T H E EXO D US O F T H E LO YALI ST S

fro m

Pe n obsc o t to P a ssa m aq u oddy

(W i th M a p )

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W I LB U H - B S E ERT A . M . R . I ,

P rofe sso ro f Eu ropea n H i sto ry

P ubl i she d by

T he O hi o Sta te U n ive rsi ty

C olu mbu s

19 1 4 Copy r ighted 1 9 1 4

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W I B R H B R T L U . S I E E C o n te n ts

P AG E The loss of old Fort Pownall by the Americans

The departure of Colonel Thomas Goldthwait .

The proj ect of establishin g a new military post on the Penoh

scot o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

‘ Knox s p lan for a loyalist province bet wee n the Penobscot i x and the St . Cro .

John N utting and the British expedition to establish the

post o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

The unsuccessful siege of the new post by the Americans . The behavior of the local inhabitants d urin g the siege

Removal of American refugees to the post . i The missions of J ohn N uttin g and Dr . J ohn Calef to Engl and

The constitution proposed for the loyalist provi nce The pl an to settle the Penobscot country with loyalists from

New York o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

The growth of the refugee population at Penobscot Refusal of the Americans to give up the Penobscot country

he o o t o o o o o o o o o at peace o o o o o o o

Removal of the loyalists from Penobscot to Passam aquodd y . S urveyor General Robert Morse at Passamaquoddy Contention between Massachusetts and the loyalists over the Passamaquoddy region

i ts The loyalist settlement on St . Andrews Point , and activities

The town pl ot and grantees of St . And rews w Church and school at St . Andre s Extent of the grants at Passamaquodd y to the Penobscot

Associated Lo y alists ; the settlements founded .

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S t . . G eorge s Town Settlements formed by loyalists from localities other than Penobscot

The town of St .

Settlements on the D igde g u a sh in the Parish of St . Patrick .

’ Settlements on the lower Magaguadavic and the L Eta n g . The settlement of the Royal Fencible Americans on the west side of the lower Magaguadavic The settlement of Pennsylvania Q uakers at P enn fi eld

The occupation of the small harbors east of P en n fi eld The settlement of the Cape Ann Association i n the Parish of

St . David

The loyalist settlers on the Island of G rand Manan .

The loyal ist settlers on the Island of Campobello .

The loyalist occupants and settlers of Deer Island . Loyalist settlers of the smaller islands

1 The census of 7 8 4 ; occupations of the settlers .

I ncrease of the population to 1 8 03 Creation of the district court and the townshi ps at ’ I a ssa m a q uodd v

The boundary dispute . The boundary commission and its decision

Contention over the islands in Passamaquodd y Bay .

The island commission and i ts verdict

C H A R U N T Y

Loya li s t S ettle me nts

Co m pil e d f ro m a ma p by

O ri in s o f S tl e me n s mN g et t B . T he Exo du s o f the Lo ya lists fro m

P e n o bsc o t to Pa ssa m a q u o ddy

1 8 I n September , 7 7 , the British government ordered General Cl in ton at New York to secure pos t on the Penobscot River in Maine for the p urpose of erecting a province to which loyal 1 adherents of the Crown might repair . An earlier post , Fort

i c Pownall , wh h had occupied the bold , rocky promontory at Cape Jellison at the mout h of the Penobscot was no lon ger in x e istence , having been dismantled and burned by the militia

1 under Colonel James Cargi ll in J uly , 7 74 . For eleven years previous to its destruction , the old colonial fort had been under

wa the command of Colonel Thomas Goldth it , who by his com pli an c e with an order from General Gage permitted a detachment greatly outn umbering his own meagre garrison to carry off the m cannon and spare ar s of the fort , and th us incurred the censure

the of the Provincial Con g ress of Massachusetts Bay , loss of his

an d command , v irtual banishment . Colonel G oldthwait deserves a word of more extended notice on account of the important p a rt h he took in settling and developing the Penobscot V alley . W ile

fo r a i n command of Fort Pownall , he was appointed agen t a v st

“ tract of land belonging to the Waldo heirs in that region .

Later , in conj unction with Sir Francis Bernard , then governor

t he of the province of Massachusetts Bay , he purchased a part of

ebedi a h Waldo Patent from General J Preble , and appears to have been chiefl y instrumental in settling the Penobscot country “ with a population w hich he estimated at more than able ” 2 m n e . Colonel Goldthwait did not participate in establishing the

e new post at Penobscot , but remained in retirem n t there or at

1 Castine until July , 7 79 , when he went aboard one of the fri g ates of the British fleet that entered Penobscot Bay to lay siege to

a a d uc e B g . Taking passage on this vessel for New York after

‘ 1 R n m - B r z z f f o {11 6 A i n i lz I nst. o G . . e o e R o . p . y f

’ D r /z e / r l l z n N o c s e Co ed o o . . , 7 i ' ’l 6 2 l fe . H z sf . i l a a z i u I X 2 2 2 2 6 . e 1 88 8 . g , , 3 , , 54 , 5 , 73 , 3 3 ; 94 , 9

15 r. 3 x the success of the British e pedition , he had the satisfaction of being borne to his destination by the ship that carried the go od

’ tidings to Clinton . I t may be added that M r . Goldthwait s stay in New Y ork City lasted only from the early part of September to

2 December 3 , when he took his departure to England , there to 1 » remain d uring the rest o f hi s li fe . The project of planting a British force on the coast of Maine

bv \Vi11i a nf x had long been cherished Kno , a Georgia loyalist ,

- fli x who w a s under secretary in the Colonial O c e in London . Kno argued that it would serve to d istract the attention of the

