CIVIL SERVICES (PRELIMINARY) TEST SERIES – 2018
TEST BOOKLET SERIES Test Code: ANSWER & EXPLANATION P1-1808 GENERAL STUDIES English version TEST – 8 D ANSWERS
Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers 1 (b) 26 (a) 51 (b) 76 (c)
2 (c) 27 (a) 52 (a) 77 (b) 3 (b) 28 (c) 53 (b) 78 (c) 4 (a) 29 (c) 54 (a) 79 (a) 5 (c) 30 (b) 55 (d) 80 (c) 6 (c) 31 (b) 56 (d) 81 (c) 7 (c) 32 (a) 57 (d) 82 (a) 8 (c) 33 (c) 58 (c) 83 (b) 9 (a) 34 (a) 59 (a) 84 (c) 10 (c) 35 (d) 60 (c) 85 (b) 11 (a) 36 (c) 61 (b) 86 (b) 12 (b) 37 (b) 62 (a) 87 (c) 13 (d) 38 (b) 63 (c) 88 (c) 14 (c) 39 (d) 64 (b) 89 (a) 15 (c) 40 (d) 65 (a) 90 (b) 16 (a) 41 (c) 66 (a) 91 (c) 17 (a) 42 (c) 67 (c) 92 (a) 18 (d) 43 (b) 68 (b) 93 (d) 19 (b) 44 (a) 69 (b) 94 (d) 20 (b) 45 (d) 70 (d) 95 (b) 21 (d) 46 (c) 71 (b) 96 (a) 22 (a) 47 (a) 72 (c) 97 (b) 23 (a) 48 (c) 73 (b) 98 (d) 24 (b) 49 (d) 74 (d) 99 (c) 25 (c) 50 (c) 75 (a) 100 (b) 1. (b) O;k[;k% viuh ilan dh ikVhZ ds fy;s ckW.M nku dj ldrs gSa ftUgsa zzgky gh esa vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh eaf=keaMyh; lfefr (CCEA) 15 fnuksa ds Hkhrj ikVhZ ds lR;kfir •krs ds ekè;e ls udn us 14osa foÙk vk;ksx (31 ekpZ] 2020) ds dk;Zdky ds çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA ekè;e ls lkaln LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk ds lnL;ksa dh zzçR;sd ikVhZ tks tu&çfrfufèk vfèkfu;e] 1951 dh èkkjk fujarjrk dks ea”kwjh nh gSA 29A ds rgr iathÑr gS vkSj ftlus fiNys yksdlHkk ;k zzlkaln LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl (MPLAD) ;kstuk dks 1993-94 jkT; ds pqukoksa esa iM+s dqy erksa dk de&ls&de ,d esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA iQhlnh oksV çkIr fd;k gks mls Hkkjr ds fuokZpu vk;ksx zzMPLAD ;kstuk ds rgr laln lnL;ksa (lkalnksa) dks çR;sd }kjk ,d lR;kfir •krk vkoafVr fd;k tk,xkA o"kZ eq[; :i ls muds lacafèkr fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa fodkl zzjktuhfrd iQafMax esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+kus ds mís'; ls dsaæh; ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s 5 djksM+ #i, vkoafVr fd;s tkrs gSa] ctV 2017 esa pqukoh ckW.M Ldhe dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA MPLADS iw.kZ :i ls Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk foÙkiksf"kr vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA ;kstuk gSA 3. (b) zzlkaln LFkkuh; Lrj ij eglwl dh xbZ ”k:jrksa (dqN {ks=kksa O;k[;k% zz ds lacaèk esa tSls& is;ty lqfoèkk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] LoPNrk] dsoy vkèkkj èkkjd gh opZqvy ID (VID) mRiUu djus esa flapkbZ] lM+dksa vkfn) ds vkèkkj ij MPLAD ;kstuk ds l{ke gksaxs vkSj çek.khdj.k mi;ksxdÙkkZ ,tsafl;ksa (,;w,) rgr dke djus dh fliQkfj'k djrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA lfgr dksbZ vU; laLFkk mudh rjiQ ls ,slk ugha dj ldrh zzyksdlHkk lnL; vius fuokZpu {ks=kksa ds Hkhrj vkSj jkT;lHkk gSaA vr% (a) lgh ugha gSA ds lnL; fuokZfpr jkT; ds fy;s dk;ks± dh fliQkfj'k dj zzvkèkkj la[;k lk>k djus vkSj mlds Hk.Mkj.k dh vko';drk ldrs gSa (ns'k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esa ^xaHkhj çÑfr dh dks nwj djus ds mís'; ls UIDAI us ,d opZqvy vkbZMh vkink* dh fLFkfr esa] çHkkfor f”kys ds fy;s ,d lkaln dh voèkkj.kk is'k dh gS] ftls vkèkkj èkkjd }kjk çek.khdj.k vfèkdre 1 djksM+ #i, rd ds dk;ks± dh fliQkfj'k dj ds le; mldh vkèkkj la[;k ds cnys esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS)A jkT;lHkk vkSj yksdlHkk ds euksuhr lnL; ns'k ldrk gSA esa dgha Hkh fdlh dk;Z dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrs gSaA zzopZqvy ID vkèkkj la[;k ds lkFk eSi dh xbZ 16&vadksa dh zzf”kyk çkfèkdj.k mi;qDr dk;ks± dks ea”kwjh nsus vkSj ea”kwj vLFkk;h jSaMe la[;k gksxhA vr% (b) lgh gSA dk;Z ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA zzVID çek.khdj.k vkèkkj la[;kvksa dk mi;ksx djus ds leku zz MPLADS çkjaHk esa xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky; ds fu;a=k.k esa gksxkA gkyk¡fd] ,tsafl;k¡ fM&MqfIyds'ku ds fy;s bldk FkkA vDrwcj 1994 esa MPLAD ;kstuk dks lkaf[;dh vkSj mi;ksx ugha dj ldsaxh D;ksafd VID vLFkk;h gSA vr% (c) dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k x;k lgh ugha gSA FkkA vc bl ;kstuk ds fy;s uhfr fuekZ.k] èkujkf'k tkjh zz VID djus vkSj ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u gsrq fofgr fuxjkuh ra=k ds D;ksafd vkèkkj la[;k dk HkaMkj.k çfrcafèkr gS vkSj fy;s lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; f”kEesnkj gSA vLFkk;h gS] blfy;s ,tsafl;ksa dks vius flLVe ds Hkhrj vius xzkgdksa dh fof'k"V igpku ds fy;s ,d ra=k dh 2. (c) O;k[;k% ”k:jr gSA bl ^flLVe mi;ksx* ds fy;s ,d 72 v{kjksa dk zzpqukoh ckW.M dks ,d opu&i=k dh rjg ,d èkkjd midj.k UID UID cuk;k x;k gSA okLro esa] ;g ,d cSad uksV ds leku gksxk vYiQkU;wesfjd ^ Vksdu* tsujsV fd;k tk,xkA Vksdu tks ek¡xs tkus ij èkkjd dks ns; gksxk vkSj ;g C;kt eqDr ,d ,tsalh dks vius MsVkcsl esa fcuk vkèkkj uacj LVksj fd;s gksxkA bls Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ;k Hkkjr esa fufgr vius ykHkkfFkZ;ksa] xzkgdksa vkfn dh fof'k"Vrk lqfuf'pr djus fudk; }kjk •jhnk tk ldrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA ds fy;s vuqefr nsrk gSA zz;s ckW.M ,d g”kkj] nl g”kkj] ,d yk•] nl yk• vkSj zz,d vkèkkj la[;k ds fy;s fdlh Hkh le; esa dsoy ,d ,d djksM+ #i, ds xq.kdksa esa tkjh fd;s tk,axs vkSj Hkkjrh; lfØ; vkSj oSèk VID gks ldrk gS vkSj VID ls vkèkkj LVsV cSad dh fofufnZ"V 'kk•kvksa esa miyCèk gksaxsA nkunkrk la[;k çkIr djuk laHko ugha gksxkA vr% (d) lgh ugha gSA
641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 2 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 4. (a) O;k[;k% zz^fOgi* dks jktuhfrd ny }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks zzdsaæ ljdkj vkijkfèkd U;k; O;oLFkk esa lqèkkjksa ij efyeFk lnu ds lgk;d usrk ds :i esa lsok nsrk gSA fdlh fo'ks"k lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds iquoZyksdu ij fopkj dj jgh gSA eqís ij cM+h la[;k esa vius ikVhZ lnL;ksa dh mifLFkfr dks zz2000 esa rRdkyhu jktx ljdkj us dsjy vkSj dukZVd ds lqfuf'pr djus vkSj eqís ds i{k ;k foi{k esa ikVhZ lnL;ksa iwoZ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k U;k;ewfrZ oh- ,l- efyeFk dh vè;{krk dk leFkZu gkfly djus dh f”kEesnkjh mlh dh gksrh gSA esa ,d iSuy dk xBu fd;k] tks lnh Hkj iqjkus vkijkfèkd zzlnL;ksa ls fOgi }kjk fn;s x, funZs'kksa dk ikyu djus dh U;k; ç.kkyh esa iQsjcny dk lq>ko nsrk gSA vr% (a) lgh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA vU;Fkk muds fo#¼ vuq'kklukRed mÙkj gSA dkjZokbZ dh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ;g O;oLFkk zzU;k;ewfrZ efyeFk lfefr us 2003 esa 158 fliQkfj'kksa ds lkFk çnku djrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ lkaln ikVhZ fOgi }kjk fuèkkZfjr viuh fjiksVZ lkSai nhA fn'kk ds foijhr lnu esa ernku djrk gS ;k vuqifLFkr jgrk gS rks mls laln ds lnL; gsrq (nloha vuqlwph ds zzlfefr us eglwl fd;k fd ekStwnk O;oLFkk esa ^vfHk;qDr micaèkksa ds vèkhu nycny ds vkèkkj ij) v;ksX; Bgjk;k ds i{k esa ewY;kadu vkSj vijkèk ds ihfM+rksa ds fy;s U;k; tk,xkA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA ij i;kZIr :i ls è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA* 7. (c) O;k[;k% 5. (c) O;k[;k% zzHkkjr vkSj fo;ruke dh lsukvksa us eè; çns'k ds tcyiqj Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds rgr] fdlh O;fDr dks laln ;k jkT; esa igyh ckj 6 fnolh; lSU; vH;kl fd;kA ;g nksuksa ns'kksa foèkkueaMy ds lnL; ds :i esa fuokZfpr gksus ds fy;s v;ksX; ds chp c<+rs j{kk lacaèkksa dks n'kkZrk gSA bl lSU; vH;kl Bgjk;k tk,xk% dk uke ^VINBAX* FkkA vr% (c) lgh fodYi gSA zz ;fn og la?k ds vèkhu (flok; blds fd fdlh ea=kh ;k zzHkkjr vkSj fo;ruke us 1994 esa j{kk lg;ksx esa ,d çksVksdkWy laln }kjk dksbZ vU; in dks NwV nh xbZ) ;k jkT; ljdkj ij gLrk{kj fd;s FksA mlds ckn 2007 esa ;g lk>snkjh ds v/hu (flok; blds fd fdlh ea=kh ;k fdlh vU; in j.kuhfrd Å¡pkb;ksa rd igq¡ph vkSj 2009 esa f}i{kh; j{kk dks jkT; foèkkueaMy }kjk NwV nh xbZ gS) ykHk dk dksbZ in lg;ksx c<+kus ij ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s x,A j•rk@j•rh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA zz;g j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh flrEcj 2016 esa foLr`r j.kuhfrd zz;fn og vLoLFk eu dk@dh gS vkSj ,slk fdlh vnkyr us lk>snkjh fd Å¡pkb;ksa rd igq¡phA ?kksf"kr fd;k gksA 8. (c) O;k[;k% zz (undischarged vxj og ,d vulftZr fnokfy;k zzdkyk&vktkj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds pkj ns'kksa (ckaXykns'k] insolvent) gksA HkwVku] Hkkjr vkSj usiky) esa LFkkfud jksx gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa zzvxj og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd ugha gS ;k LosPNk ls fdlh bl chekjh ds vkèks ejh”k vdsys Hkkjr esa gh gSaA fons'kh jkT; dh ukxfjdrk gkfly dj pqdk@pqdh gS ;k zz;g yh'kekfu;k çtkfr ds çksVkstksvk ijthoh ds dkj.k gksus fdlh fons'kh jkT; ds fy;s fu"Bk dh LohÑfr dj pqdk@ okyh vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs c<+us okyh chekjh gSA vr% (c) lgh pqdh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA mÙkj gSA zz;fn og laln }kjk fuèkkZfjr fdlh dkuwu ds rgr v;ksX; gSA zzHkkjr esa bl jksx dk ,dek=k dkj.k yh'kekfu;k Mksuksokuh 6. (c) O;k[;k% ijthoh gSA zznks fnolh; 18ok¡ vf•y Hkkjrh; fOgi lEesyu 9 tuojh] zz;g ijthoh eq[; :i ls jsfVD;qyks,aMksFkhfy;y 2018 dks mn;iqj] jktLFkku esa lEiUu gqvkA (reticuloendothelial) ç.kkyh dks laØfer djrk gS vkSj zz^fOgi* in dk mYys• u rks Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa gS vkSj ;s vfLFk eTtk] frYyh (Spleen) vkSj ;Ñr esa cgqrk;r esa u gh lnu ds fu;eksa esa rFkk u gh fdlh lalnh; dkuwu ik, tk ldrs gSaA esaA ;g lalnh; ljdkj ds lEesyuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA gj zzblds mUewyu dks dkyk&vk”kkj (KA) dh okf"kZd ?kVukvksa jktuhfrd ny pkgs lÙkk:<+ gks ;k foi{k esa] laln esa mldk esa deh ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;kuh mi&f”kyk viuk fOgi gksrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA Lrj ij çfr 10,000 yksxksa esa 1 ekeykA
641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 3 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 9. (a) O;k[;k% 11. (a) O;k[;k% zziQjojh 2015 esa dsaæ ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ ;g ;kstuk zzçèkkuea=kh lqjf{kr ekr`Ro vfHk;ku (PMSMA) LokLF; ,oa fdlkuksa dks ^e`nk dkMZ* tkjh djus ds fy;s rS;kj dh xbZ ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k gS] bldk gS] tks vyx&vyx •srksa ds fy;s ”k:jh iks"kd rÙoksa vkSj mís'; lqjf{kr xHkkZoLFkk vkSj lqjf{kr çlo ds }kjk ekr`Ro moZjdksa dh iQly&okj vuq'kalk,¡ djsxhA bldk mís'; fdlkuksa rFkk f'k'kq&e`R;q nj dks de djuk gSA dks fufof"V;ksa (ykxr) ds foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls zz;g ns'k Hkj dh yxHkx rhu djksM+ xHkZorh efgykvksa dks mRikndrk esa lqèkkj djus esa enn djuk gSA fo'ks"k fu%'kqYd çlo iwoZ ns•Hkky dh lqfoèkk çnku djrk zze`nk LokLF; dkMZ dk mi;ksx e`nk LokLF; dh orZeku fLFkfr gS ftlls xHkkZoLFkk ls tqM+h mPp tksf•eksa dk irk yxk;k dk vkdyu djus vkSj le; ds lkFk mi;ksx fd;s tkus tk lds vkSj bldh jksdFkke Hkh dh tk ldsA okys] Hkwfe çcaèku ls çHkkfor e`nk LokLF; esa ifjorZu dk zz;g jk"VªO;kih dk;ZØe lHkh xHkZorh efgykvksa dks çR;sd fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ekg dh 9 rkjh• dks lqfuf'pr] O;kid vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ zzfdlkuksa dks e`nk lsgr dkMZ fe'ku ds :i esa eqgS;k djk;k çloiwoZ ns•Hkky dh lqfoèkk çnku djsxkA vr% (a) lgh tk,xkA dkMZ esa •srksa ds fy;s visf{kr iks"k.k@moZjdksa ds ckjs mÙkj gSA esa iQlyokj fliQkfj'ksa dh tk,axh ftlls fd fdlku mi;qDr zzçèkkuea=kh lqjf{kr ekr`Ro vfHk;ku esa çtuu&ekr`Ro&uotkr vknkuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mRikndrk esa lqèkkj dj ldsaA f'k'kq rFkk fd'kksj LokLF; (RMNCH + A) j.kuhfr ds ,d vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA Hkkx ds :i esa çloiwoZ ns•Hkky (ANC) lfgr uSnkfud vkSj ijke'khZ; lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk rFkk O;kidrk esa lqèkkj zze`nk LokLF; dkMZ (SHC) Ñf"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA ds vèkhu Ñf"k vkSj lgdkfjrk foHkkx }kjk çksRlkfgr Hkkjr zz¶IP Ledge For9¸ vpholZ vokMZ O;fDrxr vkSj Vhe dh ljdkj dh ,d ;kstuk gSA miyfCèk;ksa rFkk PMSMA ds fy;s Kku ds LoSfPNd ;ksxnku zze`nk LokLF; dkMZ ds ekè;e ls 2022 rd Hkkjr dh okf"kZd ds fy;s ns'k Hkj ds jkT;ksa vkSj ftyksa esa 'kq: dh xbZ gSA ;wfj;k •ir dks de djds vkèkk djus dk y{; ljdkj }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA 12. (b) O;k[;k% zzLoPN Hkkjr fe'ku&'kgjh }kjk ¶dpjk eqDr 'kgjksa dh 10. (c) O;k[;k% LVkj&jsfVax¸ igy dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA vr% dFku 1 zz ekadfM+;k ,d vfèkdkjfoghu lewg gS ftudh vkthfodk lgh ugha gSA l•qvk ds js'kksa ls jLlh cukdj pyrh gS tks flfeyhiky zzLVkj&jsfVax igy 7& LVkj jsfVax flLVe ds vkèkkj ij 'kgjksa esa çpqj ek=kk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ekadfM+;k tutkfr dks ^fcjgksj* dh jsfVax djrk gS tks Bksl dpjk çcaèku ds fy;s fofHkUu ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA ladsrdksa ij vkèkkfjr gS] ftlesa 'kkfey gSa& dpjs dk laxzg.k] zzHkkjr esa dqy 75 lwphc¼ fo'ks"k :i ls vlqjf{kr tutkrh; Fkksd mRiknd vuqikr] lzksrksa ij dpjs dk i`FkDdj.k] dpjs lewgksa (PVTG) esa lokZfèkd 13 vksfM'kk esa ikbZ tkrh gaSA dk oSKkfud çlaLdj.k] oSKkfud rjhds ls Hkwfe Hkjko] ekadfM+;k tutkfr muesa ls ,d gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA IykfLVd vif'k"V çcaèku] fuekZ.k vkSj foèoalhdj.k zzekadfM+;k (fcjgksj) tutkfr ds yksx viuh vkthfodk ds xfrfofèk;ksa dk çcaèku] Mai fuokj.k rFkk ukxfjd f'kdk;r fy;s ouksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA ;s LoHkko ls •kukcnks'k gksrs lekèkku ç.kkyh vkfnA gSaA os ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij dqN eghuksa ds fy;s vLFkk;h zzLVkj&jsfVax flLVe dh çeq• fo'ks"krk ;g gksxh fd LoPN >ksifM+;ksa esa rc rd jgrs gSa] tc rd fd vkl&ikl ds loZs{k.k ds varxZr ,d 'kgj dh rqyuk esa vusd 'kgj mPp ouksa ds ekSleh lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx ugha dj ysrsA fcjgksj LVkj vFkkZr ¶LoPNre 'kgj¸ dk LVkj ;k jSafdax çkIr dj tutkfr dk eq[; O;olk; (;|fi ;s f'kdkj djus okys ldrs gSaA vkSj ,df=kr jgus okys leqnk; ds :i esa igpkus tkrs gSa) zzvkokl rFkk 'kgjh xjhch mUewyu ea=kky; bl igy ds fy;s jfLl;k¡ cukuk gSA uksMy ,tsalh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 4 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 13. (d) O;k[;k% zzxksjsxk¡o (if'pe) esa vkB yksxksa dh fo'ks"k çf'kf{kr Vhe zz116 Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa dh jsfVax ds fy;s vkokl rFkk 'kgjh ds lkFk gsYiykbu dkWy lsaVj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS] tcfd ekeyksa ds ea=kky; us thou xq.koÙkk lwpdkad ykWUp fd;k ukxiqj vkSj iq.ks vkèkkfjr nks la;kstd Hkh gksaxs tks dk;Z dh gSA vr% (d) lgh mÙkj gSA ns•&js• djsaxsA zzbl lwpdkad ds }kjk 99 LekVZ 'kgjksa] jktèkkuh 'kgjksa rFkk zzbl gsYiykbu ds ”kfj;s fdlh Hkh vkikr fLFkfr esa lacafèkr ,d fefy;u (nl yk•) ls vfèkd tula[;k okys 'kgjksa vfèkdkjh ls ckr dh tk ldrh gS rFkk bl lacaèk esa mBk, esa thou xq.koÙkk dk ekiu fd;k tk,xkA x, dne dh tkudkjh rFkk lacaèkh lwpuk Hkh çkIr dh tk zz;g vkdyu yanu dh ,d ohdyh bduksfed baVsfytsal ldrh gSA ;wfuV vkWiQ bdksukWfeLV ds lkFk fd;k tk jgk gS ftlus 16. (a) O;k[;k% oSf'od :i ls 140 'kgjksa ds fy;s igys gh thou xq.koÙkk zztyok;q ifjorZu ds fy;s jk"Vªh; vuqdwyu fufèk (NAFCC) lwpdkad dk fodkl fd;k gSA bl dk;ZØe ds fy;s iQ.M ,d dsaæh; {ks=k dh ;kstuk gS ftldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 2015–16 dh O;oLFkk fo'o cSad }kjk dh tk,xhA esa dh xbZ FkhA zz'kgjksa dk vkdyu 15 ewyHkwr ekinaMksa ds vkèkkj ij fd;k zzbldk mís'; tyok;q ifjorZu ds foijhr ifj.kkeksa ds çfr tk,xk] ;s gSa&'kklu] f'k{kk ds lacaèk esa lkekftd cqfu;knh fo'ks"k :i ls laosnu'khy jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa gsrq lajpuk] LokLF;] lqj{kk] vkfFkZd igyqvksa rFkk HkkSfrd tyok;q ifjorZu dh vuqdwyu ykxr dks iwjk djuk gSA vr% cqfu;knh lajpuk tSls& vkokl] •qys LFkku] Hkwfe mi;ksx] dFku 1 lgh gSA zz ÅtkZ rFkk ty dh miyCèkrk] Bksl vif'k"V çcaèku] çnw"k.k bl ;kstuk ds varxZr xfrfofèk;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u çkstsDV vkfnA eksM esa gksrk gSA Ñf"k] i'kqikyu] ty] okfudh] i;ZVu vkfn {ks=kksa esa vuqdwyu ls lacafèkr ifj;kstuk,¡ NAFCC ds varxZr zzjsfVax ls 'kgjksa dh thou xq.koÙkk fLFkfr çkIr djus esa enn iQafMax ds fy;s vgZ gSaA feysxh rFkk buesa vfèkd fuos'k ds lkFk i;ZVu ds {ks=k esa zzjk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (NABARD) jk"Vªh; lqèkkj gksxkA fØ;kUo;u ,afVVh (NIE) gS tks NAFCC ds varxZr vuqdwyu 14. (c) O;k[;k% ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh zzgfj;k.kk mPp tksf•e xHkkZoLFkk (HRP) iksVZy ykWUp djus ugha gSA okyk ns'k dk igyk jkT; cu x;k gSA vr% (c) lgh mÙkj gSA 17. (a) O;k[;k% zz ;g iksVZy u dsoy ”kehuh Lrj ij xHkkZoLFkk ds ekeyksa dh zzoSf'od vkfFkZd laHkkouk fjiksVZ fo'o cSad lewg dh çeq• iM+rky djsxk cfYd ;g le;≤ ij ,sls ekeyksa dks fjiksVZ gS tks mHkjrs ck”kkj vkSj fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa flfoy vLirkyksa esa jsiQj Hkh djsxk rkfd le; ls fo'ks"kKksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsrs gq, oSf'od vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj }kjk çlo djk;k tk ldsA laHkkoukvksa dk ijh{k.k djrh gSA vr% (a) lgh mÙkj gSA zz;g osc ,Iyhds'ku çlo ds 42 fnuksa rd mPp tksf•e zzfo'o cSad ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2018 esa Hkkjr dh o`f¼ nj 7-3 okyh xHkZorh efgyk dks VªSd djus ds fy;s fM”kkbu fd;k çfr'kr vkSj vxys nks o"kks± (2019 vkSj 2020) esa 7-5 x;k gS rkfd og xHkkZoLFkk ds LoLFk ifj.kke ds fy;s çfr'kr jgus dh laHkkouk gSA fo'o cSad fjiksVZ ;g Hkh crkrh çloiwoZ i;kZIr mipkj çkIr dj ldsA gS fd vU; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr O;kid lqèkkj 15. (c) O;k[;k% fØ;kUo;u ds lkFk o`gn~ o`f¼ dh laHkkouk okyk ns'k gSA zzHkkjr esa igyh ckj egkjk"Vª ds ou foHkkx us taxyh thoksa zzfo'o cSad dh oSf'od vkfFkZd laHkkouk fjiksVZ 2018 ds vkSj ljhl`iksa ls lacafèkr iwNrkN rFkk vkdfLedrk dh vuqlkj Hkkjr dh o`f¼ nj foeqæhdj.k rFkk oLrq vkSj lsok çfrfØ;k ds fy;s 24 × 7 gsYiykbu dk xBu fd;k gSA vr% dj dh ckèkkvksa ds ckotwn o"kZ 2017 esa 6-7 çfr'kr jgus (c) lgh mÙkj gSA dh laHkkouk gSA
641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 5 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 18. (d) O;k[;k% zzfuekZ.k fodkl (Vkmuf'ki] gkmflax] fcYV&vi baÚkLVªDpj zzHkkjr ds jk"Vªh; lkSj fe'ku dk mís'; nh?kZdkfyd uhfr] vkSj fj;y ,LVsV czksfdax lfoZls”k) esa Hkh 100» ,iQMhvkbZ egÙokdka{kh vuqlaèkku rFkk fodkl] O;kid y{; ,oa dh vuqefr nh xbZ Fkh] fj;y ,LVsV lsDVj esa ughaA okLro ladVe; dPps ekyksa] vo;oksa rFkk mRiknksa ds ?kjsyw mRiknu esa] ljdkj us Li"V fd;k fd fj;y ,LVsV nykyh (broking) }kjk lkSj fo|qr mRiknu dh ykxr dks de djuk gSA fj;y ,LVsV lsDVj ds varxZr ugha vkrh gSA ljdkj dh zzvesfjdk us 2013 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa f'kdk;r ntZ ea”kwjh ds ckn foekuu {ks=k esa Hkh 49» rd dh FDI dh djkbZ Fkh fd Hkkjr }kjk Hkkjr fufeZr lsYl rFkk eksMÔwy dk vuqefr gSA mi;ksx dj lkSj mtkZ MsosyilZ }kjk O;kikj fu;eksa dk mYya?ku zzfo|qr ,Dlpsat esa Lopkfyr ekxZ ds ekè;e ls 49» fd;k x;k gSA mlds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk lkSj ÅtkZ dk;ZØe ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gSA gky gh esa ljdkj us FII/FPI foHksndkjh gS vkSj bl dkj.k vesfjdk dk Hkkjr dks fd;k dks fo|qr ,Dlpsatksa esa çkFkfed ck”kkj ds ekè;e ls fuos'k x;k lkSj fu;kZr o"kZ 2011 ls 90 çfr'kr rd de gks x;k dh vuqefr çnku dh gS] çkjaHk esa mUgsa dsoy f}rh;d ck”kkj gSA vr% fodYi 1 lgh gSA rd lhfer dj fn;k x;k FkkA zzo"kZ 2015 esa vesfjdk us Hkkjr ds fo#¼ fo'o O;kikj laxBu 20. (b) O;k[;k% esa çfrcaèkkRed ,fo;u bUÝyq,atk ds fo#¼ ,d ekeyk ntZ zzbZ&os fcy bysDVªkWfud :i ls l`ftr ,d nLrkos”k gS tks djk;k Fkk ftlesa dgk x;k Fkk fd vesfjdk dh ,d daiuh 50,000 #i, ls vfèkd dh oLrqvksa dks 10 fd-eh- ls vfèkd }kjk Hkkjr ds ck”kkjksa esa iksYVªh mRiknksa dh fcØh dh tkrh nwjh dh 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 6 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 22. (a) O;k[;k% 25. (c) O;k[;k% zztuojh esa ,d Hkw&jktuhfrd lEesyu jk;lhuk laokn ds xouZesaV bZ&ekdZsVIysl rhljs laLdj.k dk ubZ fnYyh esa vk;kstu fd;k x;kA bldk zzHkkjr ljdkj }kjk xouZesaV bZ&ekdZsVIysl (GeM) dh mn~?kkVu b”kjk;y ds çèkkuea=kh csatkfeu usru;kgw us fd;kA ifjdYiuk Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; •jhn iksVZy ds :i esa dh xbZ ;g igyk laLdj.k Fkk ftlesa fdlh nwljs ns'k ljdkj dh gSA GeM us fujarj&fodkl'khy rduhdh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj çeq• us fgLlsnkjh dhA lEesyu dh fo"k;&oLrq ¶fo?kVudkjh laØe.k dk çcaèk% fopkj] laLFkk,¡ vkSj Hkk"kk,¡¸ (Managing fgrèkkjdksa dh vkdka{kkvksa ds lkFk rkyesy j•us dh dksf'k'k Disruptive Transition: Ideas, Institutions & Idoms) FkhA dh gS vkSj blh Øe esa GeM rhljs laLdj.k ds lkFk vk zz;g vk;kstu çfro"kZ ubZ fnYyh esa gksrk gS] ;g Hkkjr dk jgk gSA GeM 3.0 tks ekudhÑr vkSj le`¼ rkfydk çcaèku] çeq• fons'k uhfr lEesyu gSA bls fons'k ea=kky; (MEA) 'kfDr'kkyh lpZ batu] fj;y Vkbe ewY; rqyuk] VsEiysV&vkèkkfjr vkSj 'kh"kZ fFkad VSad vkWC”koZj fjlpZ iQkmaMs'ku (ORF) }kjk cksyh vkSj vkj, l`tu] ekax ,d=khdj.k] bZ&bZ,eMh] 2016 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k gS] ;g iQksje flaxkiqj ds 'kkaxjhyk bZ&ihchth] mi;ksxdÙkkZ jsfVax] mUur ,evkbZ,l vkSj fo'ys"k.k laokn dh rtZ ij cuk;k x;k gSA bR;kfn lqfo/k,¡ çnku djrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA 23. (a) O;k[;k% us'kuy lsylZ vkWu&cksfMZax vfHk;ku zzj{kk {ks=k esa ^esd bu bafM;k* dks çeq•rk ls c<+kok nsus ds zz3.0 laLdj.k ds fy;s ekbxzs'ku ls tqM+s] GeM 2-0 dk GeM :i esa j{kk ea=kh dh vè;{krk okyh j{kk vfèkxzg.k ifj"kn 3.0 esa ifjorZu ds fy;s foØsrkvksa@lsok çnkrkvksa dks çf'kf{kr us gky gh esa ,d ljyhÑr ^esd&II* çfØ;k dks ea”kwjh nh djus gsrq jk"Vªh; lsylZ vkWu&cksfMZax vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr gS tks j{kk midj.kksa ds vfèkxzg.k esa m|ksx dh vfèkd dh xbZ gSA Hkkxhnkjh dks l{ke cuk,xhA zz;g ns'k Hkj esa mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fy;s dbZ foØsrkvksa zzbl çfØ;k ls vk;kr çfrLFkkiu vkSj uokpkj lekèkku dks vkSj lsok çnkrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ,d Nr ds uhps yk,xk] c<+kok nsus esa dkiQh enn feysxhA ;g ljyhÑr ^esd&II* çfØ;k j{kk vfèkçkfIr çfØ;k (Mhihih)&2016 esa ekStwnk tks okLro esa bls l'kDrhdj.k vkSj m|e'khyrk dk fMftVy ^esd çfØ;k* esa la'kksèku djsxhA vr% (a) lgh gSA midj.k cuk nsxkA ;g igy MSMEs] fuekZrkvksa vkSj lsok çnkrkvksa dh lao`f¼ ds fy;s ,d cM+k mRFkku çLrqr djrk 24. (b) O;k[;k% gSA lsylZ vkWu&cksfMZax vfHk;ku lkekuksa vkSj lsokvksa dh zzFkkj fyad ,Dlçsl] tks ikfdLrku esa •ks•jkikj vkSj jktLFkku (Hkkjr) esa equkckvks dks tksM+rh gS] dh lsok dks rhu o"kks± •jhn dks lqxe cukus esa enn djsxk] ftlls ;g foØsrkvksa ds fy;s c<+k fn;k x;k gSA equkckvks vkSj •ks•jkikj ,d&nwljs vkSj lsok çnkrkvksa ds fy;s ,d vklku iksVZy gksxkA vr% ls fliQZ 10 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSaA ysfdu Vªsu 'kq: gksus dFku 2 lgh gSA ls igys] ,d ckj dh ;k=kk dk eryc pkSadk nsus okyh 26. (a) O;k[;k% 4,000 fdyksehVj dh ;k=kk FkhA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA zzHkkjr jklk;fud gfFk;kj dUosa'ku (CWC) vkSj tSfod zz;g lkIrkfgd Vªsu tksèkiqj vkSj jktLFkku ds lhekorhZ {ks=k gfFk;kj dUosa'ku (BWC) nksuksa dk ,d gLrk{kjdrkZ gSA vr% dks ikfdLrku esa flaèk çkar ds lkFk tksM+rh gSA dFku 1 lgh gSA zz 2006 Fkkj fyad ,Dlçsl dks pykus ds fy;s esa le>kSrs ij zztuojh esa Hkkjr vkWLVªsfy;k xzqi dk 43ok¡ lnL; cu x;k gLrk{kj fd;s x, Fks] ;g nks çfr}a}h ns'kksa ds chp ifjogu gSA vkWLVªsfy;k xzqi ns'kksa dk ,d vukSipkfjd CykWd gS tks dk lcls lLrk lkèku gSA jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa ds fuekZ.k esa bLrseky gksus okys inkFkks± zzfczfV'k jkt esa 1900 esa nks çeq• canjxkg 'kgjksa& cacbZ vkSj ds fu;kZr ij l[r fu;a=k.k j•rk gSA bl xzqi esa ços'k ds djkph ds chp jsy fyad flaèk esy (ml oDr ftl uke ls Vªsu dks tkuk tkrk Fkk) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lkFk gh Hkkjr vc 4 çeq• fu;kZr fu;a=k.k lewgksa esa ls 3 zz1965 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q¼ ds le;] ikfdLrkuh ok;q dk lnL; (okLlsukj le>kSrk] felkby çkS|ksfxdh fu;a=k.k lsuk us equkckvks&•ks•jkikj jsy fyad ij ceckjh dhA blds 'kklu vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k xzqi) gSA bl Ük`a•yk esa Hkkjr ckn jsy fyad ckfèkr gqvk vkSj 41 o"kks± rd can jgkA vr% dsoy ijek.kq vkiwfrZdÙkkZ lewg (NSG) dk lnL; ugha gSA dFku 2 lgh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 7 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzvkWLVªsfy;k xzqi ds lHkh 43 lnL; jklk;fud gfFk;kj dUosa'ku zzINS fdYru (P30)] deksrkZ oxZ dk LVhYFk dkosV~lZ rhljk (CWC) vkSj tSfod gfFk;kj dUosa'ku (BWC) ds Hkh lnL; iuMqCch jksèkh ;q¼d (ASW) gS ftls çkstsDV&28 ds rgr gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA cuk;k x;k gSA bldk fM”kkbu Lons'kh :i ls Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk zzjklk;fud gfFk;kj dUosa'ku (CWC)% jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds x`g laxBu] ukSlsuk fM”kkbu funs'kky; }kjk rS;kj fd;k dUosa'ku (CWC) dks ftusok esa 3 flracj] 1992 dks x;k x;k gS vkSj xkMZu jhp f'kifcYMlZ ,aM bathfu;lZ fyfeVsM] dksydkrk }kjk bldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA vr% fujL=khdj.k ij gq, lEesyu }kjk viuk;k x;k FkkA CWC (c) lgh ugha gSA jkT; i{kksa }kjk vuqikyu ds dM+s lR;kiu ds fy;s vuqefr nsrk gSA CWC dks 29 vçSy] 1997 ls ykxw fd;k x;kA 29. (c) O;k[;k% zz CWC ,d cgqi{kh; 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 8 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 31. (b) O;k[;k% ,d mRçsjd ,tsaV ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS tks feV~Vh zzHkkjr us 23&24 tuojh dks fr#ouariqje esa varjkZ"Vªh; ckaèk esa lw{ethoksa dh xfrfofèk dks c<+kok nsrk gS] lkFk gh lqj{kk lEesyu & 2018 dk vk;kstu fd;kA dsaæh; ty dsapq, dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+k nsrk gSA vk;ksx }kjk dsjy ty lalkèku foHkkx (dsMCY;wvkjMh)] 2- chtke`r@chtke`Fk% bls chtksa] vadqj ;k fdlh jksi.k dsjy jkT; fctyh cksMZ] jk"Vªh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dkyhdV lkexzh ds mipkj ds fy;s ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ubZ rFkk vfHk;kaf=kdh egkfo|ky;] f=kosUæe ds lg;ksx ls bl tM+ksa dks dod ls lkFk&lkFk e`nktfur vkSj chttfur lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA