2/12/2016 MSU Extension programs and material are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, or veteran status. Integrated pest management resources at MSU Beginning Farmer Webinars, 2015 Erin Lizotte, MSU Extension Overview Erin Lizotte Statewide Integrated Pest Management Educator, • The history of IPM Commercial Agriculture • The tenants of IPM • Scouting Phone (231)944-6504 Email [email protected] • Pesticides • Beneficial insects • IPM resources at MSU Lacewing egg. E Lizotte It’s all a big competition • Humans have been in competition with Early pest control pests since the beginning of our • Documented in 2500 BC, sulfur ancestral history • Egyptians used oils and arsenic control insects • Competition with pests for food has 2,000 years ago grown as we moved from being hunter- gatherers to cultivating crops and • AD 307, biological control in citrus was keeping livestock (16,000 years ago) documented in China • As crop/livestock densities increased, • Soap-based insecticides arrived in 1100 AD so did pest pressure • Insecticidal plant extracts (including nicotine) • Early pest control was mechanical were used in Europe 400 years ago 1 2/12/2016 Pesticide development Heavy reliance on pesticides • 1865 Paris green (cupric • Resistance acetoarsenite) was • Residue developed and controlled • Effects on natural Colorado potato beetle enemies • Lead arsenate • Emergence of new pests • 1939 DDT • Non target issues • Organic compounds • Highly effective USDA Forest Service Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Retroarama.com What is IPM? The tipping point • ‘62 publication of Silent Spring • ‘70 EPA formed “a sustainable approach to managing pests by • ‘71 Federal Insecticide, combining biological, cultural, physical and Fungicide and chemical tools in a way that minimizes Rodenticide Act economic, health and environmental risks” • ‘72 DDT banned • ‘72 Nixon makes IPM USFWS national policy Dr. Rachel Carson Decision to treat based on economics Today IPM is a comprehensive program • Knowledge and information intensive • Multidisciplinary Unchecked population • Focused on multiple tactics Control • Cognizant that 100% control is rarely economically necessary or possible Economic injury level • Based on the concept that cropping systems and pests are not static Economic threshold • Applicable to commercial agriculture, home gardens, urban horticulture, Lizotte, 2011 Oblique-banded leafroller larva. Number of pests Number of homes, schools, public buildings E. Lizotte • Encompasses insects, pathogens, weeds, and vertebrate pests Erin Lizotte, 2012 Time 2 2/12/2016 Limitations of IPM IPM Adoption Some reasons for not having an effective IPM • IPM programs occur along a spectrum from program include: largely conventional strategies including protectant pesticide applications all the way to 1. No IPM program to implement biologically-based and intensive strategies 2. No thresholds • IPM is not limited to biodynamic producers but 3. No experts includes conventional, organic and 4. Resistance to pesticides biodynamic producers as well as everyone in- 5. Invasive species between • The practice of IPM is site-specific, crop These are knowledge limitations and can be specific and dependent on environmental resolved over time with resources. factors All IPM programs should follow the tenants of IPM Prevention: exclusion of a pest population from a field or site • pest-free seeds and transplants Tenants of IPM • preventing weeds from (PAMS) reproducing • irrigation scheduling to avoid • Prevention situations conducive to disease • Avoidance development • cleaning tillage and harvesting • Monitoring Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State equipment between fields or University, Bugwood.org • Suppression operations Green apple aphid. E. Lizotte • eliminating alternate hosts Avoidance: when pest populations exist in a field or site but the impact of the pest on the crop can be avoided through some Avoidance cultural practice • fertilization programs to promote rapid crop • crop rotation development • choosing cultivars with genetic • not planting areas where resistance to pests pest populations are likely • using trap crops or pheromone to occur traps • choosing cultivars with maturity dates that allow harvest before Wine grapes planted in sandy soil pest populations develop on hill top. E. Lizotte 3 2/12/2016 Avoidance • Start transplants in pathogen free soil Monitoring • Sanitation: remove diseased material • Scouting and trapping for pests regularly • Correct identification of pests • Weather monitoring • Soil and tissue nutrient testing where appropriate • Records should be kept of Scouting boards. J. O’Donnell pest incidence and