies for decision- urban, suburban and adjacent village Kosovo and Metohija, it would be auspicious to making on development in general and enegy settlements, which, taken together, account for present the public with the starting points, development in particular, do not substantially almost half the total number of the population concepts, propositions and solutions of the impair the relevance of research findings and in the Spatial Plan area (401 settlements). This Plan, bearing in mind that they are still topical topicality of proposed propositions, which is entity is also characterized by a relatively large and, moreover, that the approach to this yet another reason why they should be concentration of economic and other activities, undertaking fully observed the democratic presented to the professional and academic high level of settlement and infrastructure principles and procedurs in defining both the public. construction, etc. That is also where all MEIS basic premises of the Plan and measures for its plants are located which, together with Trepča MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF implementation (15). That is all the more and other industrial centers in immediate advisable since the results of field research KOSOVO-METOHIJA LIGNITE BASIN vicitnity, contribute to the inferior condition of and comprehensive surveys carried out in 57 The subject of research in elaborating the the environment. settlements in the Kosovo basin range among Spatial Plan is an area the organization, b) The second entity, which includes the the few empirical research efforts made in this arrangement and use of which is influenced by remaining part of the Spatial Plan area, is area over the past two decades. Furthermore, the exploatation of an energy resource, i.e. characterized by a predominantly rural nature the Draft Spatial Plan of Kosovo-Metohija lignite. That is why the development of MEIS, of the whole area, existence of several smaller Lignite Basin in its 1999 form has, to this date, the conditions of obtaining the basic raw centers (Lipljan, Glogovac, Srbica, Klina, been one of the rare sources on that particular materials and the manner of their processing Mališevo) with industrial plants and high subject (11). were important factors in deciding on the population density (typical of the entire The Spatial Plan was conceived and prepared concept of organization, arrangement and Province) that displays an upward trend in as a regional spatial plan for an area marked by utilization of space. The possible variants for lowland settlements, despite the population’s a large influence of a single activity, i.e. the MEIS development in production, migration to more developed centers. production function (lignite exploitation and technological and ecological terms, essentially processing). The Plan sought to relativize the influenced the selection of concepts for the existing and expected conflicts and opposing organization, revitalization and use of space in interests by harmonizing the economic, social both its immediate and wider and spatial aspects of MEIS and its surroundings.That is why an evaluation of the surreroundings’ development, while leaving proposed MEIS development from the point of room for improvements in technical– spatial organization and arrangement was technological development and lignite important as well as necessary. Concentration processing, as well as novel approaches to of mining, energy and industrial facilities in the resolving the ecological consequences of this zone of Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits development. today, an in the next 20-30 years, suggests that the evaluation of development variants and the

s p a t i u m 31 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999.

Map 1 – Energy, Mineral and Metal Resources

32 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999.

Map 2 – Settlements Network in the Area of Spatial Plan

s p a t i u m 33 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999.

Map 3 – Existing Transport Network

34 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Table 1: Lignite reserves in Serbia

Exploitable RESERVES THERMAL VALUE STATE OF ACTIVITY Basin GEOLOGICAL RESERVES (* 106 t) (kJ/kg) % Kosovo 8200 10491 7200 0,011 Kolubara 2675 3635 7400 0,354 Metohija 1551 2730 7400 0,000 Kostolac 645 1569 7600 0,351 Kovin 197 240 7600 0,03 Drenica 74 134 7200 0,000 Sjenica 50 184 14200 0,05 TOTAL 13392 18983 7400

Table 2: Kosovo lignite deposit – population projection in settlements potentially endangered by open pit exploitation over the next 30 years

SETTLEMENT POPULATION HOUSEHOLDS S 1988. 1996. 2001. 2006. 2011. 2016. 2021. 1988. 1996. 2001. 2006. 2011. 2016. 2021. Sibovac 1400 1885 2020 2155 2290 2425 2560 175 250 295 340 390 450 510 Ade 1935 2630 2805 2980 3155 3330 3505 205 320 395 460 525 605 700 Dobri Dub 1040 1310 1395 1475 1560 1640 1725 135 175 200 230 260 310 345 Kuzmin 505 535 540 540 545 550 550 99 105 110 120 125 130 140 Crkvena 1630 1865 1980 2100 2220 2356 2455 236 290 325 355 390 435 490 Vodica Leskovčić 1005 1155 1230 1305 1380 1455 1530 123 150 170 195 220 260 305 Kruševac 1710 2270 1445 2620 2795 2970 3140 263 360 410 460 510 570 630 V.Belaćevac 3160 3790 4115 4435 4755 5075 5400 376 480 555 650 780 925 1080

The largest population growth is registered in and their immediate surroundings are crossed layer is not limited, exploitation of a large part urban settlements of the first zone, followed by by main and regional traffic arteries and main of the deposit may be endangered. urban settlements and municipal centers in the lines of other major infrastructural facilities. The present degree of exploration of the second and, finally, villages in the lowlands. That is why infrastructure corridors are Kosovo lignite deposit allows us to fairly Changes in the number of population are envisaged for the prospective relocation of the confidently speak of the final contours of strip accompanied by changes in its ethnical facilities existing in the zone of mining activity mining in the Kosovo lignite deposit. composition, including the villages, and the and the construction of new ones. Construction the statistical censuses (1961-1981) as well of a highway between the southern part of These circumstances indicate that the total as a Household survey carried out in 1988, Serbia and Montenegro, across the province, coal production in Kosovo deposit might be registered a continuous decrease in the may become topical in the near future. Due to concentrated in 2-4 large open pits (“North” number of ethnic Serbs and Montengrins in the the high capital investments involved and in and “South Kosovo”). entire Spatial Plan area. The rationale of a order to avoid possible relocation, this highway In the period of the next 40-50 years strip balanced regional development indicates the should be routed outside the planned zone of mining will cover only 1/5 to 1/6 of the Kosovo need to discourage further intensive growth of lignite deposits exploitation. The master lignite deposit area, thus endangering about Priština and “conurbation”, in favour of long- project of the highway and the relevant ten or so settlements. Towards the end of that term development of smaller municipal and feasibility study should examine a number of period the relocation of part of the railways and village community centers. variants. the main highway from Kosovo Polje to The availability and accessibility of Kosovo and Exploatation boundaries of Kosovo lignite Glogovac may be required. Metohija lignite, and its share in Serbia's deposits (encircling the area of about 270.00 Concentration and congregation of MEIS plants energy potential suggest the necessity of their ha) will of necessity be corrected due to the is a process that will continue in future. The future exploitation regardless of the numerous high degree of completed construction and question of the optimal degree of concentration limitations and conflicts related to that course density of population above them, as well as of Kosovo-Metohija MAIS facilities, is a of action. The Republic will not have an the continuing trend of further construction and difficult one to answer, primarily in view of the alternative to Kosovo and other coals for a long settlement. The economy of exploitation of the danger for the environment. In principle, a time yet, at least until the world has come up entire deposit has already become certain deconcentration of thermal power with new unconventional energy sources. questionable due to intensive growth of urban plants will be necessary in stage I. That is and numerous village settlements. Unless Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are located in primarily related to “Kosovo C” thermal further growth of settlements above the lignite the central part of the Province. The deposits electric power plant, which has been planned

