Impact of Physiographical Factors on the Plant Species Diversity in the Northern Zagros Forest (Case Study, Kurdistan Province, Marivan Region)
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4 (1):317-324 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Impact of physiographical factors on the plant species diversity in the Northern Zagros Forest (Case study, Kurdistan Province, Marivan region) Mozhgan Bazyar 1, Maziar Haidari *2 and Naghi Shabanian 3, Reza Hossein Haidari 4 1M.Sc Graduate of forestry, University of Gilan, Some-sara, Iran *2M.Sc. Graduated of forestry, University of Tehran, Karadj, I.R.Iran. 3Department of Forestry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 4Department of Forestry, University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Zagros ecosystem is considered as one of the most important biological sites in the Iran. This research was investigated in the Marivan region, northern Zagros forest, and western Iranian state of Kurdistan. In this study 120 circle sample plots (500 m 2) were collected by random method in different aspect and altitude. In every sample plot the kind of species and number of trees and shrub were recorded. In the sample plots the micro plots of 5 m by 5 m (i.e. area of 25 m 2) were designed and Herbaceous and shrub information was recorded then. Aspect, slope and altitude divided the four, three and three classes. Species diversity indexes including Shannon Simpson (1-D) and Margaleff (R 1) were used to evaluate plant diversity in each sample plot. The ,(׳ Wiener (H means of different between diversity indexes in the aspect, slop and altitude class were estimated by ANOVA and DUNCAN test. Data analyzing was done by Past and Ecological Methodological software’s. Results showed the tree, shrub and herbaceous species belonged to 29 families and 80 species were identified in the study area. That Rosaceae and Fagaceae families have the highest number of woody species. Moreover, Compositae and Gramineae families were most abundant amongst herbaceous species . The increasing of altitude decreased species diversity. A significant different was observed for diversity index in aspect, slope and altitude classes. Therefore, in order by increasing of altitude the plant diversity decreased, higher of plant diversity observed in the northern aspect, 0– 30 percentage slope and 1400 to 1800 meter a.s.l. classes. Kay words: altitude, aspect, physiographical factors, Slope, species diversity, Zagros Forest ______________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION With due attention to climate conditions of Iran that 65% area includes arid and semi-aired and degradation rapid of north and west, because of degradation of natural resources will cause to degradation agricultural lands and human environmental [5]. Forests cover about 12 million ha in Iran [8], including 5 million ha in the mountainous Zagros region. This forest extends from Turkey and Iraq into Northeastern and Southeastern Iran (between Azerbaijan and Fars Province). Zagros is typically characterized by a semi-humid climate with extremely cold winters and annual precipitation exceeding 800 mm. The main species in this region are Quercus spp. (oaks), Pistacia mutica (wild pistachio), Crategus spp. and Pyrus spp [9]. The Zogros Mountains are divided into two 317 Scholars Research Library Maziar Haidari et al Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4 (1):317-324 _____________________________________________________________________________ parts: northern and southern. The northern Zagros is consisted of the growing site of Quercus infectoria Oliv. And also Q.libani Oliv. And Q.persica J. & Sp. ( Q.brantii Lindl.) species are found in this part. However, the southern Zagros is included Q.persica site which it extended to Fars province (i.e., 29º 5´ N). The northern Zagros is wetter and cooler than the southern one [19]. Physiographic is abbreviation of Physical Geography, means surface shapes of a region [15]. That has many effects on plant diversity and their variance [4]. Different researches have considered the biodiversity through considering to physiographic [3 and 20], or each one of physiographic different factors in separate aspect such as height from the sea surface [22], slope or direction or combining two slop and direction factors [21]. The study of plant diversity in the zagros forest showed in the northern Zagros Mountains since there is 165 woody species (tree and shrub) in Zagros and 182 bush and herbaceous species only in northern Zagros [12]. Investigated of biodiversity in relation to physiographical factors in mountain forest in Iran and results showed that species diversity was the greatest at north aspect and slopes less than 30% has the most amounts. Factor of altitude from the sea level did not have meaningful relation with species diversity [10]. Study of the biodiversity of Vegetation Species in Relation to Environmental Factors in Different Aspects of Zagros forest and Results showed that by increasing the altitude, the species diversity and