DOCSLIB.ORG

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION of SILVER PREPARATIONS Max Kolmar, Frankfort-On-The-Main, Germany; Wested in the Alien Property Custodian No Drawing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION of SILVER PREPARATIONS Max Kolmar, Frankfort-On-The-Main, Germany; Wested in the Alien Property Custodian No Drawing Patented June 20, 1944. 2,351,974 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION OF SILVER PREPARATIONS Max Kolmar, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany; wested in the Alien Property Custodian No Drawing. Application September 24, 1940, Se rial No. 358,184. In Germany September 29, 1939 . 6 claims. (CI. 106-1) My invention relates to the production of silver - If desired, the new silver preparations may preparations for surface silvering of refractory contain also some other fluxes, for instance, lead or ceramic material, for example, glass, quartz, or bismuth compounds. These relatively low mica, stone ware, portelain, magnesium silicate melting - additions have but an adhesive effect containing fragments or the like. More specifi 5 and do not improve the other qualities, such as cally it relates to the production of silver prepa refractoriness, of the silver coatings. rations containing oxides of the raire earths or - The amount of my new additions may vary Other base metals, particularly manganese or its in wide ranges. In general, it is advantageous to compounds. keep the addition below 10%, preferably even be Surface silvering may also be applied to highly low 1% of the Whole mixture. - refractory substances such as, for instance, sin * - / Eacamples tered aluminium oxide, or masses containing mainly titanium dioxide, beryllium oxide or zir (1) 20 grs. finely divided silver powder are coniumw oxide. Thus the silvering may be em- . mixed with 1. g. basic bismuth nitrate, 4 grs. re ployed either as decoration or as an electrically, Sinic acid manganese and 75 grs. of a 50% resin conducting surface to be used for electrotechni solution in oil of turpentine. This preparation cal purposes, especially in high-frequency prac i applied to glazed porcelain, dried and fired at 30° C. tice.If the usual silver preparations combined with A firmly adhesive, coating of good conduc fluxes, solvents and Suspension means are ap 20 tivity of a beautiful metallic appearance is ob plied to the aforementioned substances or objects tained. If desired, this coating may be polished and subsequently fired, the resulting coatings are as usual, in order to increase its metallic bright very defective, especially when only small quan ness. The same excellent results will be ob tities of silver have been used on account of eco tained by substituting the above mentioned nomic reasons. These coatings also show, poor 25 quantity of manganese to one-third for uranium adherence, reduced electric conductivity and are Oxide. lacking in appearance. It Was therefore indis (2) The silver preparation was mixed accord pensable to add a small quantity of a noble ing to Example 1 with the difference only that metal, for example iridium, to the silver prepa instead of manganese oxide half the amount of 30 nickel was used. A sheet of mica, was covered rations which addition was sufficient to produce with this preparation and fired at a tempera Well adhesive suitable silver coatings of consid ture of about 600 C. The coatings thus obtained erable refractoriness. show a very good electric conductivity and may In an effort to avoid the addition of the ex be utilized for the manufacture of, for instance, pensive noble metals I have made the observa 35 tion that excellent effects may be obtained in electric(3) Silver condensators. preparation, made according to Ex using silver preparations which contain also ample i, but adding the same amount of lantha metal Compounds or metals less noble than sil num oxide instead of manganese oxide. This ver,ing thepoint oxides than of thewhich usually have a?employed far higher fluxes. melt preparation was burnt into glass at a tempera Heavy metals have proved especially suitable, 40 ture of about 500. C. The thus obtained, sub thus, for example, cerium, lanthanium, thorium, stances may be employed for decorative pur uranium tantalum, nickel or the like. According pOSes as Well as electric purposes of all kinds. to my invention, manganese exerts the most What I claim is: suitable effects. The aforementioned metals may 1. A preparation for silvering the surfaces of be employed either per se or in form of their 45 ceramic ware by firing which comprises a flux, compounds as, for instance, oxides, or salts, but a solvent vehicle, silver, and a compound of a especially in form of their organic compounds. heavy metal whose oxide has a melting point . It has proved advantageous to use such Organic higher than that of said flux, said heavy metal compounds which are sufficiently soluble in the being Selected from the group which consists of . utilized solvents, for example, resinates, acetyl 50 manganese, cerium, lanthanum, thoriuin, ura acetonates, oleates or the like. All these sub nium, tantalum, and nickel. s. stances may be employed either alone or in any 2. A composition as defined in claim 1 wherein desired mixture. Of course, an addition of Small the heavy metal compound added comprises less quantities of iridium may also be provided for, than 10% by weight of said preparation. but in general such an addition is not necessary. 