s p a t i u m 35 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

on a new location (Glogovac), so as not to unemployment and a sizable portion of the fololowing starting points in addressing this increase the concentration of pollutants in the grey economy, along with a low level and problem: zone of Priština, Obilić and Kosovo Polje. quality of services of public interests, ethnic conditions of resttlement should not place However, dealing with the problem of conflicts and polarization, etc. The - the endangered population into a less environmental polution by means of dispersing consequences of developing MEIS in these favourable situation; on the contrary, it would MAIS plants will not be acceptable in future. circumstances are the most pronounced in be desirable if the new settlement offered The only true solution is a rigorous control and economic, social, spatial and ecological better living conditions; limitation of overall emissions of damaging spheres, which is why the conflicts thus waste and other pollutants from MEIS plants, caused are the most complex, especially since - the population to be resettled should be by using new technologies. That is they add to those already existing in other offered a choice of compensation, place of particularluy important for Kosovo and spheres of development (8). resettlement, construction and arrangement Metohija due to the proximity of several of the new settlement, etc.; furthermore, The main conflict in the Plan area is the one national parks and reservations, present and every effort should be made to meet all between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit future tourist regions (Mts Kopaonik, Šara, reasonable requests by the households, if lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering Prokletije, Mokra Gora, etc.), and a large they fit into the agreed (prescribed) scope of lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally number of settlements. compensation; aggravated by the remarkable density of - the programme for relocation of settlements, It is clear that many issues of the development, agricultural population on this territory and industrial, infrastructure and other facilities organization, arrangement and use of space in high selling prices of the land, bearing in mind must ensure the functioning of existing the MEIS area are still outstanding, while and that replacement of the existing technology of settlements systems until the relocation is the solutions for some others have only been strip lignite mining with a new one that could completed; indicated. That is due to the absence of a mitigate this conflict is not expected in in view of the scarcity and high value of sufficiently clearly defined long-term energy forseeable future. It is therefore necessaery that - agricultural land, as well as domination of development strategy on the national level as plans for future exploitation took into account agricultural households in settlements above well as the non-existence of a development the following requirements: lignite deposits, provisions should be made strategy of the Province. The degree of provision of the required institutional, to appropriately substitute the expropriated exploration in certain areas is still insuffficient - organizational, technical-technological and land of the households concerned; and for a well-argumented proposal of more other conditions for as efficient as possible reliable and precisely defined solutions to - bearing in mind the existing social, ethnic, recultivation of the damaged land and its many problems, including the ones of key religious and other tensions in Kosovo, soonest restoration to its initial purpose; importance for the exploitation of lignite efforts to solve the resettlement problems depiositc, relativization of defelopment - occupation of land for mining purposes must take into account these specific conflicts, environmental protection, etc. That is should not exceed a period of ten years; circumstances. why the adoption of the Spatial Plan should be - implementation of protective measures at the Large-scale strip mining also has other followed by research in all fields required to time of occupation of agricultural land negative effects on the environment, e.g. by define the long-term strategies, plans and (including the need to reduce external reducing the level of underground waters in the programmes for spatial development and dumps to a minimum). The distance between vicinity of pits, disrupting the existing eco- arrangement, revitalization of natural excavation and recultivation fronts should systems in the zone of mining operations, environment, etc. also be reduced to the absolute minimum affecting the cultural heritage and ambinetal which does not endanger normal production; wholes, etc. In the area Kosovo MEIS these CONFLICTS, LIMITATIONS, influences must be continuously monotired - recultivation and revitalization of POTENTIALS AND PRIORITIES OF reproductive land potential should be carried and examined, especially with respect to to SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT out on the basis of thoroughly developed prospective substantial increase in coal long term plans and projects, etc. production. Conflicts in large lignite basins emerge in consequence of large-scope exploitation and Another important conflict emerges between The third important conflict is created by the transformation of coal, but that does not mining, on the one hand, and settlements, development and functioning of the energy- exclude other causes of conflicting interests in industrial, infrastructural, water supply and industry complex, wherein thermal electric these areas. The area of Kosovo-Metohija other facilities in the zones planned for open- power plants have the most important role. lignite basin most prominently reveals the pit exploitation, on the other. The problem is This conflict is is generally of ecological following conflicting interests: insufficient and extremely delicate and requires professional, importance and is manifested in the pollution uneven development, exceptionally high serious and just approach. There is a series of of air, soil, surface and underground waters institutional, organizational, normative and predominantly by aggressive gases (SO , NO overall and especially agrarian population 2 X, legal conditions that have to be provided etc), flue and furnace slag ashes, density (among the highest in Europe), . before hand. The Spatial Plan has adopted the