richness are increased [14]. study on the herb Layer biodiversity in relation to physiographical factors in south of Zagros forest ecosystem and results showed that low altitudes class 1600>, south aspect and less 30 percentage have maximum the plant diversity [11]. The research investigated on the Impact of physiographic and human factors on crown cover and diversity of woody species in the Zagros forests (Kermanshah province) and Results showed that by increasing the altitude, the species diversity and richness are increased. Results showed that in the northern slopes and 25-60 percent slop category, the crown cover and species diversity were maximum [16]. Study of relationship between plant diversity and physiographic factors in Ghalarang protected area and results showed that northern aspect have higher plant diversity and while 4 trees, 3 shrubs, one bush and 78 herbaceous species were identified in Ilam forests of Zagros [18]. Study of floristic and plant species diversity of the Lebanon oak site (Quercus libani) in the western Iran and results showed the mean diversities were found the highest in northern and northwestern and lowest in northeastern aspect in the shrub layer. Moreover, Mean richness and diversity were found the highest in 1500 m a.s.l. and lowest in 1750 and 1800 m a.s.l. in the tree and shrub layers. Mean richness and diversity were found the highest in 1500 m a.s.l. and lowest in 1750 m a.s.l. in the regeneration layer. Also, the mean diversities were found the highest in elevation 1700 m a.s.l. and lowest in elevation 1800 m a.s.l. in the herbaceous layer [19]. The aim of this study was to determine effect of physiographical factors on the plant species diversity in the Marivan region, Kurdistan Province, Northern Zagros Forest west of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Figure 1. Study site location in the Kurdistan Province, Zagros region, Western Iranian state of Iran 318 Scholars Research Library Maziar Haidari et al Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4 (1):317-324 _____________________________________________________________________________ Site description Iranian habitats support about 8000 species of flowering plants (i.e. belonging to 167 families and 1200 genera), of which almost 1700 are endemic [6]. The Zagros Mountains are divided into two parts of northern and southern. The northern Zagros is consisted of the growing site of Quercus infectoria Oliv and somewhat Q.libani Oliv and Q.persica J. & Sp. ( Q.brantii Lindl.) can be observed. The northern Zagros is wetter and cooler than the southern one (12).This research was investigated in the Komarlang district, Marivan region, northern Zagros forest, and western Iranian state of Kurdistan (Figure 1). Komarlang village is located in north of Marivan city and the 200 hectare of conventional territory of this village was selected. The forests are located between 1150 and 1920 m a.s.l. Mean annual precipitation is 909.5 mm, ranging from 590.8 to 1422.2 mm, Mean annual temperature is 13.3º C, and the length of dry season is 4 month (based on embrothermic curve) from June to August. Type of climate is sub humid with cold winters in the basis of Emberger’s formula [19]. In this study 120 circle sample plots (500 m 2) were collected by random method. In every sample plot the kind of species and number of trees and shrub were recorded. In the sample plots the micro plots of 5 m by 5 m (i.e. area of 25 m2) were designed and Herbaceous and shrub information was recorded then. Slope of the region was divided into three class: gently sloping (less than 30%), average sloping (30-50%) and high slopping (more than 50%), and the altitude was divided into tree class (class1: less 1400; class 2: 1400 – 1800 and class 3: more 1800 meter) and geographical aspect was divided into the main directions (North, East, South and West aspect). Species Simpson (1-D) and Margaleff (R1) were used to evaluate plant ,(׳ diversity indexes including Shannon Wiener (H diversity in each sample plot. The means of different between diversity indexes in the aspect, slop and high level sea class were estimated by Anova and Duncan test. Data analyzing was done by Past and Ecological Methodological software’s. Table 1: Biodiversity Indices used in this paper Indices References Equation * [17] (׳ s (H׳ Shannon Simpson (1-D) [17] Margaleff (R 1) [7] *S and pi refer to total number of species in the sample and proportion of individuals in the species, respectively. RESULTS Calculation and comparison of different indices of diversity, as a favorite method is considered for study on biodiversity [2]. The assessment of biodiversity in forest has become an important issue for studying ecosystems and their conservation [1]. Table 2. List of plant species (Tree, Shrub and Herbaceous) in the studied areas Species and families layer Vegetation Quercus libani Oliv . (Fagaceae), Quercus infectoria Oliv. ( Fagaceae), Quercus Brantii Lindl . (Fagaceae), Tree Acer Monspessulanum L. Subsp. cinerascens (Boiss). ( Aceraceae), Pistacia atlantica Subsp Kurdica .