55 3. A composition as defined in claim 1 where 2 2,851,974 in the heavy metal compound added comprises less than 1% by Weight of said preparation. ceramic ware by firing which comprises a flux, 4. A preparation for silvering the surfaces of compound.a solvent vehicle, metallic silver, and a nickel ceramic ware by firing which comprises a flux, 6. A preparation for silvering the surfaces of a solvent vehicle, metallic silver, and an Organic compound of manganese soluble in said solvent ceramic ware by firing which comprises a flux, system. 8.Oxide. vent vehicle, metallic silver, and lanthanum 5. A preparation for silvering the surfaces of Max KOLLMAR. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Silvering and Re-Silvering Mirrors & How to Make Your Own One-Way Mirror Solution No
    Silvering and Re-Silvering Mirrors & How to Make Your Own One-way Mirror Solution No. 1: Nitrate of Silver (pure) . 40 grains Nitrate of Silver (pure) . 32 grains Distilled Water . 1 pint Ammonia, 26% . To be used as directed. Take one pint of distilled water, pour 4 ounces of this into a glass, and into this put 40 grains of Nitrate of Silver. Dissolve the Nitrate of Silver thoroughly by stirring the water with glass strip (no spoon, or stick, or metal should be used). When it is all thoroughly dissolved, take your medicine dropper and drop 26% Ammonia Water into it one drop at a time; at first it will turn dark; keep dropping the ammonia until it becomes clear again, which will generally take about thirty drops; stopping the addition as soon as it clears. Very often after dropping 30 drops of Ammonia, it does not clear. In that case stir the solution slowly with your left hand and continue dropping the ammonia with the hand, one drop at a time until it does clear, which it will generally do after dropping a few more times. If after dropping seven drops more it does not clear (which takes 37 drops in all) do not drop any more Ammonia, as you are apt to spoil the solution. Then add 32 grains of the Nitrate of Silver, additional. Dissolve by stirring with your glass strip. When it is all dissolved, pour the mixture back into the pint of water first measured out. Let it stand for one hour or more to allow the sediment to settle on the bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • Biography: Justus Von Liebig
    Biography: Justus von Liebig Justus von Liebig (1803 – 1873) was a German chemist. He taught chemistry at the University of Giessen and the University of Munich. The University of Giessen currently bears his name. Liebig is called the father of fertilizers. He confirmed the hypothesis concerning the mineral nutrition of plants, which became the basis for the development of modern agricultural chemistry. Liebig’s research is considered a precursor to the study of the impact of environmental factors on organisms. He formulated the law of the minimum, which states that the scarcest resource is what limits a given organism. He also developed a process for producing meat extract and founded the company Liebig Extract of Meat Company whose trademark was the beef bouillon cube, which he invented. Justus von Liebig was born into a middle class In 1824, at the age of 21, Liebig became a family from Darmstadt on May 12, 1803. As a professor at the University of Giessen. While in child, he was already fascinated by chemistry. Germany, he founded and edited the magazine When he was 13 years old, most of the crops in the Annalen der Chemie, which became the leading Northern Hemisphere were destroyed by a journal of chemistry in Germany. volcanic winter. Germans were among the most In 1837, he was elected a member of the Royal affected. It is said that this experience influenced Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1845, started the subsequent work of Liebig and the working at the University of Munich, where he establishment of his company. remained until his death.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Investigation of Silvering in Late Roman Coinage
    Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 712 © 2002 Materials Research Society Experimental investigation of silvering in late Roman coinage C. Vlachou, J.G. McDonnell, R.C. Janaway Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK. ABSTRACT Roman Coinage suffered from severe debasement during the 3rd century AD. By 250 AD., the production of complex copper alloy (Cu-Sn-Pb-Ag) coins with a silvered surface, became common practice. The same method continued to be applied during the 4th century AD for the production of a new denomination introduced by Diocletian in 293/4 AD. Previous analyses of these coins did not solve key technological issues and in particular, the silvering process. The British Museum kindly allowed further research at Bradford to examine coins from Cope’s Archive in more detail, utilizing XRF, SEM-EDS metallography, LA-ICP-MS and EPMA. Metallographic and SEM examination of 128 coins, revealed that the silver layer was very difficult to trace because its thickness was a few microns and in some cases it was present under the corrosion layer. Results derived from the LA-ICP-MS and EPMA analyses have demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of Hg in the surface layers of these coins. A review of ancient sources and historic literature indicated possible methods which might have been used for the production of the plating. A programme of plating experiments was undertaken to examine a number of variables in the process, such as amalgam preparation, and heating cycles. Results from the experimental work are presented. ITRODUCTION Coinage in the Late Roman Period suffered from severe debasement.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Mercury Amalgam Mirrors: History, Safety and Preservation by Kathleen Payne De Chavez
    Tech Notes, Spring 2010 Historic Mercury Amalgam Mirrors: History, Safety and Preservation By Kathleen Payne de Chavez Large mirror-plates are now the indispensable ornaments of every large and sumptuous apartment; they diffuse luster and gayety round them, by reflecting the rays of light in a thousands lines, and by multiplying indefinitely the images of objects placed between opposite parallel planes. —Ure’s Dictionary (1856) History While ancient civilizations, including the Romans, Mayans, and Egyptians, employed highly polished metal discs as mirrors, what we understand as a modern mirror, a glass with a reflective metal-foil backing, came into being sometime around the end of the 15th century. In Venice the development of cristallo, a transparent, colorless glass, gave Venetian glassmakers an advantage in the creation of high-quality mirrors with clear reflectance. Initially, some glassmakers poured a mirroring mixture of lead and antimony onto the surface of highly polished blown-glass plates, but this method yielded a rough surface with dim reflection. In the early 16th century, the Del Gallo glassmakers of the Venetian island of Murano improved the method by developing a mercury-tin amalgam technique for mirroring the glass surface. T his method deposited a thin layer of tin on the surface creating unparalleled reflectance. So revolutionary was this technique that the Republic of Venice forbade Muranese glassmakers from emigrating and taking their trade secrets to other regions. However, by the mid-seventeenth century some of these skilled craftsmen had escaped and brought the trade to France, and from there, the world. Despite the appearance of a competing mirror-making process, mercury-tin amalgam remained the predominant form of mirroring through the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver and Gold Coating
    Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org Gold & Silver Coatings By A . T . Kakhia 1 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org 2 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org Part One General Knowledge 3 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org 4 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org Aqua Regia ( Royal Acid ) Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, Freshly prepared aqua but it turns orange within seconds. Here, regia to remove metal fresh aqua regia has been added to these salt deposits. NMR tubes to remove all traces of organic material. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Applications 3 Chemistry 3.1 Dissolving gold 3.2 Dissolving platinum 3.3 Reaction with tin 3.4 Decomposition of aqua regia 4 History 1 - Introduction Aqua regia ( Latin and Ancient Italian , lit. "royal water"), aqua regis ( Latin, lit. "king's water") , or nitro – hydro chloric acid is a highly corrosive mixture of acids, a fuming yellow or red solution. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and hydro chloric acid , optimally in a volume ratio of 1:3. It was named 5 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org so because it can dissolve the so - called royal or noble metals, gold and platinum. However, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, tantalum, osmium, rhodium and a few other metals are capable of with standing its corrosive properties. IUPAC name Nitric acid hydro chloride Other names aqua regia , Nitro hydrochloric acid Molecular formula HNO3 + 3 H Cl Red , yellow or gold Appearance fuming liquid 3 Density 1.01–1.21 g / cm Melting point − 42 °C Boiling point 108 °C Solubility in water miscible in water Vapor pressure 21 mbar 2 – Applications Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloro auric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohl will process.