36 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

environmental “thermal burden”, etc. The relocated. In that relation the concept of the standard facilities, taxing policy, policy of solution to this problem is generally twofold Spatial Plan included the following criteria: limiting investments, etc. and implies the application of acceptable construction of new production plants for Comparison of space suitability indicators for technicial devices to control the aggressive - productive employment should be specific purposes clearly reveals that suitability pollutants and the selection of appropriate sites harmonized with the concept for the ratings for certain basic purposes (agriculture, for facilities of that kind. In relation to this development of the settlement network, settlement, industry and energy) in the conflict, the concept of the Spatial Plan has direction of the urbanization process and predominant part of the territory covered by the adopted the following criteria: incentives for the development of small Spatial Plan, overlap, meaning that the zones - balancing of requests for concentration of settlement centers; of best agricultural land are simultaneously energy and industrial facilities based on suitable for the construction of settlements, - support for the opening of new jobs outside economic and technological grounds and for primary energy production in the MEIS area industrial and energy facilities and their space-wise dispersion based on should be channelled towards the zones of infrastructure. Part of this space is located ecology and security of production in settlement, i.e. reception of the population above lignite deposits and is therefore also extraordinary circumstances; moved out of open pit exploitation sites; important for mining. That is a particularly sites for new facilities must be selected in a clear example of opposing (conflicting) - - construction of new industrial facilities way ensuring that the propagation of their should not be planned in the immediate interests in relation to the same space, which operations’ negative influences will, for the proximity of MEIS plants, and especially not is why priorities for the use thereof must be most part, spare the zones of concentration within the lignite deposits exploitation boun defined. In a long term, the order of priorities is of settlements, i.e. population, good daries; and as follows: 1) agricultural land, 2) settlement construction, and 3) industry, agricultural land, valuable natural and employment programs, including aditional - energy, infrastructure. This order of cultural heritage and zones which are at training and re-training should, in addition to priorities means that lasting occupation of land present marked by a high degree of MAIS production plants be oriented towards of first and second grade fertility for environmental pollution; and civil engineering, public utility and housing construction purposes should be prevented, sites for the new facilities must also fulfill construction, recultivation and arrangement - and that construction of industrial, energy and certain conditions related to the relief, soil of the damaged land, tertiary sector and infrastructure facilities must not aggravate the stability, microclimate, degree of completed services of public interest. construction on the site and its immediate conditions of development, life and housing in Uneven regional development as well as the the existing and planned (new) settlements. surroundings, transport infrastructure, watter trend of increasing concentration of the supply, etc. population, activities, investments, and A simmilar approach applies to the Development and construction of settlements construction of settlements, economic, establishment of priorities in the use of some above lignite deposits pose a delicate problem infrastructure, public and other facilities in other important resources, e.g. water. the Spatial Plan had to clearly perceive. The Priština and its surroundings, as well as Settlements and population, along with conflict derives from the request to prohibit negative consequences of that development agriculture, have the priority over industry and further construction and settlement on the are important issues clearly defined by the energy where use of high quality water is territory above lignite deposits in order to Spatial Plan. In line with the general concept of concerned (7). protect an important energy source (coal), on the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia ORGANIZATION, ARRANGEMENT the one hand, without stopping the (1991 working wersion, dopted in 1996), a AND USE OF SPACE development and functioning of a quality view was adopted to encourage the everyday life, on the other. In that relation it development of smaller municipal centers, as The degree of exploration of the Kosovo lignite was necessary to accept a compromise well as centers of village communities (rural deposit enbled the Plan to establish the final depending on the planned dynamics of open provincial towns), and converesely to contours of open pit exploitation with a high pit exploitation. discourage further extensive growth and degree of reliability, which was not the case Large capital investments in the energy sector expansion of Priština. with other lignite reserves in Kosovo and Metohija. bring relatively few new jobs in primary This premise was particularly important in the production. In view of the large problem of selection of sites to resettle the population As already mentioned, depending on the unemployment in Kosovo and Metohija, the from the zones of mining activities. dynamics of lignite exploitation, i.e. program of investments into new energy Development of smaller urban settlements and construction of appropriate energy and facilities must address the problem of village centeres is encouraged by allocation of industrial facilities using coal, it is estimated productive employment of the existing facilities investments, improved transport infrastructure, that the period of exploitation of Kosovo and surplas labour, as well as of the unemployed public utilities and construction of social Metohija’s deposits ranges between 140 and population, especially in the zones where the 240 years. That is a very long period of time settlements and households would be

s p a t i u m 37 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

and is impossible to cover by prognoses of currently the case of internal dumps in the power of coal) as well as technologies for the technolgical economic and social existing open-pits “Dobro selo” and control of harmful emissions of effluents. development. However, the above-mentioned “Belaćevac”, where an infrastructure corridor Chemical industry in Obilić was closed down estimate of the life-time of deposits allows us is anticipated; and its reopening in forseable future is to draw some conclusions of importance for unlikely. We must bear in mind that - Control of construction above the lignite the solutions proposed for the period until the layer will result in more intensive settlement development of new technologies for coal year 2020, as well as the immediately and construction on the rims of lignite exploitation and processing is not a certainty following years: basins; that would require coordination of worldwide, and that radical changes may be triggered by substantial alterations in prices of MEIS development in these areas is viewed planning and construction in these zones so - main energy products. in a long term perspective; at the same time, as to avoid uncontrolled concentration of it is expected that future modernization of construction and linear conurbation on both Large lignite basins are ones of capital production (based on automtion and sides of the infrastructure corridor to be intensive investments. The principles of robotization) will lead to decreasing labour formed along the eastern rim of the Kosovo rationality and economy demand concentration requirements per unit of production, and deposit; of production plants into large systems, necessitate the transfer of surplus labour into - The availability and accessibility for leading to concentration of investments. The other sectors; exploitation of Kosovo-Metohija lignites, specific nature of lignite transformation into indicate that their exploitation in the future is electrical energy contributes to the - Optimum exploitation boundaries of the Kosovo lignite deposit (with the surface of a certainty, despite the numerous monofunctional character of economic about 270.00 ha), have been adjusted to the accompanying limitations and conflicts; structure in the given area. That is why the high degree of completed construction and - Kosovo-Metohija lignites are covered by high MEIS development with this structure and settlement above the deposit, as well as the fertility agricultural land; the predominant concentration of investments has territorially trend of future construction and settlement: part of the land taken for the need of mining limited poistive effects (income, employment) the economy of exploiting the whole deposit will be restored to agriculture by means of in a relatively small space and relatively small is questioned due to intensive gwrowth of planned measures of recultivation and scope, bearing in mind that its economic urban (Obilić, Kosovo Polje, Lipljan) and revitalization; the long term concept for the effects are manifested extraterritorially and other, smaller settlements; unless the growth development of open-pits must ensure materialized in the proces of “productive of settlements above the lignite deposit is continuous filling of all depressions created consumption” (9,10,11,12,13). by strip mining, so that at the end of restricted, exploitation of a lrage part of the Contrary to the urban area of Priština, Obilić exploitation of the lignite deposit there will deposit will be endangered; and Kosovo Polje, the remaing part of the be only one or two depressions left which In order to protect the deposit from Spatial Plan area is characterized by a low - could then be filled with water and turned unplanned construction, a regime of minor or degree of urbanization, insufficiently developed into artificial lakes. major restrictions of construction and spatial urban centres, low level of tertiary sector expansion will have to be applied to about Also important for the concept of spatial activities and relatively poor supply of urban 100 settlements above the lignite deposits; organization and arrangement in this area is the services. Low development level of services these limitations have to be offset by estimate that more substantial changes in and the small percentage of employment in the advantages in terms of population technologies of open-pit coal mining will not tertiray sector are characteristic of the entire employment, increased transportation be forthcoming in due course, and that only MEIS area, except Priština, and can be accessibility, availability of public utilities, their improvement could be expected, expelained by the following factors: construction of facilities with public including: functions in settlements, etc.; - capital investments, channelled - concentration of production within large predominantly into exploitation of energy raw Construction of settlements and other - excavation sites, to ensure greater efficiency materials and their primary transformation, building projects, require stabilization of of of the deposits, rational use of occupied and the monopoly of state actors in the entire landfill in overburden dumps of large land, improved economy of the mine, etc.; public sector discouraging organization of thickness in a period of over 50 years, which introduction of automated production, other economic and service activities in this means that construction of new settlements - control mechanism and appropriate area; on landfills after lignite exploitation cannot information system, and better conditions for be counted upon in due course; the period of - proximity of large urban centres (Priština, successfull recultivation of the damaged land K.Mitrovica, Peć) and their functional land stabilization required for construction of (3). transport infrastructure may be reduced, but domination contributed to the slow Development of thermal power plants in this that would require the use of special emancipation of other, smaller centers; the area was based on the increase of unit and measures during landfilling and control of population depended on these larger centres overal capacities, improvement of combustion land stabilization in internal dumps; that is for higher quality services, and this trend is technologies (for better utilization of thermal realistically expected to continue, unless

