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Handbook of Agricultural Entomology Handbook of Agricultural Entomology Handbook of Agricultural Entomology H. F. van Emden Emeritus Professor of Horticulture School of Agriculture, Policy and Development University of Reading Reading UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www. wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Van Emden, Helmut Fritz. Handbook of agricultural entomology/H.F. Van Emden. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65913-7 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Insect pests-identification. I. Title. SB931.V25 2013 632'.7-dc23 21012025032 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image credits: Middle left: Soft scales (Coccidae) on citrus: (a) Coccus hesperidum and (b) olive scale (Saissetia oleae) (from Bayer 1968, with permission). Bottom left: Rhyssa persuasoria (from Mandahl-Barth 1974, with permission). Top right: Pea moth (Cydia nigricana) and pod opened to show damage with caterpillars (from Bayer 1968, with permission). Middle right: Side view of head of (a) a short-nosed and (b) a long- nosed weevil (from Reitter 1908–1916). Bottom right: A spider beetle (Ptinidae) (from Reitter 1908–1916). Cover design by Design Deluxe (e: [email protected]) Set in 9.5/12 pt Berkeley by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Contents Companion Website details xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi 1 The world of insects 1 1.1 The diversity of insects 1 1.2 The impact of insects on us 1 1.3 The impact we have on insects 5 1.3.1 World distribution 5 1.3.2 Climate change 5 1.3.3 Land management practices 5 1.4 Exploitation of insects 6 1.5 Other uses humans make of insects 6 1.6 Insect classification 7 2 External features of insects – structure and function 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The exoskeleton 10 2.3 The basic body plan of the insect 11 2.4 The head 11 2.4.1 Sense organs 12 2.4.1.1 Antennae 12 2.4.1.2 Ocelli 14 2.4.1.3 Compound eyes 14 2.4.2 Basic structure of the mouthparts 15 2.4.2.1 Mandibles 16 2.4.2.2 Maxillae 16 2.4.2.3 Labium 16 2.5 The thorax 16 2.5.1 Thoracic sclerites 16 2.5.2 Legs 18 2.5.3 Wings 19 2.5.4 Spiracles 22 2.6 The abdomen 22 2.6.1 Abdominal sclerites 22 2.6.2 Appendages 22 2.6.3 Genitalia 22 2.6.4 Spiracles 23 v vi CONTENTS 3 The major divisions of the Insecta 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Class Insecta, Subclass Apterygota or Phylum Arthropoda, Class Entognatha 25 3.3 Subclass Pterygota 26 3.3.1 Division Exopterygota 26 3.3.1.1 Palaeopteran Orders (example: dragonflies) 28 3.3.1.2 Orthopteroid Orders (example: grasshoppers) 28 3.3.1.3 Hemipteroid Orders (example: plant bugs) 28 3.3.2 Division Endopterygota 28 4 Subclass Apterygota 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Order Diplura (two-pronged bristle-tails) 31 4.3 Order Protura 31 4.4 Order Thysanura (silverfish) 32 4.5 Order Collembola (springtails) 33 4.5.1 Suborder Arthropleona 34 4.5.2 Suborder Symphypleona 34 5 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Palaeopteran Orders 36 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2 Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) 36 5.3 Order Odonata (dragonflies) 38 5.3.1 Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) 39 5.3.2 Suborder Anisoptera (dragonflies) 40 6 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Orthopteroid Orders 42 6.1 Introduction 42 6.2 Order Plecoptera (stoneflies) 43 6.3 Order Grylloblattodea 43 6.4 Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators or heelwalkers) 44 6.5 Order Zoraptera (angel insects) 44 6.6 Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) 44 6.6.1 Suborder Ensifera 45 6.6.1.1 Superfamily Tettigonioidea (long-horned grasshoppers) – the main Family is the Tettigoniidae 45 6.6.1.2 Superfamily