    [Show full text]
  • Electroplating with Manufacture of Electrochemicals
    Electroplating with Manufacture of Electrochemicals (Electrochemical Cell, Ecm, Electroplating of Aluminium, Chromium, Copper, Gold, Cobalt, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Silver, Alloy, Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Zinc, Plastics, Barrel, Tin, Electrodeposition) Introduction Electroplating is an electro deposition process for producing a dense, uniform, and adherent coating, usually of metal or alloys, upon a surface by the act of electric current. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming. Electrochemical deposition is generally used for the growth of metals and conducting metal oxides because of the following advantages: (i) The thickness and morphology of the nanostructure can be precisely controlled by adjusting the electrochemical parameters, (ii) relatively uniform and compact deposits can be synthesized in template- based structures, (iii) higher deposition rates are obtained, and (iv) the equipment is inexpensive due to the non-requirements of either a www.entrepreneurindia.co high vacuum or a high reaction temperature. An electrochemical process where metal ions are transferred from a solution and are deposited as a thin layer onto surface of a cathode. In the recent years, developments in electronic and chemical engineering have extended the process of electroplating to a wide range of materials such as platinum, Alloy, Silver, Palladium, Rhodium, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Silver Mirrored Flask
    WARNING NOTICE The experiments described in these materials are potentially hazardous. Among other things, the experiments should include the following safety measures: a high level of safety training, special facilities and equipment, the use of proper personal protective equipment, and supervision by appropriate individuals. You bear the sole responsibility, liability, and risk for the implementation of such safety procedures and measures. MIT and Dow shall have no responsibility, liability, or risk for the content or implementation of any of the material presented. Legal Notice Silver Water Creating a Silver Mirrored Flask Abstract Combine several solutions in a clean Florence flask. Stopper and swirl the flask. Within minutes, a beautiful silver reflective mirror coating forms on the inside of the flask, from the reduction of silver ions to silver metal. Materials 1.5 M Ammonium Nitrate solution 4-Graduated Cylinders 50 mL 2.5 M Sodium hydroxide solution 1000 mL Florence Flask 0.5 M Silver Nitrate solution 1-Beaker 100 mL Acetone Milli-Q Water Bottle 5% Dextrose Solution #8 Stopper to fit 1000 mL flask Disposable Gloves Safety Goggles Large 20-gallon bucket ¾ filled with H2O 2- 50 mL storage bottles Safety Silver nitrate is extremely toxic. It can cause severe burns along with discoloration of the skin and clothing. It could result in corneal damage, even blindness, if splashed into the eyes. Ammonium nitrate is also toxic. Care must be taken in avoiding contact with skin, eyes, and lungs. Contact with other chemicals or heat could result in fire or explosion. Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive material. Mixing the materials in this experiment has the potential to form an explosive compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Vacuum Silvering and Over-Coating of Telescope Mirrors
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305467432 Non-vacuum silvering and over-coating of telescope mirrors Article · January 2011 READS 17 5 authors, including: Lisa Brodhacker Lander University 9 PUBLICATIONS 75 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Lisa Brodhacker letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 15 August 2016 Non-Vacuum Silvering and Overcoating of Telescope Mirrors K. Lisa Brodhacker, Genevieve Harris, Bruce Holenstein, Sagar Venkateswaran, and Russell Genet Introduction For over a century, astronomical mirrors were made reflective via the fairly simple, low cost chemical deposition process of silvering. This process did not require an expensive vacuum chamber and could be accomplished by amateur telescope makers (ATMs) in their home shops. Although some amateur astronomers still silver their mirrors—especially in Europe—most ATMs who make their own mirrors now ship them off to have them vacuum aluminized and overcoated. Vacuum coating, which typically consists of a thin aluminum reflective layer and a clear, hard, transparent overcoat, has two distinct advantages. First, the reflective layer does not tarnish over time as unprotected silver does and, second, the transparent overcoat protects the delicate reflective layer from environmental degradation or being scratched while cleaning mirrors. Although the vacuum aluminizing and overcoating process is now well established for astronomical mirrors, it does have drawbacks in some situations. While the process is not expensive for small mirrors, it rapidly becomes more expensive as mirrors get larger. Large vacuum chambers are expensive to build, maintain, and operate.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Mirror Coating Materials
    HISTORICAL NOTE mirrors made of solid metal, a highly re­ flective alloy of tin and copper called "spec­ Reflections on Mirror ulum," which became the standard for as­ tronomical mirrors for the next two centu­ ries. In the mid-19th century, telescope maker Coating Materials Sir Howard Grubb wrote: "The composi­ tion of metallic mirrors of the present day differs very little from that used by Sir Isaac The Historical Note in the October 1988 mirror making eventually slipped out of Newton (1643-1727). Many and different MRS BULLETIN described the background the tightly controlled Venetian guilds, and alloys have been suggested, some includ­ and problems involved in casting some of London and Paris also became important ing silver or nickel or arsenic, but there is the giant glass mirror blanks used in the mirror manufacturing centers. But mirrors little doubt that the best alloy [speculum] is world's largest reflecting telescopes. This themselves remained extremely expen­ made with four atoms of copper, and one Historical Note takes an about-face to look sive, especially large ones. of tin." at the other side of a mirror—the reflective In the 16th century, Venetian mirror coating that makes it what it is. Reflective makers introduced a major new technique coating materials for mirrors have changed when they began to use an amalgam of tin through the ages, in material and process, and mercury as a reflective backing. The art of mirror making going from polished metallic surfaces to Guildsmen would lay out a sheet of tin foil thin metal films applied by chemical and on a horizontal blanket over a flat surface, seemed at a standstill physical methods.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Silver Inside a Glass Container