38 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

appropriate incentive measures are taken to Strong population dynamics is characteristics the population, in addition to incentive stimulate development of smaller of all municipalities in the Spatial Plan area, measures of the investment policy (distribution setttlements. with growth indices of about 200.0 points. The of jobs) in order to reduce the pressure in the Development of settlement and urban centers strongest expansion is found in Priština MEIS, Priština and Peć zones, specific urban network was not observed only within the limits municipality (index 406.5), and population measures and control of their implementation of the Spatial Plan, but also on the entire growth above the provincial average has also are also required. been registered in Glogovac and Peć territory of the Province and Serbia. The At the time when this Spatial Plan was worked municipalities. Population expansion rests on a settlement system in Kosovo comprises: one out, the share of non-Albanian population in high natural rate of growth (of primarily center of provincial importance (Priština) and this area in the total population was higher than Albanian and Roma population) and is due to a six (sub)regional centers (K.Mitrovica, Peć, on the level of the entire province, and was sustained high natality under conditions of Đakovica, Prizren, Uroševac and Gnjilane) with particularly prominant in the zone of lignite improved health care and reduced death rate of their gravitation areas and networks of deposits. municipal and village centers. The system of the population, especially children of up to five settlements and centres functioning on the years of age. Results of a survey carried out in 1988 in settlements above Kosovo lignite deposits provincial level is fairly balanced. However, Fast population growth and trend of population confirmed the process of ethnic observation of the centres’ network in the MEIS concentration over the past decades are also homogenization („ethnic cleansing of area, highlights the dominance of Priština with found in settlements in the zone of lignite settlements“) noted in 1971 and 1981 second-rank centers in its immediate vicinity exploitation, especially in the immediate censuses. This process developed in almost all (Kosovo Polje, Obilić, Gračanica). The vicinity of excavation sites in Belaćevac and settlements, including those with a dominant expected population of these centeres in 2010 Dobro Selo, Obilić thermal power plant and ethnic group and ethnically mixed will account for about 33% of the total Priština surroundings, i.e. precisely in spaces environments. In ethnically mixed settlements, population in the Spatial Plan area, or where indicators of environmental quality have the change of ethnic structure invariably approximately 85% of the expected number of substantially aggravated. The zone of the MEIS developed towards an increased share of the inhabitants of urban municipal centers in that (Kosovo lignite deposit) in 1948 had the Albanian ethnic group and the decreased share area. In that relation, development of smaller population of 26.500, compared with 72,000 of others. municipal and urban centers in the Spatial Plan in 1988, with the index of growth of 235.5 area, as well as centres of village communities points, above that of the Province (216.10). According to the findings of this survey, the should be encouraged in the coming period This population dynamics in settlements in the Spatial Plan area has several groups of (17,18,21). MEIS zone is due to the high natural growth as settlements with predominantly non-Albanian POPULATION MIGRATION AND well as to immigration into the zones of mining population. The largest two groups are in the and industrial activities. zone of Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits. The DISTRIBUTION group of settlements with predominantly non- These projections indicate that continuing The Spatial Plan area is characterized by a Albanian population in the zone of Kosovo demographic trends on the territory of the powerful population expansion, contrary to deposit includes: Plemetina, Prilužje, Grace, proper and wider zone of the MEIS, will demographic trends on the territory of Serbia, Devet Jugovića, Donja Brnjica, Kosovo Polje, substantially increase the population potential, which has been undergoing demographic Bresje, Kuzmin, Ugljare, Preoce, Laplje Selo, especially in terms of younger population, and transition with low reproduction and small Sušica, Batuše, Radevo, Lepina, Skulanovo, add to the already pronounced overpopulation population growth since the 1960s. The Suvi Do, Livađe, Gračanica, Badovac, of the space, and thus sharpen the conflicts population of the entire zone of MEIS influence Okosnica, Janjevo, Gornja Gušterica, Donja between the population growth and economic, (10 municipalities) grew from 369,000 (1961) Gušterica, Lipljan, Dobrotin and Staro Gracko. to 818,000 (1991 estimate), at an average social, cultural and spatial development. A The group of settlements with predominantly annual rate of 2.77%. At the same time, special problem is the substantial spatial non-Albanian population in Metohija zone of concentration of the population also increased differentiation of demographic development by settlements, due to the characteristics of their the deposit includes: Tučepo, Osojane, from 38.3 % in 1951 to 40.3% of the total Poljana, Leskovac, Šaljinovac, Opraška, provincial population in 1981. At the time of ethnic structure, as well as consequences of Berliovo, Vidanje, Klina and Dolac.12 elaboration of this Spatial Plan it was estimated the related processes. Active demographic policy would imply a higher degree of that should the trend of population growth continue, the total number of inhabitants in the education and social engagement of Albanian and other ethnic groups (especially young Spatial Plan area would increase by over 50% 1 female population), measures to discourage until the year 2011, and that the corresponding 2 The period after the signing of Kumanovo Agreement births, changes in social policy (education, uward trend in urban (and municipal) centers and introduction of international administration into would be still more prominent. health care) and higher employment. With the Province in June 1999, witnessed major respect to the concentration and distribution of territorial shifts of ethnic population groups. Non- Albanian population predominantly moved out,

s p a t i u m 39 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Table 3. Population projection in the wider area – zone of MEIS influence, 1991-2021 (*) based on the 1971.1981 trend)

Population projection Municipality 1991(*) 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Istok 50085 55557 61029 66501 71973 77445 82917 Glogovac 33511 36103 38695 41287 438799 46471 49063 Klina 52314 57064 61815 66565 71316 76066 80816 Lipljan 70709 76045 81381 76717 92053 97399 102735 Peć 34143 36579 39015 41451 43887 46323 48759 Priština 244376 273470 302564 331658 360752 389846 418940 Srbica 57248 62370 67493 72615 77738 82860 87983 Vučitrn 22358 24196 26035 27873 29713 31551 33390 Mališevo 16018 17477 18937 20396 21856 23315 24775 Total 580762 638861 696964 745063 813167 871276 929378

Source: Spatial Plan of Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin, draft, IAUS, Beograd 1999.

Table 4. Population projection in the wider area – zone of MEIS influence, 1991-2021 ((*)(*) based on the 1961-1981 trend)

Municipality Population projection 1991.(*) 1996. 2001. 2006. 2011. 2016. 2021. Glogovac 48162 52668 57174 61680 66186 70692 75198 Istok 32943 35251 37559 39867 42175 44483 46791 Klina 50649 54567 58485 62403 66321 70239 74157 Lipljan 70021 75013 80005 84997 89989 94981 99973 Peć 34441 37016 39591 42166 44741 47316 49891 Priština 240022 266915 293808 320701 347594 374487 401380 Srbica 55436 59662 63888 68114 72340 76566 80792 Vučitrn 21819 23393 24967 26541 28115 29689 31263 Mališevo 15793 17140 18487 19834 21181 22528 23875 Total 569286 621625 673964 726303 778642 830981 883320

Source: Spatial Plan of Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin, draft, IAUS, Beograd 1999.

