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Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication IT AND COMMUNICATION Wireless Communication Communication systems that are not connected by wires of any kind. Types of wireless Communication • Infrared • Bluetooth • Near Field Communication (NFC) • WiFi • LiFi Electromagnetic Waves • Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric field comes in contact with the magnetic field. • It can also be said that electromagnetic waves are the composition of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Wavelength and Frequency • A wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave. This distance is given in meters (m) or fractions thereof. • Frequency is the number of waves that form in a given length of time. It is usually measured as the number of wave cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). Radio Waves • Radio waves are at the lowest range of the EM spectrum, with frequencies of up to about 30 billion hertz, or 30 gigahertz (GHz), and wavelengths greater than about 10 millimeters (0.4 inches). • Radio is used primarily for communications including voice, data and entertainment media. Microwaves • Microwaves fall in the range of the EM spectrum between radio and IR. • They have frequencies from about 3 GHz up to about 30 trillion hertz, or 30 terahertz (THz), and wavelengths of about 10 mm to 100 micrometers (μm). • Microwaves are used for high-bandwidth communications, radar and as a heat source for microwave ovens and industrial applications. Infrared • Infrared is in the range of the EM spectrum between microwaves and visible light. • IR has frequencies from about 30 THz up to about 400 THz and wavelengths of about 100 μm to 740 nanometers (nm). • IR light is invisible to human eyes, but we can feel it as heat if the intensity is sufficient. Visible Light • Visible light is found in the middle of the EM spectrum, between IR and UV. • It has frequencies of about 400 THz to 800 THz and wavelengths of about 740 nm to 380 nm. • More generally, visible light is defined as the wavelengths that are visible to most human eyes. Ultraviolet • Ultraviolet light is in the range of the EM spectrum between visible light and X-rays. • It has frequencies of about 8 × 1014 to 3 × 1016 Hz and wavelengths of about 380 nm to about 10 nm. • UV light is a component of sunlight; however, it is invisible to the human eye. • It has numerous medical and industrial applications, but it can damage living tissue. X-rays • X-rays are roughly classified into two types: soft X-rays and hard X-rays. • Soft X-rays comprise the range of the EM spectrum between UV and gamma rays. Soft X-rays have frequencies of about 3 × 1016 to about 1018 Hz and wavelengths of about 10 nm to about 100 picometers (pm). • Hard X-rays occupy the same region of the EM spectrum as gamma rays. The only difference between them is their source: X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons, while gamma rays are produced by atomic nuclei. Gamma-rays • Gamma-rays are in the range of the spectrum above soft X-rays. Gamma-rays have frequencies greater than about 1018 Hz and wavelengths of less than 100 pm. • Gamma radiation causes damage to living tissue, which makes it useful for killing cancer cells when applied in carefully measured doses to small regions. • Uncontrolled exposure, though, is extremely dangerous to humans. Infrared • Short range communication • Requires line of sight Wireless • Cannot penetrate walls Communication • Designed to support only two- way connections on a temporary basis Wireless Communication Bluetooth • Short Range Communication • Devices connected in a Bluetooth network communicate with each other using ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves. • Operates on Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping • Operational frequency – 2.4 GHz • Introduced initially to replace cables • Range less than 10 m Wireless Communication Near Field Communication (NFC) • Contact-less communication technology based on a radio frequency (RF) field using a base frequency of 13.56 MHz. • Peer-to-peer communication • Operating frequency- 13.56 MHz • NFC devices must be near each other • Range less than 10 cm • NFC devices can act both as a reader and as a tag Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • Digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels are captured by a reader via radio waves. • Uses Automatic Identification and Data Capture technology • Hundreds of tags can be read in seconds • No line of sight required • There are two types i)Active type ii)Passive type • Range upto 100 m • One way communication only WiFi • Wi-Fi stands for “wireless fidelity” • Operating frequency -2.4GHz or 5.2GHZ bands • Security protocols used- WEP,WPA,WPA2 • Range- 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors for 2.4 GHz • Types of WiFi technology: • Wi-Fi-802.11a • Wi-Fi-802.11b • Wi-Fi-802.11g • Wi-Fi-802.11n LiFi • LiFi stands for “Life Fidility” • Transmits data via light • Almost 100 times faster than WiFi • Speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second. • Li-Fi