O t Americans from perations in other q uarters , that as a mili ary and naval base it would protect the country to the eas t from attacks by land and sea , and last , but not least , that it would form the center and bulwark for a new province for the friends

i nc re a s of government , who were leaving the Colonies i n ever ing n umbers , and were al ready flooding the home authorities 2 m x’ with insistent claims for compensation . Lord Ger ain , Kno s fi superior of cer , was not easily con v inced of the advantage of the

w a s proj ect , but at length was brought around , giving what evi d e n tly his own chief reason for its approv a l when he wrote to Go v e rn o r H a ldim a nd 1 6 1 at Q uebec , A pril , 7 7 9 , that if the Kennebec , or even the Penobscot , were secured , it would keep open direct communic a tion between the Canadian capital and New York at all

s season , and so do away with the ted iousness and delays in corre s o nde n c e x x p by way of H alifa . However , this e planation did

H a ldi ma nd ffi not satisfy , who still doubted the e cacy of the ‘ measure .

x w d z Mean while , Kno was anticipating i th evi ent est the suc

x by cess of an e pedition yet to move against the coast . of Maine , arrang ing the details of the province t hat was intended to reach x . Ca from the Penobscot River to the St C roi , and become the “ a naan of the refugee loy lists . Lying bet ween New England and

‘ ’ Y e w N e Scotland (Nova Scotia ) , it was to be christened w I re

a s u land , perhaps , Batchelder suggests i n his ill minating stud y

l ' I . /c a i m . . J / a s 6 g , X, 95 , 9 .

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2 . Ra tc he ld e r o/m i V/l l l z u R e ri n ro m the r c e ed i n s o f the h / g , ( p t f P o g Ca m br id e l l is t S o c 2 g . . ) 74 , 7 . 8 . ( im 51 . 1 02 2 3 15 , 3 , 3 7 . 1 “ x ’ of the subj ect , in delicate reference to Kno s own national ffi ity . With manifest appropriateness , all of the o cials of the v n ot proposed pro ince were to be loyalists of high repute , i f , in

x : every case , of e perience in administrative matters thus , Thomas

Hutchinson was to be governor , Daniel Leonard , chief j ustice , fi Dr . J ohn Cale , one of the leadin g tories of Penobscot , clerk of

’ n the cou cil , and the Reverend Henry Caner , formerly of King s

Chapel , Boston , bishop . Although Hutchinson was named as one fi of the bene ciaries of the scheme , he wrote from London that it m ” was a most preposterous easure , and that but few people 2 there thought well of it .

H had ffi owever , as the measure already the necessary o cial

approval , it only remained to decide where the p ost sho uld be located , and send out the expedition to establish it . These were

o imp rtant matters , to be sure , and the advice that proved con m el usi v e in regard to the came , strangel y enough , from a carpenter of Cambridge , Massachusetts , who , having arrived in

1 u England in the fall of 7 7 7 , had s ccee ded in i ngratiating him

n derL e c re ta r x self with U S y Kno . This carpenter of surprisin g

v career was John N utting , who rendered aluable service in his H trade to the British in Boston before the evacuation , and in alifax

o or afterward . I n the latter place , especially , he had found pp “ tu n i ty to display his Yankee resourcefulness and ability as Mas ” n ter Carpenter and S uperinte dent of Mechanics , and , despite

the lack of skilled workmen , had performed the feat of erectin g “ within a limited time no less than ten larg e block houses , each ” x I n mountin g si teen guns . England by direct application to

' a oin tmen t a s Lord North , he secured the pp overseer to the King s

an d u a rd works at L g Fort i n East Anglia . His isolation at this rather remote point on the co ast of the North Sea did not prevent

ll r ec ol his visi tin g London occasiona y , or keeping himself in the

‘ ffi 0 lection and esteem of his patron of the Colonial O ce . 8 it came about that he was called into consultation concerning the x Ma proposed e pedition to the ine coast . As Mr . N utting had i n ho invested some years before s re lots i n what is now Castine ,

c u the B a ad u c e a ross Penobscot Bay and p g River , he must have

m ‘ fl I . B atc held er 0/ N u /z i , j g , 74, 7 5 .

2 . H u c hi n son D a r a n d Lefler s 1 1 2 1 8 2 0 2 1 t , i y , , , 9 , 9 .

9 been a ware of the natural strength and well - recogni z ed strategic

P e advantages of that locality . therefore , he suggested “ n nobscot as the best site for the new post , his quality of uncommo

Lo y a ltv , for which he had received deserved commendation in

x w a s fi - Hali fa . not being sacri ced to his self interest , although the happy bl e nd of the two m ust have pleased him in no small degree .

’ His suggestion was adopted by the King s ministers , and N uttin g

’ w a s ordered to London to carry Germain s despatches to Clinton

m 1 8 . at New York , and accordingly set sail early i n Septe ber , 7 7

H a r r i et A fortnight out , his vessel , the government mail packet ,

Ven ea u ee was overtaken by an American privateer , the g , and

Nuttin g , rid of his despatches which he sunk i n the sea , but w fi ounded in four places as he later testi ed , was taken prisoner i the other w . ith people on his ship I n less than two months ,

’ w a s however . the King s messenger again in London , having x 1 had the good fortune to be e changed .