jksxksa ls j{kk djus esa çHkkoh gS tks ekulwu vofèk ds ckn zzckaèk lqj{kk lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu >kj•aM] dukZVd] dsjy] lkekU;r% ikSèkksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA eè; çns'k] vksfM'kk] rfeyukMq ,oa mÙkjk•aM (lkr jkT;ksa) 3- vkPNknu&iyokj% e`nk iyokj] iqvky iyokj] ltho esa ty lalkèku] unh fodkl ,oa xaxk laj{k.k ea=kky; iyokj (lgthoh baVjØkWIl vkSj fefJr iQlysa)A (MoWR, RD–GR) }kjk lapkfyr dh tk jgh ckaèk lqj{kk 4- okiQlk (Whapasa)&ueh% okiQlk ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] iquokZl ,oa mUu;u ifj;kstuk (DRIP) ds rgr okf"kZd tgk¡ gok vkSj ikuh nksuksa ds v.kq feV~Vh esa ekStwn gksrs lekjksgksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA gSa vkSj ;g fuEu flapkbZ dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA zzckaèk LokLF; ,oa iquokZl fuxjkuh ,Iyhds'ku (DHARMA) zzZBNF dk eq[; mís'; jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ds mi;ksx &uked ,d lkÝVos;j dk;ZØe DRIP ds rgr fodflr dks lekIr djus vkSj tSfod dhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx djus lkr ckaèk lqj{kk fn'kk&funZs'kksa rFkk fu;ekofy;ksa ds lkFk rFkk vPNs Ñf"k foKku çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsus ds ekè;e ls çkjaHk fd;k x;kA DHARMA ckaèk ls lacafèkr lHkh MkVk buiqV ykxr dks de djuk gSA ;g tSfod •srh ls vyx dks 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 9 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation National Key Performance Indicator Intergenerational Equity and Growth and Development Inclusion Sustainability GDP Labour Median Income Adjusted Dependency (per capita) Productivity Household Income Gini Net Savings Ratio Healthy Life Wealth Employment Poverty Rate Public Debt Carbon Intensity Expectancy Gini (as a share of GDP) of GDP 1- o`f¼ vkSj fodkl vuqç;ksx% 2- lekos'ku zz•k| m|ksx esa Xokj xe dk ç;ksx tsfyax] xk<+kiu] eksVkiu] 3- iqutZuu (Intergenerational) bfDoVh vkSj fLFkjrk DykmfMax rFkk ckbafMax ,tsaV ds lkFk&lkFk fLFkjhdj.k] ik;lhdj.k] ifjj{k.k] ty èkkj.k] ty esa ?kqfyr iQkbcj vr% (3) lgh ugha gSA daVsaV dh o`f¼ vkfn ds :i esa ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA zz;g nks lewgksa & mUur vkSj mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh vkblØhe] lkWÝV&fMªaDl] eD•u cukus esa (nqXèk mRikn)] jSafdax djrk gSA yksxksa ds thou Lrj ij è;ku dsafær djrs lWkl] uwMy] ikLrk vkfn cukus esa bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA gq, vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds Hkkoh&çwfiQax ds vkèkkj ij zznok m|ksx esa bldk ç;ksx ckaèkus okys vkSj vyx djus okys MCY;wbZ,iQ }kjk 74 mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa Hkkjr dks ,tsaV rFkk nokvksa ds ekbØks&bUdSIlqyslu esa fd;k tkrk gSA 62ok¡ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ikfdLrku dks 47osa] Jhyadk dks zzdkWLesfVd m|ksx esa bldk ç;ksx Ropk ls lacafèkr mRiknksa] 40osa] vkSj usiky dks 22osa LFkku ij j•k x;k gSA ;qxkaMk Øhe rFkk yks'ku] VwFkisLV rFkk lsfoax Øhe ds fuekZ.k esa (59) vkSj ekyh (60) Hkh Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa bl lwpdkad fd;k tkrk gSA esa vPNs LFkku ij gSaA zzXokj xe baMfLVª;y xzsM ikmMj dk ç;ksx dqN m|ksxksa esa 35. (d) O;k[;k% fd;k tkrk gS tks fuEufyf•r gSa% zzNCDEX us ubZ fnYyh esa ns'k ds igys ,xzh&deksfMVh VsDlVkby fçafVax vkSj lkbf”kax vkI'ku VªsfMax Xokj lhM~l esa ykWUp fd;kA vkx cq>kus esa zzXokj ;k DyLVj chu ,d okf"kZd iQyh vkSj Xokj xksan dk fljsfeDl lzksr gSA ;g vèkZ&'kq"d {ks=kksa esa o`f¼ djrh gS fdarq ,d iQkekZL;wfVdy vko`fr esa o"kkZ Hkh ”k:jh gksrh gSA ;g iQyh iQly pØ esa fçafVax bad cgqewY; gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k thok.kqvksa ds lkFk lgthfork LFkkfir djrh gSA fo'o dk yxHkx 80 ePNjnkuh çfr'kr mRiknu mÙkj&if'pe Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa gksrk flaFksfVd jsf”ku gS ysfdu vR;fèkd ekax ds dkj.k bl ikSèks dks u, {ks=kksa esa dkx”k m|ksx Hkh 'kq: fd;k tk jgk gSA cSVjh bysDVªksykbV zzXokj xe dk vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksx laHko gS D;ksafd blds ty 'kksèku Hkhrj ty ds v.kqvksa ds lkFk gkbMªkstu caèk dh {kerk Iyou ,tsaV gksrh gSA okVj isaV 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 10 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation dkjisV fçafVax 37. (b) O;k[;k% rsy dwi fMªfyax zzgky gh esa Hkkjrh; m".kdfVcaèkh; ekSle foKku laLFkku foLiQksVd (IITM) us ns'k dk lcls rst daI;wVj ¶çR;q"k¸ dh jk"Vª dks •uu lefiZr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; m".kdfVcaèkh; ekSle foKku laLFkku zzrsy {ks=k esa vuqç;ksx% bldk ç;ksx rsy ds fy;s dqvk¡ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr bl Js.kh esa fczVsu] tkiku vkSj vesfjdk •ksnus] rsy dwi mRçsjd] dhpM+ gVkus ds :i esa fd;k tkrk ds ckn ekSle rFkk tyok;q vuqlaèkku vkSj fuxjkuh tSls gSA bldk ç;ksx LVscykb”kj] fFkduj rFkk lLisafMax ,tsaV dk;ks± ds fy;s fo'o dk pkSFkk çeq• ns'k cu x;k gSA blls rS;kj djus esa Hkh gksrk gSA orZeku esa Xokj xe dk okf.kfT;d Hkkjr lqij daI;wVj dh lokZsPp 500 dh lwph esa 300osa egÙo blfy;s Hkh gS D;ksafd bldk bLrseky xSl dqvksa esa LFkku ls 30osa LFkku rd igq¡p x;k gSA bl e'khu dks nks fd;k tkrk gS ftlls 'ksy xSl dk fu"d"kZ.k gksrk gSA ljdkjh laLFkkvksa% 4-0 isVkÝykWIl HPC dh lqfoèkk IITM] zzbldk ç;ksx tsfyax ,tsaV ds :i esa foLiQksVdksa ds fy;s iq.ks (çR;q"k)_ vkSj 2-8 isVkÝykWi daI;wfVax {kerk i`Foh fd;k tkrk gSA foKku ea=kky; ds varxZr dk;Zjr uks,Mk fLFkr jk"Vªh; eè;e zzdkx”k m|ksx esa Xokj xe dh ,d NksVh ek=kk feykdj dkx”k dk mRiknu c 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 11 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 39. (d) O;k[;k% ysu&nsu blesa fn•k, tkrs gSaA ewy :i ls bl •krs dks zzegkn;h ty fookn U;k;kfèkdj.k dk xBu 2010 esa fd;k ljdkj dh vksj ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsaæh; cSafdax fudk; x;k FkkA bl U;k;kfèkdj.k }kjk fjiksVZ ;k fu.kZ; vHkh rd }kjk vuqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds orZeku ugha fn;k x;k gSA ysu&nsu esa fo'o Hkj ds fons'kh eqæk esa vk;kr] fu;kZr] C;kt zzxksok] dukZVd rFkk egkjk"Vª egkn;h ty fookn ds i{k gSaA Hkqxrku] futh çs"k.k rFkk varj.k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA zzegkn;h (ftls xksok esa eaMksoh dgk tkrk gS) dukZVd ls zzlHkh çdkj ds ysu&nsu ØsfMV ;k MsfcV esa fn•k, tkrs gSaA fudyrh gS rFkk xksok vkSj egkjk"Vª rd cgrh gSA bu rhuksa o"kZ ds var esa pkyw •krk èkukRed ;k ½.kkRed gks ldrk jkT;ksa ds chp bl unh ds ty ds c¡Vokjs dks ysdj fiNys gSA èkukRed •krs dks iwath •krk vfèk'ks"k rFkk udkjkRed 30 o"kks± ls fookn gSA bu jkT;ksa ds chp ty ds c¡Vokjs dks dks iwath •krk ?kkVk dgk tkrk gSA yxkrkj rhu o"kks± ysdj fookn dks gy djus ds fy;s dsaæ ljdkj us 1985 (2000&03) rd Hkkjr ds pkyw •krs esa vfèk'ks"k jkf'k Fkh esa igy dh FkhA vr% (d) lgh mÙkj gSA tks 1991 ds lqèkkj ds ckn Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd bfrgkl esa igyh 40. (d) O;k[;k% ckj gqvk FkkA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA zzvkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj çksRlkgu foHkkx ds vuqlkj ekWjh'kl zziwath •krk% fo'o esa lHkh ljdkjsa iwath •krk dk çcaèku Hkkjr esa fons'kh fuos'k dk lcls cM+k lzksr gS (dqy fuos'k djrh gSa tks ckgjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk iwathxr ysu&nsu dk 34 %)A dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA fons'kh eqæk esa fd;s tkus okys lHkh zzflaxkiqj (17%)] tkiku (7%)] UK (7%)] uhnjySaM (6%) çdkj dk ysu&nsu (varçZokg ;k cfgçZokg) bl •krs esa vkSj USA (6%)A fn•k;k tkrk gSA blesa cká ½.k vkSj mèkkj] fons'kh eqæk 41. (c) O;k[;k% (iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k ;kstuk&PIS) •krk rFkk DokyhiQkbZM zzfons'kh eqækvksa dh og dqy jkf'k ftls ,d vFkZO;oLFkk fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds flD;wfjVh ekdZsV fuos'k 'kkfey gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k le; ij çkIr djrh gS] mls mldk ^fons'kh zzHkqxrku larqyu% ,d o"kZ esa ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dk oká eqæk ifjlaifÙk@fj”koZ¸ ekuk tkrk gSA fo'o ds lkFk dqy ysu&nsu dk ifj.kke vFkZO;oLFkk dk zz fj”koZ ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa fons'kh fofue; ifjlaifÙk;k¡ (eqæk] tek Hkqxrku larqyu dgykrk gSA ewyr% ;g fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk SDR jkf'k;k¡] çfrHkwfr;k¡ rFkk foÙkh; O;qRiUu)] ekSfæd lksuk] ds pkyw vkSj iwath •krs dk fuoy ifj.kke gksrk gSA vr% gksfYMaXl] IMF esa fj”koZ fLFkfr rFkk vU; nkos (½.k rFkk dFku 2 lgh gSA vU; foÙkh; lkèku) 'kkfey gSaA 43. (b) zzvçokfl;ksa }kjk tkjh bfDoVh rFkk ½.k çfrHkwfr;k¡ fj”koZ ds O;k[;k% Hkkx ds :i esa rjy vkSj fcØh ;ksX; gksrs gSaA zzgkMZ djsalh% eg¡xs èku dk rkRi;Z ,slh eqæk ls gS ftls mPp zzfons'kh fofue; fj”koZ Hkqxrku larqyu esa fj”koZ laifÙk dgykrh C;kt nj ds dkj.k çkIr djuk dfBu gksrk gSA eg¡xk èku gS vkSj ;g iwath •krs esa fLFkr gksrh gSA bl rjg] ;g fdlh ;k eg¡xh eqæk çk;% l[r eqæk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gS ns'k ds varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx curh gSA D;ksafd ;g ml nkSjku gksrh gS tc dsaæh; cSad l[r ekSfæd uksV% uhfr viukrk gSA cSafdax m|ksx esa bldk rkRi;Z ,sls le; zzSDR varjkZ"Vªh; fj”koZ ifjlaifÙk gS ftls IMF }kjk l`ftr ls gS tc C;kt nj vis{kkÑr mPp@eg¡xh gksrh gSA vr% fd;k x;k gS vkSj IMF ds lnL;ksa dks le;≤ ij muds ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSA dksVk ds vuqikr esa vkoafVr fd;k tkrk gSA SDR cSysal zzphi djsalh% ;fn ,d ljdkj ifjiDork vofèk (iw.kZ yxHkx lHkh igyqvksa esa eqækvksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk esa fyfDoM ifjiDork ewY;) ls igys vius ckW.M iqu% •jhnuk 'kq: cSysal ds cjkcj gksrs gSaA dj nsrh gS rks vFkZO;oLFkk esa ftl èku dk çokg gksrk gS 42. (c) O;k[;k% mls lLrh eqæk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS bls lLrk èku Hkh zzpkyw •krk% bldk rkRi;Z ,d ,sls •krs ls gS ftls lHkh dgk tkrk gSA cSafdax m|ksx esa bldk rkRi;Z ,sls le; ls ns'kksa }kjk vuqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk lHkh çdkj ds orZeku gS tc C;kt nj vis{kkÑr de gksrh gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 12 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzlkWÝV djsalh% ;g ,d ,slk in gS ftldk ç;ksx fons'kh zzlhekar rduhdksa ds vkosnu tSlh lgk;rk lsok,¡ vkSj buiqVA fofue; ck”kkj esa gksrk gS tks ,slh eqæk dks çnf'kZr djrh zzÑf"k tSo lqj{kk ra=k gS tks vklkuh ls fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mlds iQksjsDl zzvPNh xq.koÙkk okys cht rFkk jksxeqDr jksi.k lkexzh dh ekdZsV esa miyCèk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; iQksjsDl vkiwfrZ] feV~Vh dh moZjrk ,oa LokLF; esa lqèkkj vkSj ,dhÑr ck”kkj esa #i;k ,d lkWÝV eqæk gSA ;g ewy :i ls gkMZ dhV çcaèku ç.kkyhA djsalh ds çfrdwy gksrh gSA vr% ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr gSA zzefgykvksa ds fy;s lgk;rk lsok,¡ tSls& f'k'kqx`g] f'k'kq zzgkMZ djsalh% ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk gS ftl ij lcls vfèkd Hkjkslk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldh vko';drk çR;sd ns•Hkky dsaæ] iks"k.k] LokLF; vkSj çf'k{k.k vkfnA vr% dFku vFkZO;oLFkk dks gksrh gSA mPp Lrj dh rjyrk ds dkj.k 2 lgh gSA ;g fo'o dh lcls e”kcwr eqæk gSA ewy :i ls] mPp Lrj zzle; ij] i;kZIr vkSj mfpr C;kt njksa ij laLFkkxr ½.k dh VsDuksykWth] j{kk mRiknksa] thou j{kd nokvksa rFkk rd vklku igq¡p vkSj vkSj fdlku&vuqdwy chek lqfoèkkA isVªksfy;e mRiknksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr ls bl eqæk dh ekax c<+ vr% dFku 4 lgh gSA tkrh gS vkSj ;g gkMZ djsalh cu tkrh gSA vr% ;qXe 3 lgh zzlwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh (ICT) dk mi;ksx vkSj Ñf"k lqesfyr gSA foLrkj dks iquthZfor djus gsrq fdlkuksa ds fy;s Ldwyksa dh 44. (a) O;k[;k% LFkkiukA zz Hkkjr IMF ds lalkèkuksa dk fujarj mi;ksxdÙkkZ ugha gS] IMF zzns'k Hkj esa U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP)] Ñf"k ck”kkj ds ØsfMV nks voljksa ij Hkkjr dks Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;kvksa cqfu;knh 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 13 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 47. (a) O;k[;k% 49. (d) O;k[;k% zzbZ&dqcsj Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad dk dksj cSafdax lekèkku gSA ;g zzifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh (ARC) ,d fo'ks"k foÙkh; laLFkku ns'k Hkj esa iksVZy vkèkkfjr lsokvksa dk mi;ksx dj lqjf{kr gS tks cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls •jkc laifÙk;k¡ ;k rjhds ls dgha ls Hkh fdlh Hkh oDr •krs rd fodsaæhÑr xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;ksa (NPA) dks •jhnrh gSA foÙkh; igq¡p ds lkFk çR;sd cSad ds fy;s ,dy pkyw •krk dk vkfLr;ksa dk çfrHkwfrdj.k vkSj iquxZBu rFkk çfrHkwfr fgr çkoèkku djrk gSA vr% (a) lgh gSA dk çorZu (SARFAESI) vfèkfu;e] 2002 dks fnlacj 2002 zzdksj cSafdax lekèkku (CBS) dks ,d ,sls lekèkku ds :i esa vfèkfu;fer fd;k x;k tks Hkkjr esa ARCs ds xBu dks esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks cSadksa dks ,d gh LFkku dkuwuh vkèkkj çnku djrk gSA ljiQslh vfèkfu;e vnkyrksa ls 24 × 7 vkèkkj ij xzkgd dsafær lsok,¡ çnku djus ds ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk cqjh laifÙk (Bad Assets) ds iqufuZekZ.k fy;s l{ke cukrk gS vkSj lkFk gh •qnjk vkSj dkWikZsjsV cSafdax esa enn djrk gSA rc ls] ARCs cM+h la[;k esa xfBr dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks leFkZu nsrk gSA dsaæhdj.k foÙkh; lsokvksa ds xbZ gSaA os Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad ds lkFk iathÑr gSa ftuds fy;s ^ou&LVkWi* nqdku dks okLrfod cukrk gSA CBS ds ikl muds dkedkt dks fu;af=kr djus dh 'kfDr gSA vr% mi;ksx ls xzkgd fdlh Hkh 'kk•k ls dgha Hkh vius •krksa dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa] Hkys gh os vius •krksa dks dgha zz2016&17 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ifjlaifÙk vkSj •ksys gksaA iqufoZdkl ,tsalh (PARA) dk çLrko fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu zzbZ&dqcsj flLVe dks ;k rks INFINET ;k baVjusV ds ekè;e ls bldh LFkkiuk ugha gqbZ gSA ;g ,d Lora=k bdkbZ gksxh tks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA INFINET lnL; cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; cSadksa }kjk vk;ksftr lcls cM+s vkSj lcls vfèkd laLFkkuksa ds vuU; mi;ksx ds fy;s ,d mi;ksxdÙkkZ lewg usVodZ viQlksltud xSj&fu"ikfnr •krksa dh igpku djsxh vkSj gS vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku ç.kkyh dh lapkj dh jh<+ gS] tks rRdky fiQj bUgsa muls •jhn ysxhA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA ldy fuiVku (RTGS)] ljdkjh ysu&nsu tSls Lopkfyr :i ls varj&cSad vkosnuksa dh vko';drkvksa dk è;ku j•rk gSA 50. (c) O;k[;k% zz 48. (c) O;k[;k% çR;sd çfrHkwfr ck”kkj ds nks iwjd ck”kkj gksrs gSa&çkFkfed 2004 esa Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad (RBI) vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d vkSj f}rh;dA le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s] ftlesa RBI vfrfjDr rjyrk dks zz,slk ck”kkj ftlesa çfrHkwfr ck”kkj ds ys•i=kksa dk dkjksckj vo'kksf"kr djus ds fy;s 30,000 djksM+ #i;s dh çfrHkwfr;k¡ (•jhn) lhèks iwath&c<+kus okys vkSj lkèku •jhnkj ds chp tkjh dj ldrk gSA ljdkj bu çfrHkwfr;ksa ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku gksrk gS] dks çkFkfed ck”kkj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k djrh gS ysfdu viuh vko';drkvksa ds fy;s bl èku dk ds fy;s] fdlh 'ks;j dks lhèks tkjhdÙkkZ (Lo;a daiuh) ls bLrseky ugha djrh gSA ck”kkj fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk ds varxZr fdlh ds }kjk •jhnk tk ldrk gSA bl O;fDr dks çkFkfed RBI fuEufyf•r tkjh dj ldrk gS% 'ks;jèkkjd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g og ck”kkj gS tgk¡ 'ks;j igyh ckj tkjh fd;s tkrs gSa (LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij lwphc¼)A 1. nks o"kZ rd ifjiDork okyh ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;k¡ vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA 2. 364 fnu rd ifjiDork ds lkFk Vªs”kjh fcyA zzck”kkj tgk¡ çfrHkwfr ck”kkj ds ys•i=kksa dk dkjksckj çkFkfed 3. 90 fnuksa dh ifjiDork vofèk ds lkFk dS'k eSustesaV fcyA ys•i=k èkkjdksa ds chp gksrk gS] bls ekè;fed ck”kkj ds :i 500 #i, vkSj 1]000 #i, (uoacj 2016 esa) uksVksa ds can esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl rjg ds ysu&nsu dks vius O;kikj ds gksus dks ns•rs gq, cSafdax ç.kkyh esa vfrfjDr rjyrk c<+kus ds fy;s ,d laLFkkxr Hkou dh ”k:jr gksrh gS tks LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa fy;s ljdkj vkSj RBI us ck”kkj fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk (MSS) }kjk miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA ;g ,slk ck”kkj gS tgk¡ Hkkxhnkjksa dh lhek dks 30]000 djksM+ ls c<+kdj 6 yk• djksM+ #i, ds chp igys ls lwphc¼ 'ks;jksa dk dkjksckj gksrk gSA vr% dj fn;kA vr% (c) lgh gSA dFku 2 lgh gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 14 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 51. (b) O;k[;k% zz;fn 'ks;jksa dh lkoZtfud ekax vis{kkvksa ls vfèkd gS vkSj 'ks;j zzbafM;u fMikWftVjh fjlhIV~l (IDRs)% vkbZMhvkj ,d ra=k is'k dh xbZ dher ds Åij dk dkjksckj djrk gS] rks ;g gS tks Hkkjr esa fuos'kdksa dks lwphc¼ fons'kh daifu;ksa (ftuesa fodYi vaMjjkbVlZ dks 'ks;jksa dh vfrfjDr ekax ls 15» vfèkd 'ks;j •jhnus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSa) esa fuos'k dh vuqefr zzeq[; :i ls mi;ZqDr fodYi dk mi;ksx vkbZihvks ;k liQy nsrk gSA IDR fdlh èkkjd dks ,d fons'kh daiuh esa bfDoVh 'ks;jksa dh dher lqfuf'pr djus gsrq fdlh LVkWd dks lwphc¼ 'ks;j •jhnus dk volj nsrk gSA IDR esa Hkkjrh; #i, dh djrs le; fd;k tkrk gSA rn~uqlkj] daifu;k¡ fyfLVax ds rqjar çèkkurk gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjr esa fdlh ?kjsyw fMikWftVjh (Hkkjrh; ckn 30 fnuksa ds le;karjky ds nkSjku 'ks;j dh dherksa dks çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ esa iathÑr çfrHkwfr;ksa ds j{kd) fLFkj djus ds fy;s ck”kkj esa gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSaA ;fn 'ks;j }kjk tkjh fd;s tkrs gSaA bUgsa fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh orZeku dher mls tkjh djus ds le; dh dher ds esa lwphc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gS] eqdkcys de ;k dkiQh vfèkd gks] rks ,slh fLFkfr esa vaMjjkbfVax flafMdsV }kjk ck”kkj ls bfDoVh 'ks;j •jhns tk ldrs gSaA tcfd dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA mijksDr fodYi ewY; fLFkjhdj.k ra=k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk 52. (a) O;k[;k% gSA vr% (b) lgh gSA çfrHkwrhdj.k (securitization)% ;g ¶fcØh ;ksX; çfrHkwfr;ksa¸ 54. (a) O;k[;k% dks tkjh djus dh çfØ;k gS tks vkWVks ;k gkse yksu tSlh ØsfMV fMiQkWYV LoSi (CDS)% fo|eku ifjlaifÙk;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gksrh gSA ,d ifjlaifÙk dks lhMh,l ØsfMV MsfjosfVo gS ftls tksf•e ds nk;js esa vk, fcØh ;ksX; çfrHkwfr esa ifjofrZr djus ds i'pkr~ bls fdlh fdlh fuos'kd (ftls lqj{kk •jhnkj dgk tkrk gS) ds ½.k fuos'kd dks csp fn;k tkrk gS] fuos'kd dks bl fuos'k ds cnys tksf•e dks fdlh ,sls fuos'kd (ftls lqj{kk foØsrk dgk tkrk C;kt vkSj ewyèku nksuksa çkIr gksrs gSa fuos'kd dks ;g ykHk yksu gS) ds ikl gLrkarfjr djus ds fy;s ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS] tks mlds tksf•e dks Lohdkjus ds fy;s rS;kj gksA vr% dFku ds fy;s tkjh dh xbZ udnh ls çkIr gksrh gSA 1 lgh gSA xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;ksa (NBFCs) rFkk lw{e foÙk daifu;ksa lhMh,l ØsfMV MsfjosfVo ysu&nsu gS] ftlesa nks i{k ,d le>kSrs ljh•s foÙkh; laLFkku vius ½.k dks fcØh ;ksX; çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ij lger gksrs gSa] ftlds rgr ,d i{k (lqj{kk •jhnkj) nwljs ifjofrZr djds mUgsa fuos'kdksa dks csp nsrs gSaA blls mUgsa udnh i{k (lqj{kk foØsrk) dks le>kSrs dh fufnZ"V vofèk ds fy;s çkfIr esa enn feyrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA vkofèkd Hkqxrku djrk gSA lqj{kk foØsrk rc rd dksbZ Hkqxrku çfrHkwfr dk ewY; varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds ewY; ls lac¼ gksrk ugha djrk gS tc rd fd iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr lanHkZ ifjlaifÙk ls lacafèkr dksbZ ØsfMV bZosaV ugha gksrk gSA ;fn ,slh ?kVuk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] ;fn varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk dk ewY; fxjrk gS] rks ;g lqj{kk foØsrk ds fuiVku nkf;Ro dks lfØ; djrk gS rks ifjlaifÙk (ftldks çfrHkwfr esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gS) gS] tks udn ;k HkkSfrd (Hkkjr Hkh HkkSfrd fuiVku dk vuqlj.k dk ewY; Hkh çHkkfor gksrk gS] tSlk fd ^vesfjdh lc&çkbe djrk gS) gks ldrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA ladV* ds nkSjku gqvk FkkA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA bl çdkj] fcuk laifÙk ds LokfeRo dks Lo;a LFkkukarfjr fd;s 53. (b) O;k[;k% lhMh,l •jhnkj dks foÙkh; laifÙk;ksa ds ØsfMV tksf•e dks xzhu'kw vkWI'ku% foØsrk dks gLrkarfjr djus dk ekSdk nsrk gSA zz;g ,d ,slk çkoèkku gS ftlds rgr igyh ckj 'ks;j tkjh 55. (d) O;k[;k% djus okyh daiuh dks lkoZtfud :i ls dqN vfrfjDr jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ds nks cqfu;knh dk;Z gSa% 'ks;j] vkerkSj ij 15 çfr'kr (ftls vfrfjDr&vkoaVu 1- fdlh ns'k dh fof'k"V vkfFkZd miyfCèk;ksa dh igpku çkoèkku ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS) cspus dh vuqefr nh djukA tkrh gSA ;g uke igyh daiuh (xzhu'kw daiuh] ;w,l,) ds 2- dk;kZfUor dh tk jgh uhfr;ksa ds ewY;kadu vkSj leh{kk uke ij j•k x;k gS] ftls igyh ckj ,slk fodYi fn;k ds fy;s oLrqfu"B vkèkkj çnku djukA x;k FkkA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 3 lgh gSaA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 15 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ds vU; mi;ksx% vU; çdkj ds fgr ykHk dk ladyu gSA ^dkjd ykxr ij 1- jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ls irk pyrk gS fd mRiknu ds th-Mh-ih-* dh voèkkj.kk dks fLFkj dherksa vkSj ekStwnk dherksa fofHkUu dkjdksa esa jk"Vªh; vk; dSls lk>k dh tkrh gSA esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk FkkA 2- jk"Vªh; vk; ds vk¡dM+s vyx&vyx {ks=kksa ds fof'k"V tSlk fd varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij çpfyr gS] la'kksfèkr Ük`a•yk esa ;ksxnku vkSj le; ds lkFk muds fodkl dks bafxr m|ksx&okj vuqeku cqfu;knh ewY; ij ldy ewY; o¼Zu djrs gSaA (thoh,) ds :i esa çLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa] tcfd ^ck”kkj ewY; 3- blls vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus okys lajpukRed ifjorZuksa dks ij th-Mh-ih-* dks ^th-Mh-ih-* dgk tkrk gSA cqfu;knh ewY; ij thoh, dks mRiknd ewY; ij thoh, ds :i esa vkSj ck”kkj le>us esa enn feyrh gSA ewY; ij th-Mh-ih- dks •jhn ewY; ij th-Mh-ih- ds :i esa 4- ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dh e”kcwrh vkSj foiQyrkvksa ds ewY;kadu lanfHkZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkjd ykxr ij thoh, (igys ds fy;s tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA bls dkjd ykxr ij th-Mh-ih- dgk tkrk Fkk) dk vkdyu 5- ;g thou Lrj] vk; ds forj.k vkSj le; ds lkFk cqfu;knh ewY; ij thoh, ds vkdyu vkSj mRiknu djksa esa ls jk"Vªh; vk; dh okLrfod lajpuk ds lacaèk esa rqyuk lfClMh dks ?kVkdj çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA cqfu;knh ewY; djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA ij thoh, gsrq u, fodkl vk¡dM+s Hkh dj vkSj lfClMh dh 6- ;g ns'kksa ds chp mRiknu dh rqyuk dks vklku cuk ,d èkkj.kk çnf'kZr djsaxs tcfd dkjd ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw nsrk gSA mRikn esa ,slh fLFkfr ugha FkhA cqfu;knh ewY; ij thoh, ds 56. (d) O;k[;k% fy;s u, lao`f¼ vk¡dM+s Hkh dj vkSj lfClMh dh ,d èkkj.kk eè;orhZ oLrq,¡% ,slh oLrq,¡ tks fd vU; oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dks ykxw djsaxs tks dkjd ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSa vkSj blfy;s ;s vafre mRikn ekeyk ugha FkkA ds fuekZ.k rd mRiknu ds ,d pj.k ls nwljs pj.k esa tkrh cqfu;knh ewY; ij ldy ewY; o¼Zu (thoh,) ¾ deZpkfj;ksa gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ vkWVkseksckby ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s bLikr] jax] dk eqvko”kk $ ifjpkyu vfèk'ks"k @ fefJr vk; $ vpy jcM+] iQkse] IykfLVd] dkap] dscy] cSVjh vkfnA vr% dFku iwath (lh,iQlh) ;k ewY;ßkl dh •ir $ mRiknu dj & 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSaA mRiknu lfClMhA vafre oLrq,¡% ;s oLrq,¡ miHkksDrkvksa ;k iQeks± }kjk vafre dkjd ykxr ij thoh, (igys dkjd ykxr ij th-Mh-ih- ds miHkksx ds fy;s mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA bu oLrqvksa ds :i :i esa lanfHkZr) ¾ cqfu;knh ewY; ij thoh, & (mRiknu dj vkSj varoZLrq dks cnyus ds fy;s mRiknu ;k iqufoZØ; ds vxys & mRiknu lfClMh)A pj.k esa ys tkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ;s vafre miHkksx ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) (la'kksfèkr) ¾ cqfu;knh ewY; vkSj fuos'k ds fy;s rS;kj mRikn gksrs gSaA ij thoh, $ mRikn dj & mRikn lfClMhA GDP (ldy ?kjsyw mRikn)% fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh ?kjsyw la'kksfèkr Ük`a•yk esa fuEufyf•r ifjorZu çLrqr fd;s x, gSa% lhek ds varxZr mRikfnr vafre oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk ekSfæd (a) ck”kkj ewY; ij ldy ewY; o¼Zu fofèk dk mi;ksx djrs ewY; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dgykrk gSA gq, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kukA vr% Li"V gS fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds ekiu esa dsoy vafre (b) vkèkkj o"kZ dk 2004&05 ls 2011&12 esa ifjorZuA vr% mRikn ds ekSfæd ewY; dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dFku (2) lgh gSA 3 lgh gSA (c) LFkkiuk n`f"Vdks.k ls m|e n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko% m|ksxksa 57. (d) O;k[;k% ds okf"kZd loZs{k.k esa bLrseky gksus okys LFkkiuk n`f"Vdks.k iwoZ esa ^dkjd ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn* dks Hkkjr esa us fofuekZ.k ds vykok fdlh vU; xfrfofèk ij è;ku ^th-Mh-ih-* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA ;g vkSj dqN ugha cfYd gh ugha fn;kA tcfd fofuekZ.k xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu dksbZ lacafèkr o"kZ esa fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gq, mRiknu dh dkjd Hkh m|e vU; xfrfofèk;ksa (tSls lgk;d xfrfofèk;ksa ykxr dk ;ksx gSA bl çdkj] ;g e”knwjh] osru] ykHk rFkk bR;kfn) esa Hkh 'kkfey jgk gSA vc] u, n`f"Vdks.k esa] 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 16 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation fofuekZ.k ls brj fofuekZ.k daiuh dh xfrfofèk;k¡ fofuekZ.k lkadsfrd