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Mamluks ~ 1517 Faculty of Fine Arts Architectural Department History of Isamic Arts & Architecture Dr.Hossam Sabry Islam • Founder: Muhammad Ibn (son of) Adballah • Born: 571 AD in Mecca, Arabia • Descendant of Abraham • Nicknames: Almustapha (the chosen), Alamin (the faithful) • Titles: The prophet, the messenger (Alrasul) • Tribe: Quraiysh • Holy Book: The Quran, derived from ‘read’ Abraham Ismail Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem Adbelmuttalib (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth Muhammad Ali Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty (661-750) (750-1258) Historical Overview The Levant The fertile Crescent Mesopotamia EGYPT • Medinah •Mecca Dynasties of the South Middle East, 7th Century • The Arabian Peninsula The source of Arabs and the Semitic race Mostly desert, few urbanized areas Urban centers, Mecca Mainly tribal society First mention of ‘Arabs’, 854 B.C. Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South Dynasties in the south Religions – Christianity (inclusive), Judaism (exclusive), polytheism • The Sassanid or Persian Empire Ailing • The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire Christianity is the state religion, 3rd century A foreign occupying power Sectarian conflicts with the locals Byzantine Empire * Persian Empire • An Arabian An Arabian dynasty dynasty * Islam, 610-632 • 571 Muhammad born in Mecca. • 610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan). • 622 “Hijra”or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution and go to Almadinah (Yathrib). Year 1 in the Islamic calendar ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia – building peaceful coalition • 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully (NO REVENGE) destroys idols in Alqaaba. single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia • 632 Muhammad dies in Almadinah. Unmarked grave (his will) Islam by the death of Mohammed 632 632-661: the Four Elected Successors (Caliphs) Abu-Bakr - 632-634 • The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644 • A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. • Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia Damascus (9 / 635) and Jerusalem (5 / 638) surrender peacefully – Omar’s pledge to the Jerusalemites • A modern state: Treasury, communication, defense. Engraved currency. Othman bin Affan - 644-656 • Collected and compiled the Quran • Emergence of power struggle Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661 • Power struggle escalated to armed conflict • Emergence of political parties • End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia (661-680) Islam at 644, the year Omar died The Ummayah Dynasty, 661-750 • Empire center and capital move to Damascus • Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe, much of C. Asia, the wall of China 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin Ziyad • Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martial, 732 • Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals Karbalaa in S. Iraq (10 Nov, 680) and the emerge of the Shiha • Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691) • Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings • Arabization of the empire • Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science The Abbassides Dynasty, 750-1258 • The center of the Empire moves to Iraq and Iran • Baghdad, built 762 AD by Almansur (2nd Caliph). • With over 2 M, Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the world Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere • Other dynasties in Egypt, Spain, and parts of the Levant. • A 2nd Ummayah dynasty in Spain, 9th century Qurtoba (Cordova) competes with Baghdad • Cairo, built 968 AD The 'Five Pillars' of Islam The framework for Muslim life. Essential practices 1. The declaration of faith: • "There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God" 2. Prayer: • Five obligatory prayers each day. • A direct link between the worshiper and God. • No hierarchical authority or priesthood 3. Zakat: • Obligatory charitable giving. • Wealth belong to God and it is held in trust by humans. • Zakat, or, "purification" by setting aside a portion (2.5%) for the needy 4. Fasting: • From sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage: • A pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca, Arabia. Only those who can Islamic Egypt Egypt 639 ~ The Arab Conquest ~ 641 Amr ibn al As was born in 583. At first opposed to Islam, he later converted and was appointed a military commander during the time of the prophet. •Led conquest of Egypt in 639-641 •Egypt’s first Muslim ruler •Renamed Babylon: Al Fustat (now known as Cairo); made capital because of easy access to Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula •Built mosque in Al Fustat bearing his name •As per tradition, conquered peoples given three choices: •Convert to Islam •Retain their religion in return for payment of poll tax •War CASE STUDY: Egypt 641 ~ The Arab Conquest ~ 868 •Treated Egyptian Copts well •Arabization of country began •Governors appointed by Arab caliphs ruled Egypt •Grain and tax revenues sent east •Many Egyptians converted to Islam •Arabic language gained acceptance in