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Improving Burrowing Owl Habitat in South San Francisco

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Improving Burrowing Owl Habitat in South San Francisco SAN FRANCISCO BAY NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE COMPLEX Tideline WINTER 17-18 Volume 40, Number 4 Antioch Dunes / Don Edwards / Ellicott Slough / Farallon Island / Marin Islands / Salinas River / San Pablo Bay Improving Burrowing Owl Habitat in South San Francisco Bay By Aidona Kakouros Once abundant in South San Francisco Bay, the burrowing owl currently breeds at only five known sites. In 2017, only 64 adults were reported during the breeding season in the entire South Bay. I take a deep breath, trying to digest and synthesize the information just reported at the South Bay Burrowing Owl Surveying Network meeting. It is evident the burrow- ing owl population in the South Bay is in peril. Is it too late? Can our efforts save it? What else can be done? Habitat loss due to development is the main factor of this dramatic decrease. Grasslands habitats were once common in the South Bay. Considering the current booming Bay Area housing market and Photo taken from a camera trap. Photo: San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory habitat degradation from factors associated with large scale urbanization, very little refuge to provide habitat for several endan- history, and management regime, Warm burrowing owl habitat remains. Unless gered and special status species, including Springs Unit has great potential for bur- habitat management and other conservation burrowing owls. rowing owl habitat enhancement. The goal activities take place, it is possible that the Warm Springs is home to the is to stabilize and increase the burrowing breeding population of burrowing owls will federally-endangered vernal pool tadpole owl breeding population on site and use the be extirpated from the South Bay. shrimp (Lepidurus packardi) and Contra acquired knowledge from this process to This realization prompted public agen- Costa goldfield (Lasthenia conjugens), and enhance other habitats in the South Bay. cies, nonprofit conservation organizations, the federally-threatened California tiger So what are the main elements for and burrowing owl experts to join forces salamander (Ambystoma californiense). The a high quality burrowing owl breeding and try to reverse the downward population site is grazed by cattle to keep vegetation habitat? While burrowing owls may nest in a variety of habitats there are three main trend in the South Bay. A collaboration be- low and to improve the habitat conditions requirements. tween the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay for the species listed above and for the National Wildlife Refuge, Santa Clara Valley burrowing owl. Open Landscape Habitat Agency, and San Francisco Bay Historically, burrowing owls have used The ideal habitat for burrowing owls is Bird Observatory was formed to enhance the Warm Springs unit and the surrounding associated with open landscape with no trees burrowing owl habitat at the refuge’s Warm areas as breeding and wintering habitat. and well drained areas. Other than that, the Springs Unit. Currently, the Unit is home to one of the species exhibits a remarkable tolerance for The Warm Springs Unit, located in five breeding burrowing owl populations in human alteration of natural habitats. South Fremont, is composed of 719 acres of the South Bay. vernal pool grasslands. It is managed by the Because of its relatively large acreage, continued next page from page 1 Presence of Underground Burrows As the name suggests, burrowing owls use burrows for nesting and for shelter from predators and weather. Conversely, unlike what the name suggests, the owls do not dig their own burrows. They rely on their neighbors like California ground squirrels and other ground-digging (fossorial) mam- mals to create the burrows. Many people may not realize how im- portant ground squirrels are for grasslands ecosystems and particularly for burrowing owls. Not only do ground squirrels excavate extensive networks of burrows but they clean and maintain the old ones. Room service anyone? Ground squirrels also alert owls for the presence of predators through their alarm calls. In fact, at Warm Springs, California ground squirrel is considered a A family of burrowning owls at Warm Springs. Photo: San Francisco Bay Bird Observaotry. keystone species because it provides essential habitat to many species including the facilitate the proliferation of tall, nonnative weather to attract insects is very beneficial. California tiger salamander. plants on the disturbed areas. Tall mustard Other complex community dynam- For these reasons we try to maintain and nonnative thistles choke the entrance ics may affect the population status. For and increase the squirrel population. Short of the burrows and/or restrict predator example predation from mammalian and vegetation with some bare ground openings visibility. avian species affects nesting success and encourages ground squirrel burrowing activ- At Warm Springs a grazing program survivorship of the owls. ity. Overgrown vegetation or a thick layer of is used