th-Mh-ih- th-Mh-ih- viLiQhfrdkjd ¾ × 100 {ks=k esa gh 'kkfey dh tkrh gSaA bl m|e n`f"Vdks.k dks okLrfod th-Mh-ih- dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa ds ea=kky; ds ,elh, 21 }kjk vk¡dM+ksa lacaèkh lgk;rk feyrh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA (d) okLrfod vkSj O;kid vk¡dM+ksa dks csgrj 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 17 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzfLdoÝys'ku (Skewflation)% vFkZ'kkL=kh vkerkSj ij eqækLiQhfr eqækLiQhfr fxjus ij blds Bhd foijhr çHkko iM+rk gS (;kuh vkSj ,d lkis{k ewY; o`f¼ ds chp Hksn djrs gSaA eqækLiQhfr viLiQhfr dh fLFkfr esa)A vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA dk mYys• ,d fujarj] O;kid ewY; o`f¼ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk zzmèkkj ij eqækLiQhfr dk çHkko% eqækLiQhfr esa o`f¼ ds gS] tcfd ^,d lkisf{kd ewY; o`f¼* dks fdlh oLrq ;k oLrqvksa lkFk ½.knkrk laLFkkuksa dks ½.k nsus dk mPp ncko eglwl ds ,d NksVs lewg ls lacafèkr çklafxd ewY; o`f¼ ls lanfHkZr gksrk gSA laLFkk,¡ C;kt dh lkadsfrd nj dks la'kksfèkr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d rhljh ifj?kVuk dks ikjaifjd :i ls djrh gSa D;ksafd ^mèkkj dh okLrfod ykxr* (;kuh C;kt dksbZ uke fn;s fcuk gh NksM+ nsrk gS] ;kuh ,d ,slh ifj?kVuk dh lkadsfrd nj esa ls eqækLiQhfr dks ?kVkdj) mrus gh ftlesa fdlh oLrq ;k oLrqvksa ds ,d NksVs lewg ds fy;s ,d çfr'kr de gksrh gS ftrus çfr'kr ls eqækLiQhfr c<+rh gSA yach vofèk rd ewY; o`f¼ esa fujarjrk cuh jgrh gSA zzldy ekax ij eqækLiQhfr dk çHkko% c<+rh eqækLiQhfr ^fLdoÝys'ku* ewY; o`f¼ dh rhljh Js.kh dh O;k[;k djus ds c<+rh ldy ekax dks bafxr djrh gS vkSj miHkksDrkvksa ds fy;s lkisf{kd :i ls ,d u;k 'kCn gSA chp vis{kkÑr de vkiwfrZ vkSj mPp Ø; {kerk dks n'kkZrh zz 2009 2010 Hkkjr esa lu~ ds vafre eghuksa vkSj ds 'kq#vkrh gSA vkerkSj ij] mPp eqækLiQhfr mRikndksa dks vius mRiknu eghuksa esa] •k| dherksa esa rs”kh ls mNky vk;kA gkyk¡fd xSj Lrj dks c<+kus dk ladsr nsrh gS D;ksafd bls vkerkSj ij •k| inkFkks± dh dherksa esa vis{kkÑr fLFkjrk tkjh jghA pw¡fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa mPp ekax dk ladsr ekuk tkrk gSA vr% bl rjg dh dqN vlkekU; ?kVuk,¡ fLFkjrk ls cuh jgh] blfy;s dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA uhfr fuekZrkvksa us bldk var djus ds rjhdksa ij ppkZ dh gSA zzfuos'k ij eqækLiQhfr dk çHkko% bu nks dkj.kksa ds pyrs ^fLdoÝys'ku* 'kCn dks igys igy Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkarfjd eqækLiQhfr (vYidkfyd) }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k c<+k;k nLrkos”kksa esa txg feyh vkSj fiQj vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2009&10 tkrk gS% esa ;g çdkf'kr gqvkA zzxSyksfiax eqækLiQhfr% ;g ,d ^cgqr mPp eqækLiQhfr* gS tks 1- mPp eqækLiQhfr mPp ekax dks bafxr djrh gS vkSj m|fe;ksa nksgjs ;k frgjs vadksa esa pyrh gS (tSls okf"kZd 20%, 100%, dks vius mRiknu Lrj dks foLrkfjr djus dk ladsr nsrh 200%)A gS] vkSj zzcsyxke eqækLiQhfr% eqækLiQhfr dk ;g :i ^O;kid vkSj rs”kh 2- ftruh vfèkd eqækLiQhfr] mruh gh ½.k dh de ykxrA ls c<+us okyk gS] ftldh okf"kZd nj fefy;u ls ysdj fVªfy;u 63. (c) O;k[;k% rd Hkh gks ldrh gSA bl rjg dh eqækLiQhfr esa u dsoy o`f¼ zzth-Mh-ih- viLiQhfrdkjd% ;g orZeku ewY;ksa ij th-Mh- dh lhek cgqr vfèkd gksrh gS] cfYd ;g o`f¼ cgqr gh de ih- vkSj fLFkj ewY;ksa ij th-Mh-ih- ds chp dk vuqikr gSA vofèk esa gks tkrh gS] dhersa jkrksa&jkr c<+ tkrh gSaA ;fn orZeku ewY;ksa ij th-Mh-ih- fLFkj ewY;ksa ij th-Mh-ih- ds zzbl rjg dh eqækLiQhfr tYnh gh ?kjsyw eqæk esa yksxksa dk fo'okl cjkcj gS] rks th-Mh-ih- viLiQhfrdkjd 1 gksxk] ftldk •ks nsrh gS vkSj yksx eqæk ds vU; :iksa dks pquuk 'kq: dj eryc gS fd ewY; Lrj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA nsrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy;s HkkSfrd laifÙk] lksuk vkSj fons'kh eqæk zzth-Mh-ih- viLiQhfrdkjd ewY; O;ogkj ds ,d csgrj (bUgsa LiQhfr&jksèkh ds uke Hkh tkuk tkrk gS)] lkFk gh yksx ifjek.k ds :i esa ç'kaflr gS D;ksafd ;g ns'k esa mRikfnr oLrq fofue; dks Hkh viuk ldrs gSaA lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks 'kkfey djrh gS (D;ksafd 62. (a) O;k[;k% lsokvksa ds çHkko dks Hkkjrh; ^gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr*] ;kuh] eqækLiQhfr og nj gS ftl ij oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dh dherksa dk Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI) ij eqækLiQhfr esa U;k;laxr lkekU; Lrj c<+rk gS] blds iQyLo:i eqæk dh Ø; 'kfDr egÙo ugha fn;k x;k gS)A vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA ?kVrh gSA zzgsMykbu eqækLiQhfr% Hkkjr esa çeq• eqækLiQhfr dks Fkksd zz½.kèkkfj;ksa vkSj ½.knkrkvksa ij eqækLiQhfr dk çHkko% ewY; lwpdkad (MCywihvkbZ) ds vuqlkj ekik tkrk gS vkSj eqækLiQhfr ½.kèkkfj;ksa vkSj ½.knkrkvksa ds chp laifÙk dk vkfFkZd lykgdkj ds dk;kZy; (vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa lao¼Zu iqufoZrj.k lqfuf'pr djrh gS] ;kuh ½.knkrkvksa dk uqdlku foHkkx) dks bl lwpdkad dks tkjh djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gksrk gS vkSj ½.kèkkfj;ksa dks eqækLiQhfr ls ykHk feyrk gSA gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 18 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzFkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI) ,d egÙoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh; lwpd 66. (a) O;k[;k% gS] ljdkj ds fofHkUu uhfrxr iQSlys tSls eqækLiQhfr çcaèku] èku vkiwfrZ] èku dh ekax dh rjg] ,d LVkWd oSfj,cy gSA vko';d oLrqvksa dh dherksa dh fuxjkuh vkfn bl ij gh fdlh fo'ks"k fu;r le; ij turk ds chp ifjlapfjr èku dh vkèkkfjr gSaA dqy ek=kk dks èku vkiwfrZ dgk tkrk gSA vkjchvkbZ èku vkiwfrZ 64. (b) O;k[;k% ds pkj oSdfYid mik;ksa ds vk¡dM+s çdkf'kr djrk gS] vFkkZr~ zzHkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] ,d ikfVZflisVjh uksV (ih,u ;k ih&uksV) M1, M2, M3 vkSj M4, bUgsa fuEufyf•r :i ls ifjHkkf"kr Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr;ksa ds f•ykiQ lsch ds varxZr iathÑr fd;k tkrk gS% fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kd (,iQvkbZvkbZ) }kjk fons'kh vfèkdkj zzM1 = CU + DD {ks=k esa tkjh O;qRiUu çi=k gS_ Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr;ksa esa bfDoVh] zzM2 = M1 + Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa esa cpr tek ½.k] MsfjosfVo ;k ,d lwpdkad 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA vr% zzM3 = M1 + okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh 'kq¼ lkofèk tek,¡ dFku 1 lgh gS] ysfdu dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA zzM4 = M3 + Mkd?kj cpr laxBuksa dh dqy tek,¡ (jk"Vªh; zzih,u vksojlh”k MsfjosfVo çi=k] bfDoVh fyaDM uksV~l] dSIVsM cpr çek.k i=k dks NksM+dj) fjVuZ uksV~l] vkSj ikfVZflisfVax fjVuZ uksV~l vkfn ds :i esa tgk¡] CU turk }kjk èkkfjr eqæk (uksV~l vkSj flDds) gS vkSj Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA MhMh okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk èkkfjr 'kq¼ ekax tek gSA zzih,u esa fuos'kd varfuZfgr Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr dk ekfyd M1 vkSj M2 dks ladqfpr èku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vr% ugha gksrk gS] ftls ,iQvkbZvkbZ }kjk vius vfèkdkj esa j•k dFku 1 lgh gSA tkrk gS tks ih,u dks tkjh djrk gSA bl çdkj] ih,u ds fuos'kd bls okLro esa vfèkdkj esa fy;s fcuk gh çfrHkwfr M3 vkSj M4 dks O;kid èku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g esa fuos'k dk vkfFkZd ykHk çkIr djrs gSaA os varfuZfgr Js.kh O;oLFkk rjyrk ds ?kVrs Øe esa gksrh gSA M1 lcls çfrHkwfr ds ewY; esa mrkj&p<+ko ls ykHk dekrs gSa D;ksafd vfèkd rjy vkSj vklku gS] tcfd M4 lHkh esa lcls de ih,u dk ewY; varfuZfgr Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr ds ewY; ls tqM+k rjy gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA gksrk gSA M3 èku vkiwfrZ dk lokZfèkd ç;qDr ekè;e gSA bls lexz ekSfæd zzih,u èkkjd ih,u }kjk lanfHkZr çfrHkwfr@'ks;jksa ds lacaèk esa lalkèkuksa ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh fdlh Hkh ernku vfèkdkj dk ykHk ugha mBkrk gSA vr% ugha gSA dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA 67. (c) O;k[;k% 65. (a) O;k[;k% ekSfæd uhfr% ekSfæd uhfr og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fdlh çR;;h èku (Fiduciary money)% ^fiQMwljh* (Fiduciary*) ns'k dk ekSfæd çkfèkdj.k (tSls dsaæh; cSad) èku dh vkiwfrZ 'kCn fd mÙifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^fiQMqfl;k* (fiducia) ls dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] ewY; fLFkjrk vkSj eqæk esa lkekU; fo'okl gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fo'okl ;k HkjkslkA iSlk tks fo'okl ds lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s vDlj ,d eqækLiQhfr dh nj ;k C;kt bl ewY; ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ;g fofue; dk Lohdk;Z nj dks yf{kr djrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA ekè;e gS] ;g dkx”k ds ,d çek.k&i=k ds :i esa mRiUu Hkkjr ds ,d dsaæh; cSad ds :i esa vkjchvkbZ dks èku vkiwfrZ gqvk ftlesa èkkjd dks lksus ;k pkanh dh ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj bl çdkj fuèkkZfjr lhek ds Hkhrj Hkqxrku djus dk oknk fd;k x;k FkkA tSls% psd vkSj MªkÝV eqækLiQhfr dh nj dks yf{kr djus dk f”kEek lkSaik x;k gSA vkfn dh rjg dk cSad fMekaM MªkÝVA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA dkx”kh eqæk (Fiat money)% fdlh ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd;k Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us 20 iQjojh] 2015 dks x;k iSlk tks lksus ;k pkanh esa ifjorZuh; ugha gksrk gS vkSj ekSfæd uhfr ÚseodZ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s] ftlus eqækLiQhfr bldk dksbZ vkarfjd ewY; ugha gksrk gSA ;g bls tkjh djus dks yf{kr fd;k vkSj ewY; fLFkjrk gkfly djus ds fy;s okyh ljdkj dh çfr"Bk vkSj vfèkdkj ls viuh Ø; 'kfDr vkjchvkbZ dks mÙkjnk;h cuk;kA blds rgr] eè;kofèk esa vkSj ewY; çkIr djrh gS] tSls dkx”k ds uksV vkSj flDdsA vr% eqækLiQhfr y{;ksa dks 4% ls de (2% ds ekud fopyu ds dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA lkFk) djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro vkjchvkbZ ds ikl gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 19 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation blds ckn] ljdkj us fj”koZ cSad ds xouZj dh vè;{krk esa 69. (b) O;k[;k% ekSfæd uhfr lfefr (MPC) dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy;s vkjchvkbZ zzbLykeh cSafdax bLykeh fl¼kar ds vuqlkj ykxw dh xbZ vfèkfu;e esa la'kksèku fd;k] ftls fufnZ"V y{; Lrj ds Hkhrj cSafdax O;oLFkk gSA bLykeh dkuwu esa ½.k vkSj tek nksuksa eqækLiQhfr dks lekfgr djus ds fy;s csapekdZ uhfrxr C;kt ij C;kt dh eukgh gSA blds fy;s ;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS nj (jsiks nj) r; djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;kA fd iSlk dksbZ oLrq ugha gS vkSj ykHk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa MPC esa 6 lnL; gSa & vkjchvkbZ ds xouZj (vè;{k)] ekSfæd ij vftZr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] iSls ds fu;a=k.k ij ughaA ijarq uhfr ds çHkkjh vkjchvkbZ ds fMIVh xouZj] vkjchvkbZ cksMZ }kjk iwath dks mRiknu dk ,d dkjd ekuk tkrk gS ftls iqjLÑr ukfer ,d vfèkdkjh vkSj 'ks"k 3 lnL; Hkkjr ljdkj dk gksuk pkfg;sA gkyk¡fd] bLykeh cSafdax iwath ds ekfydksa dks çfrfufèkRo djsaxsA Hkkjr ljdkj ds bu çfrfufèk;ksa dh fu;qfDr equkiQs esa ,d fgLlk ikus dh vuqefr nsrh gS fd tks vfuf'pr dsaæ ljdkj }kjk ,d •kst&lg&p;u lfefr dh vuq'kalkvksa gSA ;g ½.knkrk vkSj ½.kèkkjh }kjk ykHk vkSj ?kkVk nksuksa ds ds vkèkkj ij gksxhA bl •kst&lg&p;u lfefr esa dSfcusV c¡Vokjs ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl çdkj] dFku 1 vkSj lfpo (vè;{k)] Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad ds xouZj] vkfFkZd dk;Z 2 lgh gSa] tcfd dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA foHkkx ds lfpo] foÙk ea=kky; vkSj dsaæ ljdkj }kjk ukfer vFkZ'kkL=k ;k cSafdax {ks=k ds rhu fo'ks"kK 'kkfey gksaxsA zztekdÙkkZ dks C;kt ds :i esa ,d fuf'pr okilh dk Hkqxrku •kst&lg&p;u lfefr }kjk fu;qDr dsaæ ljdkj ds rhu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu cSadksa dks tek ij udn ;k çR;kf'k;ksa dk dk;Zdky pkj o"kZ dk gksxk vkSj os iqu% fu;qfDr oLrq ds :i esa iqjLdkj ;k cksul tSls çksRlkgu nsus dh vuqefr ds fy;s ik=k ugha gksaxsA gSA tekdÙkkZ] tks fu;fer cSafdax ç.kkyh esa tksf•e fojksèkh gksrk MPC cgqer oksV (mifLFkr vkSj ernku djus okys) ds vkèkkj gS] og ;gk¡ iwath dk ,d iwath çnkrk gS vkSj tks cSad mldh ij fu.kZ; ysrk gSA oksV cjkcj gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkjchvkbZ iwath mèkkj ysrk gS] mlds lkFk og vius tksf•e dks Hkh xouZj ds ikl nwljk ;k fu.kkZ;d oksV gksxkA desVh dk iQSlyk ck¡Vrk gSA vkjchvkbZ ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA zzHkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa bLykfed cSafdax dks vHkh rd vuqefr 68. (b) O;k[;k% ugha nh gS] tcfd bLykeh dkuwuksa ds vuqdwy mRiknksa dks Hkkjr Hkkjr çfrHkwfr eqæ.k fuekZ.k fuxe fyfeVsM vkfFkZd dk;Z foHkkx dh xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;ksa esa lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkSj fpV ds rgr vkus okyk ,dek=k yksd m|e gSA bls foÙk ea=kky; iQaM gks ldrs gSaA ;s dsaæh; cSad }kjk fofu;fer ugha gSaA ds rgr igys dke dj jgh ukS bdkb;ksa ds fuxehdj.k ds ckn 70. (d) O;k[;k% xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA bl daiuh dks 2006 esa daiuh vfèkfu;e] can nqdku] O;kij la?kksa }kjk vkjksfir ,d 'krZ gS fd fdlh Hkh 1956 ds rgr fuxfer fd;k x;k FkkA ;g lqj{kk i=k] flDdksa dh Vdlkyh] eqæk vkSj cSad uksVksa dh NikbZ] xSj&U;kf;d LVkai iQeZ ds lHkh deZpkjh fufnZ"V O;kikj la?k ds lnL; gksaxsA bl isij] Mkd fVdVksa] ;k=kk nLrkos”k vkfn ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z fofèk dks viukdj O;kikj la?k Je vkiwfrZ dks lhfer djrs gSa djrk gSA daiuh vkiwfrZ djrh gS% vkSj ,d e”kcwr O;kikj la?k }kjk ykxw mPp e”knwjh dks cuk, 1- RBI dks eqæk@cSad uksV vkSj flDds dh] j•rs gSaA 2- fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa dks xSj&U;kf;d LVkai i=kksa dh] 71. (b) O;k[;k% 3- iksLVy LVs'kujh vkSj Mkd foHkkx dks fVdVksa dh] tc LokfeRo dh igpku fNikus ds fy;s dbZ cSad •krksa esa 4- fons'k ea=kky; dks ikliksVZ] oh”kk fLVdj vkSj vU; ;k=kk de ek=kk esa iSls tek fd;s tkrs gSa rks bls ^LefiQZax* (^LVªDpfjax* nLrkos”kksa dh] Hkh dgk tkrk gS) dgk tkrk gSA bl i¼fr dk mi;ksx O;kid 5- vU; mRiknksa esa Lekjd flDds] MICR vkSj xSj MICR :i ls dkys èku dks oSèk cukus (euh&ykWfUMªax) esa fd;k tkrk psd] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA gSA bls djus okys O;fDr ds fy;s 'Smurfer' (;k ^èku •Ppj*) vr% fodYi (b) lgh mÙkj gSA in dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 20 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 72. (c) O;k[;k% vc rd] CACP 23 oLrqvksa ds fy;s MSP dh fliQkfj'k zzVSDl buotZu rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ iQeZ U;wu dj vfèkdkj djrk gS% {ks=kksa esa vius eq[;ky; LFkkfir djrh gS] tcfd mlds zz7 vukt (èkku] xsgw¡] eDdk] 'kksj?ke] eksrh cktjk] tkS vkSj lapkyu dk ”;knkrj Hkkx mPp dj vfèkdkj {ks=kksa (vke jkxh) rkSj ij ewy ns'k) esa gksrk gSA zz5 nkysa (puk] vjgj] ew¡x] mM+n vkSj elwj) zz,slk djrs gq, daifu;k¡ viuh dj nsunkfj;ksa esa dVkSrh djrh zz7 frygu (ewaxiQyh] rksfj;k&ljlksa] lks;kchu] fry] lwjteq•h] gSaA ;g ,d dkuwuh çFkk gS vkSj VSDl ls cpus dk ,d dqlqe] ukbtj cht)] lkèku gSA ,sls vfèkdkj {ks=k tgk¡ cgqr de dj gS] cM+s zz4 okf.kfT;d iQlysa (dksijk] xUuk] dikl vkSj dPpk twV)A fuxeksa ds eq[;ky;ksa ds fy;s vkd"kZd LFkku cu x, gSaA zzCACP çR;sd o"kZ ewY; uhfr fjiksVZ (PPR) ds :i esa cjewMk] of”kZu vkbySaM~l vkfn ,sls ns'k gSa (;s ns'k ^VSDl ljdkj dks viuh fliQkfj'kksa dks çLrqr djrk gS] ftlesa gsou* uke ls yksdfç; gSa)A •jhiQ iQlyksa] jch iQlyksa] xUuk] dPpk twV vkSj dksijk 73. (b) O;k[;k% ds ik¡p lewgksa ds fy;s vyx ls fliQkfj'k çLrqr dh tkrh zzHkkjr 190 ns'kksa esa ls 100osa LFkku ij gSA O;kikj lqxerk gSA cnys esa ljdkj CACP fjiksVks± dks jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj fjiksVZ 190 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk vkdyu vkSj 10 ,sls ladsrdksa lacafèkr dsaæh; ea=kky;ksa dks mudh fVIif.k;ksa ds fy;s çlkfjr dks 'kkfey djrk gS tks fdlh O;kikj ds thou&pØ dks djrh gSA muls çfrfØ;k feyus ds ckn] dsaæ ljdkj ds c<+krs gSaA Hkkjr us 10 esa ls 6 ladsrdksa esa vius jSad esa vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh dSfcusV desVh MSP ds Lrj ij CACP lqèkkj fd;k gS vkSj lokZsÙke varjkZ"Vªh; çFkkvksa (ÚafV;j Ldksj }kjk dh xbZ vU; fliQkfj'kksa ds fy;s vafre fu.kZ; ysrh gSA ls nwjh) ds djhc igq¡p x;k gSA bl laLdj.k dh fjiksVZ esa 75. (a) O;k[;k% fiNys o"kZ dh fjiksVZ ds eqdkcys 30 jSadksa esa lqèkkj ds lkFk zzHkkjr ljdkj mu Ñf"k vkSj ckxokuh oLrqvksa dh •jhn ds Hkkjr dks 'kh"kZ mUufr'khy ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] fy;s ck”kkj gLr{ksi ;kstuk (MIS) dk dk;kZUo;u djrh gS ;g O;kikj lqxerk fjiksVZ] 2018 esa fdlh Hkh ns'k ds jSad ftudh çÑfr u"V gksus okyh gksrh gS vkSj tks ewY; leFkZu esa lcls ”;knk mNky gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k vkSj fczDl ;kstuk (PSS) ds rgr 'kkfey ugha gSaA vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa Hkkjr ,dek=k ,slk ns'k gS tks bl lky O;kikj lqxerk fjiksVZ dh lcls mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa zzgLr{ksi dk mís'; bu oLrqvksa ds mRikndksa dks ,d Hkjiwj 'kkfey gSA iQly dh fLFkfr esa ihd vofèk ds vkxeu ds nkSjku zzHkkjr O;olk; 'kq: djus] vuqcaèkksa dks ykxw djus vkSj fuekZ.k d"Vnk;h fcØh ls cpkuk gS] tc dhersa vkfFkZd Lrj vkSj vuqefr ls fuiVus tSls {ks=kksa esa vHkh Hkh ihNs gSA okLro esa] mRiknu dh ykxr ls uhps vk tkrh gSaA vc fdlh vuqcaèk dks ykxw djus dk le; c<+dj 1]445 fnu zzgkyr ;g gS fd ;k rks mRiknu esa 10 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gks gks x;k gS tks 15 lky igys de (1]420 fnu) Fkk vkSj ftlus ;k fiNys lkekU; o"kZ ls fu.kkZ;d ck”kkj dh dherksa esa 10 vuqcaèk dks ykxw djus dh Xykscy jSafdax esa ns'k dks 164osa çfr'kr dh dehA LFkku ij dj fn;k gSA zz;g ;kstuk fdlh jkT;@dsaæ'kkflr çns'k dh ljdkj ds vuqjksèk 74. (d) O;k[;k% ij ykxw dh tkrh gS] tks blds dk;kZUo;u ij gksus okys uqdlku 25 Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx (CACP) Hkkjr ljdkj ds Ñf"k dk ;fn dksbZ gks] 50 çfr'kr (iwokZsÙkj jkT;ksa ds ekeys esa vkSj fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; dk ,d layXu dk;kZy; gSA ;g çfr'kr) HkjikbZ djus ds fy;s rS;kj gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA fdlkuksa dks vkèkqfud rduhd dks viukus ds fy;s çksRlkfgr uksV% djus rFkk ns'k esa mHkjrh gqbZ ekax i¼fr;ksa ds lkFk mRikndrk zzU;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP) ij dsaæh; uksMy ,tsafl;ksa ds vkSj lexz vukt mRiknu c<+kus gsrq U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP) ekè;e ls ewY; leFkZu ;kstuk (PSS) ds rgr fryguksa] dh fliQkfj'k djrk gSA bl fn'kk esa vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks nkyksa vkSj dikl dh •jhn Hkh dh tkrh gSA ;g ;kstuk è;ku esa j•rs gq, çeq• Ñf"k mRiknksa ds fy;s ljdkj }kjk gj lacafèkr jkT; ljdkj ds vuqjksèk ij ykxw dh tkrh gS vkSj lky MSP fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSA ;kstuk ds fn'kk&funZs'kksa ds vuq:i] •jhnh tkus okyh oLrqvksa 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 21 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation dks eaMh dj mxkgh ls NwV nsus vkSj lapkyu O;oLFkk lfgr 77. (b) O;k[;k% VkV dh cksjh] jkT; ,tsafl;ksa dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s iwath fxiQsu oLrq,¡ (GIFFEN GOOD) vkSj ewY; leFkZu ;kstuk ds fy;s ?kw.kZu'khy fufèk dk l`tu ;s os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh dher c<+ tkus ij ekax (ekax ds lkekU; gsrq dsaæh; uksMy ,tsafl;ksa dh lgk;rk djus esa lger gSaA fl¼kar ds foijhr) c<+ tkrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lR; gSA 76. (c) O;k[;k% jkWcVZ fxiQsu (1837&1910) ds uke ij bls ¶fxiQsu iSjkMkWDl¸ ySiQj oØ dgk tkrk gSA 1974 esa vFkZ'kkL=kh vkFkZj ySiQj }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k ,d oØ fxiQsu oLrq,¡ vkerkSj ij ,d voj mRikn gksrh gS ftlds fy;s gSA ;g oØ vkSlr VSDl dh nj ls dqy dj jktLo dks tksM+rk gSA vFkZ'kkL=k esa] ySiQj oØ djkèkku dh njksa vkSj ljdkj ds vklkuh ls fodYi miyCèk ugha gksrs gaS_ mudh dherksa esa o`f¼ jktLo ds ikfj.kkfed Lrj ds chp lacaèkksa dk ,d xzkfiQd ,d cM+s udkjkRed vk; çHkko dks iSnk djrh gS vkSj bl çfrfufèkRo gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA lkekU; çfrLFkkiu çHkko ij dkcw ikus ds fy;s yksx ”;knk blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd mPp dj njsa 'kq: esa jktLo esa •jhn djrs gSaA ;g ?kjsyw ctV ls lacafèkr oLrqvksa ds cM+s o`f¼ djrh gSa ysfdu ,d fcanq ds ckn vkxs dj njksa esa c<+ksrjh vuqikr ij ykxw gksrk gS (Hkkjr esa vkVk] pkoy] nkysa] ued] jktLo esa fxjkoV dk dkj.k curh gS (elyu ;g yksxksa dks I;kt] vkyw vkfn ds :i esa)A vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA dke djus ls grksRlkfgr djds)A vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA ,d fxiQsu oLrq Åij dh vksj >qdko okyk ekax oØ gS] tks The Laffer Curve ekax ds cqfu;knh fu;e ds foijhr gS] tks ;g crkrk gS fd T* fdlh mRikn ds fy;s dher c<+us ij ekax dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gS (ekax oØ ds fy;s uhps dh vksj 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 22 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation xksYMu :y (GOLDEN RULE) 81. (c) O;k[;k% ,d jktdks"kh; uhfr dk #•] tks ;g lq>krk gS fd vkfFkZd zzNEER: #i, dh lkadsfrd çHkkoh fofue; nj (NEER) pØ esa] ljdkj dks dsoy ^fuos'k* ds fy;s mèkkj ysuk pkfg;s Hkkjr ds çeq• O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa dh eqækvksa ds le{k vkSj ^orZeku O;;* dk foÙkiks"k.k ugha djuk pkfg;sA ;g bl fofue; nj dk Hkkfjr vkSlr gksrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA fu;e ds çHkko ds rgr fodflr ^larqfyr ctV*] ^thjks&csLM zzREER: tc eqækLiQhfr dk Hkkj NEER ds lkFk lek;ksftr ctV* dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k ç;kl gSA fd;k tkrk gS rks gesa #i, dk okLrfod çHkkoh fofue; nj 79. (a) O;k[;k% (REER) çkIr gksrk gSA zzewY;ßkl (Depreciation)% bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx nks fHkUu zzfoLrkfjr fuf/ lqfo/k (EFF)% foLrkfjr fuf/ lqfo/k ,d phtksa ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fons'kh eqæk ck”kkj esa] ;g lsok gS ftls IMF }kjk blds lnL; ns'kksa dks çnku fd;k ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tc ?kjsyw eqæk rSjrh gqbZ fofue; nj tkrk gS tks Hkqxrku larqyu ds ladV ls mcjus ds fy;s fdlh ç.kkyh esa fons'kh eqæk ds lkeus viuk ewY; •ks nsrh gSA Hkh lhek rd fons'kh fofue; dh jkf'k c<+kus dh vf/dkfjrk vr% fodYi (a) lgh gSA nsrh gS fdarq bl 'krZ ij fd lajpukRed lq/kjksa dks laLFkk }kjk zz?