U ndaunted , Mr . N utting undertook a second voyage i n Jan x uary of the ne t year , and after fourteen weeks on the ocean was 2 a ble to hand detailed instructions to Clinton . I n compliance

Mc ea n with these orders , the latter directed Brigadier General L at Halifa x to carry into effect the plan of fortifying a post on

Penobscot River , and instructed him to prepare materials for a respectable work capable of accommodatin g three h und red or four h und red men . Mc Lea n was unable to com ply fully with

’ 00 Clinton s instructions concerning the tr ps to be taken , b ut he made such substitutions as were necessary , and set out on the

x 1 . w as e ped ition at the end of May , 7 7 9 He accompanied by four hund red and forty men of the 74th Regiment under Lieu

a 8 2 u d tenant C mpbell , and two hundred of the under Maj or Craig , his con v o y com prising four men - o f- war under Captain Andre w

B Alba n H arkley and the flagship y under Captain enry Mowatt .

He also took with him stores for nine h und red men , which would be the total n umber when the engineers should be incl uded . N utting , who was to be employed as overseer of carpenters i n building the

1 x fort , acted as pilot . On J une 3 , the e pedition arrived at the P mouth of the enobscot , and after reconnoitering the river for

l lta tc he e r u/ - . ld , / m 1 . ! 7 7 7 2 8 7 7 , 7 .

I f ) the several days , t roops were disembarked on the little neck of land which had been chosen for the fort . The most a dva nta

e o u s l g part of the peninsu a being wooded , some time was spent i n ffi clearing it . There was also some di culty in landing the pro m . reli i visions , which had to be rolled up a steep hill These p 2 naries were not completed until J uly , when the work on the 1 fort began . t Contac with the local inhab itants disclosed the fact , as “ M c ea n L wrote Clinton , that they had been artfully led to believe that His Maj esty ’ s troops were accustomed to pl under and treat the Country where their opera tions led them wit h the greatest inhumanity To remove that prej udice , the leaders of the expedition issued a proclamation extend ing clemency to all who

o u would take the oath of allegiance . This p r ced re so far restored confi dence that about fi ve h undred persons su bscribed to t he oath

t ow Mc ea n in the limi ed time all ed , although L wrote that the number would have been considerably increased if he had been able to send to “ some distant settlements the I nhabitants of which requested that ind ulgence from the impossibility of all attendin g ” 2 the places appointed . The testi mony of Colonel J ohn Allen , the American superintendent of I ndians in the Eastern Depart fi ment , is of a con rmatory character . I n a letter written at

1 6 1 Machias , Maine , J ul y , 77 9 , he states that most of the inhabit a n ts a t Penobscot had submitted and taken the oath of allegiance to the King after the capt ure of that place by the English . But his condemnation is particularly reserved for those east of the

' to a c kn ow led e Penobscot , who had gone a distance g themselves i f British subj ects , incl uding most , not all , of the people at Union

N a shke a River , g , and Deer Island , and t wo or three at French ’ 3 a lefl man s Bay , and Goldsborough . Dr . C tells us that about a hundred of those who were well disposed showed their good

1 will by coming in on J uly 9 with their captain , John Perkins , and helpin g three days to clear the ground in front of the fort !1

1 r t n A m {Il i n the t r i 0 1 . e o o til e G sa R o . I ns . o . B t l R p . y f , , 44 , 44 , ’ 8 B a c he ld er / m n /l l t o N u t/i 8 t n M A m fll s . ! e or o e . s e o . 45 ; t , j g , 7 ; R p y ’

I n t . a G . B r z t . I ] 1 s . f , , 4 2 . 458 . ' L . S t. Croz x ou r er ser es . 3 C i i ,

l e ff a P nobs ot M s . i n H a r . n i ersi t i . C S e e o e c U br a r 4 , i g f ( v v y L y ) ; ’ ’ B a tc helde r o/m A ntl n S t Cr o x Cou r e r se r es , J i g , 7 9 ; . i i i , I I Mc Le a n explained that the attitude of the people to the east of

Boston , who were in want and distress , seemed in general friendly , b ut that they were prevented from any marked demonstration by

O the threats of the enemy . Their pen allegiance , he thought , could be w on only when they should be furnished a force strong enough to afford them complete protection i n their persons and

s property . However , he had to admit the existence of a divi ion “ of sentiment among the inhabitants , remarking that n umbers

m en of young of the country had gone westward , and attempts

have been made to raise the people , tho hitherto without

" ’ 1 M c ea n s success . The force under L command was certainly not large enough to i nspire the remaining population w ith

feelings of safety and reviving loyalty ; but , small as it was , it was nevertheless red uced by the withdrawal of Captain B a rkle v with four of his w arships in order to shield the coast of Nova Scotia against the threatening presence of nine A merican ffi vessels , which had recently been sighted in the o ng . Thus , only the Alba ny was left to stand guard at the mouth of the

Penobscot , the solitary ship being in t urn protected by a battery

erected for that purpose . The fort was not yet hal f com pleted when the American fleet

- z w to the n umber of thi rty seven sail of all si es , ith

a n d troops aboard , tra v ersed Penobscot Bay , laid siege to the

lefl c . Ca pl a e On August 7 , according to , the Americans

scoured the country round for the loyal inhabitants , destroyed

thei r movables , killed thei r cattle for meat , and , having captured 2 a number of persons , i mprisoned them aboard shi p . For three w Mc Lea n x eeks , and his men held out , relief from Halifa failing

a . 1 to put i n an appear nce On the mornin g of A ugust 4 , a party reconnoitering w ithout the fort discovered that the Americans

had abandoned some works which they had constructed , i n thei r

’ attempt to avoid a clash with the King s fleet , under the com

mand of Commod ore Sir G eorge Collier , which had opportunel y

. n arrived from New York I n desperatio , the American fleet sailed

u R i ve r w he re p the Penobscot , the loyal i nhabitants were released ,

’ fi re w hile and the shipping was set on , the enemy s troops retreat

‘ ’ 1 . (i /he m n Me (i A . fl/Ss i Ao o . 60 62 f y . f . 4 , 4 .