runs on light waves-380 nm to 780 nm wavelength • Li-Fi signals cannot pass through walls • More secured compared to WiFi. Working of Mobile Phones Evolution of Mobile Networks • 1St Generation Mobile Network 1G • Introduced in 1980s;Speed- 2.4 Kbps to 14.4 kbps;Supports Voice only • 2nd Generation Mobile Network 2G • Introduced in 1990s;Speed-14.4 Kbps to 50 Kbps;Supports Voice and Data • 3rd Generation Mobile Network 3G • Introduced in 2001;Speed- 3.1 Mbps;Supports Voice and data • 4th Generation Mobile Network 4G • Introduced in 2009;Speed- 100 Mbps;Supports Voice and data • 5th Generation Mobile Network 5G • Introduced in 2019;Speed- 10 Gbps;Supports Voice and data 5G Technology • Wireless communication technology using radio waves or radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit and receive data. • 5G technologies will enter services gradually, beginning now and advance to a full range of services by 2024. • It is estimated that 5G will have space for more than 7 trillion devices. • It would offer faster speed, greater coverage, less latency and high scalability • In India 5G connections is estimated to reach 88 million by 2025. Advantages of 5G • Faster Data Speed- Upto 10Gbps • Ultra low latency- about 1 millisecond • Connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) • Efficient Tele-education • Agriculture- Precision farming, Smart irrigation techniques • Manufacturing- Automation, better safety in dangerous areas • Efficient Tele Medicine facilities • Smart cities and traffic management • Increasing GDP, digitization of economy Disadvantages of 5G • High Investment cost required • Expensive spectrum • Issue of compatibility of old devices • Security and privacy issues • Lack of uniform Regulatory Policy • High battery drain of equipments using 5G • Lack of Fiber Optics connectivity- limited coverage Internet of Things ➢In 1999, Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” ➢It is the interlinking of a bunch of digital devices , appliances , vehicles and almost all possible gadgets under the sun , connected and exchanging information with each other to make our lives easier. ➢It allows People to connect with machines and communicate with each other Internet of Things Application Internet of Things In India • The Government of India has also decided to embrace the technology in a big way. • It has decided to set up an IoT industry worth $15 billion by the end of 2020. • It has also planned to allocate a grant of Rs 18 crore over a period of five years in the initial stage to promote research and development in this area. • Monetary help to the IoT based small and micro enterprises of up to Rs 6 lakhs per enterprise per year. Internet of Things In India • IoT as a new subject in the curriculum of B.Tech, M.Tech and PhD courses along with other short-term certifications • The Government envisages to use Internet of Things (IoT) as part of the Digital India Mission. • The National Digital Communications Policy was launched in 2018 to develop and apply IoT, 5G technology, machine to machine (M2M) communication, etc. • New IoT-based airport at Sikkim was recently innaugrated by the Prime Minister. Internet of Things Limitations • Initial set up cost could be high. • Internet connectivity and security issues. • Loss of Jobs • Concerns of Digital surveillance • Reliability of sensor is also important • High power consumption can lead to frequent battery drain • Lack of international standardization- Compatibility issues. • Lack of skilled resource to maintain and run such systems Supercomputers • A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. • Employed in specialised application which require large amount of mathematical calculations • CDC 6600 released in 1964 is generally considered as the worlds first super computer • New super computers have speed in PetaFLOPS (Floating point operations per second) • Summit supercomputer is the worlds fastest supercomputer with a measured power efficiency of 14.668 GFlops/watt Supercomputers and India • Indian Super computing programme started in 1987. • PARAM 8000, first supercomputer of India, was built by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC). • CDAC is the premier R&D organization of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) for carrying out R&D in IT, Electronics and associated areas. • Pratyush and Mihir are the fastest supercomputer in India with a maximum speed of 6.8 PetaFlops . • Param Shivay at IIT BHU is one of the latest addition to the Indian super computer group Super Computers and India National Super Computing Mission • The mission was launched in 2015, implemented and steered jointly by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) • Empowering our national academic and R&D institutions spread over the country by installing a vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities. • The Mission also includes development of highly professional High Performance Computing (HPC) aware human resource for meeting challenges of development of these applications.
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