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa] ewY;ßkl dk vFkZ gS fd dksbZ ifjlaifÙk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk,A foÙkh; o"kZ 1981&82 esa Hkkjr }kjk ;k rks vius mi;ksx ds dkj.k VwV&iQwV ds dkj.k ;k fiQj gLrk{kfjr ;g vius vki esa igyk le>kSrk FkkA vr% dFku vU; vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls viuk ewY; •ks jgh gSA bls iwath 2 lgh gSA miHkksx ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA gj vFkZO;oLFkk esa 82. (a) O;k[;k% vyx&vyx ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds fy;s ,d vkfèkdkfjd okf"kZd zz;g ,d xzkfiQd oØ gS tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqækLiQhfr nj fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS] ftl ij vpy laifÙk;ksa dk ewY;ßkl vkSj csjks”kxkjh ds chp ds laca/ dks n'kkZrk gSA oØ ds gks jgk gksrk gSA vuqlkj eqækLiQhfr vkSj csjks”kxkjh ds chp ,d ^lkeatL;* 80. (c) O;k[;k% gksrk gS vFkkZr nksuksa ds chp çfrdwy laca/ gSA zz2000 esa ljdkj }kjk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (SEZ) uhfr dh zz ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh ftls SEZ vfèkfu;e] 2005 ds ekè;e oØ ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd eqækLiQhfr ds de gksus ls csjks”kxkjh ls lqn`<+ fd;k x;kA bldk eq[; y{; ns'k esa ^fu;kZr gc* c<+rh gS rFkk eqækLiQhfr c<+us ls csjks”kxkjh de gksrh gSA vr% (a) fodflr djuk rFkk fodkl vkSj o`f¼ dks c<+kok nsuk gSA lgh fodYi gSA ,d fopkj ds :i esa ;g u;k ugha Fkk&Hkkjr us 1965 esa gh dkaMyk esa ,f'k;k dk igyk ^,DliksVZ çkslsflax tksu* (EPZ) LFkkfir fd;k FkkA ckn esa fu;kZr mUeq• bdkb;ksa (EOUs) ds ekè;e ls bl fopkj dks vkSj çksRlkgu feykA zzSEZ dks Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT;ksa ;k futh {ks=k }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh rhu {ks=kksa&Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj lsok fy;s LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; ds vuqlkj ns'k esa SEZ cukus ds ihNs çeq• mís';ksa esa 'kkfey gSa% 1- vfrfjDr vkfFkZd xfrfofèk dk fuekZ.k_ 2- oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fu;kZr dks çksRlkgu_ 83. (b) O;k[;k% 3- ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh lzksrksa ls fuos'k dk lao¼Zu_ zzdksj eqækLiQhfr% ;g oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; esa ifjorZu 4- jks”kxkj ds voljksa dk l`tu_ vkSj gS] ysfdu ;g •k| vkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k dh dherksa dks 'kkfey 5- vkèkkjHkwr lqfoèkkvksa dk fodkl zzlkaLÑfrd èkjksgj vkSj MSMEs dk çpkj bldk edln ugha djrh gSA ;s oLrq,¡ ckgj dj nh tkrh gS D;ksafd bu ugha gSA vr% (c) lgh fodYi gSA oLrqvksa dh dher dkiQh vfLFkj gksrh gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 23 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzbls Hkkjr esa foÙkh; o"kZ 2000&01 esa igyh ckj ç;qDr gSA ;g 4-5» (2013&14 esa)] 4-1» (2014&15 esa)] 3-9» fd;k x;k Fkk tc ljdkj us ;g O;Dr fd;k Fkk fd dksj (2015&16 esa) rFkk 3-5» (2016&17 esa) FkkA vr% dFku 2 eqækLiQhfr fu;a=k.k esa gS ftldk vFkZ Fkk fd fofufeZr oLrqvksa lgh gSA dh dher fu;a=k.k esa gSA 2014- 2015- 2016- Categories Unit 2017-18 zz•k| oLrqvksa vkSj ÅtkZ dks blls ckgj j•us ij fo'ks"kKksa us 15 16 17 vkykspuk dh FkhA ewyr% if'peh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa •k| vkSj Fiscal ÅtkZ tuleqnk; ds fy;s leL;k ugha gS tcfd Hkkjr esa ;s Indicators nksuksa lkekU; yksxksa ds fy;s vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSaA vr% (b) lgh gSA (Centre) Gross 84. (c) O;k[;k% % of Fiscal 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.2BE GDP cSad nj% ;g og C;kt nj gksrh gS ftls RBI nh?kkZof/d ½.k Deficit ds fy;s dsaæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa vkfn ij Revenue % of 2.9 2.5 2.1 1.9BE vkjksfir djrh gSA ;g nj MSF (Marginal Standing Facility) Deficit GDP ds lkFk lajsf•r FkhA Primary % of 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1BE jsiks nj og C;kt nj gksrh gS ftl ij xzkgdksa dks vkjchvkbZ Deficit GDP }kjk rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k (LAF) ds varxZr y?kq vof/ 86. (b) O;k[;k% ds fy;s fuf/;k¡ m/kj nh tkrh gSaA vr% ;qXe (1) lgh lqesfyr ,d ctV vf/'ks"k ?kkVs esa vFkok larqfyr gks ldrk gS] ;g ugha gSA fuEufyf•r n'kkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS% vk/kj nj% ;g ,slh C;kt nj gksrh gS ftlds de nj ij vuqeku ds lacaf/r vkdkj ctV ds çdkj vuqlwfpr okf.kT; cSad (SCB) vius xzkgdksa dks ½.k ugha jktLo < O;; ?kkVk çnku dj ldrs gSaA vr% ;qXe (2) lgh lqesfyr gSA jktLo = O;; larqfyr lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k% ;g og nj gksrh gS ftl ij cSad > LohÑr ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa ds cnys RBI ls vksojukbV iQ.M jktLo O;; vf/'ks"k m/kj ysus esa liQy gksrs gSaA ;g rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k vf/'ks"k ctV dk çHkko (R > E)% ,d ctV vf/'ks"k og (LAF) f•M+dh gS] ftls Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad }kjk lk• uhfr varjky gksrk gS tc vk; vFkok çkfIr;k¡ O;; ls vf/d gksaA ds rgr ebZ 2011 esa cuk;k x;k gSA vr% ;qXe (3) lgh rc lexz ekax (dj ds dkj.k) esa deh lexz ekax esa gqbZ o`f¼ lqesfyr gSA (O;; ds dkj.k) dh rqyuk esa vf/d gksrh gSA bldk çHkko 85. (b) O;k[;k% ;g gksrk gS fd lexz ekax esa deh vkrh gSA bl çdkj] ,d tc vU; çeq• vFkZO;oLFkkvksa (2017 ds vuqlkj ftuds vf/'ks"k ctV ls lexz ekax esa deh vkrh gSA lexz ekax dk thMhih 100 fcfy;u MkWyj ls vf/d gS) ls rqyuk dh tkrh de gksuk eqækLiQhfr ls fuiVus dk ,d vPNk rjhdk gksrk gS gS rks Hkkjr dk dj thMhih vuqikr de gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd Hkkjr tks vf/d ekax ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA ijarq] ,d uhfrxr dk dj laxzg vkSlr ls FkksM+k Åij gS] tks ns'k dh vkSlr vk; lk/u ds :i esa vf/'ks"k ctV viLiQhfr vkSj eanh ls fuiVus çnku djrh gSA fdarq Hkkjr dk dj&thMhih vuqikr fLFkj cuk dh ,d vPNh j.kuhfr ugha gS] D;ksafd blls igys gh ean iM+h gqvk gS ;k bldh o`f¼ nj lqLr gSA vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2017&18 ekax vkSj de gks tk,xh] iQyLo:i fLFkfr vkSj Hkh fcxM+ esa crk;k x;k gS fd vkSlr vkfFkZd o`f¼ 6-5 çfr'kr ds tk,xhA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA ckotwn dj&thMhih vuqikr mruk vf/d ugha gS ftruk ;g larqfyr ctV dk çHkko (R = E)% lexz ekax (dj ds dkj.k) 1980 esa FkkA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA esa deh dj ds MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) ljdkj dh dqy vk; vkSj O;; esa varj dks jktdks"kh; ?kkVk le; ds cjkcj gksrh gSA pw¡fd dj O;; ds cjkcj gksrk gS] dgk tkrk gSA fiNys dqN o"kks± ls jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa deh gqbZ lexz ekax esa deh Hkh MPC le; ds O;; ds cjkcj gksrh gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 24 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation lexz ekax (O;; ds dkj.k) esa o`f¼ lexz ekax (dj ds dkj.k) nh?kZdkfyd lef"V vkfFkZd fLFkjrk] jktdks"kh; rFkk ekSfæd esa deh dh rqyuk esa vf/d gksrh gSA bl çdkj] ,d larqfyr uhfr ds chp csgrj lkeatL; rFkk ljdkj ds jktdks"kh; lapkyu ctV lexz ekax dks dqN gn rd c<+k nsrk gS vkSj bl rjg esa ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA FRBM vf/fu;e Li"V djrk vFkZO;oLFkk dks iw.kZ&jks”kxkj ls iw.kZ&jks”kxkj lkE;koLFkk dh gS fd 2008&09 rd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djds thMhih rjiQ ys tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA ds 3» rd yk;k tk,] ftlesa dsaæ ljdkj ds fy;s çfro"kZ thMhih dk 0-3» okf"kZd y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA blh ?kkVs ds ctV dk çHkko (R < E)% lexz ekax (dj ds dkj.k) rjg] jktLo ?kkVs dks çfro"kZ thMhih ds 0-5» ls ?kVkdj esa deh dj ds MPC le; ds cjkcj gksrh gSA lexz ekax (O;; ds dkj.k) esa o`f¼ O;; dh ek=kk ds cjkcj gksrh gSA 2008&09 rd lekIr djuk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA vc O;; dh rqyuk esa dj i;kZIr :i ls de gksrk gS] ,slh ljdkj us ,iQvkjch,e vf/fu;e ds dk;kZUo;u dh leh{kk fLFkfr esa lexz ekax esa deh lexz ekax esa o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa djus vkSj bl fn'kk esa viuh fliQkfj'ksa nsus ds fy;s ,u-ds- flag de gksxhA bldk çHkko ;g gksxk fd blls lexz ekax esa o`f¼ lfefr dk xBu fd;k gSA lfefr us lq>ko fn;k gS fd jktdks"kh; gksxhA bl çdkj] ;g eanh ls eqdkcyk djus ds fy;s ,d ?kkVs dh lhek y{; ds vuq:i gks vkSj 2017&18 esa 50-1» uhfrxr lk/u gSA ds ½.k&thMhih vuqikr dks 2024&25 rd 40» rd ?kVk 87. (c) O;k[;k% fn;k tk,A vc ljdkj (2017&18 ctV esa) dk mís'; jktdks"kh; ?kkVk% ;g ljdkj ds lexz O;; rFkk m/kj dks 2018&19 esa vius ½.k&thMhih vuqikr dks 2018&20 esa NksM+dj bldh lexz çkfIr;ksa ds chp dk varj gksrk gSA 48-8»] 2017&20 esa 46-7» vkSj 2020&21 esa 44-6» rd ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVk = lexz O;; & (jktLo çkfIr;k¡ + de djuk gS] tcfd jktdks"kh; ?kkVk thMhih ds çfr'kr ds xSj&½.k iwathxr çkfIr;k¡)A :i esa blh vof/ ds nkSjku Øe'k% 3-3»] 3-1» vkSj 3» rd de djus dk y{; j•k x;k gSA xSj&½.k iwathxr çkfIr;k¡ os gksrh gSa ftUgsa m/kj ugha fy;k tk ldrk] bl çdkj ;s ½.k mRiUu ugha djrhaA ih,l;w dh fcØh 88. (c) O;k[;k% ls ½.k dh olwyh bldk mnkgj.k gSA m/kj ds ekè;e ls uhfr vk;ksx] ;kstuk vk;ksx ds mÙkjkf/dkjh ds :i esa dk;Z jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dk foÙkiks"k.k djuk gksxkA bl çdkj] ;g lHkh djrk gSA ljdkj dk mís'; ¶Hkkjr ds ifjofrZr fodkl ,tsaMs lzksrksa ls ljdkj dh lexz m/kj vko';drkvksa dks bafxr ij¸ dk;Z djuk gSA blds fy;s uhfr vk;ksx ds lg;ksx ls djrk gSA ¶;kstuk ls uhfr¸ dk ukjk fn;k x;k gSA uhfr vk;ksx dks jktLo ?kkVk% ;g ljdkj dh lexz jktLo çkfIr;ksa ij jktLo fuEufyf•r dk;Z lkSais x, gSa% O;; dk vf/'ks"k gSA ;g ns•k tk ldrk gS fd jktLo ?kkVk 1- lgdkjh vkSj çfrLi¼hZ la?kokn% jk"Vªh; uhfr rS;kj jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dk Hkkx gksrk gS (jktdks"kh; ?kkVk = jktLo djus esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus ds fy;s jkT;ksa dks l{ke ?kkVk + iwathxr O;; & xSj&½.k iwathxr çkfIr;k¡)A jktdks"kh; djus vkSj lkFk gh ek=kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed y{;ksa ds ?kkVs esa jktLo ?kkVs dk vf/d fgLlk bafxr djrk gS fd fuos'k le;c¼ dk;kZUo;u ds fy;s lgdkjh la?kokn dks ykxw dh vis{kk miHkksx O;; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s m/kj dk bLrseky djus ds fy;s çkFkfed eapA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA vf/d fd;k tk jgk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA 2- lk>k jk"Vªh; ,tsaMk% jkT;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds çkFkfed ?kkVk% ;g lk/kj.k :i ls jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ls C;kt lkFk] jk"Vªh; fodkl dh çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa Hkqxrku dks ?kVkdj çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj] ;g bafxr dk ,d lk>k n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djukA djrk gS fd ljdkj C;kt Hkqxrku dh vis{kk O;; ds fy;s 3- dsaæ esa jkT; dk lcls vPNk fe=k% viuh •qn dh fdruk m/kj ys jgh gSA pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku] {kerk fuekZ.k vkSj rqyukRed ykHkA ldy çkFkfed ?kkVk ¾ ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVk & fuoy C;kt 4- fodsaæhÑr ;kstuk% ,d ckWVe&vi ekWMy esa fu;kstu nsunkjh çfØ;k dh iqul±jpuk] jkT;ksa dk l'kDrhdj.k] LFkkuh; vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA ljdkjksa dks vkxs ds fy;s l'kDr djus gsrq ekxZn'kZu jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk ctV çca/u (FRBM) vf/fu;e] djuk vkSj xzkeh.k Lrj ij fo'oluh; ;kstukvksa dks ykxw 2003 dk mís'; jktdks"kh; çca/u esa baVj&tsujs'kuy bfDoVh] djus gsrq fodkl ra=kA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 25 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 5- fotu rFkk fu;kstu ifjn`';% lHkh {ks=kksa esa eè;e rFkk 90. (b) O;k[;k% ns'k esa çpfyr vkfFkZd ç.kkyh ds vkèkkj ij] nh?kZdkfyd ÚseodZ fM”kkbuA ;kstuk dks nks çdkjksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS% egÙoiw.kZ varjkyksa dks igpkuuk vkSj vç;qDr {kerkvksa zzvfuok;Z fu;kstu% vFkZO;oLFkkvksa (;kuh] lektoknh ;k dk nksgu djukA dE;qfuLV) }kjk dh tkus okyh ;kstuk çfØ;k dks vfuok;Z vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA fu;kstu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,slh ;kstuk dks funZs'k ;k 6- fookn lek/ku y{; fu;kstu ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl rjg dh zzvarj&{ks=kh;] varj&foHkkxh;] varj&jkT;h; vkSj dsaæ&jkT; ;kstuk ds nks eq[; çdkj gSaA lektoknh ç.kkyh esa] lHkh ds eqíksa ds vkilh lek/ku ds fy;s ,d eap çnku djuk] vkfFkZd fu.kZ; jkT; ds gkFkksa esa lalk/uksa ds lkewfgd LokfeRo tcfd jkT;ksa ds chp mRiUu gksus okys fooknksa esa iwNrkN (Je dks NksM+dj) ds lkFk dsfUær gSaA lkE;oknh ç.kkyh djus vkSj lykg nsus ds fy;s varj&jkT; ifj"kn }kjk ,d (;kuh] HkwriwoZ phu) esa lHkh lalk/uksa dk LokfeRo vkSj eap çnku fd;k tkrk gSA mi;ksx jkT; }kjk (Je lesr) fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg dh zzfu"iknu esa Li"Vrk vkSj xfr ykus gsrq lHkh ds fy;s Lohdk;Z ;kstuk dh cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEukuqlkj gSa% vkSj ykHkçn lgefr çnku djukA (i) fodkl vkSj fodkl ds la[;kRed (;kuh ek=kkRed) 7- vkarfjd ijke'kZ o`f¼ y{; ;kstuk }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;s x, gSaA zz uhfr vkSj dk;ZØe fM”kkbu ij dsaæ rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds (ii) pw¡fd jkT; lalk/uksa ij LokfeRo j•rk gS] vr% mi;ZqDr fy;s ,d vkarfjd ijke'kZ dh is'kd'k] fo'ks"k dkS'ky tSls fu;ksftr y{;ksa dk ,glkl djuk dkiQh laHko gSA fd lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh dks fØ;kfUor djuk vkSj mls (iii) ck”kkj ds fy;s yxHkx dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha] jkT;@ljdkj dk;kZRed cukukA }kjk dsaæhÑr rjhds ls fd;s tkus okys lHkh vkfFkZd 8- {kerk fuekZ.k fu.kZ;ksa ds lkFk dksbZ ewY; ra=k ughaA vr% dFku 1 lgh zzlaiw.kZ ljdkj esa {kerk fuekZ.k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh mUu;u dks ugha gSA l{ke cukuk] uohure oSf'od #>kuksa ds lkFk csapekdZ rFkk (iv) çca/dh; vkSj rduhdh tkudkjh çnku djukA vFkZO;oLFkk esa dksbZ futh Hkkxhnkjh ugha] dsoy jkT; vkfFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA 9- fuxjkuh rFkk ewY;kadu zzlkadsfrd fu;kstu% vkfFkZd fu"iknu dks c<+kus ds fy;s zzuhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh vkSj çn'kZu ck”kkj vkSj fefJr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa viw.kZ lwpukvksa dh dh igpku djrs gq, muds çHkko dk ewY;kadu djukA blls vko';d ikBÔØe lq/kj ds fy;s detksfj;ksa vkSj ck/kvksa leL;k dks gy djus ds ç;kl esa ;g jkT; }kjk ykxw vkfFkZd dks igpkuus esa enn feysxhA blls MsVk&vk/kfjr uhfr dks fu;kstu dk ,d :i gSA lkadsfrd fu;kstu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vf/d n{krk ds lkFk&lkFk mldh çHkko'khyrk dks çksRlkfgr fuEufyf•r gSa% djus esa Hkh enn feysxhA 1- lkadsfrd fu;kstu dk vuqlj.k djus okyh gj vFkZO;oLFkk vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk gksrh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA 89. (a) O;k[;k% 2- ,d dsaæh; ;kstukc¼ vFkZO;oLFkk (vfuok;Z fu;kstu ds zzVksfcu dj] fons'kh eqæk ck”kkj esa vVdyksa vkSj vfLFkjrk ckn ns'k esa ykxw) ds foijhr lkadsfrd fu;kstu ck”kkj dks vfLFkj djus ls grksRlkfgr djus ds mís'; ls varjkZ"Vªh; (ewY; ç.kkyh) ds ekè;e ls dk;Z djrk gSA foÙkh; ysu&nsuksa ds fy;s çLrkfor dj gSA 3- la[;kRed@ek=kkRed y{; (vfuok;Z fu;kstu esa O;ogkj zz1972 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk vFkZ'kkL=kh tsEl Vksfcu us ds leku) ds vykok] lkadsfrd çÑfr dh vkfFkZd bls çLrqr fd;k FkkA uhfr;ksa dk ,d lewg Hkh ;kstukvksa ds y{; dks le>us vr% (a) lgh mÙkj gSA ds fy;s vFkZO;oLFkkvksa }kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 26 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 91. (c) O;k[;k% (i) Ñf"k jk"Vªh; jktekxZ vkSj volajpuk fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM (ii) lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e (NHIDCL) lM+d ifjogu ,oa jktekxZ ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (iii) fu;kZr ½.k ds lEiw.kZ LokfeRo okyh daiuh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA (iv) f'k{kk ;g daiuh jk"Vªh; jktekxks± vkSj lkefjd ekxks± ds lkFk ns'k ds (v) vkokl mu fgLlksa esa tks iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; lhekvksa dks (vi) lkekftd volajpuk lk>k djrs gSa] tksM+us okyh lM+dksa ds loZs{k.k] LFkkiuk] fM”kkbu] (vii) uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ fuekZ.k] fØ;kUo;u] j•&j•ko vkSj mUu;u dks c<+kok nsrh gSA (viii) vU; vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA vr% fodYi (d) lgh mÙkj gSA c<+k gqvk {ks=kh; laidZ lhek ikj O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks c<+kok 94. (d) O;k[;k% nsus esa rFkk Hkkjr dh varjkZ"Vªh; lhekvksa dh lqj{kk esa enn djsxkA ;g ,d vf/d ,dhÑr vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls lesfdr GST ls vis{kk gS fd ;g VAT] lhek 'kqYd] mRikn 'kqYd] nf{k.k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ds xBu dks vkxs c<+k,xkA blds dsaæh; lsok dj] lsok dj] euksjatu dj vkfn tSls vla[; vykok] blls LFkkuh; vkcknh dks lexz vkfFkZd ykHk gksxk vçR;{k djksa dks oLrq ,oa lsok dj uked ,dek=k dj ls vkSj ;g eq[;/kjk ds lkFk ifj/h; {ks=kksa dks vf/d e”kcwr çfrLFkkfir dj nsxkA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA rjhds ls ,dhÑr djus esa lgk;rk djsxkA zzeksVs rkSj ij Hkkjr esa GST ds nks :i gksaxsA zz daiuh dk ç;kl vius dk;kZy;] mi&dk;kZy;ksa] jktekxks± vkSj var%jkT;h; Lrj ij (tc eky ,d jkT; ds Hkhrj ifjpyu cqfu;knh 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 27 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzvarjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC)% varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe futh zzGAR ns'kksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dks lkefjd uhfr ekxZn'kZu {ks=k ij fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku dsafær djus okyh lcls cM+h çnku djrs gq, tksf•e çfr:i vkSj ço`fÙk;ksa rFkk vkink tksf•e oSf'od fodkl laLFkk gSA ;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fuos'k] de djus esa gkfly çxfr dh fuxjkuh ds ekè;e ls dkjZokbZ foÙkiks"k.k] varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; ck”kkjksa esa iwath tqVkus vkSj O;olk;ksa djus ds áksxks ÚseodZ ds mís'; dks çkIr djus esa ;ksxnku vkSj ljdkjksa dks lykgdkjh lsok,¡ çnku djds lrr~ fodkl djrk gSA dks çkIr djus esa enn djrk gSA fo'o cSad lewg }kjk çdkf'kr fjiksVs±% zz (MIGA) cgqi{kh; fuos'k xkjaVh ,tsalh % cgqi{kh; fuos'k zzfo'o fodkl fjiksVZ xkjaVh ,tsalh dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks zzoSf'od vkfFkZd laHkkouk,¡ c<+kok nsus] vkfFkZd fodkl dk leFkZu djus] xjhch de djus vkSj yksxksa ds thou esa lq/kj djus ds fy;s 1988 esa cuk;k zzO;kikj lqxerk fjiksVZ x;k FkkA MIGA fuos'kdksa vkSj m/kjnkrkvksa ds fy;s jktuhfrd zzoSf'od foÙkh; fodkl fjiksVZ tksf•e chek (xkjaVh) dh is'kd'k ds }kjk bl vf/ns'k dks 97. (b) O;k[;k% iwjk djrk gSA ctV 2017&18 dh çLrqfr esa dbZ lajpukRed lq/kj fd;s x, zzfuos'k laca/h fooknksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; dsaæ Fks ftuesa ;kstuk vkSj xSj&;kstuk O;; ds chp Hksn dks nwj (ICSID)% ;g fuos'k laca/h fooknksa ds lek/ku vkSj eè;LFkrk ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; lqfo/k,¡ çnku djrk gSA djuk] ,d eghus esa ctV çLrqrhdj.k esa mUufr vkSj jsyos dh zzHkkjr fo'o cSad xzqi ds ik¡p laxBuksa esa ls pkj IBRD] ekaxksa dk foy; 'kkfey FkkA IDA] MIGA vkSj IFC dk lnL; gSA Hkkjr ICSID dk tSlk fd Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS] ;kstuk lnL; ugha gSA vr% fodYi (b) lgh mÙkj gSA vkSj xSj&;kstuk O;; ds chp Hksn dks gVkus ds lkFk&lkFk ctV varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k vkSj O;; oxhZdj.k dk è;ku jktLo vkSj iwathxr O;; esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu gS ftldk mís'; LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSaA oSf'od vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj foÙkh; LFkkf;Ro dks c<+kok nsuk] Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d u;k foÙkh; o"kZ gksus dh okaNuh;rk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj xjhch dks de O;ogk;Zrk dh tk¡p djus ds fy;s MkW 'kadj vkpk;Z dh vè;{krk djuk gSA esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k gSA ;g lfefr foÙkh; o"kZ ds varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) dk eq[;ky; okf'kaxVu Mhlh esa çkjaHk ds fy;s fofHkUu lacaf/r dkjdksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, gS vkSj orZeku esa 189 ns'k blds lnL; gSa] ftuesa ls çR;sd fofHkUu frfFk;ksa ds xq.kksa vkSj voxq.kksa dh tk¡p djsxh] ftlesa IMF ds dk;Zdkjh cksMZ esa vius foÙkh; egÙo ds vuqikr esa ekStwnk fnukad (vçSy ls ekpZ) 'kkfey gSaA ;g vHkh Hkh çfrfuf/Ro djrk gS] blhfy;s oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa lcls fopkjkèkhu gSA vHkh rd blesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k x;k 'kfDr'kkyh ns'kksa ds ikl lokZf/d ernku 'kfDr gSA gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA IMF vkSj fo'o cSad nksuksa dks ,d lkFk czsVu oqM~l laLFkk dgk 98. (d) O;k[;k% tkrk gSA ;s lnL; jk"Vªksa esa thou Lrj dks lq/kjus ds leku ^gokyk* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS HkjkslkA ;g ,d oSdfYid ;k lekukarj y{; dks lk>k djrs gSaA buds n`f"Vdks.k iwjd gSa] tgk¡ IMF lef"V vFkZO;oLFkk ds eqíksa ij ogha] fo'o cSad nh?kkZof/d çs"k.k ç.kkyh gS] tks cSadksa vkSj vkSipkfjd foÙkh; ç.kkfy;ksa ds vkfFkZd lq/kj vkSj xjhch de djus ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA ?ksjs ds ckgj dke djrh gSA 96. (a) O;k[;k% dkys /u dks çlkfjr djus vkSj vkradokn] eknd inkFkks± dh zzUNISDR (la;qDr jk"Vª vkink tksf•e U;wuhdj.k dk;kZy;) rLdjh vkSj vU; xSj&dkuwuh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy;s /u miyC/ us oSf'od vkdyu fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh gSA djkus gsrq nqfu;k Hkj esa cM+s iSekus ij bl usVodZ dk bLrseky zzvkink tksf•e U;wuhdj.k (GAR) ij oSf'od vkdyu fjiksVZ] fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa] FEMA (fons'kh eqæk çca/u ekuork dks çHkkfor dj jgh vkink tksf•e esa dVkSrh vkSj vfèkfu;e)] 2000 vkSj PMLA (fçosa'ku vkWiQ euh ykWfUMªax çkÑfrd vkinkvksa dh O;kid leh{kk vkSj fo'ys"k.k dk f}okf"kZd ,DV)] 2002 tSls nks çeq• dkuwu gSa tks bl rjg ds ysu&nsu oSf'od ewY;kadu gSA dks xSj&dkuwuh cukrs gSaA vr% (d) lgh mÙkj gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 28 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 99. (c) O;k[;k% 100. (b) O;k[;k% FRBM vf/fu;e] 2003 lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 292 (vuqPNsn NksVh cpr ;kstukvksa ds rgr lHkh fMiksf”kV~l ^jk"Vªh; y?kq 293 ds lkFk i<+sa) ds rgr vf/fu;fer ,d dkuwu gS] tks cpr dks"k* (,u,l,l,iQ) esa tek dh tkrh gSa] tks 1-4-1999 ljdkj dks Hkkjr dh lesfdr fuf/ dh çfrHkwfr ij m/kj ysus ls Hkkjr ds lkoZtfud •krs esa LFkkfir gqbZ gSA tekdÙkkZvksa }kjk ds fy;s dqN lhekvksa ds lkFk (;fn dksbZ gks) leFkZ cukrk gS] lHkh fudklh bl fuf/ dh lafpr jkf'k esa ls dh tkrh gSA ftls le;≤ ij laln }kjk dkuwu ls fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk fuf/ esa 'ks"k jkf'k dks dsaæ ljdkj }kjk le;≤ ij r; gS vkSj ,slh lhekvksa ds lkFk xkjaVh çnku dh tkrh gSA vuqPNsn fd;s x, fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fo'ks"k ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k 293 jkT; ljdkjksa ds m/kj ysus dh 'kfDr ij çfrca/ yxkrk fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA lHkh NksVs cpr laxzgksa dks bl fuf/ esa tek fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds jktdks"kh; vuq'kklu fu;eksa dh leh{kk djus gsrq blh çdkj] tekdÙkkZvksa }kjk NksVh cpr ;kstukvksa ds rgr lHkh ,u-ds- flag iSuy us ekStwnk jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV fudklh bl fuf/ dh lafpr jkf'k esa ls dh tkrh gSA vr% çca/u (FRBM) vf/fu;e dks gVkdj u, ½.k ,oa jktdks"kh; dFku 2 lgh gSA mÙkjnkf;Ro vf/fu;e vkSj jktdks"kh; ifj"kn cukus dh fliQkfj'k lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 283 (1) ds rgr jk"Vªifr }kjk rS;kj dh gSA fd;s x, jk"Vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ (fuxjkuh vkSj fuos'k) fu;e] 2001 ds rgr foÙk ea=kky; (vkfFkZd ekeyksa ds foHkkx) Hkkjr ,u-ds- flag iSuy us foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 ls dsaæ ljdkj ds ljdkj }kjk bl fuf/ dk çca/u fd;k tkrk gSA NSSF dk fy;s ½.k&thMhih dk vuqikr 38-7» djus dh fliQkfj'k dh mís'; Hkkjr ds lesfdr fuf/ ls y?kq cpr ysu&nsu dks Mh&fyad gS] jkT; ljdkjksa ds fy;s ,d lkFk 20» vkSj jktdks"kh; ?kkVk djuk vkSj ,d ikjn'khZ rFkk vkRefuHkZj rjhds ls muds lapkyu 2-5» djus dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA 641] çFke ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&9 29 iQksu: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 bZ&esy% [email protected], osclkbV% www.drishtiIAS.com isQlcqd% facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation CIVIL SERVICES (PRELIMINARY) TEST SERIES – 2018 TEST BOOKLET SERIES Test Code: ANSWER & EXPLANATION P1-1808 GENERAL STUDIES English version TEST – 8 D ANSWERS Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers Q. No. Answers 1 (b) 26 (a) 51 (b) 76 (c) 2 (c) 27 (a) 52 (a) 77 (b) 3 (b) 28 (c) 53 (b) 78 (c) 4 (a) 29 (c) 54 (a) 79 (a) 5 (c) 30 (b) 55 (d) 80 (c) 6 (c) 31 (b) 56 (d) 81 (c) 7 (c) 32 (a) 57 (d) 82 (a) 8 (c) 33 (c) 58 (c) 83 (b) 9 (a) 34 (a) 59 (a) 84 (c) 10 (c) 35 (d) 60 (c) 85 (b) 11 (a) 36 (c) 61 (b) 86 (b) 12 (b) 37 (b) 62 (a) 87 (c) 13 (d) 38 (b) 63 (c) 88 (c) 14 (c) 39 (d) 64 (b) 89 (a) 15 (c) 40 (d) 65 (a) 90 (b) 16 (a) 41 (c) 66 (a) 91 (c) 17 (a) 42 (c) 67 (c) 92 (a) 18 (d) 43 (b) 68 (b) 93 (d) 19 (b) 44 (a) 69 (b) 94 (d) 20 (b) 45 (d) 70 (d) 95 (b) 21 (d) 46 (c) 71 (b) 96 (a) 22 (a) 47 (a) 72 (c) 97 (b) 23 (a) 48 (c) 73 (b) 98 (d) 24 (b) 49 (d) 74 (d) 99 (c) 25 (c) 50 (c) 75 (a) 100 (b) 1. (b) Exp.: donate the bonds to their party of choice which can then zzThe Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) be encashed via the party’s verified account within 15 has recently approved continuation of the Members of days. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Parliament Local Area Development scheme through the zzEvery party that is registered under section 29A of the term of the 14th Finance Commission (March 31, 2020). Representation of the Peoples Act, 1951 and has secured zzThe Members of Parliament Local Area Development at least one per cent of the votes polled in the most recent (MPLAD) scheme was launched in 1993-94. Hence, Lok Sabha or State elections will be allotted a verified statement 1 is not correct. account by the Election Commission of India. zzEvery year, Members of Parliament (MPs) are allotted zzThe Electoral Bond Scheme was announced in the Union Rs. 5 crore under the MPLAD Scheme, primarily to take Budget 2017-18 with the aim of increasing transparency up development projects in their respective constituencies. in political funding. Hence, statement 3 is correct. The MPLADS is a Plan Scheme fully funded by 3. (b) Exp.: Government of India. zzOnly the Aadhaar holder will be able to generate a VID zzMPs recommend works to be undertaken under the and no other entity, including authentication user agencies MPLAD scheme, based on locally felt needs (with (AUAs), can do it on their behalf. Hence, statement (a) preference to certain sectors such as drinking water is not correct. facility, education, health, sanitation, irrigation, roads zzAimed at eliminating the need to share and store Aadhaar etc.). Hence, statement 2 is correct. numbers, the UIDAI has introduced the concept of a zzLok Sabha Members can recommend works within their virtual ID, which an Aadhaar holder can use in lieu of Constituencies and Elected Members of Rajya Sabha can his/her Aadhaar number at the time of authentication. recommend works within the State of Election (In the zzA Virtual ID (VID) will be a temporary 16-digit random event of “Calamity of severe nature” in any part of the number mapped with the Aadhaar number. Hence, country, an MP can recommend works up to a maximum statement (b) is correct. of Rs.1 crore for the affected district). Nominated zzThe VID authentication will be similar to using Aadhaar Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can numbers. However, since a VID is temporary, agencies recommend works anywhere in the country. will not be able to use it for de-duplication. Hence, zzThe district authority is responsible for sanctioning the statement (c) is not correct. eligible works, and implementation of the sanctioned zzOnce storage of Aadhaar number is restricted and since ones. VID is temporary, agencies need a mechanism to uniquely zzInitially the MPLADS was under the control of the identify their customers within their system. For this, a Ministry of Rural Development. The MPLAD Scheme 72 character alphanumeric ‘UID Token’ will be generated was transferred to the Ministry of Statistics and for “system use”. UID token allows an agency to ensure Programme Implementation in October 1994. The uniqueness of its beneficiaries, customers etc. without Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation having to store Aadhaar number in their databases. has now been responsible for the policy formulation, zzThere can only be one active and valid VID for an Aadhaar release of funds and prescribing monitoring mechanism number at any given time and it will not be possible to for implementation of the scheme. derive the Aadhaar number from VID. Hence, statement 2. (c) Exp.: (d) is not correct. zzAn electoral bond is designed to be a bearer instrument 4. (a) Exp.: like a Promissory Note. In effect, it will be similar to a zzThe Union government is considering to revisit the bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and Malimath Committee report on reforms in the criminal free of interest. It can be purchased by any citizen of justice system. India or a body incorporated in India. Hence, statement zzIn 2000, the then NDA government formed a panel headed 1 is correct. by the former Chief Justice of Kerala and Karnataka, zzThe bonds will be issued in multiples of `1,000, `10,000, Justice V.S. Malimath, to suggest an overhaul of the `1 lakh, `10 lakh and `1 crore and will be available at century-old criminal justice system. Hence, (a) is the specified branches of the State Bank of India. Donors can correct answer. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 2 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzThe Justice Malimath Committee submitted its report in 7. (c) Exp.: 2003 with 158 recommendations. zzFor the first time, armies of India and Vietnam held a six zzThe Committee felt that the existing system “weighed in day-long military exercise in Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh, favour of the accused and did not adequately focus on reflecting growing defence ties between the two countries. justice to the victims of crime.” The name of the exercise was ‘VINBAX’. Hence (c) is the correct option. 5. (c) Exp.: zzIndia and Vietnam had signed a protocol on defence Under the Constitution of India, a person shall be cooperation in 1994. The partnership was thereafter disqualified from being elected as a member of the Parliament or State Legislature: elevated to strategic level in 2007 and a pact on boosting zzIf he/she holds any office of profit under the Union (except bilateral defence cooperation was signed in 2009. that of a minister or any other office exempted by the zzThe strategic partnership was elevated to a comprehensive Parliament) or State Government (except that of a minister strategic partnership in September 2016. or any other office exempted by the State Legislature). 8. (c) Exp.: Hence, statement 1 is correct. zzKala-azar is endemic to the Indian subcontinent in four zzIf he/she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal). India court. itself accounts for half the global burden of the disease. zzIf he/she is an undischarged insolvent. zzIt is a slow progressing disease caused by a protozoan zzIf he/she is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily parasite of genus Leishmania. Hence, (c) is the correct acquired the citizenship of a foreign state or is under any answer. acknowledgement of allegiance to a foreign state. Hence, zz statement 2 is correct. In India Leishmania donovani is the only parasite causing this disease. zzIf he/she is so disqualified under any law made by Parliament. zzThe parasite primarily infects the reticuloendothelial system and may be found in abundance in bone marrow, 6. (c) Exp.: spleen and liver. zzThe two-day 18th All India Whips’ Conference, 2018 zzElimination is defined as reducing the annual incidence concluded in Udaipur, Rajasthan on 9th January, 2018. of Kala Azar (KA) to less than 1 case per 10,000 people zzThe office of ‘whip’ is mentioned neither in the at the sub-district level. Constitution of India nor in the Rules of the House nor in a Parliamentary Statute. It is based on the conventions 9. (a) Exp.: of the parliamentary government. Every political party, zzLaunched by the Central Government in February 2015, whether ruling or opposition, has its own whip in the the scheme is tailor-made to issue ‘Soil Health Card’ to Parliament. Hence, statement 1 is correct. farmers which will carry crop-wise recommendations zzThe ‘whip’ is appointed by the political party to serve as of nutrients and fertilizers required for the individual an assistant floor leader. He is charged with the farms. This is aimed to help farmers to improve responsibility of ensuring the attendance of his party productivity through judicious use of inputs. members in large numbers and securing their support in zzA Soil Health Card is used to assess the current status of favour of or against a particular issue. soil health and, when used over time, to determine zz Members are supposed to follow directives given by the changes in soil health that are affected by land management. whip. Otherwise, disciplinary action can be taken. The zzThe card will contain an advisory based on the soil Constitution of India provides that a person shall be disqualified from being a Member of Parliament (on the nutrient status of a farmer’s holding. It will show ground of defection under the provisions of the Tenth recommendations on dosage of different nutrients needed. Schedule) if he votes or abstains from voting in the House Further, it will advise the farmer on the quantities of contrary to any direction given by his party whip. Hence, fertilizers he should apply, and also the soil amendments statement 2 is correct. that he should undertake, so as to realize optimal yields. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 3 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzFarmers sprinkle fertilisers several times the recommended zz‘IPledgeFor9’ Achievers Awards have been devised to dose, throwing the natural chemical composition of soil celebrate individual and team achievements and off-balance. The Scheme aims to replenish seriously acknowledge voluntary contributions for PMSMA in degraded soils from over-fertilised agriculture. Hence, states and districts across India. statement 1 is correct. 12. (b) Exp.: zzSoil Health Card (SHC) is a Government of India’s zzThe ‘Smart Star-Rating for Garbage Free Cities’ initiative scheme promoted by the Department of Agriculture and has been developed by the Swachh Bharat Mission – Co-operation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Urban. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. Farmers’ Welfare. zzThe star-rating initiative will be rating cities on a 7-star zzA target of reducing by half India’s annual urea rating system based on multiple cleanliness indicators for consumption by 2022 through soil health cards has been solid waste management, which will include Door to Door set by the Government. Hence, statement 2 is not Collection, bulk generator compliance, source segregation, correct. sweeping, scientific processing of waste, scientific land filling, plastic waste management, construction and 10. (c) Exp.: demolition management, dump remediation and citizen zzMankidia is a marginalised group that critically depends grievance redressal system etc. on making rope and fancy bags from siali fibre that is zzThe distinctive feature of Star Rating System will be that richly available in Similipal. Hence, statement 1 is many cities can have higher stars as compared to Swachh correct. Survekshan, where only one city can have the 'cleanest zzAmong the 75 listed Particularly Vulnerable Tribal city' status. Groups (PVTG) in India, the highest number is found in zzMinistry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Odisha (13). The Mankidia tribe is one of them. Hence, is the nodal agency for this initiative. Hence, statement statement 2 is correct. 2 is correct. zzThey have been denied habitat rights inside the Similipal Tiger Reserve under the Scheduled Tribes and Other 13. (d) Exp.: Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest zzThe Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the Rights) Act, 2006. The state forest department has Liveability Index to rate 116 Indian cities. Hence, (d) is the correct answer. objected on grounds that the tribals could be attacked by wild animals, especially tigers. zzThe tool seeks to measure the quality of life in 99 smart cities, capital cities and those with a population of over 11. (a) Exp.: one million. zzThe Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan zzThis assessment is being conducted along with the (PMSMA), launched by the Ministry of Health and Economic Intelligence Unit of The Economist, a London- Family Welfare, aims to reduce maternal and infant based weekly that has already developed a liveability mortality rates through safe pregnancies and safe ranking for 140 cities globally. This programme will be deliveries. funded by the World Bank. zzIt will provide special free ante-natal care to about 3 crore zzCities will be assessed on 15 core parameters relating to pregnant women across the country in order to detect and governance, social infrastructure pertaining to education, prevent high risk pregnancies. health, safety and security, economic aspects and physical zzThe nationwide programme will provide assured, infrastructure like housing, open spaces, land use, energy comprehensive and quality antenatal care to all pregnant and water availability, solid waste management, pollution women on the 9th of every month. Hence, (a) is the etc. correct answer. zzThe rating will help cities attain a liveable city status, get zzPradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan envisages to them more investments and improve tourism. improve the quality and coverage of Antenatal Care 14. (c) Exp.: (ANC) including diagnostics and counselling services as zzHaryana has become the first state in the country to part of the Reproductive Maternal Neonatal Child and launch High Risk Pregnancy (HRP) Portal. Hence, (c) is Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Strategy. the correct answer. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 4 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzThis portal not only helps in early identification of high- zzIndia is estimated to have grown at 6.7% in 2017 despite risk pregnancy cases up to the grass-roots level but also initial setbacks from demonetisation and the Goods and ensures their timely referral to the civil hospitals for Services Tax (GST), according to the 2018 Global further management and delivery by specialists. Economics Prospect released by the World Bank. zzThis innovative web application has been designed to 18. (d) Exp.: track every high risk pregnant woman till 42 days after zzThe objective of India’s National Solar Mission is to delivery, so that she receives adequate treatment during reduce the cost of solar power generation in the country the ante-natal period. through long-term policy, large scale deployment goals, 15. (c) Exp.: aggressive research and development and the domestic zzFor the first time in India, Maharashtra’s forest department production of critical raw materials, components and has set up a 24x7 helpline to respond to emergencies and products. enquiries related to wild animals and reptiles. Hence, (c) zzThe United States complained to the World Trade is the correct answer. Organization (WTO) in 2013, saying that India had broken zzA specially-trained team of eight will man the helpline the trade rules by requiring solar power developers to use call-centre in Goregaon (west), while two coordinators, Indian-made cells and modules. based in Nagpur and Pune, will supervise the work. Hence, option 1 is correct. zzThe helpline will deal with emergencies by letting the zzIndia had lost a case at the WTO in 2015 filed by the U.S. caller speak to the officials concerned and will also give against restrictive avian influenza (AI) measures that updates on action taken on the information provided. prevented the American industry from selling poultry 16. (a) Exp.: products, including chicken legs, in the Indian market. zzThe National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change The US had said that the restrictions were not based on (NAFCC) is a Central Sector Scheme which was set up scientific validation.Hence, option 2 is correct. in the year 2015-16. zzIndia adopted a series of measures (between mid-2016 zzThe objective of the Fund is to assist States and Union and February) 2017 in line with the WTO’s ruling. In Territories that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse particular, the measures allow import of poultry and effects of climate change in meeting the cost of adaptation. poultry products from pest-or disease-free areas and areas Hence, statement 1 is correct. of low pest or disease prevalence. zzThe activities under this scheme are implemented in a zzIndia has complained to the World Trade Organization project mode. The projects related to adaptation in sectors that the United States has failed to meet the April 2016 such as agriculture, animal husbandry, water, forestry, deadline to drop anti-subsidy duties on certain Indian tourism etc. are eligible for funding under NAFCC. steel products. Hence, option 3 is correct. zzThe National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the National Implementing 19. (b) Exp.: Entity (NIE) responsible for implementation of adaptation zzIn January 2018, the Union Cabinet has decided to allow projects under the NAFCC. Hence, statement 2 is not 100% FDI in Single Brand Retail Trading (SBRT) through correct. the automatic route. zzIn the defence sector 49% FDI is allowed through the 17. (a) Exp.: automatic route. zzGlobal Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group flagship report that examines global economic developments zz100% FDI was also allowed in construction development and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market (Townships, Housing, Built-up Infrastructure and Real and developing economies. Hence, (a) is the correct Estate Broking Services) and not in the Real Estate sector, answer. in fact, the govt clarified that Real Estate Broking does zzIndia’s growth rate in 2018 is projected to hit 7.3% and not come under the Real Estate Sector. 7.5% in the next two years, according to the World Bank, zzFDI in power exchanges is allowed upto 49% under which said the country has “enormous growth potential” automatic route. Recently, Government has allowed FII/ compared to other emerging economies with the FPI to invest in power exchanges through primary market, implementation of comprehensive reforms. earlier they were restricted to secondary market only. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 5 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 20. (b) Exp.: zzThis process will greatly help import substitution and E-Way Bill is an electronically generated document which promote innovative solutions. This simplified ‘Make-II’ is required to be generated for the movement of goods of procedure will amend the existing ‘Make Procedure’ in more Rs. 50,000 from one place to another beyond 10 Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)-2016. km. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct This document Hence, (a) is correct. is required to be generated online for transportation of goods irrespective of whether such transportation is inter- 24. (b) Exp.: state or intra-state. Under the GST Regime, generation zzThe Thar Link Express which connects Khokhrapar in of the e-way bill is compulsory from 1st Feb 2018. Pakistan and Munabao in Rajasthan(India) received The E-Way Bill under the GST Regime replaces the Way an extension for three more years. Munabao and Bill which was required under the VAT Regime for the Khokhrapar are just 10-kilometre away from each other. movement of Goods. The Way Bill under the VAT Regime But before the train began, a round trip would mean was a physical document which was required to be people would have to travel a staggering 4,000 kms. generated for the movement of goods. The physical Hence, statement 1 is not correct. document under the VAT Regime has now been replaced zzThe weekly train connects Jodhpur and the bordering with an electronically generated document in the GST region of Rajasthan with the province of Sindh in regime. However, due to technical glitches implementation Pakistan. of e-way bill has been deferred for the time being. zzThe agreement to run the Thar Link Express was signed The e-way bill will be valid for a specific time only i.e. in 2006 and is one of the cheapest means of transport 24 hours for less than 100 km and additional 24 hours for between the two rival countries. every additional 100 km. zzThe British Raj established railroad link between the two Hence, statement 2 is correct major port cities of Bombay and Karachi in 1900 (the 21. (d) Exp.: Sind Mail, as the train was known back then). In January Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates zzIn 1965, India and Pakistan war, Pakistan Air Force became the first gulf countries to introduce Value Added bombed the Munabao-Khokkhrapar rail link. After this, Tax. The introduction of VAT is the latest measure to the rail link was disrupted and remained shut for 41 years. increase non-oil revenue. The five per cent sales tax will Hence, statement 2 is correct. be applicable to most goods and services. 22. (a) Exp.: 25. (c) Exp.: zzIn January, the 3rd edition of the Rasiana Dialogue, a Government e Marketplace geopolitical conference, was held in New Delhi. The event Government e Marketplace (GeM), has been envisaged was inaugurated by Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin by Government of India as the National Procurement Netanyahu. This was the first edition which featured a Portal of India. GeM strives to keep pace with ever- foreign head of government. The theme of the conference evolving technological challenges and stakeholder was “Managing Disruptive Transitions: Ideas, Institutions aspirations and in line with this endeavour, GeM is & Idoms.” coming up with a scaled up third version. GeM 3.0 would zzIt is held annually in New Delhi. It is India’s premier offer standardised and enriched catalogue management, foreign policy conference. Launched by Ministry of powerful search engine, real time price comparison, External Affairs (MEA) and top think-tank Observer template-based Bid and RA creation, demand aggregation, Research Foundation (ORF) in 2016, the forum is e-EMD, e-PBG, user rating, advanced MIS and analytics designed on the lines of Shangrila Dialogue in Singapore. and more. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 23. (a) Exp.: National Sellers On-boarding Campaign zzAs a major boost to ‘Make in India’ in Defence, the Defence Acquisition Council, chaired by Defence Coinciding with the migration to the 3.0 version, National Minister, has recently cleared a simplified ‘Make-II’ Sellers On-boarding Campaign has been launched to train procedure which will enable greater participation of sellers/ service providers for transition from GeM 2.0 to industry in acquisition of defence equipment. GeM 3.0. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 6 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation This will bring together many sellers and service providers 27. (a) Exp.: for products and services across the country under one The Environmental Performance Index is a biennial report roof, truly making it a digital tool of empowerment and by Yale and Columbia Universities along with the World entrepreneurship. This initiative gives a huge uplift for Economic Forum. India is among the bottom five growth of MSME’s, manufacturers & service providers. countries on the Environmental Performance Index 2018, Sellers On-boarding Campaign will streamline the plummeting 36 points from 141 in 2016. The report was released on the sidelines of the ongoing World Economic procurement of goods and services making it an easy, Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Hence statement 1 is NOT go-to portal for sellers and service providers. Hence, correct and statement 2 is correct. statement 2 is correct. 28. (c) Exp.: 26. (a) Exp.: zzSix Scorpene class submarines are being built under zzIndia is a signatory of both the Chemical Weapons Project 75 by the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons (MDSL), Mumbai. The Scorpene class is the Navy’s first Convention (BWC). Hence, statement 1 is correct. modern conventional submarine series in almost two zzIn January, India became the 43rd member of the Australia decades, since INS Sindhushastra was procured from Russia in July 2000. group, which is an informal block of countries that keeps zzINS Kalvari, the first to be launched, was commissioned a tight control over exports of substances used in the in December 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. INS making of chemical weapons. With the admission of India Khanderi, which was launched in January 2017, is it is now a member of 3 out of 4 key export control groups currently undergoing deep dive trails, The Navy’s third (Wassenaar Arrangement, Missile Technology Control state-of-the-art Scorpene class submarine, INS Karanj, Regime). Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) being the only was launched in January 2018. one left. zzINS Kiltan (P30), is the third Anti-Submarine Warfare Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct (ASW) Kamorta Class stealth corvettes built under Project 28. It is indigenously designed by the Indian Navy’s in- zzAll 43 members of Australia Group are also members of house organisation, Directorate of Naval Design and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Limited, Kolkata. Hence, (c) is not correct. Hence, statement 3 is correct 29. (c) Exp.: Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): The Chemical The Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM), Weapons Convention (CWC) was adopted by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Conference on Disarmament in Geneva on 3 September in collaboration with ASSOCHAM and ERICSSON 1992. The CWC allows for the stringent verification of India, has launched a Intellectual Property (IP) compliance by State Parties. The CWC entered into force Competition ‘IPrism’ for college and university students. on 29 April 1997. The CWC is the first disarmament The competition invites students to submit films on piracy & counterfeiting under two categories of 30 and 60 agreement negotiated within a multilateral framework seconds. Another category in the competition is for a that provides for the elimination of an entire category of mobile gaming app on IP. The competition aims to foster weapons of mass destruction under universally applied a culture of innovation and creativity in the younger international control. In order to prepare for the entry- generation. into-force of the CWC, on 29 April 1997, the Organisation Hence, option c is correct for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was 30. (b) Exp.: formally established. The 48th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting took The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), the first place on 23-26 January in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, multilateral disarmament treaty banning the development, under the theme ‘Creating a Shared Future in a Fractured production and stockpiling of an entire category of World’. During this summit, the World Economic Forum weapons of mass destruction, entered into force on 26 (WEF) launched a new Global Centre for Cybersecurity. March 1975. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 7 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation It will be headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and will movement, has spread to various states in India. It has become operationalised in March 2018. Forum’s new attained wide success in southern India, especially the Global Centre for Cybersecurity offers first global southern Indian state of Karnataka where it first evolved. platform for governments, companies, international Hence, statement 1 is correct. organizations, experts and law enforcement agencies to The word ‘budget’ here refers to credit and expenses, thus diminish the impact of malicious activities on web the phrase ‘Zero Budget’ refers to zero net cost of enhancing cyber security. Hence, statement 2 is correct. production of all crops. It doesn’t mean that the farmer The centre will focus on the following aims: is going to have no costs at all, but rather that any costs zzConsolidating existing cybersecurity initiatives of the will be compensated for by income from intercrops, World Economic Forum making farming a close to zero budget activity. ‘Natural zzEstablishing an independent library of cyber best practices farming’ means farming with Nature and without chemicals. Hence, statement 3 is NOT correct. zzHelping partners to enhance knowledge on cybersecurity The four pillars of ZNBF: zzWorking towards an appropriate and agile regulatory framework on cybersecurity 1. Jivamrita/jeevamrutha is a fermented microbial culture. It provides nutrients, but most importantly, zzServing as a laboratory and early-warning think tank for acts as a catalytic agent that promotes the activity future cybersecurity scenarios of microorganisms in the soil, as well as increases 31. (b) Exp.: earthworm activity. India hosted the International Dam Safety Conference 2. Bijamrita/beejamrutha is a treatment used for - 2018 at Thiruvananthapuram on January 23-24. Central seeds, seedlings or any planting material. It is Water Commission has organized the event in association effective in protecting young roots from fungus as with Kerala Water Resources Department (KWRD), well as from soil-borne and seed-borne diseases that Kerala State Electricity Board, National Institute of commonly affect plants after the monsoon period. Technology Calicut and College of Engineering, 3. Acchadana – Mulching: Soil mulch, Straw mulch, Trivandrum. Hence, statement 2 is correct. live mulch (symbiotic intercrops and mixed crops) Dam safety conferences are organized as an annual event 4. Whapasa – moisture: Whapasa is the condition under the Dam Safety Rehabilitation and Improvement where there are both air molecules and water molecules present in the soil and it encourages Project (DRIP) project being run by the Ministry of reduced irrigation. Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD & GR) in the seven states of The main aim of ZBNF is to reduce input cost through Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, eliminating use of chemical pesticides and uses biological Tamil Nadu, and Uttarakhand. Hence, statement 1 is pesticides and promote of good agronomic practices. NOT correct. It is different from organic farming which emphasis on no use of chemical only. Hence, statement 2 is Extra info: Dam safety project is world bank project to correct. News info: Himachal Pradesh Government has rehabitate improve and restore old dams world wide. recently launched Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) A software programme - Dam Health and Rehabilitation project to promote organic farming. Monitoring Application (DHARMA)- has been 33. (c) Exp.: launched during the conference along with seven dam Ministry of Women & Child Development has recently safety guidelines and manuals developed under DRIP. launched an online portal NARI providing women DHARMA is a web tool to digitize all dam related data citizens with easy access to information on government effectively. It will help to document authentic asset and schemes and initiatives for women. It summarizes over health information pertaining to the large dams in the 350 government schemes and other important information country, enabling appropriate actions to ensure need based for the benefit of women, with more being added every rehabilitation. Hence, statement 3 is correct. day. It provides links to the Ministries, Departments and 32. (a) Exp.: autonomous bodies offering these schemes as well as easy Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), which is a set of access to online applications and grievance redressal. farming methods, and also a grassroots peasant Hence, (c) is the correct answer. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 8 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 34. (a) Exp.: performance that measures how countries perform on The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) developed by eleven dimensions of economic progress in addition to WEF, is an annual assessment of 103 countries’ economic GDP. It has 3 pillars: National Key Performance Indicator Intergenerational Equity and Growth and Development Inclusion Sustainability GDP Labour Median Income Adjusted Dependency (per capita) Productivity Household Income Gini Net Savings Ratio Healthy Life Wealth Employment Poverty Rate Public Debt Carbon Intensity Expectancy Gini (as a share of GDP) of GDP 1. Growth and Development for stabilization, emulsification, preservation, water 2. Inclusion retention, enhancement of water soluble fiber content etc. 3. Intergenerational equity and Sustainability Ex: Ice-cream, soft-drinks, cheese making (dairy products), sauces, noodles, pasta, etc. Hence, (3) is NOT correct. zzIn Pharmaceutical Industries, it is used as a binder and It ranks economies in two groups – advanced and disintegrating agent and in micro-encapsulation of drugs. emerging. India has been ranked 62 out of 74 emerging zzIn Cosmetic Industries, it is used as a thickener, protective economies on a metric focussed on the living standards colloid in Skin care products, creams and lotions and also of people and future-proofing of economies by the WEF. used in toothpaste, and shaving cream for easy extruding Pakistan has been ranked 47, Sri Lanka is at 40, and Nepal from the container tube. at 22; Uganda (59) and Mali (60) are also higher on the zzGuar Gum Industrial grade powder is used in some index than India. industries as follows: 35. (d) Exp.: Textile Printing & Sizing NCDEX recently launched the country’s first agri- Fire Fighting commodity options in Guar Seed in New Delhi. Ceramics The Guar or cluster bean is an annual legume and the Pharmaceuticals source of guar gum. It grows well in semi-arid areas, but Printing Inks frequent rainfall is necessary. This legume is a very Mosquito Mats valuable plant within a crop rotation cycle, as it lives in Synthetic Resins symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. About 80% of Paper Industry world production occurs in north-western India and Pakistan, but due to strong demand, the plant Battery Electrolytes is being introduced into new areas. Water Treatment Industrial applications of guar gum are possible because Floatation Agent of its ability to form hydrogen bonding with water Water Paint molecule. Carpet Printing Applications: Oil Well Drilling zzIn Food Industry Guar gum is used as gelling, viscosifying, Explosives thickening, clouding, and binding agent as well as used Mining 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 9 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzIn Oil Field Applications, it is used in oil well fracturing, According to Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology oil well stimulation, mud drilling and industrial (IITM), it is the fourth fastest supercomputer in the world applications and preparations as a stabilizer, thickener dedicated for weather and climate research, and follows and suspending agent. Present commercial importance of machines in Japan, USA and the United Kingdom. It will guar gum is because of its use in oil and gas well also move an Indian supercomputer from the 300s to the stimulation specifically hydraulic fracturing in which high 30s in the Top500 list. The machines will be installed at pressure is used to crack rock, especially to extract shale two government institutes: 4.0 petaflops HPC facility at gas. IITM, Pune (Pratyush); and 2.8 petaflops facility at the zzIt is used as gelling agents for gel sausage type explosives National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast, and pumpable slurry explosives. Noida (Mihir). As of June 2017, India has 4 systems on the Top500 list ranking. Other supercomputers of India zzIn paper industries, production of paper is enhanced by are Aaditya and PARAM Yuva II. Hence, (b) is correct. an addition of small amounts of guar gum to the pulp. It serves as a fiber deflocculent and dry-strength additive 38. (b) Exp.: and provides denser surface to the paper used in printing. zzThe Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by Hence, all statements are correct. the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has given its approval to the construction, operation and maintenance 36. (c) Exp.: of 2-lane bi-directional Zojila Tunnel. Organic matter makes up just 2–10% of the soils mass zzThe construction of Asia’s longest bi-directional Zojila but has a critical role in the physical, chemical and Pass tunnel will reduce the travel time on the Zojila pass biological function of agricultural soils. Soil organic patch between Srinagar and Leh to 15 minutes from the matter (SOM) is mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen current 3.5 hours. Hence, (b) is correct. and oxygen but also has small amounts of nutrients such zzThe construction of this tunnel will provide all weather as nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium connectivity between Srinagar, Kargil and Leh and will and magnesium contained within organic residues. It is bring about all round economic and socio-cultural divided into ‘living’ and ‘dead’ components and can range integration of these regions. The project has strategic and from very recent inputs such as stubble to largely decayed socio-economic importance and shall be an instrument materials that are thousands of years old. Hence, for the development of the economically backward statement 1 is correct. districts in Jammu & Kashmir. Soil organic carbon (SOC) refers only to the carbon zzThis project alongwith other ongoing projects like 6.5 km component of organic compounds. About 58% of the long Z-Morh tunnel at Gagangir would ensure safe, fast mass of organic matter exists as carbon. It comes from and cheap connectivity between the two regions of plants, animals, microbes, leaves and wood, mostly found Kashmir and Ladakh. in first meter of the soil. It doesn’t sink in ground directly from atmosphere rather decompose from organic matter. zzExtra info : Chenani-Nashri Tunnel connects Jammu and Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. Srinagar Benefits of SOC: 39. (d) Exp.: zzIt improves soil health, agricultural yield, food security, zzThe Mahadayi water dispute tribunal has been set up in water quality and reduces the need for chemicals. Increase 2010. Reports and decision are not given by the tribunal of just 1 tonne of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland till now. soils can increase crop yield by several kg/ha. zzGoa, Karnataka and Maharashtra all the three states are zzIt can help in addressing carbon mitigation and also party to Mahadayi water dispute. improve other natural ecosystems such as freshwater, zzThe Mahadayi (called Mandovi in Goa) originates in biodiversity. Carbon sequestration in soils has the Karnataka and flows to Goa and Maharashtra. The three potential to offset GHG emissions from fossil fuels by states are locked in a protracted dispute over sharing its upto 15% annually. Hence, statement 3 is correct. water for the last 30 years. Attempts at negotiations among 37. (b) Exp.: the states were initiated by the central government way Recently, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) back in 1985. unveiled “Pratyush” the fastest super computer of India. zzHence (d) is the correct option. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 10 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 40. (d) Exp.: current accounts for three consecutive years (2000–03)- According to department of Industrial Policy and the only such period after 1991 reforms in Indian Promotion, Mauritius is the largest source of foreign economic history. Hence, statement 1 is correct. investment in India (34% of total inflows). zzCapital account: Every government of the world zzSingapore (17%), Japan (7%), UK (7%), Netherland (6%) maintains a capital account, which shows the capital kind and USA (6%). of transactions of the economy with outside economies. Every transaction in foreign currency (inflow or outflow) 41. (c) Exp.: considered as capital is shown in this account. These zzThe total amount of foreign currencies an economy include external lending and borrowing, foreign currency possesses at a point of time is considered its ‘foreign (Portfolio Investment Scheme (PIS) account) and security currency assets/reserves’. market investment of the Qualified Foreign Investors zzReserve assets comprise foreign exchange assets (QFIs). (currency, deposits, securities and financial derivatives), zzBalance of Payment: The outcome of the total monetary gold, SDR holdings, reserve position in the IMF transactions of an economy with the outside world in one and other claims (loans and other financial instruments). year is known as the balance of payment (BoP) of the zzEquity and debt securities issued by non-residents that economy. Basically, it is the net outcome of the current are liquid and marketable form a part of reserves. Unlisted and capital accounts of an economy. Hence statement 2 securities, unless liquid, are, in principle, excluded. is correct. zz Foreign-exchange reserves are called reserve assets in the 43. (b) Exp.: balance of payments and are located in the capital account. zzDear Currency: Dear money refers to money that is hard Hence, form an important part of the international to obtain because of abnormally high interest rate. Dear investment position of a country. money or Dear currency is often referred to as tight money Note: because it occurs in periods when central banks are zzSDRs are international reserve assets which are created tightening monetary policy. In the banking industry, it by the IMF and are periodically allocated to members of means a period of comparatively higher/costlier interest the IMF in proportion to their quotas. SDR balances are rates regime. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. equivalent to liquid balances in convertible currencies in zzCheap Currency: If a government starts re-purchasing almost every aspect. its bonds before their maturities (at full-maturity prices) zzReserve tranche positions (RTP) in the IMF are, in simple the money which flows into the economy is known as terms, liquid claims of members on the IMF that arise not cheap currency, also called cheap money. In the banking only from the reserve asset payments for quota industry, it means a period of comparatively lower/softer subscriptions but also the member country's lending to interest rates regime. the IMF under the General Resources Account. zzSoft currency: A term used in the foreign exchange market which denotes the currency that is easily available 42. (c) Exp: in any economy in its forex market. For example, rupee zzCurrent Account: It refers to the account maintained by is a soft currency in the Indian forex market. It is basically every country in which every kind of current transaction the opposite term for the hard currency. Hence, 2 is is shown—basically this account is maintained by the correctly matched. central banking body of the economy on behalf of the zzHard currency: It is the international currency in which government. Current transactions of an economy in the highest faith is shown and is needed by every foreign currency all over the world comprise export, economy. The strongest currency of the world is one import, interest payments, private remittances and which has a high level of liquidity. Basically, the economy transfers. with the highest as well as highly diversified exports that zzAll transactions are shown as either inflow (credit) or are compulsive imports for other countries (as of high- outflow (debit). At the end of the year, the current account level technology, defence products, life saving medicines might be positive or negative. The positive one is known and petroleum products) will also create high demand for as a surplus current account, and the negative one is its currency in the world and become the hard currency. known as a deficit current account. India had surplus Hence, option 3 is correctly matched. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 11 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 44. (a) Exp.: 46. (c) Ex.: zzIndia has not been a frequent user of IMF resources, IMF zzNational Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an credit has been instrumental in helping India respond to umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and emerging balance of payments problems on two settlement systems in India, is an initiative of the Reserve occasions. In 1981-82, India borrowed SDR 3.9 billion Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks’ Association under an Extended Fund Facility, the largest arrangement (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement in IMF history at the time. In 1991-93, India borrowed a Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust Payment and total of SDR 2.2 billion under two stand by arrangements, Settlement Infrastructure in India. and in 1991 it borrowed SDR 1.4 billion under the zzConsidering the utility nature of the objects of NPCI, it Compensatory Financing Facility. Hence, statement 1 has been incorporated as a “Not for Profit” Company is correct. under the provisions of Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 zzIndia’s internal debt is higher as compared to its external (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013), with an intention debt, as pointed out by the Economic Survey 2016-2017. to provide infrastructure to the entire banking system in Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. India for physical as well as electronic payment and settlement systems. 45. (d) Exp.: Hence, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The National Commission on Farmers (NCF) under the chairmanship of Prof. M.S. Swaminathan submitted its 47. (a) Exp.: final report in October 2006. Based on the draft prepared zze-Kuber is the Core Banking Solution of Reserve Bank by the NCF, Government of India approved the National of India. It provides the provision of a single current Policy for Farmers, 2007. The objective is to improve the account for each bank across the country, with decentralised economic viability of farming through substantially access to this account from anywhere-anytime using improving net income of farmers. The Policy provisions portal based services in a safe manner. Hence, (a) is include: correct. zzAsset reforms in respect of land, water, livestock, zzCore Banking Solutions (CBS) can be defined as a fisheries, and bio-resources; Hence, statement 1 is solution that enables banks to offer a multitude of correct. customer-centric services on a 24x7 basis from a single zzSupport services and inputs like application of frontier location, supporting retail as well as corporate banking technologies; activities. The centralisation makes “one-stop” shop for financial services a reality. Using CBS, customers can zzAgricultural bio security systems; access their accounts from any branch, anywhere, zzsupply of good quality seeds and disease free planting irrespective of where they have physically opened their material, improving soil fertility and health, and integrated accounts. pest management systems; zzThe e-kuber system can be accessed either through zzSupport services for women like crèches, child care INFINET or Internet. The INFINET is a Closed User centres, nutrition, health and training; Hence, statement Group Network for the exclusive use of member banks 2 is correct. and financial institutions and is the communication zzTimely, adequate, and easy reach of institutional credit at backbone for the National Payments System, which caters reasonable interest rates, and farmer-friendly insurance mainly to inter-bank applications like Real Time Gross instruments; Hence, statement 4 is correct. Settlement (RTGS), government transactions, automatic zzUse of Information and Communication Technology clearing house, etc. (ICT) and setting up of farmers’ schools to revitalize 48. (c) Exp.: agricultural extension; In 2004, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the zz Effective implementation of Minimum Support Price Government of India signed an agreement wherein RBI (MSP) across the country, development of agricultural could issue securities to the tune of ` 30,000 crore to market infrastructure, and rural non-farm employment absorb excess liquidity. The government pays the interest initiatives for farm households; on these securities but does not use the funds for its own zzIntegrated approach for rural energy, etc. Hence, expenditure requirements. Under the Market Stabilisation statement 3 is correct. scheme, RBI can issue: 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 12 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 1. Government securities with maturity upto 2 years. foreign companies, including multinational companies, 2. Treasury Bills with maturity upto 364 days. in Indian rupees. IDRs give the holder the opportunity to 3. Cash Management Bills with maturity upto 90 days. hold an interest in equity shares in an overseas company. IDRs are denominated in Indian Rupees and issued by In order to mop up extra liquidity from the system in view Domestic Depository (custodian of securities registered of demonetization of `500 and `1,000 notes (in November with the Securities and Exchange Board of India)in India. 2016), Government and the RBI had raised the Market They can be listed on any Indian stock exchange. Hence, Stabilisation Scheme (MSS) ceiling to `6 lakh crore from statement 1 is correct while statement 2 is NOT `30,000 crore. Hence, (c) is correct. correct. 49. (d) Exp.: 52. (a) Exp.: An Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) is a specialized zzSecuritisation: It is the process of issuing ‘marketable financial institution that buys the Non-Performing Assets securities’ backed by a pool of existing assets such as auto (NPAs) or bad assets from banks and financial institutions. or home loans. After an asset is converted into a The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets marketable security, it is sold to an investor who then and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, receives interest and principal out of the cash flow 2002, enacted in December 2002 provides the legal basis generated from servicing of the loan. for the setting up ARCs in India. The SARFAESI Act zzFinancial institutions such as Non-Banking Financial helps reconstruction of bad assets without the intervention Companies (NBFCs) and microfinance companies of courts. Since then, large numbers of ARCs have been convert their loans into marketable securities and sell formed. They are registered with the RBI which has the them to investors. This helps them get liquid cash out of power to regulate their functioning. assets that otherwise would be stuck on their balance Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. sheets. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency (PARA) was zzValue of the security is linked to the value of underlying proposed in the Economic Survey 2016-17 but has not asset. For example, if the value of the underlying asset been established. It will be an independent entity that will falls then securitised assets lose value as it had happened identify the largest and most vexatious NPA accounts held during the US ‘sub-prime crisis’—home loans against by banks, and then buy these out from them. which securitised assets were sold to insurance companies Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. and banks lost value, which in turn resulted in a crisis. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. 50. (c) Exp.: zzEvery security market has two complementary markets— 53. (b) Exp.: primary and secondary. Greenshoe Option: zzThe market in which the instruments of security market zzIt is a provision under which a company issuing shares are traded (procured) directly between the capital-raiser for the first time is allowed to sell some additional shares and the instrument purchaser is known as the Primary to the public—usually 15 per cent (also known as over- Market. As for example, a share being directly purchased allotment provision). It gets its name from the first by anybody from the issuer (company itself). The person company (Greenshoe Company, USA) which was allowed is known as the primary shareholder. It is the market such an option. where shares are issued for the first time (listing on stock zzThis option permits the underwriters to buy up to an exchange). Hence, statement 1 is correct. additional 15% of the shares at the offer price if public zzThe market where the instruments of security market are demand for the shares exceeds expectations and the share traded among the primary instrument holders is known trades above its offering price. as the Secondary Market. Such transactions need an zzThe above option is primarily used at the time of IPO or institutionalised floor for their trading which is made listing of any stock to ensure a successful opening price. available by the stock exchanges. It is the market where Accordingly, companies can intervene in the market to shares already listed are traded among participants. stabilise share prices during the first 30 days’ time window Hence, statement 2 is correct. immediately after listing. This involves purchase of equity shares from the market by the underwriting syndicate in 51. (b) Exp.: case the share price fall below issue price or goes Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs): An IDR is a significantly above the issue price. The above option acts mechanism that allows investors in India to invest in listed as a price stabilising mechanism. Hence, (b) is correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 13 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 54. (a) Exp.: 5. It enables comparisons to be made in respect of CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP (CDS): standard of living, distribution of income and actual composition of national income over time. CDS is a credit derivative that can be used to transfer credit risk from the investor exposed to the risk (called 6. It facilitates comparison of output among nations. protection buyer) to an investor willing to take risk (called 56. (d) Exp.: protection seller). Hence, statement 1 is correct. Intermediate goods: Goods that are used to produce CDS is a credit derivative transaction in which two parties other goods and therefore, always move from one stage enter into an agreement, whereby one party (called as the of production to another in the manufacture of a final ‘protection buyer’) pays the other party (called as the product. Ex: steel, paint, rubber, foam, plastic, glass, ‘protection seller’) periodic payments for the specified cables, battery, etc for the manufacture of automobiles. life of the agreement. The protection seller makes no Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct. payment unless a credit event relating to a pre-determined Final goods: They are those that are meant for final use reference asset occurs. If such an event occurs, it triggers by consumers or firms. These goods are not required to the Protection Seller’s settlement obligation, which can enter into further stages of production or resale to change be either cash or physical (India follows physical their form and content. They are finished goods meant settlement). Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. only for final consumption and investment. Credit Event: Any sudden and tangible (negative) change GDP (Gross Domestic Product): It is defined by OECD in borrowers credit standing or decline in credit rating. A (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and credit event brings into question the borrowers ability to Development) as “an aggregate measure of production repay its debt. Credit event includes bankruptcy or equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, violating a bond, indenture or other loan agreement for institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, example Bankruptcy of Lehman Brother's is a credit event and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the during US sub prime crisis. value of their outputs)”. It operates like an insurance policy. Measurement of GDP includes only the aggregate value Thus, CDS offers the buyer a chance to transfer the credit of final goods. Hence, statement 3 is correct. risk of financial assets to the seller without actually 57. (d) Exp.: transferring ownership of the assets themselves. 