    how to Silver Inside a Glass Container You can use a Blown Glass Mirror Kit to silver inside any type of glass container – a freshly made one or an old found object. If you are silvering an old container, you could end up with a tarnished “antique” silver mirror. These results can be unexpected but very beautiful. Once you know how to create a silver mirror, you can use the same process to create gold, copper and galena mirrors. Mirroring is a chemical process. These procedures are important. o Cleanliness - The glass must be absolutely clean, including the edges. o Gloves - Wear gloves to keep your hands and the glass separate. o Careful measurements - Be careful but not fanatical with measurements. o Distilled Water - Always use steam distilled or de-ionized water. The minerals in tap water or any other type of bottled water will ruin the mirror. o Timing - Use a clock or timer to time the tinning and silvering steps. o Concentration - Arrange your time so you can work without interruption. Safety o Storage - Store the chemicals in a cool, dark place away from children and pets. o Staining - The silver creates brown stains. Wear rubber gloves and cover your bench with several layers of newspaper. Silver Remover removes silver stains from skin and clothes. o Fumes - Silver chemicals contain ammonia. We have respirators designed for ammonia and formaldehyde fumes. o Disposal - These chemicals contain heavy metals. Follow the instructions in your Waste Treatment Kit to keep heavy metals out of the public sewer system. You supply o The glass to be mirrored o A few gallons of steam distilled water o A clock or timer with a second hand o 2 plastic buckets for Waste Treatment Angel Gilding Page 1 of 5 We include a sheet of stretchable closed cell Evalite foam and a sheet of latex film so you can create a temporary closure for your container.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Remove the Silver Coating on a Mirror
    How To Remove the Silver Coating on a Mirror using a Mirror Back Removal Kit Is the reflective coating silver or aluminum? A mirror has three parts – the glass, reflective silver coating and the backing paint that protects the silver. Most factories also add a thin protective layer of copper between the silver and the backing paint. If you remove a small area of backing paint and the metal you see is bright silver rather than pale gold, your mirror might have been made with aluminum rather than silver. Mirror Remover will not dissolve aluminum. You will need to use our Aluminum Remover instead. Most mirrors, especially older mirrors, are silver. If you want to remove just part of the silver to place an image behind the clear glass, please see our Fine Line Silver Removal Kit. SAFETY o Storage: Store all chemicals in a safe, cool, dark place away from children and pets and curious visitors. o Gloves: Wear protective gloves at all times. Wash your hands well after using this kit. o Disposal: Wrap up the used materials in paper and put it in the trash. These chemicals do not require special disposal facilities. o Work Surface: Cover your work surface with several layers of newspaper or plastic. Multi- Strip will remove the finish on your work surface as well as the mirror backing paint. o Concentration: Arrange your time so that you can work without interruption. Be patient – some steps require time to work as described. Do not try to hurry. You Supply o The mirror(s) to be repaired o A gallon of steam distilled water o Cotton balls and clean paper towel Angel Gilding Page 1 of 3 Step 1 – Apply the paint stripper 1.
    [Show full text]
  • De-Silvering the Mirror by William L. Fox
    De-silvering the Mirror by William L. Fox This essay originally appeared in the 2013 exhibition catalog for AgH20, Lauren Bon & the Optics Division of the Metabolic Studio at the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography & Film in Rochester, New York. It is a little-known and poignant fact that some of the silver and chemicals to produce the films that made Hollywood the global center of the movie industry were extracted from the Owens Valley and environs. As if it were not enough that Los Angeles drained water from the Eastern Sierra to expand into the San Fernando Valley, its major industry and part of the reason for the cityʼs growth were also being supported through mining in the same region, an ecological double jeopardy. Los Angeles artist Lauren Bon and her Metabolic Studio are using this set of entwined histories to make visible the effects of the historic resource extraction on both the Owens Valley and the city to the south. The snow-fed waters that flow down the Eastern Sierra and into the Owens Valley once watered its substantial agriculture before terminating in Owens Lake. After William Mulholland opened the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913 to capture and transport those waters to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the valleyʼs agriculture became unsustainable and the 108-square-mile lake began to dry up. By 1924 Owens Lake no longer held water year-round. In 2006 Los Angeles was forced by a dust-mitigation lawsuit to begin re-watering sixty miles of the river, with the result that approximately twenty-seven square miles of the lakebed are now flooded, a ghost of the lake that was.
    [Show full text]