to keep the vegetation short which thatch hinders ground squirrel activity. This After three years of implementation of leads us into the third habitat requirement. benefits all of the unit’s rare species. a project focused on the enhancement of However, additional weed abatement burrowing owl habitat at Warm Springs, we methods are necessary to control weed inva- started seeing a small increase in the number sions on the burrow areas. Unfortunately, of breeding owls. We have a long way to go due to the large acreage of Warm Springs, and we wish to see more rapid population more manpower is needed. The refuge relies growth to bolster the South Bay population. on partners and volunteers to help keep the While we are adjusting our strategies on vegetation short on the burrows. Staff and what we have learned, we need your help on volunteers are engaged in weeding activities improving habitat for this charismatic spe- from spring through fall. cies and for all other vernal pool grassland Besides nesting habitat, high quality species. foraging habitat is necessary for successful As a volunteer, you will experience one burrowing owl conservation. High qual- of the last remaining vernal pool grassland ity foraging habitat is also correlated to habitats in the San Francisco Bay Area, a Photo: Tom Bennett higher breeding success. This translates to a place that is truly unique and special. Learn diverse matrix of microhabitats that support about its ecology and conservation activities Short, Low Density abundant prey. Vegetation for Nesting Habitat form staff. You may even spot a burrowing Prey food items, such as small rodents Short vegetation is also critical for owl! and lizards, are attracted to rock and debris burrowing owls. It allows quick detection of If interested, please contact me at piles and native perennial and annual predators and an unobstructed entrance into [email protected] or Ivette Loredo plants. In the summer at Warm Springs, we the burrows. Burrowing owls may abandon at [email protected]. regularly observe owls feeding on the bot- their nests when vegetation grows too thick tom of vernal pools where the short green Aidona Kakouros is the Botanist/Ecologist or high. vegetation hosts a plethora of insects. Insects for the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife While ground disturbance and squirrel comprise the highest percentage of owl diets Refuge Complex. Her work focuses primarily burrowing activity are highly desirable during the summer months. For this reason, at the Warm Springs Unit of the Don Edwards features of burrowing owl habitat, they planting native plants that thrive in warm San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Page 2 Refuge Dispatches The year 2017 was a year of prioritiza- summer was 67 butterflies. tion for the San Francisco Bay National The Stamm Unit also looks different Wildlife Refuge Complex. In addition to this year. Several 4,500-pound concrete staff reviewing and evaluating thousands blocks were placed along the western of species and hundreds of surveys that are boundary of the unit. The low wall will conducted on the seven refuges in the refuge prevent the sand from blowing onto our complex, our conservation work continued. neighbors’ properties during high winds, Here are just a few of the highlights. and retain the sand for dune habitat. Antioch Dunes Don Edwards The winter rains spurred large numbers San Francisco Bay of endangered Antioch Dunes evening The refuge welcomed new Refuge primrose to sprout in the new dunes Manager Jared Underwood in the spring. created at the Stamm unit. Several hundred Endangered Ridgway’s rail surveys received Staff and volunteers seining for vernal pool creatures. Photo: FWS held water for much longer than average. The refuge, through a Coastal Conservancy grant awarded to the San Francisco Bay Wildlife Society, hired interns to conduct outreach to new audi- ences. Nearly 5,500 youths and adults were reached through the interns’ efforts in three months! The refuge also held its first Black History Month event in February which included a showing of Through the Eyes of a Buffalo Soldier and video interview with renowned National Park Service Buffalo Soldier Interpreter Shelton Johnson. A discussion followed led by interns Trisha Refuge staff placing block on the Stamm Unit. Photo: FWS Thornton and Ennis Chauhan. Other new primroses self-propagated, indicating that a new bay-wide protocol with significant audiences the refuge reached out to were if the habitat is there, this species will take input from refuge complex biologists, and teens at nearby Alviso Youth Center. advantage. Unfortunately, the rains, and sandhill cranes were spotted at the Warm subsequent warm temperatures, also allowed Springs unit in the spring! invasive vetch to overwhelm many of the Heavy winter rains filled vernal pools native plants on the Sardis and Stamm to maximum levels and stimulated breeding units. Much of the time spent on the refuge activity of the threatened California tiger was trying to control vetch. Thanks to the salamander and the endangered vernal pool California Conservation Corps for helping tadpole shrimp.
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