55. (d) Exp.: Earlier "GDP at factor cost" was known as simply the "GDP" in India. It is nothing but sum of the factor costs There are two basic functions of national income accounting: incurred during the process of turning out economy's 1. To identify specific economic achievements of a output for the concerned year. Thus, it is a compilation country. of wages, interests, salaries, profits etc. This concept - 2. To provide an objective basis of evaluation and GDP at factor cost - used to be expressed both in constant review of policies under implementation. prices (with 2004-05 prices as the base year prices) and Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct. current prices. Other Uses of national income accounting: In the revised series, as is the practice internationally, 1. National income accounting shows as to how the industry-wise estimates are presented as Gross Value national income is shared among the various factors Added (GVA) at basic prices, while "GDP at market of production. prices" will be referred to as "GDP". GVA at basic prices 2. National income statistics indicate the specific can be referred to as GVA at producer price and GDP at contributions of individual sectors and their growth market price as GDP at buyer price. Estimates of GVA at over time. factor cost (earlier called GDP at factor cost) can be 3. It helps to find out the structural changes in the compiled by using the estimates of GVA at basic prices economy. and production taxes less subsidies. New growth figures 4. It provides the information for assessment of the for GVA at basic prices would also carry an impression economy’s strengths and failures. Hence, statement of tax and subsidies which was not the case in GDP at 2 is correct. factor cost. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 14 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation Gross Value Added (GVA) at basic prices = compensation The components of factor income are: of employees + operating surplus/mixed income + 1. Employee compensation: wages, salaries and other consumption of fixed capital (CFC) or depreciation + benefits Production taxes - Production subsidies 2. Profits GVA at factor cost (earlier referred to as GDP at factor 3. Rental income cost) = GVA at basic prices – (Production taxes - 4. Interest Production subsidies) 5. Mixed income: income of own account workers Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Revised) = Σ GVA at and profits and dividends of unincorporated basic prices + Product taxes - Product subsidies enterprises Following changes have been introduced in the revised Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. series: 59. (a) Exp.: (a) Calculation of GDP using Gross Value Added method at market prices. The GDP deflator measures the average level of the prices (b) Change of base year from 2004-05 to 2011-12. of all the goods and services that make up GDP.The Gross Hence, (2) is correct Domestic Product (GDP) deflator is a measure of general (c) The shift from Establishment approach to Enterprise price inflation. This specific deflator shows how much a approach: The establishment approach used in change in the base year's GDP relies upon changes in the Annual Survey of Industries did not capture the price level. Hence, statement 1 is correct. activities of a unit other than manufacturing. It is calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP, Whereas, an enterprise along with its manufacturing multiplied by 100. activities is also engaged in activities other than Nominal GDP manufacturing such as ancillary activities etc. Now, GDP Deflator =× 100 in the new approach, the activities of a manufacturing Real GDP company other than manufacturing are accounted Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. in manufacturing sector. The enterprise approach is facilitated by MCA 21 data with Ministry of Other indices of inflation like CPI and WPI are based on Corporate Affairs. fixed basket, whereas the "basket" for the GDP deflator (d) For better capturing of realistic and comprehensive is allowed to change from year to year with people's data, it draws data from MCA21 database as it consumption and investment patterns. Hence, statement covers 5 lakh companies and is fairly representative 3 is NOT correct. of the company ecosystem in the country. Hence, 60. (c) Exp.: (1) is correct. Money performs 4 specific functions. It is: (e) The inclusion of production tax less subsidies. 1. A unit of value Hence, (3) is correct. (f) The change in Labour input Method: The new series 2. A medium of exchange has switched over to “Effective Labour Input 3. A standard of deferred payments Method” for Unincorporated Manufacturing & 4. A store of value Services Enterprises. Earlier method was assigning Hence, statement 1 is correct. equal weights to all types of worker, while the new method assigns different weight for workers as per Money acts as a medium of exchange because it is their productivity. Hence, (4) is correct. accepted by people in exchange for goods and services. 58. (c) Exp.: It also indicates a bearer of option or generalised purchasing power. Factor Income is the income derived from selling the services of factors of production. Factors of production The absence of common unit for measurement of values describes the inputs that are used in the production of of goods and services is one of the drawbacks of barter goods or services in order to make an economic profit. system. The lack of a common unit meant that no proper The factors of production include land, labor, capital and accounting system was possible. Hence, statement 2 is entrepreneurship. correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 15 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 61. (b) Exp.: zzEffect of Inflation on Creditors and Debtors: Inflation zzStagflation:Stagflation is a situation in an economy when redistributes wealth from creditors to debtors, i.e., lenders inflation and unemployment both are at higher levels, suffer and borrowers benefit out of inflation. The opposite contrary to conventional belief. Hence option (b) is the effect takes place when inflation falls (i.e., deflation). correct answer. Hence statement 1 is correct. zzWhen the economy is passing through the cycle of zzEffect of Inflation On lending: With the rise in inflation, stagnation (i.e., long period of low aggregate demand in lending institutions feel the pressure of higher lending. relation to its productive capacity) and the government Institutions don’t revise the nominal rate of interest as the shuffles with the economic policy, a sudden and temporary ‘real cost of borrowing’ (i.e., nominal rate of interest price rise is seen in some of the goods—such inflation is minus inflation) falls by the same percentage with which also known as stagflation. It is basically a combination inflation rises. of high inflation and low growth. zzEffect of Inflation on Aggregate Demand: Rising zzSkewflation: Economists usually distinguish between inflation indicates rising aggregate demand and indicates inflation and a relative price increase. ‘Inflation’ refers to comparatively lower supply and higher purchasing a sustained, across-the-board price increase, whereas ‘a capacity among the consumers. Usually, higher inflation relative price increase’ is a reference to an episodic price suggests the producers to increase their production level rise pertaining to one or a small group of commodities. as it is generally considered as an indication of higher This leaves a third phenomenon, namely one in which demand in the economy. Hence, statement 2 is NOT there is a price rise of one or a small group of commodities correct. over a sustained period of time, without a traditional zzEffect of Inflation on Investment: Investment in the designation. ‘Skewflation’ is a relatively new term to economy is boosted by the inflation (in the short-run) describe this third category of price rise. because of two reasons: zz In India, food prices rose steadily during the last months 1. Higher inflation indicates higher demand and of 2009 and the early months of 2010, even though the suggests entrepreneurs to expand their production prices of non-food items continued to be relatively stable. level, and As this somewhat unusual phenomenon stubbornly 2. Higher the inflation, lower the cost of loan persisted, policymakers conferred on how to bring it to an end. The term skewflation’ made an appearance in 63. (c) Exp.: internal documents of the Government of India, and then zzGDP deflaor: This is the ratio between GDP at Current appeared in print in the Economic Survey 2009–10. Prices and GDP at Constant Prices. If GDP at Current Prices is equal to the GDP at Constant Prices, GDP zzGalloping Inflation: This is a ‘very high inflation’ deflator will be 1, implying no change in price level. running in the range of double-digit or triple digit (i.e., 20 per cent, 100 per cent or 200 per cent in a year). zzThe GDP deflator is acclaimed as a better measure of zzHyperinflation: This form of inflation is ‘large and price behaviour because it covers all goods and services accelerating’, which might have the annual rates in million produced in the country (because the weight of services or even trillion. In such inflation not only the range of has not been equitably accounted in the Indian ‘headline increase is very large, but the increase takes place in a inflation’, i.e., inflation at WPI). Hence, statement 1 is very short span of time, prices shoot up overnight. correct. zz zzSuch an inflation quickly leads to a complete loss of Headline inflation: Headline inflation in India is confidence in the domestic currency and people start measured in terms of Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and opting for other forms of money, as for example physical the Office of the Economic Adviser, Department of assets, gold and foreign currency (also known as ‘inflation Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce proof’ assets) and people might switch to barter exchange. and Industry, is entrusted with the task of releasing this index. Hence statement 2 is correct. 62. (a) Exp.: zzWPI is an important statistical indicator, as various policy Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices decisions of the government, like inflation management, for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the monitoring of prices of essential commodities, etc., are purchasing power of currency is falling. based on it. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 16 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 64. (b) Exp.: M4 = M3 + Total deposits with Post Office savings zzA Participatory Note (PN or P-Note) in the Indian context, organisations (excluding National Savings in essence, is a derivative instrument issued in foreign Certificates) jurisdictions, by a SEBI registered Foreign institutional where, CU is currency (notes plus coins) held by the investor (FII), against Indian securities—the Indian public and DD is net demand deposits held by commercial security instrument may be equity, debt, derivatives or banks. may even be an index. Hence statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is NOT correct. M1 and M2 are known as narrow money. Hence, statement 1 is correct. zzPNs are also known as Overseas Derivative Instruments, Equity Linked Notes, Capped Return Notes, and M3 and M4 are known as broad money. These gradations Participating Return Notes, etc. are in decreasing order of liquidity. M1 is most liquid and easiest for transactions whereas M4 is least liquid of all. zzThe investor in PN does not own the underlying Indian Hence, statement 3 is NOT correct. security, which is held by the FII who issues the PN. Thus, the investors in PNs derive the economic benefits of M3 is the most commonly used measure of money supply. investing in the security without actually holding it. They It is also known as aggregate monetary resources. Hence, benefit from fluctuations in the price of the underlying statement 2 is NOT correct. security since the value of the PN is linked with the value 67. (c) Exp.: of the underlying Indian security. Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary zzThe PN holder also does not enjoy any voting rights in authority of a country, like the central bank, controls the relation to security/shares referenced by the PN. Hence supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or statement 3 is NOT correct. interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in 65. (a) Exp.: the currency. Hence, statement 1 is correct. zzFiduciary money: ‘Fiduciary’ word is derived from the RBI as a central bank of India, is entrusted to control Latin word ‘fiducia’ meaning confidence or trust. Money money supply and thus to target inflation rate within the that depends for its value on confidence that it is an specified limit.Hence, statement 2 is correct. accepted medium of exchange. It originated as a paper Until recently, RBI Governor with the aid and advice of certificate that was a promise to pay a certain amount of his internal team, and a technical advisory committee, gold or silver to the bearer. Ex: demand deposit of banks had complete control over monetary policy decisions. like cheques, drafts etc. Hence, statement 1 is correct. The Reserve Bank of India and Government of India zzFiat money: Money issued by a government that is not signed the Monetary Policy Framework Agreement on convertible into gold or silver and has no intrinsic value. 20 February 2015 which made inflation targeting and It derives its purchasing power and value from the achieving price stability the responsibilities of RBI. Under authority and reputation of the government that issues it. this, RBI is responsible for containing inflation targets at Ex: currency notes and coins. Hence, statement 2 is NOT 4% (with a standard deviation of 2%) in the medium term. correct. Subsequently, government amended the RBI Act to set 66. (a) Exp.: up Monetary Policy Committee headed by its Governor, Money supply, like money demand, is a stock variable. entrusted with the task of fixing the benchmark policy The total stock of money in circulation among the public interest rate (repo rate) to contain inflation within the at a particular point of time is called money supply. RBI specified target level. publishes figures for four alternative measures of money MPC have six members - the RBI Governor (Chairperson), supply, viz. M1, M2, M3 and M4. They are defined as the RBI Deputy Governor in charge of monetary policy, follows: one official nominated by the RBI Board and the M1 = CU + DD remaining three members would represent the Government M2 = M1 + Savings deposits with Post Office of India. These Government of India nominees are savings banks appointed by the Central Government based on the M3 = M1 + Net time deposits of commercial banks recommendations of a search cum selection committee 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 17 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation consisting of the cabinet secretary (Chairperson), the RBI such as variable prizes or bonuses in cash or kind on the Governor, the secretary of the Department of Economic deposits. The depositor, who in the regular banking Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and three experts in the field system is risk averse, is a provider of capital here and of economics or banking as nominated by the central shares the risks of the bank which lends his funds. government. The three central government nominees of zzIndian Government has not allowed Islamic Banking in the MPC appointed by the search cum selection committee India yet. hold office for a period of four years and will not be 70. (d) Exp.: eligible for re-appointment. Closed Shop is the requirement imposed by trade unions The MPC takes decisions based on majority vote (by that all employees of a given firm be members of the those who are present and voting). In case of a tie, the specified trade union. By employing this method trade RBI governor will have the second or casting vote. The unions restrict labour supply and maintain high wages decision of the Committee would be binding on the RBI. applied by a powerful trade union. In addition, subsequent to the MPC meeting, RBI has to publish a document explaining the steps to be taken by 71. (b) Exp.: it to implement the decisions of the Monetary Policy When small sizes of money are deposited in several bank Committee, including any changes thereto. accounts to hide the real identity of the owner, it is known 68. (b) Exp.: as ‘smurfing’ (also known as ‘structuring’) this method is a widely used in money-laundering. ‘Smurfer’ (or Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Ltd. ‘money mule’) is the term for the person who does this. is the only PSU under the Department of Economic Affairs. It was formed after corporatization of nine units, 72. (c) Exp.: which were earlier functioning under the Ministry of Tax inversion is when a firm bases its headquarters in a Finance. The Company was incorporated in 2006 under low tax jurisdiction while the bulk of its operations are the Companies Act, 1956. It is engaged in the manufacture in high tax jurisdictions (generally the country of origin). of security paper, minting of coins, printing of currency By doing this firms cut their tax liabilities. This is a legal and bank notes, non-judicial stamp papers, postage practice and is a means of tax avoidance. The jurisdictions stamps, travel documents, etc. The company supplies: which have very low tax for corporations have become 1. Currency/bank notes and coins to RBI, attractive locations for the headquarters of big 2. Non-judicial stamp papers to various state corporations. Bermuda, Virgin Islands, etc. are such governments; countries (popularly known as the ‘tax havens’). 3. Postal stationery and stamps to postal department; 73. (b) Exp.: 4. Passports, visa stickers and other travel documents India ranks 100 among 190 countries. The Ease of Doing to Ministry of External Affairs. Business Report is an assessment of 190 economies and 5. Other products include commemorative coins, covers 10 indicators which span the lifecycle of a MICR and non-MICR cheques, etc business. India has improved its rank in 6 out of 10 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer indicators and has moved closer to international best 69. (b) Exp.: practices (Distance to Frontier score). This edition of the zzIslamic Banking is banking practiced as per the Islamic report acknowledges India as a top improver, with an principle. Islamic law forbids interest on both loans and improvement of 30 ranks compared to last year’s report, deposits. The argument given is that money is not a good the highest jump in rank of any country in the DB Report, and profit should be earned on goods and services and 2018. India is the only country in South Asia and BRICS not on control of money. But capital is considered a factor economies to feature among most improved economies of production which deserves to be rewarded. However, of the DB Report this year. Islamic banking allows the owners of capital a share in India still lags in areas such as Starting a Business, profits which is uncertain. It is based on the principle of Enforcing Contracts, and Dealing with Construction sharing both profits and losses by the borrower as well as Permits. In fact, the time taken to enforce a contract is the lender. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct while longer today, at 1,445 days, than it was 15 years ago statement 3 is NOT correct. (1,420 days), placing the country in 164th place in the zzThe depositor cannot be paid a fixed return in the form global ranking on the ‘Enforcing Contracts’ indicator. of interest but the banks are allowed to offer incentives Hence, (b) is correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 18 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 74. (d) Exp.: NOTE: The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices Under Price Support Scheme (PSS), the procurement of (CACP) is an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture oil seeds, pulses and cotton through Central Nodal and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. It is mandated Agencies at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) is also to recommend minimum support prices (MSPs) to undertaken. This scheme is implemented at the request incentivize the cultivators to adopt modern technology, of the concerned State Government which agrees to and raise productivity and overall grain production in line exempt the procured commodities from levy of mandi with the emerging demand patterns in the country. tax and assist central nodal agencies in logistics Towards this end, MSP for major agricultural products arrangements including gunny bags, providing working are fixed by the government, each year, after taking into capital for state agencies, creation of revolving fund for account the recommendations of the Commission. PSS operations etc. as required under the Scheme As of now, CACP recommends MSPs of 23 commodities: guidelines. zz7 cereals (paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, 76. (c) Exp.: barley and ragi), zz5 pulses (gram, tur, moong, urad, lentil), LAFFER CURVE zz7 oilseeds (groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, soyabean, It was devised by the economist Arthur Laffer in 1974. sesamum, sunflower, safflower, nigerseed), The Curve links average tax rates to total tax revenue. In zz4 commercial crops (copra, sugarcane, cotton and raw economics, the Laffer Curve is a graphic representation jute). Hence, option (d) is correct. of the relationship between rates of taxation and the zzCACP submits its recommendations to the Government resulting levels of Government revenue. Hence, in the form of Price Policy Reports every year, separately statement 1 is NOT correct. for five groups of commodities namely Kharif crops, Rabi It suggests that higher tax rates initially increase revenue crops, Sugarcane, Raw Jute and Copra. The Government, but after a point further increases in tax rates cause in turn, circulates the CACP reports to State Governments revenue to fall (for instance by discouraging people from and concerned Central Ministries for their comments. working). After receiving the feed-back from them, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) of the Union The Laffer Curve Government takes a final decision on the level of MSPs T* and other recommendations made by CACP. 75. (a) Exp.: Revenue Tax zzThe Government of India implements Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for procurement of agricultural and horticultural commodities which are perishable in nature and are not covered under the Price Support Scheme (PSS). Hence, statement 2 is not correct. zzThe objective of intervention is to protect the growers of these commodities from making distress sale in the event Tax Rate (%) of a bumper crop during the peak arrival period when the Hence, statement 2 is correct. prices tend to fall below economic levels and cost of production. At zero tax rate, tax revenues are zero. But at an extreme zzThe condition is that there should be either at least a 10 tax rate of 100 per cent, taxpayers either have no incentive percent increase in production or a 10 percent decrease to work (as they would be left with nothing to spend at in the ruling market prices over the previous normal year. such high rate) or they find a way to avoid paying taxes. zzThe Scheme is implemented at the request of a State/UT Importance - The theory tries to arrive at an optimal tax Government which is ready to bear 50 percent of the loss rate beyond which tax revenues for an economy tend to (25 percent in case of North-Eastern States), if any, fall. But it is tough to know whether an economy is on incurred on its implementation. Hence, statement 1 is the Laffer curve, as higher taxation breeds evasion of correct. taxes too. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 19 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation This theory was employed for the policy of tax cuts by 79. (a) Exp.: US president Ronald Regan in the eighties. It increased zzDepreciation: This term is used to mean two different surplus with people and helped the US economy come things. In the foreign exchange market, it is a situation out of a recession by the end of the decade. when the domestic currency loses its value in front of a 77. (b) Exp.: foreign currency in the floating exchange rate system. Hence, option (a) is correct. GIFFEN GOOD zzIn domestic economy, depreciation means an asset losing These are goods for which the demand increases (instead its value due to either its use, wear and tear or due to other of falling) as its price increases. (opposite to the general economic reasons. This is also known as capital theory of demand). Hence, statement 1 is correct. consumption. Every economy has an official annual rate This is known as “Giffen Paradox” after Robert Giffen for different assets at which fixed assets are considered (1837-1910). depreciating. A Giffen good is typically an inferior product that does 80. (c) Exp.: not have easily available substitutes as a result of which zzThe Special Economic Zone (SEZ) policy was announced the income effect dominates the substitution effect. It by the government in 2000 and was concretized through applies to the large proportion of the goods belonging to the household budget (as flour, rice, pulses, salt, onion, the SEZ Act, 2005. It mainly aims to develop ‘export potato, etc. in India). Hence, statement 2 is not correct. hubs’ in the country to promote growth and development. As an idea it was not new—India had set up Asia’s first A Giffen good has an upward-sloping demand curve, ‘export processing zone’ (EPZ) in Kandla in 1965 itself. which is contrary(opposite) to the fundamental law of Later on the idea got another encouragement through the demand which states that quantity demanded for a product ‘export oriented units’ (EOUs). falls as the price increases (resulting in a downward slope zz for the demand curve). In economic terms, the income The SEZs can be set up by either the GoI, States or even effect dominates the substitution effect. Hence, statement private sector in all three sectors of the economy- 3 is correct. agriculture, industry and services. zzAs per the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Giffen goods differ from Veblen goods which also experience rising demand as their prices increase. principal objectives behind creating SEZs in the country However, in this case it is the rising price that fuels their include: demand. Veblen goods are luxury items while Giffen 1. Generation of additional economic activity; goods are staple items. 