Integrated Pest Management Resources at MSU

2/12/2016

MSU Extension programs and material are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, or veteran status. Integrated pest management resources at MSU

Beginning Farmer Webinars, 2015 Erin Lizotte, MSU Extension

Overview Erin Lizotte Statewide Integrated Pest Management Educator, • The history of IPM Commercial Agriculture • The tenants of IPM • Scouting Phone (231)944-6504 Email [email protected] • Pesticides • Beneficial insects • IPM resources at MSU Lacewing egg. E Lizotte

It’s all a big competition • Humans have been in competition with Early pest control pests since the beginning of our • Documented in 2500 BC, sulfur ancestral history • Egyptians used oils and arsenic control insects • Competition with pests for food has 2,000 years ago grown as we moved from being hunter- gatherers to cultivating crops and • AD 307, biological control in citrus was keeping livestock (16,000 years ago) documented in China • As crop/livestock densities increased, • Soap-based insecticides arrived in 1100 AD so did pest pressure • Insecticidal plant extracts (including nicotine) • Early pest control was mechanical were used in Europe 400 years ago

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Pesticide development Heavy reliance on pesticides

• 1865 Paris green (cupric • Resistance acetoarsenite) was • Residue developed and controlled • Effects on natural Colorado potato beetle enemies • Lead arsenate • Emergence of new pests • 1939 DDT • Non target issues • Organic compounds

• Highly effective USDA Forest Service Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Retroarama.com

What is IPM? The tipping point • ‘62 publication of Silent Spring • ‘70 EPA formed “a sustainable approach to managing pests by • ‘71 Federal Insecticide, combining biological, cultural, physical and Fungicide and chemical tools in a way that minimizes Rodenticide Act economic, health and environmental risks” • ‘72 DDT banned • ‘72 Nixon makes IPM USFWS national policy Dr. Rachel Carson

Decision to treat based on economics Today IPM is a comprehensive program • Knowledge and information intensive • Multidisciplinary Unchecked population • Focused on multiple tactics Control • Cognizant that 100% control is rarely economically necessary or possible Economic injury level • Based on the concept that cropping systems and pests are not static Economic threshold • Applicable to commercial agriculture, home gardens, urban horticulture, Lizotte, 2011 Oblique-banded leafroller larva.

Number of pests Number of homes, schools, public buildings E. Lizotte • Encompasses insects, pathogens, weeds, and vertebrate pests Erin Lizotte, 2012 Time

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Limitations of IPM IPM Adoption Some reasons for not having an effective IPM • IPM programs occur along a spectrum from program include: largely conventional strategies including protectant pesticide applications all the way to 1. No IPM program to implement biologically-based and intensive strategies 2. No thresholds • IPM is not limited to biodynamic producers but 3. No experts includes conventional, organic and 4. Resistance to pesticides biodynamic producers as well as everyone in- 5. Invasive species between • The practice of IPM is site-specific, crop These are knowledge limitations and can be specific and dependent on environmental resolved over time with resources. factors

All IPM programs should follow the tenants of IPM Prevention: exclusion of a pest population from a field or site • pest-free seeds and transplants Tenants of IPM • preventing weeds from (PAMS) reproducing • irrigation scheduling to avoid • Prevention situations conducive to disease • Avoidance development • cleaning tillage and harvesting • Monitoring Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State equipment between fields or University, Bugwood.org • Suppression operations Green apple aphid. E. Lizotte • eliminating alternate hosts

Avoidance: when pest populations exist in a field or site but the impact of the pest on the crop can be avoided through some Avoidance cultural practice • fertilization programs to promote rapid crop • crop rotation development • choosing cultivars with genetic • not planting areas where resistance to pests pest populations are likely • using trap crops or pheromone to occur traps • choosing cultivars with maturity

dates that allow harvest before Wine grapes planted in sandy soil pest populations develop on hill top. E. Lizotte

