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83. Architecture Development in South India Under Vijayanagara Empire

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83. Architecture Development in South India Under Vijayanagara Empire Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH INDIA UNDER VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE *M. Kumara Swamy Asst. professor of History Girraj Govt. College (A) Nizamabad, Telangana Abstract The Vijayanagara architecture was a notable building idiom evolved by the imperial Hindu Vijayanagara Empire that ruled the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, India. The empire built a number of temples, monuments, palaces and other structures over South India, with the largest concentration located in its capital. The monuments in and around Hampi, in the Vijayanagara principality, are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Today, Vijayanagara represents the richest, surviving monument to South Indian architecture. Every one of its temples represents the confluence of the finest influences in India at their time of creation. Those who are fascinated by fractals a topic with its own philosophy on life will have much to be amazed by at these elaborate and ancient sites. This paper analyze the architectural advancements made during Vijayanagara empire. Keywords: Architecture, monuments , temples, sites, Vijayanagara, Introduction The Vijayanagara Empire had become famous for art, architecture ,sculpture & fine arts like dancing and music. Percy Brown has called “Vijayanagara art as the supremely passionate flowering of the Dravidian style”. The temples of Vijayanagara have borrowed many features from the earlier monuments of the Kadambas, the Cholas, the Chalukyas, the Pandyas and the Hoysalas. The Vijayanagara kings built many temples in Hampi or Vijayanagara, Sringeri, Tirupati, Tadipatri, Lepakshi, Bhatkal, Kanchi, Kolar, Srirangam, Chidambaram, Moodabidri & other Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 770 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 places & the thousand pillared sculptured halls, pavilions & aisles were added to the old temples. The Vijayanagara temples at Sringeri constructed in about 1380 A.D. in memory of Vidyashankara, guru of Vidyaranya is the oldest temple. The plan of the temple is unique in India, having an apsidal back on a Hoysala pedestal & with a Hoysala tower. Vidyaranya constructed this temple on the srichakra plan & also with reference to some astronomical conceptions. The mantapa has 12 pillars with marks of 12 Houses of Zodiacs. So that the Sun‟s rays at he dawn of the first solar month falls exactly on the indicated pillar. The Vijayanagara rulers were great builders. They built large number of temples scattered all over the empire but the finest flowering of temple building activity could be noticed in the magnificient temples at Vijayanagara now known as Hampi such as the temples of Vittalaswamy, Hazara Ramaswamy, Krishnaswamy, Bhuvaneshwari, Achyutharaya, Virupaksha etc. In addition to building new temples, the empire also added new structures and made modifications to hundreds of existing temples across South India. Some structures at Vijayanagara are from the pre-Vijayanagara period. The Mahakuta hill temples are from the Western Chalukya era. The region around Hampi had been a popular place of worship for centuries before the Vijayanagara period with earliest records dating from 689 CE when it was known as Pampa Tirtha after the local river God Pampa. There are hundreds of extant monuments in the core area of the capital city. Of these fifty six are protected by UNESCO, six hundred and fifty-four monuments are protected by the government of Karnataka and another three hundred monuments await protection. Vijayanagara architecture can be broadly classified into religious, courtly and civic architecture, as can the associated sculptures and paintings. The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles which evolved earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a return to the simplistic and serene art of the past. For the approximately 400 years during the rule of the Western Chalukya and the Hoysalas empires, the most popular material for temple construction was chloritic schist or soapstone. This was also true for sculpture as soapstone is soft and easily carved. During the Vijayanagara period the local hard granite was preferred in the Badami Chalukya style, although soapstone was used for a few reliefs and sculptures. While the use of granite reduced the density of sculptured works, granite was a more durable material for the temple Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 771 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 structure. Because granite is prone to flaking, few pieces of individual sculptures reached the high levels of quality seen in previous centuries. In order to cover the unevenness of the stone used in sculptures, artists employed plaster to give the rough surface a smooth finish and then painted it with lively colours. Review of Literature . Narasimhaiah B (1992) in his book deals with Hampi and its different aspects like roads and bazaars, the residential quarters and the accounts of the Foreign Travellers like Razaq and Figueiredo, it mentions the architectural rich, elephant stables, palaces of kings and other Noble men. In the light of new evidences found in excavations, and also corroborating historical and archaeological evidences, an attempt is made to identify the structures and their probable functions. Srinivasan K. R (1993) in his book speaks about structural stone temples of South India in general and also covers Vijayanagara temples and Vijayanagara architecture in particular. The detailed description of some of the important temples at Hampi and general characteristics of Vijayanagar architecture are explained. The photographs of Virupaksha, Krishna, Hazara Rama, Achyuta, Vithala and Pattabhirama temples are illustrated. Shivarudra Swamy S.N (1996) in his book depicted the art and architecture of Vijayanagara empire. The ground plan, wall details and superstructure of Vijayanagara temple are explained. Though the examples of various temples are considered, the important temples at Hampi like Ramachandra, Tiruvengalanatha and Alwar are explained in detail considering art and architectural forms. The list of Vijayanagara temples and the period of constuction, photographs and glossary are given. Christopher Tadgell, (1998) in his book entitled “The History of Architecture in India “elaborately discussed the history of architecture in India and one of the chapters covers the period between thirteenth and eighteenth centuries AD that largely covers the Vijayanagara period. It also mentions about the architectural features of Vitthala, Virupaksha, Ramachandra Temples and other secular structures at Hampi. Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat and Vasundhara Filliozat (1998) in their book enables us he study of the architecture of Vijayanagara period with particular reference to the Vitthala temples situated at Hampi. Besides giving the general feature of the site, it provides the architecture and inscriptional details of the Vitthala temple. Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 772 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 Dhruvaraja N. Gadagakara (1999) in their book deals with the architectural aspects of the temple cars or chariots (rathas), while describing the origin and importance of such temple cars it mentions about the stone chariot found at Vitthala temple built in the Dravida style of architecture. Anila Verghese, (2001) in his book entitled” Monumental Legacy, Group of Monuments at Hampi”, is an illustrated of monographs on heritage sites in India. Each volume in the series is a unit by itself and is written by a specialist on the site. In this volume he presents Vijayanagara to the general reader and visitor to the site. It traces the foundation myths and the history of the site and discusses its location within a wider historical and geographical setting. Specialized information is provided on the site, its architectural and sculptural details and its uniqueness. Statement of the Problem Vijayanagara is considered by many today, especially in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, to have been a golden age of culture and learning. By the 16th century almost all of southern India was part of the Vijayanagara Empire. The characteristic feature of this period is the development of the temple complex, concentric series of rectangular enclosure walls with the gopuras (towered gateways) in the middle of each side. Hence the study entitled “contribution of Vijayanagara Empire to Architecture under “makes an attempt to probe the details of these contributions. Objectives of the study 1. To analyze the great monuments of Vijayanagara Empire 2. To make an assessment of Vijayanagara rulers contribution to the development of art and architecture. Methodology In the present study literary sources, primary and secondary sources were scanned in order to examine the different facets of Vijayanagara Empire and its contribution to the art and architecture development of South India. The source material has been collected both from primary and secondary sources. The method followed is historical and descriptive. The secondary material has been collected from the Libraries of Osmania University, Hyderabad; University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad; University of Madras, Chennai; South East Asian Study Centre, Hyderabad. The material collected has been thoroughly analysed and used purposefully. Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 773 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 When the Sangamas established the kingdom of Vijayanagara,
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