Tabela 5: Ethnic structure of the provincial population in the zone of Kosovo lignite deposits

Ethnic structure in % Albanians Serbs Montenegrins Turks Roma Yugoslavs Muslims Others Total popolation of the 1971. 72,0 18,2 4,4 0,5 1,7 3,2 Province 1981. 76,4 13,1 3,1 0,3 3,1 0,2 2,7 1,1 Kosovo lignite deposit, Population 60,6 26,8 1,6 0,07 3,4 0,8 1,7 0,1 1981 Households 51,4 37,2 2,4 0,07 5,8 0,2 1,5 0,2

Source: Spatial Plan of Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin, draft, IAUS, Beograd 1999. It is to be expected that further development of consultations, as well as appreciation of RELOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS open pit exploitation of lignite will influence requests of both the resettling population and AND POPULATION RESETTLEMENT the increase of international tensions in this the host community. Particular note should be area. It is therefore necessary to approach the made of the fact that settlements above the Situation, limitations and potentials problems of relocation of endangered Kosovo deposit that will potentially be settlements from the mining zone very relocated in the next 50 years (Table 1) are High population density and socio-economic carefully, and offer solutions based on predominantly inhabited by the Serbian characteristics of the population living in the thorough preparations and detailed population, which requires complete Spatial Plan area, and especially above the transparency and respect of international pacts Kosovo lignite deposit, substantially limit the

and conventions (Aarhus Convention, use of lignite for electricity production. In International Pact on Civil and Political, as well addition to the clashing utilization of the two especially from ethnically mixed and lone settlements. main natural resources in this area – lignite Non-Albanian ethnic groups (Serbian, Montenegrin as Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, etc.) and Roma population) was almost entirely moved out in order to prevent the abuse and manipulation and agricultural land – with exploitation of one of the Metohija zone of the lignite deposit, while this with lignite exploitation for other purposes (10- limiting the use of the other, there is yet proces was somewhat slower in the Kosovo zone, due 13). another limiting factor – the population. Two to territorially grouped settlements with the majority important features define the population’s Serbian population. More reliable data on the present limiting role in this area. The first one is its ethnic structure are unavailable.

40 spatium Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

numerical size, reflected in the large density of Due to the scarcity of land and its extremely until the year 2020, directly endangered population, in consequence of a high natural high selling prices, appropriate measures are settlements are: Sibovac, Ade, Dobri Dub, growth rate and low intensity of migrations. The necessary to stimulate the change of Vragolja and Kuzmin. To this group we should second is the highly unfavourable socio- occupation of purely agricultural households also add Crkvene Vodice, located in the vicinity economic structure of the population towards activities demanding smaller surfaces of an open pit, as well as Kruševac and Obilić, characterised by a low level of education, of land and enabling the use of low-skilled both suffering the consequences of pollution unfavourable structure of qualifications, labour, especially of the female population. (coal transport, dumps, etc.). Under the domination of traditional patterns and systems There is no doubt that the traditional present conditions of mining and processing of of values, exclusion and static primary forms of organization of households and their size - lignite in Kosovo thermal power plants, the life groups, etc. particularly prominent among the Albanian of the population in this group of settlements is population - creates enormous difficulties and extremely difficult. People are exposed to Under the present circumstances it is interferes with the change of professional diverse forms of pollution (transport of coal impossible to plan the resettlement of orientations of households and their transfer and other material required for the excavation population from the lignite mining area to more from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. and processing, emissions of gases and distant parts. This limitation is, on the one Therefore the change of occupation of particles, open dumps, chemical and hand, imposed by the political situation and households would have to be gradual (tax and mechanical pollution of agricultural land and poor interethnic relations, and, on the other, by other facilities and incentives to invest part of the river Sitnica, etc.). On the other hand, due the low educational structure, inferior labour the compensation for expropriated real estate to limitations for the development and skills and closed nature of primary groups, all into production and other non-agricultural construction of settlements (in view of the of which reduce individual territorial mobility of activities, etc.). prospective relocation) the quality of life in families and households to be resettled due to them is stagnating or worsening. expansion of lignite mining. The housing fund in Kosovo lignite deposit (57 settlements) is of a recent nature. Four fifths of Conceptions and solutions proposed for this The Spatial Plan offers the following modalities housing buildings were constructed in the past group of settlements are based on two views: for resettlement: 30 years. A half of residential buildings are of The first view expects that the required level of Organised resettlement of parts or whole good quality and meet the modern standards. - technological discipline in the work of the settlements, either by establishing and The average housing surface per member of MEIS (emission standards) will soon be arranging new settlements, or by expanding household (of about 13 square meters) is fairly achieved, and will thereby reduce, at least to (settling) the marginal zones of the existing favourable in view of the overall housing the tolerable level, the damaging influence on settlements, which in terms of their spatial situation in the Province. Other housing the environment and enable the continuing of and other relevant characteristics may buildings are of post and petrail type (filled settlements in the zones of excavation pits rims receive new households; organized with earth or unburnt brick 17.2%, and burnt and zones of intensive influence of thermal resettlement requires the provision of brick 31.3%), and the overall surface of this power plants and their auxiliary facilities. building lots for new construction; category of buildings accounts for about 40% of the total housing surface on the territory The second view assumes that the existing - Individual resettlement of households, with provision of land to substitute the observed. practice in the operation of MEIS in Kosovo expropriated one in zones where the required and Metohija and the competent state and agricultural land can be provided for this Possible concepts and solutions parastatal services will continue, as will the regulations that subordinate the local exchange (by purchase from the private On the whole territory of the Spatial Plan there population to the proponents of the so-called sector, conversion of state-owned land into are three basic groups of settlements that general interests. private ownership, recultivation and should be distinguished by the degree of upgrading of lower fertility categories of exposure to threat from expansion of lignite Households resettled from settlements in this socially owned land) and mining and its transformation into electricity. group tend to move to more developed parts or Individual resettlement of households opting municipal centres in the vicinity (Priština, - The first group is composed of settlements for payment of the expropriated land and real Kosovo Polje, etc), due, in particular, to the on the pits, on their rims and in the zone of estate. following reasons: intensive influence of thermal power plants. The high density of agricultural population and These settlements are directly endangered by The so-called fair compensation for scarcity of cultivable land under circumstances - mining operations, either because of expropriated land is insufficient to buy of territorially immobile population, result in resettlement due to expansion of excavations, appropriate lots of agricultural land at market continuing expansion to land of inferior fertility, or due to various, as a rule negative, prices; that is why the households concerned and especially that which is traditionally used consequences for everyday life and economic tend towards the purchase of lots in for pasture, as well as forest land, etc. activity etc. According to different variants for peripheral zones and (unlicensed) the expansion of open pits in the MEIS area construction of houses in urban settlements;