‘ 2 S I r o i o r . . x u e i l / C r ser es . i , 1 ’ . C ed in v arious directions without opposition Thus , ollier s

’ coming resulted in the destruction of the American s vessels and ? the dispersal of their land forces Among the ships that w ent

the Ven ea n c e up in flames on the Penobscot flats was privateer g , fi m to which Mr . N uttin g owed his capture when rst he sailed fro ’ 3 En gland with Germain s despatches for Clinton . No doubt some of the local inhabitants were recreant to

Mc ea n x their oath of allegiance . I f so , L e cused it on the score that they had been c ompelled to j oin the enemy ; but he insisted that most of them had been employed in workin g for the Ameri “ “ ”

he . cans , tho , added , some of them were i n arms Learnin g that a n umber of these peo ple had withdraw n from their habita

w t o tions ith the intention of going the westward . on account of

Mc e a n the fear of the resentment of the British , L issued a new proclamation in order to reassure them and “ prevent the breaking ?”1 up of the settlement Collier , however , was more severe i n h is j udgment of the recent cond uct of the inhabitants . I n a letter to Clinton , he denounced them as rebels who took an oath to the x King one day and another to the Congress the ne t , and asserted that all had assisted the rebels in everything they could durin g " 5 . ho a the siege I t would seem , wever , th t the den unciation of i n Commodore Collier was too sweeping its character . I t could scarcely have been the case that those w ho placed themselves under the protection of the British post , and whose need of supplies i was causing a shortage of provis ons , had been gui lty of the sort of double dealing charged against all the inhabitants by the p reju 6 diced Commodore . M oreover , Colonel Thomas Goldthwait , who

e i n had settled a large n umb r of people the Penobscot region ,

2 1 wrote to Clinton , October , 7 79 , urgin g the conti nued impor “ tance of the post to the Crown : I f the present arrangement of

’ ’ his Maj esty s troops won t perm it of a reinforcement there , at this

” ’ time , says the refugee s letter , I mysel f will undertake to raise

S ' 1 . t . Cr o z x Cou r r r L e se es . l . i , i

2 . e or t n M Am n fl/ s i M R . n e . I o s . e o st. G. r t R p o y f B i , ll fif o ec ts . e . st o S r I I C . S c e es V . 1 1 2 Hi , i , , 3 9 , 3 9 . B a c he lde r /z tt n o n u S o . 3 t , j N i g , R e ort o the A 711 fll s i n Me R I nst o G t. 1 1 s . o . . . r 4 p f . y f B i , , 1 5 m . 6 66.

1 3 n otw i thsta n d a Battalion out of the militia of that country , which ing thei r seeming delinquency in thei r late unhappy situation , ’ ll w I pled ge mysel f for it , that they ill make as good subjects

‘ s t a n y K i n ha . the g got Twas I , principally , y settled them in that country ; I commanded them , and I fully know their princi

y ples , and have estate enough to carr i nto execution what I pro 1 pose . Even while the loyalt y of these people was being th us fa v or

o r y ably un favorabl commented upon , many friends of govern

Mc e a n ment were remo v ing to this haven of refuge . L , who r x 1 eturned to Hali fa at the close of November , 7 7 9 , wrote to Clinton from that place that a considerable number of inhabitants had taken refuge on the peninsula , that their distressed situation rendered it necessary that they be supplied with provisions from

’ the King s stores , and that he proposed sending a further supply ? by the Alba n i ' to complete thei r stock to the end of May B e sides the people who were coming in from the immed iate nei gh bo rho o d l , others were arrivin g from loca ities farther removed both in Maine and Massachusetts . One such party came from

n Falmouth u der the guidance of a tory named Baum , who was

w d - after ar s captured by the A mericans , tried by a court martial presided o v er by Maj or Burton , condemned to death , and executed by order of G eneral Wadsworth . I t was in revenge for this ex ec u ti o n that Wadsworth and Burton were captured by a detach

e ment from Penobscot , and i mprisoned ther until they made thei r

1 escape , J une 5 , Among the loyalists from Falmouth who early sought protection at the post were Captain Jeremiah Pote ‘ - i n - and his two sons law , Robert Pagan and Thomas Wyer . ’ 1 6 l a g an did not go directly to Penobscot , but in February , 7 7 ,

w i th his sailed family for Barbadoes . On his return , he settled hi m in the growing Penobscot colony , w here , with brothers , he purchased d welling houses from Lieutenant Colonel Campbell i n w Moses Gerrish of Ne bury , Massachusetts , who was a

' 1 Ar nn / o / . n the l n Al ss i n z . . / n (i B l l 0 st. o . r t 2 . / / i , , , 45 2 66 . .

. R e or t o Am i n R o . I n t o (i 2 8 . s . I / 3 p f y . f , 5 S a bi ne l n z Lo a l i z . sm 6 6 , y , 2 .

4 . xlm rl ie ns i s u l 1 0 1 , J y , 9 3 , 75 . ’ . l 0 u 1 2 2 S et . l i u rea u I V 5 J y , 9 7 , 3 ; . 0 4 1 S a bi ne - l m Lo a /l i s 0 . 2 3 1 3 7 ; r d , 5 .