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Avoidance • Start transplants in pathogen free soil Monitoring • Sanitation: remove diseased material • Scouting and trapping for pests regularly • Correct identification of pests • Weather monitoring • Soil and tissue nutrient testing where appropriate

• Records should be kept of Scouting boards. J. O’Donnell pest incidence and distribution for each field or site Workers in a nursery

Suppression: control of pests as needed Suppression with pesticides • Suppression may become necessary to avoid economic loss • Considerations • Cultural suppression • Economics • No-till, mulching, cultivation • Consider non- • Physical suppression target impacts • Row covers, pruning, trunk guards • Resistance • Biological suppression management • Mating disruption, natural enemy conservation • Chemical suppression • Pesticide application

Successful IPM Practitioners… Scouting

• Understand pest life cycles, epidemiology, ecology • Evaluate the range of pests to be controlled • Utilize all available tools • Consider economic constraints • Technology dependent Borer pupal casing. E. Lizotte • Consider ecosystem scale

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Scouting Scouting • Scouting involves • Scouting is a critical step in quantifying the monitoring the crop and potential damage that can be caused by a pest cropping area for insects, diseases and abiotic issues • Aids in determining if intervention to control the pest is warranted • Scouting should begin as soon as plants begin to • Identifies the present life stage of the insect or grow or pests become disease which is often critical to the proper active and should continue selection and timing of management strategies until the crop is dormant or • Assists in determining the efficacy of a the risk of the pest has management strategy (farmer scientists) passed

Scouting Scouting • Scouting for diseases includes monitoring the crop • Scouting for insects includes looking for all life for signs and symptoms of disease stages and attempting to quantify the population • May also include inspecting for crop damage and setting traps to collect them

Scouting tools Scouting protocol • Hand lens for inspecting for small insects, mites, • Section your farm off into manageable portions insect eggs or feeding damage based on location, size and crop or variety and • Traps of various forms scout them separately • A beating tray or scouting board • It’s easier to deal with blocks that are 10 acres or • A sweep net smaller and that contain plants of the same variety, age and spacing—it’s also often how we make management • A knife, shovel and pruners decisions • Containers for collecting samples • If degree day tools or biological information are • A small cooler Yellow sticky trap. E. available to predict the emergence or arrival of Lizotte • A camera for taking pictures certain pests, use them to gauge when you might • Reference material for helping identify pests scout more intensively

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General scouting protocol • Walk a transect and edge when Seasonal Primary Pest Occurrence in Michigan Hopyards scouting to ensure you view plants April May June July August September Date 7142123271 81522297 1721284111825181522295121926 DD Base 501 6 20 43 46 60 71 96 180 270 320 500 645 731 832 947 1099 1262 1459 1620 1790 1909 2024 2147 2276 2350 2400 2476 from both the edge and inner Bine emergence Sidearm formation Cone development and maturation Growth stage2 Dormant Vegetative growth Burr stage Harvest Pest Pest lifestage portion of the block Downy Systemic infection Begin treatment at 6" mildew Secondary infection Continue treatments on a 7-14 day schedule up until harvest Two- Overwintering females Monitor for activity as temps warm spotted Eggs and motiles Monitor populations of eggs and motiles weekly, treat as needed • Change the path you walk each Potato Arrive on spring storms Scout carefully following spring storms leafhopper Eggs, nymphs and adults First generation egg laying Eggs, nymphs and adults may be present at this time, treat as needed Rose chafer Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed time you scout to inspect new Japanese Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed beetle areas 1. Degree day accumulation based on 5-year average at the Freemont Enviroweather Station. 2. Growth stage is highly dependent on location, annual weather fluctuations and cultivar, this table is meant as a guide to estimate pest activity in Michigan. • Revisit problem areas • Make up a scouting sheet and keep good records