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999. Map 4 – Limitations and conflicts in exploitation of Kosovo lignite basins – construction completness of space, relocation of settlements and infrastructural systems

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999. Map 5 – Limitations and conflicts in exploitation of Kosovo lignite basin – natural values, cultural-historic monuments

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999. Map 6 – Limitations and conflicts in exploitation of Kosovo Lignite basin – agriculture, air pollution from TE power plants

Source: Prostorni plan područja Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena, Nacrt, IAUS, Beograd, 1999. Map 7 – Division of Kosovo Lignite Deposit on Spoil Fields

Source: JP "Elektroprivreda Srbije", Beograd, 2001 Map 8 – Settlements with Serbian and Other Non Albanian Ethnical Groups – Estamation for 2001 base on survey in 1988

- An additional motivation for a household to Plan area. The term immigration settlements contributed to the construction of these remain in the vicinity of the MEIS is the denotes the settlements receiving the funds in villages and smaller municipal policy of offsetting the inadequate displaced population, either through organised centres. compensation by an offer of employment; in relocation of entire settlement or parts thereof Organised resettlement and appropriation of order to allay the dissatisfaction with the (mahala), or through spontaneous and part of compensation funds for equipment of compensation received for the expropriated independent settlement of displaced immigration settlements (public utilities, land and real estate, which falls short of its households. infrastructure, public standard) i.e. upgrading market value, the expropriation beneficiaries Organised resettlement of households from the of public utility and other standards of provide employment for one (or two) pit sites is the more desirable variant: immigration settlements, would reduce the members of the household resettled (or cause for conflicts and intolerance between the A large number of heads of households in subject to expropriation), and thus keep the - domicile population and settlers, and channel settlements directly endangered by lignite household on a daily gravitational isochrone the investment of funds provided as fair mining (Ade, Crkvena Vodica, etc.) believe between the place of living and place of compensation, into immigration settlements. work; and that the MEIS and competent municipal services are obliged to ensure organised An independent factor for the selection of the Equipping of immigration settlements - relocation of entire quarters; in addition to place of living and work after the and spatial arrangement in settlements being more efficient, this kind of relocation is expropriation of real estate and land holding close to open pits also supported by strong social, is the aspiration for a socially and psychological, cultural and economic As the cases of previous displacement of the economically more developed environment reasons for ensuring space-wise proximity of population due to open-pit mining of lignite (settlement) offering larger chances for the population on the new location; the life in and other activities (formation of reservoirs, employment, earning (and often illegal these local communities is relatively poorly etc.) reveal numerous solutions to the transfer to the grey economy, more profitable individualised and they are still dominated detriment of the local inhabitants, the related in densely populated and larger settlements), by the collective and communal spirit even propositions of the Spatial Plan attach special education, health care, social welfare, etc. in primary groups, as a form of economic importance to these considerations. The second group is composed of and social protection and safety, as well as Field research and surveys show that the settlements indirectly threatened by lignite social control and preservation of traditional majority of households opted for the so-called mining and processing works. Indirect threats values in the primary group and local collective, organized form of resettlement, to settlements include all forms of community; in any case this attitude is implying that the beneficiary of expropriation, environmental pollution, difficulties in legitimate from the point of view of rights i.e. the competent state service, should provide transportation, pressure on settlement funds on and interests of the local community and the conditions for all households (or those who the part of population resettled from the mining needs to be observed as much as possible, so wish) from one quarter, or part of the area, increased demand for building lots and and particularly in cases when it represents a settlement, to move together to another real estate, prohibition and limitations to specific request of the local community; and licensed construction due to prospective location. This kind of resettlement obliges the Organized resettlement of households is an expansion of excavations, etc. Settlements - beneficiary of expropriation to ensure timely acceptable variant for immigration belonging to this group are more numerous provision of the land (building sites) to be settlements as well, providing that the set and include even municipal centres, and in allotted to households, construction of rules are observed, and in the first place particular Priština. In order to reduce the settlement infrastructure, suprastructure, etc. those related to public utility and danger for the second group of settlements it infrastructural conditions on new lots and The main danger related to immigration would be necessary to: (a) ensure the required participation in the cost of public utility settlements is reflected in the lower quality of level of technological discipline in the work of provisioning and increasing the quality of life life, due to the large pressure of resettled the MEIS and thereby reduce, if not eliminate, in the settlement as a whole; serious households. The estimate of fair compensation the negative consequences for the life and conflicts between the domicile population for expropriated real-estate owned by work in the settlements concerned; and (b) and settlers emerge because the newly households and evaluation of the value of encourage the economic and social arrived population starts to use public utility settlement funds in settlements relocated due development of other settlements in the Spatial and other settlement funds (public standard to expansion of lignite mining, need to show Plan area and other parts of Kosovo-Metohija, facilities, infrastructure and equipment, etc.), the value of citizens' real-estate, resulting from to make them attractive destinations for without previously participating in the cost of the public utility standard and quality of life in housing and economic activity of households their construction, without paying an the settlement separately from the value of relocated from excavation sites or their rims. appropriate compensation for their use or a settlement funds. The part of compensation for These potentially immigration settlements form compensation different from that of the settlement funds, public utility and other the third group of settlements in the Spatial domicile population which, as a rule, infrastructure should be channelled into public