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1 t he peace . Meantime , N utting was serving as overseer of the

w a s works with such satisfaction to Colonel Campbell , who then “ in command of the fort , that the latter in consideration of his

’ ” “ Attachment to His Maj esty s Government , made at G rat uitous

G rant to Mrs . N utting of a lot of land to settle upon R d on the N . E . side of y oad Lea ing to Fort George , formerly ” e eli o n t the Property of Joseph P i rki ns no w in R bb . Upon his

be 1 0 ? lot the overseer built him a house , which valued at £ 5

Thus , a population of loyalists was gatherin g within the bound

a ries of the proposed province of Ne w I reland . This development may have had something to do with N u t

’ 1 8 0 e ting s departure for England in the spring of 7 , by the parti

n A a n y ular advice and recommendation of General Mc Le a . t

t a rate , soon after his arrival i n London , N uttin g announced h t he b had laid a plan efore Lord George Germain which , i f put into ” x e ecution , would prove of the greatest Utility to G overnment . The concerns of the prospective province were certainly recei v ing a great deal of attention at this time among the loyalists at P e

Ma fi nobscot , for , in y of the year named above , they sent Dr . Cale to England to do what he could toward getting the British a uthor ities to fi x upon the River Penobscot as the di v idi n g li ne betwee n 3 themselves and the United States . W ’ hile the obj ect of M r . Nutting s j ourney i s less clear by

reason of the lack of documentary proofs , the fact that he now

Mc e a n crossed the ocean at what was virtually the req uest of L , to

' w hom had be e n entrusted the fi rst s te p tow a rd s erectin g a loy a lis t

province in eastern Maine , suggests st rongly that the present mission of the Overseer of W’ orks was in connection with the carrying into effect of the second and principal part of the pro

gramme , namely , the establishment of the province itsel f . I t w a s certainly more than a mere coincidence that the whole New

’ I reland scheme received a fresh impetus soon after N u t ting s 80 . 1 x arrival in London On A ugust 7 , 7 , G ermain wrote to Kno x e pressing the hope that New I reland still em ployed his thoughts ,

i 1 S ee . R e o r . t l n r t P t 2 2 . O n . . p , , 3 3 , 3 4

2 . f wd /i n 8 2 g , .

. a /t n 8 2 86 R or t n e o Me Am . fl l i n 3 i g , , ; p ss . Me ‘ An I n c l (i . . o . I I 1 1 8 2 2 G a n o n E vot o l/z e [ fou n d y f , , 9 ; g , . f

a r i r s n N . I t 2 6 0 R a m o n n / / d 11 i s o w P a ers 2 6 . , ; y , p , 5

1 6 that he was more and more inclined to prefer Oliver (the e x - chief j ustice of Massachusetts Bay) for the governorship , and that he “ wi shed they might prepare some plan for the consideration of ” i the Cabinet . No sooner sa d than done , the plan was produced

o f with astonishing promptness . I ts form was that a constitution for the new province , concerning which Germain wrote on ' ' — Au gust 1 1 th : T/z e K z ng app r oves t/z e pla n likes Oliver for

. H Governor , so it may be offered him e approves Leonard for i i ” 1 Ch ef J ust ce .

a bso The instrument , thus approved , placed the province lu tely u nder the control of the British Parliament . On acquiring t n land , whe her by i heritance , p urchase , or gran t from the Crown , every landlord had to declare his allegiance to the King i n his

Parli ament . There was to be , of course , a governor and a coun

m . cil , but no elective asse bly for the time being This omission was obviously intended as a means of forestallin g any disposition

of the people to republicanism . There was , however , to be a middle branch of the legislature , of which t he members were to be appointed by the Crown for life , but also subj ect to suspension v or removal by royal aut hority . These legislators might ha e

conferred upon them titles , emol uments , or both . The traditions of aristocracy were to be further secured by the granting of l and l i n arge tracts , thus providing at once for great landlords and a i tenantry . The Church of England was to be the establ shed t church , and the governor , the highes j udge in the ecclesiastical

fi enefi c es b . court , with the additional function of lling all The

- power of ordination was to be vested in a vicar general , the way

being th us opened for a bishop . The establishment of schools was left wholly unprovided for ? S uch was the constitution of

New I reland , the purpose of which , according to that thorough “ going loyalist , the Reverend William Walter , was by its liberal ity ” to show to t he American Provinces “ the great advantages of being a portion of the Empire and livin g under the protection of ” 3 u n the British Government . That these advantages remained tested insofar as New I reland was concerned was primarily d ue to

1 . B a tc he l d e r 01 m u tt n 86 8 , / N i g , , 7 .

V t /1 8 lt I t . r s 1 1 Vol I 6 B a n c ro s . o t 2 Co . I e . s S oe S e e . . Hi . , i , , 3 95 , 3 9 ; ft , Hi f

X 6 . S . 8 U. , , 3

m n R /z n 2 1 R a o d st o t/z e ver S t. o . 3 . y , Hi . f i j , 9

I 7 Attorne y G eneral who held that the territo r ial possessions of Massachusetts e xtended to the western boundary

S a nd of No v a cotia , that the charters of both provinces precluded 1 a new one from being interposed between them .