2. Promotion of exports of goods and services; 78. (c) Exp.: 3. Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign GOLDEN HANDSHAKE: A payment (usually sources; generous) made by a company to its employees for 4. Creation of employment opportunities; and quitting the job prior to their service tenure. 5. Development of infrastructure facilities GOLDEN HANDCUFF: A royalty/bonus payment by zzPromotion of cultural heritage and MSMEs are not its a company to its staff (usually top ranking) to keep them objective. Hence, (c) is the correct option. with the company or to save them from poaching by other companies. 81. (c) Exp.: zzNEER: The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) GOLDEN HELLO: A large sum paid by a company to attract new staff to its fold. of the rupee is a weighted average of exchange rates before the currencies of India’s major trading partners. GOLDEN RULE: A fiscal policy stance which suggests Hence, statement 1 is correct. that over the economic cycle, Government should borrow only to ‘invest’ and not to finance the ‘current expenditure’. zzREER: When the weight of inflation is adjusted with the The attempts towards ‘balanced budgeting’, ‘zero-based NEER, we get the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) budgeting’ developed under influence of this rule. of the rupee. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 20 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzExtended Fund Facility (EFF): The Extended Fund government, financial institutions, etc. This rate was Facility (EFF) is a service provided by the IMF to its aligned with MSF (Marginal Standing Facility). member countries, which authorises them to raise any Repo rate is the rate of interest at which clients borrow amount of foreign exchange from it to fulfill their Balance short term funds from the RBI under Liquidity Adjustment of Payment (BoP) crisis, but on the conditions of structural reforms in the economy put by the body. The Facility (LAF). Hence, (1) is not correctly matched. first agreement of its kind by India was signed with the Base rate: It is the interest rate below which scheduled IMF in the financial year 1981–82. Hence, statement 2 commercial banks (SCB) will not extend loans to its is correct. customers. Hence, (2) is correctly matched. 82. (a) Exp.: Marginal Standing facility: It is the rate at which the zzIt is a graphic curve, which advocates a relationship banks are able to borrow overnight funds from RBI between inflation and unemployment in an economy. As against the approved government securities. It is one of per the curve, there is a ‘trade off’ between inflation and the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) windows created unemployment, i.e., an inverse relationship between them. by the Reserve Bank of India in its credit policy of May zzThe curve suggests that lower the inflation, higher the 2011. Hence, (3) is correctly matched. unemployment and higher the inflation, lower the unemployment. Hence, (a) is the correct option. 85. (b) Exp.: India’s tax-GDP ratio is lower when compared to other major economies (those with GDP above $100 billion as of 2017). However, India’s tax collections are slightly above average, given the average income of the country. But India’s tax-GDP ratio remains stagnant or has sluggish growth rate. Economic Survey 2017-18 points out that “tax-GDP ratio is no higher than it was in the 1980s, despite average economic growth of 6.5 percent”. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. Fiscal deficit is defined as the excess of total expenditure of the government over the total non-debt creating 83. (b) Exp.: receipts. Since the last few years, fiscal deficit has been zzCore Inflation: Is the change in prices of goods and declining. It was 4.5% (in 2013-14), 4.1% (in 2014-15), services, but does not include prices from the food and 3.9% (in 2015-16), and 3.5% (in 2016-17). energy sector. These items are excluded as their prices Date 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- are highly volatile. Unit zzIn India, it was used for the first time in the financial year Categories 15 16 17 18 2000–01 when the government expressed that core Fiscal inflation was under control—Which meant that the prices Indicators of manufactured goods were under control. (Centre) zzThis was criticised by experts on account of excluding Gross food articles and energy. Basically, in the western % of Fiscal 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.2BE economies, food and energy are not the problems for the GDP Deficit masses, while in India these two segments are of vital importance for the common people. Revenue % of 2.9 2.5 2.1 1.9BE Hence, (b) is correct. Deficit GDP Primary % of 84. (c) Exp.: 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1BE Deficit GDP Bank rate: It is the interest rate which the RBI charges on its long-term lending to central government, state Hence, statement 2 is correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 21 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation 86. (b) Exp.: 87. (c) Exp.: A budget may be in surplus, in deficit or balanced subject Fiscal deficit:It is the difference between the government’s to following conditions: total expenditure and its total receipts excluding Relative sizes of estimates Type of Budget borrowing. Revenue < Expenditure Deficit Gross fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue Revenue = Expenditure Balanced receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts) Revenue > Expenditure Surplus Non-debt creating capital receipts are those receipts which Effect of surplus budget (R>E): A budget surplus is a are not borrowings and, therefore, do not give rise to debt. period when income or receipts exceed outlays or Examples are recovery of loans and the proceeds from expenditures. Then, the reduction in aggregate demand the sale of PSUs. The fiscal deficit will have to be financed (due to tax) is greater than the increase in aggregate through borrowing. Thus, it indicates the total borrowing demand (due to expenditure). The net effect of this is to requirements of the government from all sources. lower aggregate demand. Thus, a surplus budget will Revenue deficit: It is the excess of government’s revenue lower aggregate demand. Lowering aggregate demand is expenditures over its total revenue receipts. It can be seen a good way to combat inflation that arises out of the that revenue deficit is a part of fiscal deficit (Fiscal Deficit presence of excess demand. But, surplus budget as a = Revenue Deficit + Capital Expenditure - non-debt policy instrument is a poor strategy to deal with deflation creating capital receipts). A large share of revenue deficit and recession, as it will lower the already deficient in fiscal deficit indicats that a large part of borrowing is demand, thus worsening the situation. Hence, statement being used to meet its consumption expenditure needs 1 is NOT correct. rather than investment. The revenue budget implies repayment burden in the future, not matched by any Effect of balanced budget (R=E): The decrease in benefits via investment. Hence, statement 1 is NOT aggregate demand (due to tax) is equal to Marginal correct. Propensity to Consume (MPC) times the tax. Since tax is equal to expenditure, the decrease in aggregate demand Primary deficit: It is simply the fiscal deficit minus the is also equal to MPC times the expenditure. Now the interest payments. It therefore indicates how much increase in aggregate demand due to the expenditure is government borrowing is going to meet expenses other equal to the amount of the expenditure. Then, the increase than interest payment. in aggregate demand (due to expenditure) is greater than Gross primary deficit = Gross fiscal deficit – Net interest the decrease in aggregate demand (due to tax). The net liabilities effect is to increase aggregate demand by an amount equal Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. to the expenditure multiplied by 1-MPC. Thus, a balanced The objective of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget budget will slightly increase the aggregate demand and Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 is to ensure inter- therefore bring the economy at near full-employment to generational equity in fiscal management, long run full-employment equilibrium. Hence, statement 2 is macroeconomic stability, better coordination between correct. fiscal and monetary policy, and transparency in fiscal Effect of Deficit budget (R 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 22 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation Government has constituted the N.K. Singh committee zzFacilitate consensus acceptable and beneficial to all, to to review the implementation of the FRBM Act and give bring about clarity and speed in execution. its recommendations on the way forward. The committee 7. Internal Consultancy has recommended, having a fiscal deficit range as the zzOffer an internal consultancy function to Central and State target, and reducing debt-to-GDP ratio to 40% by 2024- 25 from 50.1% in 2017-18. The government now (in governments on policy and program design , specialised budget 2017-18) aims to reduce its debt-to-GDP ratio to skills such as structuring and executing Public Private 48.8% in 2018-19, 46.7% in 2019-20 and 44.6% in 2020- Partnerships. 21, while fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP is targeted 8. Capacity building to be reduced to 3.3%, 3.1% and 3%, respectively during zzEnable capacity building and technology up-gradation the same period. across government, benchmarking with latest global 88. (c) Exp.: trends and providing managerial and technical knowhow. The NITI Aayog is the successor in interest to the Planning 9. Monitoring and Evaluation Commission. The government aims at ‘transforming the zzMonitor the implementation of policies and programmes, development agenda of India’ with the help of the NITI and evaluate their impact through tracking of performance Aayog and has given a slogan, ‘from planning to NITI’. and evaluations. This will help to identify weaknesses Following functions are entrusted on NITI Aayog: and bottlenecks for necessary course correction. It will 1. Cooperative and Competitive Federalism: Primary also enable data-driven policy making encouraging platform for operationalizing Cooperative greater efficiency as well as effectiveness. Federalism by enabling States to have active participation in the formulation of national policy, 89. (a) Exp.: as well as achieving time-bound implementation of zzA Tobin tax is a proposed tax on international financial quantitative and qualitative targets. Hence, transactions, with an objective to discourage destabilising statement 1 is correct. speculation and volatility in the foreign exchange market. 2. Shared National Agenda: Evolve a shared vision of zzIt was put forward in 1972 by the Nobel-prize winning national development priorities and strategies, with economist James Tobin. the active involvement of States. zzHence, (a) is the correct answer. 3. State’s Best Friend at the Centre: Support States in addressing their own challenges, building on 90. (b) Exp.: strengths and comparative advantages. Based upon the type of economic system prevalent in the 4. Decentralized Planning: Restructure the planning country, planning has been classified into two types: process into a bottom-up model; Empower States, and guide them to further empower local 1. Imperative planning: The planning process governments; and Develop mechanisms to formulate followed by the state economies (i.e., the socialist credible plans at the village level. or communist) is known as the imperative planning. 5. Vision and Scenario Planning Such planning is also called as directive or target zzDesign medium and long-term strategic frameworks planning. Such planning has two main variants. In across all sectors. the socialist system, all economic decisions are zzIdentify critical gaps and harness untapped potentialities. centralised in the hands of the state with collective zzConstant monitoring of necessary mid-course ownership of resources (except labour). In the recalibration, incorporating evolving trends and communist system (i.e., China of the past) all addressing emerging challenges. resources are to be owned and utilised by the state (including labour). Basic features of such planning Hence, statement 3 is correct. are as under: 6. Conflict Resolution i. Numerical (i.e., quantitative) targets of growth and zzProvide a platform for mutual resolution of inter-sectoral, inter-departmental, inter-state as well as centre-state development are set by the plan. issues. Whereas inquiring into and advising upon disputes ii. As the state controls the ownership rights over the which may have arisen between States is done by Inter resources, it is very much possible to realise the State Council. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. above-cited planned targets. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 23 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation iii. Almost no role for the market, no price mechanism The Endeavour of the Company would be to maintain its with all economic decisions to be taken in the Office and Sub-Offices and Highways and Infrastructure centralised way by the state/government. Hence, developed, constructed and maintained by it in a clean statement 1 is NOT correct. manner. The Company has become part of the ‘Swachh iv. No private participation in the economy, only the Bharat Abhiyan’ with effect from 01.01.2015 and all its state plays the economic role. employees have taken oath for Swachh Bharat. 2. Indicative Planning: It is a form of economic 92. (a) Exp.: planning implemented by a state in an effort to solve the problem of imperfect information in market and Bank rate is the interest rate at which the RBI gives long mixed economies in order to increase economic term loans. A increase in Bank Rate by RBI means that performance. The identifying features of indicative the cost of borrowing funds increases for banks, financial planning are as follows: institutions etc. Due to this there is lower investment. i. Every economy following the indicative planning are mixed economies. Hence, statement 2 is 93. (d) Exp.: correct. Lending by a commercial bank for certain sectors which ii. Unlike a centrally planned economy (countries are identified as 'Priority Sector' by RBI is called priority following imperative planning) indicative planning sector lending. Priority sector lending should constitute works through the market (price system). 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC). The extent iii. Besides setting numerical/quantitative targets of the shortfall in the achievement of target, banks may (similar to the practice in the imperative planning), be required to invest in Rural Infrastructure Development a set of economic policies of indicative nature is Fund (FIDF) of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural also announced by the economies to realise the plan Development (NABARD) or other funds with NABARD targets. or funds of National Housing Bank (NHB) or small iv. The indicative nature of economic policies, which industries development bank of India (SIDBI) or Micro are announced in such planning, basically encourage or discourage the private sector in its units development Refinance Agency bank (MUDRA process of economic decision making. Ltd.) as decided by RBI from time to time or purchase priority sector lending certificate (PSLC). catgories or 91. (c) Exp.: sectors of economy falling under 'Priority Sector' are as National Highways and Infrastructure Development under: Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) is a fully owned company of the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, (i) Agriculture Government of India. (ii) Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Hence, statement 1 is correct. (iii) Export Credit The company promotes, surveys, establishes, designs, (iv) Education builds, operates, maintains and upgrades National (v) Housing Highways and Strategic Roads including interconnecting (vi) Social Infrastructure roads in parts of the country which share international (vii) Renewable Energy boundaries with neighboring countries. (viii) Others Hence, statement 2 is correct. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. The regional connectivity so enhanced would promote cross border trade and commerce and help safeguard 94. (d) Exp.: India’s international borders. This would lead to the GST is expected to replace a myriad of indirect taxes such formation of a more integrated and economically as VAT, Customs Duty, Excise, CST, Service Tax, consolidated South and South East Asia. In addition, there would be overall economic benefits for the local Entertainment Tax with a single tax called the Goods and population and help integrate the peripheral areas with Services Tax. the mainstream in a more robust manner. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 24 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation zzBroadly there will be 2 forms of GST in India. International Monetary Fund zzAt the intra-state level (when goods travel within a state) The International Monetary Fund is an international and at the inter-state level (when goods travel between organization that aims to promote global economic states). growth and financial stability, to encourage international zzAt the intra-state level two types of GST shall be levied trade, and to reduce poverty. CGST (Central Goods and Services Tax) and SGST (State Goods and Services Tax). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is based in zzAt the inter-state level IGST (Or Integrated Goods and Washington, D.C. and currently consists of 189 member Services Tax) shall be levied. countries, each of which has representation on the IMF's zzImports shall be considered as inter-state supply. executive board in proportion to its financial importance, so that the most powerful countries in the global economy zzExports shall be zero rated. have the most voting power. zzSupplies to SEZ will be zero rated. Both IMF and World Bank together known as Bretton An agriculturist (defined as someone who supplies Woods Institutions. They share the same goal of raising produce out of cultivation of land) would not be liable to living standards in the member countries. Their register under the GST regime. approaches are complementary, with the IMF focusing Hence, statement 2 is correct on macroeconomic issues and the World Bank 95. (b) Exp.: concentrating on long term economic development and The World Bank Group consists of five organizations: poverty reduction. zzThe International Bank for Reconstruction and 96. (a) Exp.: Development (IBRD): It lends to governments of middle- zzGlobal Assessment Report – is published by UNISDR income and creditworthy low-income countries. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). zzThe International Development Association (IDA): The International Development Association provides The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk interest-free loans — called credits — and grants to Reduction (GAR) is a biennial global assessment governments of the poorest countries. Together, IBRD of disaster risk reduction and comprehensive review and IDA make up the World Bank. and analysis of the natural hazards that are affecting zzThe International Finance Corporation (IFC): The humanity. International Finance Corporation is the largest global The GAR contributed to achieving the aims of the development institution focused exclusively on the private Hyogo Framework for Action through monitoring sector. It helps developing countries achieve sustainable risk patterns and trends and progress in disaster risk growth by financing investment, mobilizing capital in reduction while providing strategic policy guidance international financial markets, and providing advisory to countries and the international community. services to businesses and governments. zzReports published by the World Bank Group: zzThe Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA): It was created in 1988 to promote foreign direct World Development Report investment into developing countries to support economic Global Economic Prospects growth, reduce poverty, and improve people’s lives. Doing Business Report MIGA fulfills this mandate by offering political risk Global Financial Development Report insurance (guarantees) to investors and lenders. zzThe International Centre for Settlement of Investment Hence, (a) is correct. Disputes (ICSID): It provides international facilities for 97. (b) Exp.: conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes. Several structural reforms had been undertaken from India is a member of four of the five constituents of World Budget 2017-18 presentation which includes removal of Bank Group viz. IBRD, IDA, & MIGA. India is not a distinction between plan and non-plan expenditure, member of ICSID. advancement of budget presentation by about a month Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. and merger of demands of Railways. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 25 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation With the removal of the Plan and Non-Plan distinction the power of State governments to borrow. Hence, the focus of budgeting and expenditure classification statement 1 is correct. shifted to revenue and capital expenditure, as has been The N.K. Singh panel to review India’s fiscal discipline envisaged in the Constitution of India. rules has recommended enacting a new Debt and Fiscal Hence, statement 1 and 2 is correct. Responsibility Act after repealing the existing Fiscal The Government of India has constituted a committee Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, headed by Dr. Shankar Acharya to examine the desirability and creating a fiscal council. and feasibility of having a new financial year. The The N.K. Singh panel has recommended a debt-to-GDP Committee will examine the merits and demerits of ratio of 38.7% for the central government, 20% for the various dates for the commencement of the financial year state governments together and a fiscal deficit of 2.5% of including the existing date (April to March), taking into GDP (gross domestic product), both by financial year account the various relevant factors. The idea is still under 2022-23. consideration. The change hasn’t yet taken place. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Hence, statement 3 is NOT correct. 100. (b) Exp.: 98. (d) Exp.: All deposits under small savings schemes are credited to The word "Hawala" means trust. It is an alternative or the 'National Small Savings Fund' (NSSF), established parallel remittance system, which works outside the circle in the Public Account of India with effect from 1.4.1999. of banks and formal financial systems. All withdrawals by the depositors are made out of the The network is being used extensively across the globe accumulations in this Fund. The balance in the Fund is to circulate black money and to provide funds for invested in special Government securities as per norms terrorism, drug trafficking and other illegal activities. In decided from time to time by the Central Government. India, FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act), 1999 Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. and PMLA (Prevention of Money Laundering Act), 2002 All small savings collections are credited to this Fund. are the two major legislations which make such Similarly, all withdrawals under small savings schemes transactions illegal. by the depositors are made out of the accumulations in Hence, (d) is the correct answer. this Fund. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 99. (c) Exp.: The Fund is administered by the Government of India, The FRBM Act, 2003 is a law enacted under Article 292 Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs) of the Constitution (read with Article 293) empowering under National Small Savings Fund (Custody and the government to borrow upon the security of the Investment) Rules, 2001, framed by the President under Consolidated Fund of India ‘within such limits, if any, as Article 283(1) of the Constitution. The objective of NSSF may from time to time be fixed by Parliament by law and is to de-link small savings transactions from the to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as Consolidated Fund of India and ensure their operation in may be so fixed’. Article 293 stipulates restrictions on a transparent and self-sustaining manner. 641, First Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 26 Cont.: 011-47532596, 8750187501 (+91) 8130392354, 8130392356 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com, Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drishtithevisionfoundation Copyright – Drishti The Vision Foundation