utility equipment and increase in the living Formulation of long and medium term (at least belt must be wide enough to secure the standards of immigration settlements. ten-year) settlement relocation programs, settlement from the negative influences and precisely defining the boundaries of open pits, ecological damage and ensure unobstructed Notwithstanding the fact that resettlement to limits and areas of protective zones, dynamics everyday life and safe communication of the immigration settlements will follow the market of resettlement and boundaries of thermal settlement with its surroundings; the criteria (purchase of building lots etc.) it would power plants influence (all forms of pollution, settlements which due to the expansion of be necessary to timely obtain the agreement of material transport, etc.); mining excavations find themselves within the the immigration settlement’s local community, boundaries of the protected zone, must have which would only be possible with a consistent Clear and precise definition of the conditions the same status – the right to relocation – as and financially arranged plan for that of expropriation for households, as well as the those directly endangered by open pits and settlement's expansion, construction and rights and obligations of the local population, thus anticipated for relocation (22). completion of settlement infrastructure and conditions of resettlement (with a choice of suprastructure and appropriate financing different options with respect to directions of APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION secured for this purpose. resettlement) and construction, provision of OF THE PLAN'S CONCEPTS agricultural land, building lots, etc.; in other Channelling of financing into settlement funds words, clear and easily understandable review Priorities for the development of MEIS until of potentially immigration settlements (public of resettlement conditions and the population’s 2020 have to do with the construction of new utility and other infrastructure, public standard, rights under the law; and thermal power plants of 12000 MW and, in that etc.) should be organised, or at least relation the opening of new open pits („North“ coordinated, at the level of the Republic or the Definition of the protective belt between the and „South“ Kosovo), as well as Province. That could be done through a special pits and thermal power plants, on the one reconstruction, i.e. expansion of thermal power fund for the disbursement of compensation for hand, and settlement area, on the other, so as plants „Kosovo A“ and „Kosovo B“, settlement funds (relocated settlements) and to prevent the former from endangering the life reconstruction and possible expansion of the part of funds for public utility equipment of and work of the population in settlements on coal drying plant, construction of auxiliary settlements and individual lots, to immigration the rims of excavations, or in the vicinity of facilities and plants, etc. These capital or new settlements according to the thermal electric power plants; field research at investment efforts will be preceded by established (and verified) programs for the the time of Spatial Plan elaboration revealed extensive research, elaboration of development arrangement and construction of settlements numerous difficulties for the local population and technical documentation, adoption of a (provision of zones for housing construction, and inadequate protection from lignite mining Spatial Plan, etc. In that same period numerous etc.). activities: open pits encroach on the settlement accompanying activities will also take place, area, cross the holdings and plots of It would also be desirable to elaborate a being highly important from the point of view households, reduce the size of holdings methodological instruction for the development or spatial organization and arrangement, e.g. through the so-called partial expropriation321, of regulation and other urban plans, in view of relocation of several settlements, and the river and in different ways endanger the life of the the specifics bound to emerge in immigration Sitnica and its tributaries, construction of local population (drained wells, cattle falling or newly-formed settlements (formation of new reservoirs, relocation of a part of major into the pits, dangers for the movement and lots, improvement of public utility equipment infrastructure and other facilities, formation of playing of children, landslides, etc.); protective of settlements, etc.). This instruction should internal spoil dumps, start up of organised recultivation of the damaged land, etc. In this comprise the basic elements for the arrangement of lots, minimum equipment period the MEIS area will also be the scene for standards and organization of households’ lots, 3 Partial expropriation is permitted by the Law on the solution of numerous general development etc, in order to avoid the high costs which Expropriation and implies the expropriation of a part of problems, including most importantly: uneven inevitably result from unprofessional a household’s rel estate, usually agricultural land, regional development, unemployment, construction, and inferior results obtained in while the house with gardens remains the property of communal equipping of settlements, the household. Partial expropriation is favourable for construction of social standard facilities, that kind of urbanisation and equipping of its beneficiaries (state owned firms), because the especially in villages, etc. settlements. expropriation price of agricultural land was even five to ten times lower that the market price (prices of Implementation of the lignite deposit Status of the local population in agricultural land on the territory of Kosovo exploitation plan as well as the above settlements endangered by open pits andMetohija were substantially higher than in other parts of the Republic) and the compensation for the mentioned development priorities must be The status of the local population must be house and gardens was calculated on the basis of real supported by appropriate policies to be more precisely defined from the point of view market prices. The local authorities were obliged to pursued by the competent state bodies and advise the uninformed and uneducated owners of real of their resettlement, or survival in the zones of organizations. Guidelines for the definition of estate of their rights, including the right to refuse development policies include: regional MEIS influence. In that relation, the following partial expropriation, which the ahtorities often failed requirements are considered essential: to do regardless of their or the expropriated citizens’ development, investments, taxes, credits and ethnic affiliation. other forms of stimulations; energy,

agriculture, water management, industry, conflicts (resettlement, recultivation, effects), and in others still goes beyond services, etc., development of settlements, environmental protection, etc.). regional boundaries (energy use). This protection and promotion of the environment; suggests that the problems of long term CONCLUSION social and individual standard, etc. (19,20). development, manifested in large lignite basins Relative scarcity of electric energy sources in (large structural changes, monofunctional The inadequacy and disparateness of the Serbia and its surroundings, compared with economic development, degradation of natural existing legal regulations governing the other countries, and the fact that over 40 % of resources and the environment as a whole, development of MEIS, along with numerous the total available energy potentials of the resettlement etc.) cannot be perceived and problems and conflicts requiring specific legal country is located in two large lignite basins solved in local frameworks, but only in the solutions, indicate the need to address the (Kosovo-Metohija and Kolubara) speak of the context of overall development of wider aspects of the current and future development exceptional interest of these basins for energy territorial units, thus within regional of the MAIS and its immediate surrounding in a development and thereby also for the overall development. Therefore, long term single legislation. This does not exclude the development of the country. development of large MAIS, and long term need to work out the implementing by-laws policy for spatial arrangement and and harmonize the existing regulations of direct These circumstances suggest that rational rehabilitation in zones of their influence, in or indirect bearing on the development and utilization of this kind of energy sources is terms of their contents, importance, nature, arrangement of the MEIS area. necessary. Capital investments are involved in forms and area of manifestation belong to the the construction of mining and energy The Spatial Plan will be implemented through facilities, and the effects thereof are not fully sphere of regional planning. national, regional or sectoral development manifested until these facilities have become The long term nature of large MEIS, as well as plans, programs and projects, spatial plans of operation. The negative effects of investments structural changes, conflicts and negative smaller territorial unites, urban plans of into exploitation and use of lignite are revealed effects in the zones of their influence, impose settlements and technical documentation for in a relatively narrow space, while the positive, the need for long term planning, on the one the MAIS plants, major infrastructure, external effects are spread wider through hand, while on the other, the specific management of watercourses, redistribution energy consumption. Investments by development characteristics and consequences and arrangement of agricultural land, themselves do not produce “negative“ external of mining activities and energy production on a recultivation and revitalization of damaged effects, which in fact appear indirectly, as wider territorial scale call for regional planning. land, etc. consequences of inappropriate technologies, Long term planning in large lignite basins is All aspects of development of the MEIS and its violation of regulations and non-existence of a also important in view of the large number of surroundings, must be the subject of long term energy development strategy. A actors and the need to harmonize their interests continuing research. In that relation it would be number of negative external effects are and activities. Furthermore, the regional necessary to elaborate and occasionally update manifested in a relatively short time approach also provides the most appropriate long and medium term, as well as annual, (occupation of space, destruction of platform to mitigate structural disproportion in research programs and establish special funds agricultural land) while the other (larger) part development, neutralize development conflicts for this purpose. are only revealed in a longer term (degradation and perceive (positive and negative ) external of natural resources, environmental pollution, effects. That is why long-term regional Continuing research work, development endangered functioning of everyday life of planning is indispensable for planned planning, monitoring and control require the surrounding settlements, social-economic orientation of future development of large MEIS development of a specific segment of the transformations and relocation of household and for rational arrangement, rehabilitation and information system and monitoring of the MAIS and settlements, ecological consequences of use of space in the zones of their influence. area. Development and use of the information harmful emissions etc.). Negative external system, organization and monitoring of The work done in the research and planning for effects are phenomena that have not been research, development planning, arrangement the Spatial Plan of Kosovo-Metohija basin in sufficiently examined even in other countries, and revitalization of space and solution of the 1987-1990 and 1998-1999 periods which is why it is difficult to be precise about development conflicts in this area demand provides important experience in the time of their manifestation. However, it is appropriate institutional solutions. These in the methodological, organisational and technical – certain that their manifestations are of a first place include the establishment of a technological terms. A potentially large MEIS predominantly long term nature. special agency, committee or permanent is faced with numerous limitations, related commission to coordinate the work related to The area of influence of coal exploitation and primarily to the relocation of settlements and MEIS development. Experience of developed use in large lignite basins is relatively limited infrastructure, resettlement of the population in countries points to the establishment of a and local (capital investments, occupation of a situation marked by a high degree of special fund (or funds) replenished from the land) in some aspects, somewhat wider in completed construction and population density prices of produced energy and used to deal others (degradation of the environment, in the space above lignite deposits, large share with the above mentioned development relocation of settlements, negative external of agricultural population, its multiethnic