Although this opinion prevailed , the plan does not seem to ha v e been abandoned by its originators for in the winter of 1 7 8 1

’ G ermain urged upon Clinton the min i stry s favorite scheme for

‘ t he disposition of the throngs of Tories at New York : Man y

u n are desiro s of being settled i n the cou try about Penobscot and , as it is proposed to settle that country , and this appears to be a

e s lova li sts cheap m thod of d i posing of these , it is wished you would encourage them to go there under the protection of the

Associated Refugees , and assure them that a civil government w l i l follow them in d ue time ; for I hope , in the course of the sum w ffi mer , the ad miral and you ill be able to spare a force su cien t to

ff a n e ect establishment at Casco Bay , and reduce that country to the King 's 2

w a t Massachusetts , of course , anted the viperine nest P ” enobscot suppressed , and appealed feelingly from time to time to the French and to Wash ington to strike the decisive blow . I n truth , her authority had been so far encroached upon by the enemy that she w a s no longer able to collect ta xes or c o n tribu tions from any place to the eastward of thei r stronghold . The

s garri on there was ever on the alert , and improved the defences of the post until it was declared by the Commander - i n - chief of the Continental forces to be “ the most regularly constructed and ” i a u v x best f nished of in A merica . These e cellent ramparts sheltered a throng of loyalists and thei r families , while nearby a

e refugee s ttlement grew up , which by the end of the war con

- fi ve two p sisted of thirty houses (a fe w of stories ) , su plemented by the barest utilities in the form of three wharves and two ‘ stores . I t remained to be seen whether this outpost of loyalism would survi v e the undercurrents of diplo ma c v d uring the nego

( b i t ’ fil e . / / i t o e 1 . . S r s . S n es f c t 6 B h o n” u n . a tc e ld e r N t/i , i 3 9 ; , / g ,

t l u / 2 . l a tc he d e r 1 n 8 6 , j .

[ b id 8 S a bi n e m l . A . /a ss r /l : 1 0 . A e i ves V . 1 3 1 , ; . , 45 , 3 7 7 ; tl/ / /i st S o S r r . k V l I 00 . n es o . . , i , 4

1 3 ti a ti on s m So for peace , as it had weathered the stor s of war . I f ,

it might still become the capital of a real province of New Ireland , and by the favor of the authorities secure a population of some thousands out of hand from among the swarms of loyal ists that

f r had been gathering o years at Ne w York . I n the con ferences of the peace commissioners England contended that the frontier of Massachusetts e xtended no farther than Penobscot Bay : she gave it out that she wanted the territory to the eastward “ for ”

. m a masts B ut J ohn Ada s , who was a member of the bo rd of

c a n d was treaty commissioners , was a Massa h usetts m an , thor H oughly conversant with conditions at Penobscot . e pertinently V remarked to Count ergennes , while the contention was in prog 1 “ s res , that it was not masts , but Tories , that again made the “ difli c u lt y , and that Some of them claimed lands in that terri t ” tory , and others hoped for gran s there , not forgetting to add “ that the grant of Nova Scotia by J ames I to Sir William Ale x ”

t . . ander , bounded it on thefi Croix Adams was no less positive

mm . when face to face with the English co issioner , Mr Oswald , “ and told him plainl y that he must lend all his thoughts to con ” n vince and persuade his court to give up the disputed regio , ” 2 off u n else the whole negotiations would be broken . The yieldin g character of the man from Massachusetts was con fi rmed

l the by Lord She burne , who was constrained to report to House of Lords that he “ had but the alternative either to accept the ” 3 x terms proposed or to conti nue the war . Mr . Secretary Kno , in the bitterness of his personal disappointment over the fi nal fi collapse of his budding province , grati ed his own animosities by alleging that Pe n obscot would never have been evacuated at all had i t not been for the j ealousy of Wedderburn and the i gn o 4 rance of Shelburne . . The provisional articles of peace were agreed to at the end of

1 8 2 November , 7 . I t was n ot until the middle of the following

J une that Carleton wrote to Governor Parr , of Nova Scotia , that two ships had been sent to Penobscot to remove such persons as

mber 1 0 1 8 2 1 . N o e . v , 7

A a m s D a r u s 0 n 1 lt t . 2 d n de r the da e . 1 a o . M e . s oe. . N o v d 8 C S , i y , t , ; Hi I ] V l I 6 S er es o . . i , , 3 9 , 3 9 7 lt r t I e . t. o r I I l I 3 . Co . s S e S e es Vo . . Hi , , i , , 3 9 7 ’ B a c he lde r /z n i n o A ntt . 4 . t , j g , 94

I 9 l . w should choose to go to his province Three eeks later , it was “ reported that some people of Machias , Maine , had moved to Pas s a m a q uoddy a n d possessed themselves of lands between x S c oodi e S c oodia c the river St . Croi and the River [ ] About the middle of August , Parr w rote to Brigadier General Fox at

Halifa x concerning the r umored encroachments east of the St .

Croix , encroachments made , he said , under pretense that the lands between that river and the S c oodi a c belonged to Massa c s s Fo x hu e tt . He informed General that the invaded lands were “ intended chiefly for the immediate settlement of part of the Pro vi nc i a l disbanded troops and one hund red and fi fty refugee fami ” lies from Penobscot , and therefore suggested that an armed “ detachment be sent there to protect the bound ary . Thus , before fi the de nitive treaty of peace was signed , (September 3 , a P en ob new boundary dispute had emerged , i n which the l uckless

d is c ov scot loyalists were i nvolved as before . This their agents

he ered when t v arrived at Passamaquoddy at the close of August , for they were there greeted by a letter from the authorities at m Boston , warning the not to form a settlement in the disputed region . The agents communicated this news to Parr , with the further i nformation that the transports intended to convey their

people to Passamaquoddy had already arrived at Penobscot , news suggesting that the loyalists would soon be at their destination l o sess i n ’ and take p s o .