Wait-- What am I looking for? Consider the weather • One of the hardest things to learn about scouting • One of the greatest allies a grower can utilize to is how to pick up on the visual cues that be an effective scout and pest manager is something is wrong with the plant historical and forecast weather data • Consider the following as a starting point: • This information can inform you of when to • Cupped, chlorotic, spotted or malformed foliage intensify your scouting for certain pests and • Discolored, damaged, swollen or sunken areas of bark disease, when to apply a pesticide to optimize • A large number of insects treatment and when the ideal conditions might • Pockets of less vigorous or dying plants occur to apply a spray • Anything out of the ordinary

Trapping The benefits of trapping • Spore traps • Detect presence • Pheromone traps earlier • Baited traps • Quantify pressure • Passive traps • Optimize management • Visual trap strategy timing

Douglas fir needle midge emergence trap. E. Lizotte • Indicate treatment efficacy Clean and check traps regularly. Use according to Cherry fruit fly on yellow sticky trap. E. recommended university and manufacturer Lizotte guidelines.

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Scouting IPM supplies • Great Lakes IPM • Growers should keep • Ben Meadows Company records of their • Forestry Suppliers scouting, including • Gardener's Supply maps of their fields, a • Insects Limited record of sampling and • Gaylord Brothers pest pressure, as well • University Products as the control • Gempler's measures utilized • Peaceful Valley Farm Supply • Trece Incorporated • IPM Laboratories

Management considerations and IPM • Necessity of application • Resistance management • Outcomes of application

Pesticides resources and considerations

Necessity of application Necessity of application Consider the following • What is the historical before making a treatment: pest pressure on this • Does the treatment site? make economic sense? • Sometimes we make • Are plants small or well decisions based on established? history and not current conditions • Are plants healthy and thriving or struggling? • Use your grower • What is the Cost-benefit experience, it is your ratio? BEST tool.

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Resistance considerations What is pesticide resistance? Factors that affect resistance

Pesticide resistance describes the decreased • Use of similar modes of action susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was • Frequency of applications previously effective at controlling the pest. • Persistence of the chemical • Pest’s rate of reproduction and number of offspring

Fungicides labeled for use on hop in Michigan, 2016

Active ingredient (FRAC code1)Trade name Diseases listed on label2 REI/PHI3 Managing Pesticide Resistance cyazofamid (21) Ran Man, Ran Man 400 SC DM 12h/3d cymoxanil (27) Curzate 60 DF DM 12h/7d mefenoxam (4) Ridomil Gold SL, Ultra Flourish DM 48h/45d metalaxyl (4) MetaStar 2E, Metalaxyl 2E Ag DM 48h/45d myclobutanil (3) Rally 40 WSP PM 24h/14d site • Don’t make successive quinoxyfen (13) Quintec PM 12h/21d spiroxamine (5) Accrue PM 12h/7d

Single Mosoon, Onset 3.6 L, Orius 3.6 F, Solera tebuconazole 3.6 F, applications of the same pesticide tebuconazole (3) Teb 3.6 SC, Tebustar 3.6 F, Tebu‐Crop 3.6 F, Tebucon 3.6 F, PM 12h/14d Tebustar 3.6 L, Tebuzole 3.6 F, Toledo 3.6 F trifloxystrobin (11) Flint PM 12h/14d • Don’t make successive triflumizole (3) Procure 480 SC PM 12h/7d Agristar Basic Copper 53*, Basic Copper HB, C‐O‐C‐S WDG, basic copper sulfate (M1) DM 48h/14d Cuprofix‐Ultra 40 Disperss, Cuproxat, Mastercop applications of the same mode of Anthracnose, DM, PM, copper octanoate (M1) Cueva* 4h/0d cercospora leafspot copper diammonia diacetate action Copper‐Count‐N DM 48h/14d complex (M1) Champ DP Dry Prill, Camp Ion, Champ Formula 2 Flowable, Champ WG*, Campion++, Kentan DF, Kocide 2000, Kocide site