composition and pronounced ethnic tensions. (Use of resources, sustainable development (Spatial Plan of the lignite basins Kosovo- The Spatial Plan has offered the basic premises and arrangements of space in European Union), Metohija exploitation area), Draft, working to resolve the ongoing and future development U: Korišćenje resursa, održivi razvoj i uređenje version, Beograd, IAUS, 1999. conflicts, spatial, social and ecological prostora – 1. Posebna izdanja 30, Institut za (16) Petovar K., Spasić N., Dželebdžić O.: limitations, including the relevant analytical arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, Beograd, 1996. Koncept informacionog sistema i sistama str. 59-78. basis and data base resulting from field indikatora na primeru Prostornoog plana research and surveys. (9) Spasić N., Vujošević M.: ‘’The Use of Natural područja eksploatacije Kosovsko-metohijskog Resources and Sustainable Development’’, lignitskog basena (Concept of information Bibliography Spatium", No.1, IAUS, 1997, pp.15-22. system and system indicators in the case of (10) Petovar, Ksenija i Miodrag Vujošević, "Uticaj Spatial Plan of the lignite basins Kosovo- (1) Spasić, N.: Planiranje razvoja, obnavljanje i nekih deмografskih faktora na ostvarivost Metohija exploitation area, IAUS, Beograd, uređenje prostora u velikim lignitskim basenima koncepta održivog razvoja u seoskiм 1999. god. (Development planning, revitalization and područjiмa Kosova i Metohije" (Influence of (17) Spasić, N., Vujošević, M., Jokić, V.: "Pristup arrangement of space in large lignite basins). certain demographic factors on the feasibility planiranju i implementaciji u velikim rudarskim monograph, Beograd: IAUS,, 1988. of the sustainable development concept in basenima" (Approach to planning and (2) Makroprojekt: Kompleksna istraživanja za rural ares of Kosovo and Metohija). Korišćenje implementation in large mining basins), potrebe planiranja dugoročnog razvoja, resursa, održivi razvoj i uređenje prostora - 2. Zbornik: Noviji pristupi i iskustva u planiranju. uređivanja i revitalizacije zona uticaja velikih Beograd: Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizaм IAUS, Beograd, 2002. REIS na području SR Srbije (Complex research Srbije. Posebna izdanja 35, 1997 (243-264) (18) Spasić, N., Jokić, V.: "Prostorni razvoj u for planning the long term development, (11) A Modern Tale. Kosovo C 2100. Lignite velikim rudarskim basenima" (Spatial arrangement and revitalization of zones of power in Kosovo: limits of sustainability. development in large mining basins). U: influence of large MEIS on the territory of SR Forumi 2015. A project of Kosovo Foundation Strateški okvir za održivi razvoj Srbije, special Serbia), with 14 subprojects, Republička for Open Society and Riinvest Institut, 2007. editions, IAUS:, Beograd, 2004. zajednica nauke SRS, Beograd, 1986-90. (12) Petovar, Ksenija. Miodrag Vujošević, (19) Spasić N., Stojanović B., Nikolić M.: "Uticaj (3) IUCN, UNEP and WWF (ed.): Caring for the "Population Growth as a Liмiting Factor in the rudarstva na okruženje i revitalizacija Earth - A Strategy for Sustainable Living, Sustainable Developмent of Kosovo and degradiranog prostora" (Influence of mining on Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, pp 8-12, 1991. Metohija". Spatium, No.3/September 1998. the environment and revitalization of degraded (4) Petovar K.: „Problemi oko preseljavanja Belgrade: Institute of Architecture and Urban space), Arhitektura i urbanizam, 16/17, stanovništva iz zona površinske eksploatacije Planning of Serbia (7-14) Beograd.2005. uglja’’ (Problems of population resettlement (13) Petovar. Ksenija i Miodrag Vujošević, (20) Spasić N., Vujošević M., Jokić V.: Prostorni from zones of open pit coal mining). Zbornik "Razvijenost javnih službi kao indikator kvaliteta razvoj zona obimne eksploatacije mineralnih Međunarodne naučne konferencije: življenja stanovništva Srbije" (Development of sirovina (Spatial development of zones of large- Unapređenje tehnike i tehnologije površinske public services as indicator of the quality of life scale exploitation of mineral raw materials), eksploatacije uglja. Beograd. Rudarski fakultet i of the Serbian population). U: Korišćenje mongraph. IAUS, Beograd, 2006 Institut za arahitekturu i urbanizam Srabije, resursa, održivi razvoj i uređenje prostora - 3. (21) Spasić, N., Jokić, V., Mirjanić, Z.: "Obimna Beograd, 19-21 oktobar 1992. Beograd: Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizaм eksploatacija uglja u lignitskim basenima i njen (5) Rees, J.: Natural Resources, Allocation, Srbije. Posebna izdanja 36, 1998. (123-135) uticaj na razvoj naselja" (Large-scale Economics and Policy, London and New York: (14) Petovar, Ksenija, "Paradigмe мržnje - exploitation of coal in lignite basins and its Routledge. 1994. institucije protiv građanina" (Paradigms of hate influence on settlements development). U: (6) Prostorni plan Republike Srbije (Spatial Plan – institutions against the citizen). Zbornik Upravljanje održivnim prostornim razvojem, of the Republic of Serbia), Beograd: Službeni Međunarodnog skupa Intekulturalnost i special editions 50, IAUS, Beograd, 2006. glasnik, 1996. tolerancija/lnterculturality and Tolerance, (22) Spasić N.; Petovar K., Jokić J.: Sustainable (7) Spasić, N.: ‘’Planning of sustainable Priredio/Editor Božidar Jakšić. Beograd: Development of Settlements and Population in development of large lignite basins’’, Spatium, Republika i Biblioteka XX vek.1999 (str.249- Large Lignite Basins", monograph, IAUS, No.2, IAUS, Belgrade, 1997, pp.10-16. 264) Beograd, 2008. (8) Jokić, V.: ‘’’Primena koncepta održivog (15) Prostorni plan područja eksploatacije korišćenja mineralnih sirovina u Evropskoj uniji’’ Kosovsko-metohijskog lignitskog basena

50 spatium