Grylloidea (crickets) – the main Family is the Gryllidae 46 6.6.2 Suborder Caelifera 48 6.6.2.1 Superfamily Acridoidea (short-horned grasshoppers) – the main Family is the Acrididae 48 6.7 Order Phasmida (stick and leaf insects) 51 6.8 Order Dermaptera (earwigs) 52 CONTENTS vii 6.9 Order Embioptera (web spinners) 53 6.10 Order Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids) 54 6.10.1 Suborder Blattaria (cockroaches) 54 6.10.2 Suborder Mantodea (mantids) 56 6.11 Order Isoptera (termites) 57 6.11.1 Family Kalotermitidae (dry-wood termites) 60 6.11.2 Family Hodotermitidae 60 6.11.3 Family Rhinotermitidae (wet-wood termites) 61 6.11.4 Family Termitidae (mound-building termites) 61 7 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Hemipteroid Orders 63 7.1 Introduction 63 7.2 Order Psocoptera (booklice) 63 7.3 Order Mallophaga (biting lice) 64 7.4 Order Anoplura (= Siphunculata) (sucking lice) 64 7.5 Order Hemiptera (true bugs) 65 7.5.1 Suborder Heteroptera (land and water bugs) 67 7.5.1.1 Series Cryptocerata (water bugs) 68 Water boatmen (Families Notonectidae and Corixidae) 68 Water scorpions and allies (Family Nepidae) 69 7.5.1.2 Series Gymnocerata 69 Pond skaters (Families Gerridae and Veliidae) 70 Family Miridae (mirids or capsids) 70 Family Lygaeidae (chinch bugs) 72 Superfamily Pentatomoidea (shield bugs) 74 Family Pentatomidae (stink bugs) 74 Family Acanthosomatidae 76 Family Scutelleridae 76 Family Coreidae 77 Family Pyrrhocoridae 77 Family Tingidae (lace bugs) 78 Family Anthocoridae (flower bugs) 79 Family Cimicidae (bed bugs) 79 Family Nabidae (damsel bugs) 80 Family Reduviidae (assassin bugs) 80 7.5.2 Suborder Auchenorryncha (hoppers) 81 7.5.2.1 Superfamily Fulgoroidea 81 Family Fulgoridae (lantern flies) 81 Family Delphacidae (planthoppers) 82 7.5.2.2 Superfamily Cicadelloidea 83 Family Membracidae (treehoppers) 83 Family Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) 83 7.5.2.3 Superfamily Cicadoidea (Family Cicadidae – cicadas) 85 7.5.2.4 Superfamily Cercopoidea (Family Cercopidae – froghoppers) 86 viii CONTENTS 7.5.3 Suborder Sternorryncha (plant lice) 87 7.5.3.1 Superfamily Psylloidea (Family Psyllidae – suckers or jumping plant lice) 87 7.5.3.2 Superfamily Aphidoidea (aphids) 88 Family Lachnidae 89 Family Aphididae (aphids, greenfly, blackfly) 89 Family Phylloxeridae 99 7.5.3.3 Superfamily Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies) – Family Aleyrodidae 99 7.5.3.4 Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) 101 Family Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) 102 Family Margarodidae (cushion scales) 102 Family Kerridae 103 Family Asterolecaniidae 103 Family Coccidae (soft scales) 104 Family Diaspididae (armoured scales) 105 7.6 Order Thysanoptera (thrips or thunderflies) 106 7.6.1 Suborder Terebrantia 107 7.6.1.1 Family Thripidae 107 7.6.1.2 Family Aeolothripidae 110 7.6.2 Suborder Tubulifera 110 7.6.2.1 Family Phlaeothripidae 110 8 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Lesser Orders 112 8.1 Introduction 112 8.2 Order Mecoptera (scorpion flies) 112 8.3 Order Siphonaptera (fleas) 113 8.4 Order Neuroptera 114 8.4.1 Suborder Megaloptera 115 8.4.1.1 Family Corydalidae 115 8.4.1.2 Family Sialidae (alder flies) 115 8.4.1.3 Family Raphidiidae (snake flies) 116 8.4.2 Suborder Planipennia 116 8.4.2.1 Superfamily Coniopterygoidea 116 Family Coniopterygidae 116 8.4.2.2 Superfamily Osmyloidea 116 Family Osmylidae 116 8.4.2.3 Superfamily Mantispoidea 116 Family Sisyridae 116 Family Mantispidae (mantis flies) 117 8.4.2.4 Superfamily Hemeroboidea (lacewings) 117 Family Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings) 117 Family Chrysopidae (green lacewings) 117 8.4.2.5 Superfamily Myrmeleontoidea (ant lions) 118 8.5 Order Trichoptera (caddis flies) 119 8.6 Order Strepsiptera (stylops) 120 CONTENTS ix
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