‐ copper hydroxide (M1) DM 48h/14d • Follow label directions for 3000, Kocide‐DF, Nu‐Cop 3L, Nu‐Cop 50 DF*, Nu COP 50 WP*, Nu‐Cop HB* Multi copper oxychloride + copper resistance management Badge SC, Badge X2* DM 48h/14d hydroxide (M1) cuprous oxide (M1) Nordox 75 WG* DM 12h/‐ • Use tank mixes with multisite dimethomorph (40) Forum DM 12h/7d mandipropamid (40) Revus DM 4h/7d metrafenone (U8) Vivando PM 12h/3d partners sulfur (M2) Cosavet DF*, Cosavet DF Edge*, Microfine Sulfur*, Thiolux* PM 12h/7d boscalid (7) pyraclostrobin (11) Pristine DM, PM 12h/14d famoxadone (11) + cymoxanil (27) Tanos DM 12h/7d • Recognize signs of pest Premix tebuconazole (3) + sulfur (M2) Unicorn /14d fosetyl‐Al (33) Aliette WDG, Linebacker WDG DM 12h/24d phosphorous acid, mono & di‐ Agri‐Fos, Confine Extra, K‐Phite, K‐Phite 7LP Ag, Phiticide, resistance, sudden or gradual loss DM 4h/0d defense potassium salts (33) Phostrol

inducers potassium phosphite (33) Fosphite, Fungi‐Phite, Prophyt, Rampart DM 4h/0d of control Plant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain

Outcomes of application Outcomes of application • Consider the outcomes before making a treatment: • How will beneficial • Can this application control more than one target pest? insects, particularly • How should I position my applications to optimize control predatory mites be and minimize use? affected? Seasonal Primary Pest Occurrence in Michigan Hopyards April May June July August September Date • Are there implications 7142123271 81522297 1721284111825181522295121926 DD Base 501 6 20 43 46 60 71 96 180 270 320 500 645 731 832 947 1099 1262 1459 1620 1790 1909 2024 2147 2276 2350 2400 2476 2 Bine emergence Sidearm formation Cone development and maturation for pollinators? Growth stage Dormant Vegetative growth Burr stage Harvest Pest Pest lifestage Downy Systemic infection Begin treatment at 6" mildew Secondary infection Continue treatments on a 7-14 day schedule up until harvest • How can I mitigate Two- Overwintering females Monitor for activity as temps warm spotted Eggs and motiles Monitor populations of eggs and motiles weekly, treat as needed Potato Arrive on spring storms Scout carefully following spring storms negative effects? leafhopper Eggs, nymphs and adults First generation egg laying Eggs, nymphs and adults may be present at this time, treat as needed Rose chafer Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed Japanese Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed beetle 1. Degree day accumulation based on 5-year average at the Freemont Enviroweather Station. 2. Growth stage is highly dependent on location, annual weather fluctuations and cultivar, this table is meant as a guide to estimate pest activity in Michigan.

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Pest management considerations Utilizing all the information we have at our disposal for new growers regarding pesticides and pests can help in making • Get your pesticide applicators license-organic producers educated management decisions that optimize the too environmental and economic components of our • Consider the pros ad cons of production systems production systems • You should have a tractor and sprayer on farm before planting • Carefully select cultivars—consider not just the market but the challenge of pest management • Consider ordering a few plants or seeds from prospective suppliers and check the quality and cleanliness before committing to a large order

Registered pesticides resources

Hot topic! Beneficial insects

Greenbook.net, cdms.com

Good bugs? Natural enemies-the good guys!