distribution for each field or site Workers in a nursery Suppression: control of pests as needed Suppression with pesticides • Suppression may become necessary to avoid economic loss • Considerations • Cultural suppression • Economics • No-till, mulching, cultivation • Consider non- • Physical suppression target impacts • Row covers, pruning, trunk guards • Resistance • Biological suppression management • Mating disruption, natural enemy conservation • Chemical suppression • Pesticide application Successful IPM Practitioners… Scouting • Understand pest life cycles, epidemiology, ecology • Evaluate the range of pests to be controlled • Utilize all available tools • Consider economic constraints • Technology dependent Borer pupal casing. E. Lizotte • Consider ecosystem scale 4 2/12/2016 Scouting Scouting • Scouting involves • Scouting is a critical step in quantifying the monitoring the crop and potential damage that can be caused by a pest cropping area for insects, diseases and abiotic issues • Aids in determining if intervention to control the pest is warranted • Scouting should begin as soon as plants begin to • Identifies the present life stage of the insect or grow or pests become disease which is often critical to the proper active and should continue selection and timing of management strategies until the crop is dormant or • Assists in determining the efficacy of a the risk of the pest has management strategy (farmer scientists) passed Scouting Scouting • Scouting for diseases includes monitoring the crop • Scouting for insects includes looking for all life for signs and symptoms of disease stages and attempting to quantify the population • May also include inspecting for crop damage and setting traps to collect them Scouting tools Scouting protocol • Hand lens for inspecting for small insects, mites, • Section your farm off into manageable portions insect eggs or feeding damage based on location, size and crop or variety and • Traps of various forms scout them separately • A beating tray or scouting board • It’s easier to deal with blocks that are 10 acres or • A sweep net smaller and that contain plants of the same variety, age and spacing—it’s also often how we make management • A knife, shovel and pruners decisions • Containers for collecting samples • If degree day tools or biological information are • A small cooler Yellow sticky trap. E. available to predict the emergence or arrival of Lizotte • A camera for taking pictures certain pests, use them to gauge when you might • Reference material for helping identify pests scout more intensively 5 2/12/2016 General scouting protocol • Walk a transect and edge when Seasonal Primary Pest Occurrence in Michigan Hopyards scouting to ensure you view plants April May June July August September Date 7142123271 81522297 1721284111825181522295121926 DD Base 501 6 20 43 46 60 71 96 180 270 320 500 645 731 832 947 1099 1262 1459 1620 1790 1909 2024 2147 2276 2350 2400 2476 from both the edge and inner Bine emergence Sidearm formation Cone development and maturation Growth stage2 Dormant Vegetative growth Burr stage Harvest Pest Pest lifestage portion of the block Downy Systemic infection Begin treatment at 6" mildew Secondary infection Continue treatments on a 7-14 day schedule up until harvest Two- Overwintering females Monitor for activity as temps warm spotted Eggs and motiles Monitor populations of eggs and motiles weekly, treat as needed • Change the path you walk each Potato Arrive on spring storms Scout carefully following spring storms leafhopper Eggs, nymphs and adults First generation egg laying Eggs, nymphs and adults may be present at this time, treat as needed Rose chafer Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed time you scout to inspect new Japanese Adult beetles Beetles present, treat as needed beetle areas 1. Degree day accumulation based on 5-year average at the Freemont Enviroweather Station. 2. Growth stage is highly dependent on location, annual weather fluctuations and cultivar, this table is meant as a guide to estimate pest activity in Michigan. • Revisit problem areas • Make up a scouting sheet and keep good records Wait-- What am I looking for? Consider the weather • One of the hardest things to learn about scouting • One of the greatest allies a grower can utilize to is how to pick up on the visual cues that be an effective scout and pest manager is something is wrong with the plant historical and forecast weather data • Consider the following as a starting point: • This information can inform you of when to • Cupped, chlorotic, spotted or malformed foliage intensify your scouting for certain pests and • Discolored, damaged, swollen or sunken areas of bark disease, when to