Meantime , Robert Morse , the chief engineer , had received instructions to proceed to Passamaquoddy and report on the sit ua

tion there . He soon learned of the alleged encroachments , and

1 1 8 ffi wrote to Carleton , A ugust 5 , 7 3 , of the di culties that might x x arise about the boundary river , e plaining that t he name St . Croi had been indiscriminately applied to the three rivers which em pty

into Passamaquoddy Bay , and that while the westernmost had

been the old boundary between Maine and Nova Scotia , the middle and by far the most important one was meant for the new bound 5 ary , th us opening the way for dispute . Early i n September ,

' 1 Ae mr / n M Am n fl/ ss . i the R o (i 2 6 o e o I V . . / . y . f . , 7

2 . 2 l o .

1 .

2 3 ! p 5 . .

2 0 x Morse reached Passamaquoddy , in time , as he e plained to Carle “ ton , to poin t out to the surveyors employed in l ayin g out ff di erent towns , and the lands adj oining , such spots as appeared

proper to be reserved for the use of Government , and future ” 1 protection of the country . He was detained there eight days

’ 1 before he was able to sail for St . Joh n s River . On November , — he ag ain wrote the Commander i n - chief a t New York to say that “ the town laid out for the people from Penobscot was on St . Andrew ’ s point —their lands ex tending up the east side of the “ S odi a River c c . This position he conceived to be totally out d ” of ispute , and though it was contested , as we shall see later , the country to the east of the S c odi a c was adj udged to be part of

Novia Scotia and the settlers remained in possession . Morse was x equally correct in asserting that the stream called the St . Croi by the Massachusetts people and alleged by them to be the true “ M a i a duc e boundary was in fact the jgg y (Magaguadavic) , w “ ” r . hich he decla ed to be quite out of the question Hence , he urged that an early explanation should be required of the author “ ities of Massachusetts , lest the un fortunate people from Pen obsc ot should be again disturbed , or before an y military force is

- of— sent there . He added that a British man war was alread y 2 under orders to proceed to Passamaquoddy . At Penobscot the loyalists had formed an association with t Captain Jeremiah Pote , Rober Pagen , and a third member , whose name is unknown , as agents to complete arran gements for the removal to Passamaquodd y . Many of the associators had already gone (about October 1 ) to the location chosen for thei r 3 new settlement to erect houses , and had evidently been there

a about three weeks when Colonel John Allan , the gent of the

fi nd Massachusetts authorities , arrived on the scene , only to the surveyors ex plorin g the rivers and preparing to lay out townshi ps ,

An while a number of settlers were alread y in possession of St .

’ di sc . ov drew s Point He remonstrated with t he surveyors , and , ! ering one of them , ebedee Jerry , of Freetown , to be a proscribed “ refugee , cautioned him from appearing on any lands of the

r n l 8 2 . t o th A m s B t. I V 2 0 . e o e . I l . i n th R . I n . o G. r R p s e oy s f i ,

1 . I b d . 2 i 44 .

T/z London hr n c 8 t r x u r r r . e C o le M a 8 1 S . C o Co e se es 3 i , y , 7 4 ; i i i ,

2 I ' n i ted S w a I tates in future , as he certainly ould be m de a prisoner , “ and at the same time di rected the I nd ians not to suffer a n y British subj ects to pass o n the river Passamaquodd y on such

the i r i n s tr uc ti on s u u . b siness ntil further orders I n obedience to , the I ndians soon after took captive the loyalist , Captain (J ohn )

w m . Jones , of Kennebec , ho they found marking trees on the river

a J ones was pl ced on parole , but had no compunctions about mak 1 y ing his escape at the earliest opportunit .

Alla n was further disturbed by the arrival on October 3 of tw o larg e transports and several smaller vessels bringing forty

B a a d uc e families from g . The ships were warned not to land their passengers , b ut nevertheless did so a few days later . On

i th the the 7 of October , Allan visited refugees and pointed out to them what he considered to be their precarious situation at St .

' o f And rew s . I n reply , they disclaimed any intention encroach

a ing upon Americ n soil , reminding him that they had been landed

’ where they were by the King s transports , and praying that they might not be molested until spring , as they were poor and the

w a s d season already far advanced . The eputy surveyor of Nova S w cotia , Captain Charles Morris , J r was on the ground , and hen ’ y s called u pon after a few da interval by Allan , ex plained cour te o nsly that he was merely following out positive instructions in laying out the lands for the ne w settlers , and freely showed the

e s D esB a r res charts in his poss ssion , namely , tho e of Holland and , in which , as Allan remarked , the westerly branch of Fassama I ” bs o x Co c ok v . quodd y called is set down as the Ri er St . Croi S oon more families d isembarked , and Allan notes that vessels

s were daily arriving with supplie , that a n umber of houses were

y al read buil t , as well as a large store for government provisions , and that val uable timber was being constantly cut and shipped .

— o u be I l is lette r went on to say good authority , as asserted that the British i ntended to claim all the timber lands on Passa m a uo dd y B a v q as part of Nova Scotia , and that a company of wealthy persons under the management of one Pagan , formerly

B a y of Casco , and others , was read y to go into the l umber busi fi ness , having suf cient infl uence with the government to obtain

l . o n //1 e 1 m - . J l s s i n R o l zl sl o (i [ f l . r L 2 y . . / . , 3 7 3 74 ; 8 ‘ 7 . ( m ix ( i i /t r i e r ser es i ,

2 2 had a lre a d v been sent to the I ndies and to various parts of S 1 Nova cotia . By the end of December , St . Andrews had e xpanded to a village of betw een two hundred and three hund red houses . and other settlements were maki ng rapid headway

V y G eneral Rufus Putman , who isited Passamaquodd at the time “ w S c hoodi c k mentioned , reported that a to n at present called , near the head of navigation has one hundred houses ; besides which there is a township at the head of Oak Bay , granted to a c o m a n v p of associates at the head of which there is a Mr . Nor wood from Cape Ann ; another township west of this is survey e d for a company from Connecticut , and these companies obtain the ” 2 same supplies of provisions as the refugees do .