government, commerce, and culture •Many Arab tribes settled in Egypt •Control by Caliphate weakened in ninth century •Capital of empire moved further east, from Damascus to Baghdad •Locals gained more control over all aspects of life in Egypt, such as politics and economy CASE STUDY: Egypt 641 ~ Caliphate Rule ~ 868 Ummayyad Dynasty •ruled from Damascus sent governors to collect taxes, but did not interfere in day-to-day operations Abbassid Dynasty •ruled from Baghdad increased non-Muslim taxes in Egypt, leading to a Coptic rebellion and increased challenges to Muslim authority CASE STUDY: Egypt 868 ~ The Tulinid Dynasty ~ 905 Ahmad ibn Tulun was the son of a Turkish slave to Caliph al-Ma’mun and an orthodox Sunni Muslim • Governed on behalf of his stepfather, who was granted Egypt as a fief by the Caliph Al Mutazz, following one of the last of the Christian uprisings in Egypt • ruled autonomously but under Abbasid Caliphate • kept much of the revenue since the caliphate was weak, enabling him to build up his capital, now known as Cairo •established pattern of hereditary rule by passing control of Egypt to his son, Khumarawayh upon his death in 884 • captured Syria in 878 and united it with Egypt CASE STUDY: Egypt 868 ~ The Tulinid Dynasty ~ 905 •kept much of Egypt’s revenue since the caliphate in Baghdad was weak, enabling him to build up his capital, now known as Cairo • had the Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulan built; is the third largest mosque in the world and one of the oldest to survive basically intact •dynasty ended in 905 when Baghdad regained control through the use of imperial troops "The Amir... has ordered the construction of this blessed and happy mosque, using the revenues from a pure and legitimate source that God has granted him...". - From an ancient calligraphy in 9th century Kufic script CASE STUDY: Egypt 935 ~ Ikhshidid Dynasty ~ 969 Muhammad ibn Tughj was the son of a Turkish slave to Caliph al-Ma’mun. • appointed governor, later given title Ikhshid (prince) • also ruled autonomously under the Baghdad Caliphate • gained control of Palestine, Syria, and the two main holy cities of Mecca and Medina •Kafur, a slave and tutor to Muhammad ibn Tughi’s sons become de facto ruler from 946-966 as the children’s guardian and then ruled in his own name until his death in 969 CASE STUDY: Egypt 969 ~ Fatimids ~ 1099 • Shi’ite rulers who took name from Prophet’s daughter, Fatima • ruled in North Africa and moved into Egypt • expanded empire into Sinai Peninsula and into Syria and Palestine • opposed Sunni rule of Abbasids in Baghdad; felt they themselves were true rulers of Islamic world and wanted independence from Baghdad • strictly enforced Islamic rules of behavior • Shi’ism mainly practiced by elite; population remained mostly Sunni, Jewish, or Coptic Christian • established intellectual center for scholars to study doctrines of Ismaili Shia faith • developed more efficient bureaucracy for tax collection • built export network with Europe and India The Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, built by the Fatimid Dynasty in 970 CASE STUDY: Egypt 1168 ~ The Ayyubid Dynasty ~ 1260 Salah ad Din ibn Ayyub (Saladin) Kurdish general whose uncle was last senior minister of Fatimid caliphs. • drove crusaders from Jerusalem and most of Palestine, justifying his rule with a military jihad Citadel in Cairo • returned Egypt to Sunni orthdoxy and renewed bond built to fortify city with Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad against Crusaders • introduced madrasa, part of the Sunni religious revival • after his death, the empire was split into loosely linked empire controlled by members of his family • continued trade with Europe and East; many Egyptian items in demand, such as alum • Egypt became center of Arab scholarship CASE STUDY: Egypt 1168 ~ The Ayyubid Dynasty ~ 1260 Shajarat al-Durr wife of Ayyuhid sultan who took control of Egypt following her husband’s death in 1250 • one of few women to rule Islamic state, although only for a short period of time • first female Egyptian ruler since Cleopatra • defeated Frankish crusaders attempt to invade Egypt • Husband imported slaves into Egypt, known as Mamelukes • first female Islamic leader to have coins made in her image • Baghdad leadership did not want a woman leader “Since no man among you is worthy of being sultan I will come in person and bring you one. Know you not that the Prophet - may he be exalted - has said, 'Woe unto nations governed by woman'." CASE STUDY: Egypt 1250 ~ The Mamluks ~ 1517 Mamluks • a warrior caste created by Islamic leaders who took non-Muslim slave boys and trained them as loyal soldiers • most converted to Islam during their training • brought to Egypt during Ayyubid Dynasty • helped Shajar Al-Durr, favorite wife of deceased Sultan defeat French Crusaders in 1249 • seized control by forcing Sultan’s widow to marry commander in Mamluk forces, Aibeg A Mamluk • rule of each Mamluk ruler was only about seven years, soldier due to assassinations from within • very little change in government due to military focus • trade with Italian city-states flourished CASE STUDY: Egypt 1250 ~ The Mamluks ~ 1517 Bahri Mamluks (1250-1382) Turks and Mongols.
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