• Beneficials include a number of As research into natural enemies continues, our species of insects that perform understanding of the importance of these partners valued services like pollination continues to grow and pest control • In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, Insect predators and parasites, insects that hinder the production known as natural enemies, can process are classified as pests, control pest populations in agricultural crops and while insects that assist production landscapes are considered beneficial Praying mantis in a Christmas Lady beetle feeding on aphids. tree plantation. E. Lizotte D. Landis, MSU

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Common Natural Enemies Common Natural Enemies Braconid wasps-Parasitoid Soldier beetle-Predator • Parasitize larvae of beetles, • Adults of some species feed on nectar and pollen, other adults caterpillars, flies and eat aphids, insect eggs and sawflies larvae or feed on both flowers • Adults usually are less than and insects ½ inch long with an • Larvae are dark, flattened and abdomen that is slender and elongate, and feed in soil, leaf longer than the head and litter or under bark, primarily on thorax combined eggs and larvae of beetles, butterflies, and moths

Common Natural Enemies Common Natural Enemies Green Lacewing-Predator Lady Beetles-Predator • Adults of many species are not • Most adults and larvae feed on predaceous soft-bodied insects • Predaceous larvae have long, • These may be important in aphid curved mandibles that they use to population control pierce and suck the fluids out of their prey • Adults are rounded, and range in size from tiny to medium-sized • The larvae are about 1/8 inch long, (about ¼ inch long), color ranges look like tiny alligators, and prey on from black to brightly colored most small soft bodied insects, • Larvae are active and elongate often pale with dark markings with long legs, and look like tiny • Eggs are laid on individual silken alligators stalks

Common Natural Enemies Common Natural Enemies Damsel bugs-Predator Crab spiders-Predator • These bugs prey on aphids, • Crab spiders stalk and capture leafhoppers, mites, insects resting on surfaces or caterpillars, and other walking, they do not spin webs insects • The front two pairs of legs are • Most often yellowish, gray or enlarged and extend to the dull brown, they are a little side of their body, giving them over ¼ inch long a crablike appearance • Slender insects with an elongated head and long • Over 200 species in North antennae America

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Common Natural Enemies Attracting Natural Enemies Predatory mites • Predatory mites are often translucent, larger • Natural enemies are more likely to thrive in than pest mites and move at a much faster undisturbed areas that provide overwintering habitat, flowers to support their survival and speed across the leaf surface reproduction, and refuge from pesticide • Predatory mites play an important role in applications in crops balancing the pest mite populations and • Natural enemies may be conserved with the should be protected when possible same plantings that support pollinators

www.nativeplants.msu.edu Resources for beneficial insects

• MSU Native Plants Website: www.nativeplants.msu.edu • Identifying Natural Enemies in Crops and Landscapes, MSU Bulletin, MSUE Bookstore Online

E2985 and E2973

Resource overview • Enviroweather • MSUE news and linked resources • IPM website and associated pages • Diagnostics lab • Soil and nutrient testing IPM Resources at MSU

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Real-time information Enviroweather disease modeling

Enviroweather is a weather- based information system to help make pest, production and resource management decisions

Enviroweather insect modeling Enviroweather irrigation scheduling

Information portal- msue.msu.edu Enviroweather • Access the MSU Agricultural Weather Office Forecasts • Look up historical weather data and compare across years • Reference for record keeping (wind speed, directions, temperature)

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ipm.msu.edu

Invasive pest information

On-demand IPM webinar series IPM Webinars, On-demand http://www.ipm.msu.edu/agriculture/integrated_pest_management_ academy

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Commodity specific websites

APPLES.msu.edu BLUEBERRIES. msu.edu www.pestid.msu.edu CHERRIES.msu.edu GRAPES.msu.edu ipm.msu.edu/TURF.htm ipm.msu.edu/VEGETABLE.htm ipm.msu.edu/LANDSCAPE.htm ipm.msu.edu/HOMEPEST.htm ipm.msu.edu/CHRISTMASTREE.htm ipm.msu.edu/FIELDCROPS.htm HOPS.msu.edu CHESTNUTS.msu.edu

www.css.msu.edu/SPNL/ Identifying IPM resources

Thanks

This material is based upon work supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2013‐41534‐21068. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This program is supported in part by North Central Region - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension (NCR-SARE) Award No. USDA / 2012-47001-19546.