The plan of St . A ndrews , which was completed perhaps

1 8 si x n early in 7 4 , provided for parallel streets run ing from northwest to southeast and thirteen streets cutting them at right x angles , thus formin g si ty square blocks , besides twelve blocks on the southwest side of the town more or less indented by the irre g ularities of St . Andrews H arbor . Each block was d ivided

1 2 into ei ght lots . On August , this town plot was granted

2 to Gammon and 4 9 others , several of the grantees

r receiving mo e than one lot . Some of the earliest houses erected

ori i n a ll v in the town had been set up g at Penobscot , onl y to be taken down for removal at the evacuation . Among these are the

St . And rews Coffee House s till standin g at the foot of William S treet , the store and the home once owned by Robert Pagan , and houses built by Robert Garnett and Captain Jeremiah Pote .

fi - The rst t wo story building to be erected in St . Andrews was owned and occupied by John Dunn , who brought the frame and

e 1 8 th . materials from New York in 7 4 , the year in which other 3 u st ructures were also set p . Man y of the refugee families were loth to lea v e behind thei r coats of arms and their treasures i n

mahogany and sil ver . These cherished possessions still remain 4 in some old homes at St . And rews , and doubtless at other

a 1 88 pl ces on Passamaquoddy Bay . By 7 , i f we m ay cred it the

statements in an old manuscript , the population of St . Andrews

1 . z l n u l i en i u l 0 2 s s 1 1 . , J y , 9 7 , 3

2 . S t. Cr o x C ou r er se r es YVI i i i , C .

. An u /i en s i s u l 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 8 2 2 u l 1 0 1 60 2 2 . 3 , J y , 9 7 , 3 , 4 , , , 5 ; J y , 9 3 , M . id u l 1 0 1 61 4 J y 9 3 , .

2 4 and vicinity had increased to more than three thousand , while m b 1 the town itself now n u bered a out six hund red houses . At

w . this time , and for some years after ards , the place rivaled St w 2 John , New Bruns ick , in commercial i mportance .

n Ever since the settlement of St A drews , religious services

b m . had been conducted . y the civil agistrate , who acted as lay

1 8 reader on S undays . I n November , 7 5 , the Reverend Sam uel

Cooke , of Shrewsbury , New Jersey , who had recently removed to

. V o St John where he had been appointed missionary , isited Cam p

Di d a h e u s . bello , St . Andrews , and g g At these places he read

prayers , p reached , and performed baptisms , and then returned to

y his own parish . I n the following ear , the Reverend Samuel Y e Andrews , a grad uate of al College , who had been rector of St .

’ V V a lli n ford Paul s Church in g , Connecticut , came to min ister at “ d St . Andrews . He found there a considerable bo y of people of f di ferent national extraction , living in great harmony and peace , w punctual i n attendin g Divine Service , and behavin g i th pro ” ri m p ety and devotion . Sent as a issionary by the Society in

London for the Propagation of the Gospel , Parson Andrews prove d to be a man of broad and l iberal spirit without an y sacer i ‘ dotal pretensions . This was fortunate , for the maj or ty of the

n N e erthe people of his e w parish were Scotch Presbyterians . v less , he won the favor of all , his congregation comprising all the fi Protestant elements represented in the town . The rst vestry

2 1 8 6 l meeting was held August , 7 . I n the fol owin g Ap ril , M r . Andrews was temporarily incapacitated for his work by -a p a ra ly t i c stroke ; and his son , Sam uel F . Andrews . was appointed school master and catechist , being th us able to relieve his father

’ s of part of his duty . The m i sionary s illness did not p revent fi w the takin g of prompt measures to erect a church edi ce , hich

1 8 8 was accomplished in 7 , although the structure w as not com

’ l e t et d 1 0 . p until Sep ember , 7 9 I t w as called All Saints Church

fi ft - and measured y two feet i n length by forty in width , t he ex pense being met p artly out of a fund contributed by the parish , but chiefl y out of a government allowance . The ch urch had a

M a c Mas ter bell presented by Mr . John , a merchant in London ,

1 mo n d n l P a er . R a W s ow s y , i p ,

2 Ac a di ensi s ul 1 0 1 8 . , J y , 9 3 , 5 .

2 5 and was decorated with the ro y al coat of arms which the mission 1 ar v had him self broug ht from Connecticut . Owin g to the fact that most of the inhabitants of St . Andrews professed the Pres b te r i a n y faith , the number of communicants remained small , b ut

c . ba ptisms , espe ially of children , were frequent Besides All

‘ s a m fi Saint Church , nother emorial of the rst rector is to be found ' ” in Minister s I sland , w hich had been granted under the name

ha mc ook of C to Captain Sam uel Osborne , but was sold by him to

A 1 1 Mr . ndrews in March , 7 9 , Captain Osborne having removed

o E . . . to L ndon , ngland On this island , overlooking St And re ws 2 the rector built his house and passed the remainder of his l ife .

S Cha mc ook ome years after p urchasing , the genial clergyman gathered about hi m a little group of the most notable loyalists in “ ' ” v the town in an o rgani z ation kn own as The Friendly S oc i et .

r I ts membe s held weekly meetings , at which they discussed

n m ora litv questio s of religion , , law , medicine , geography , and w history , besides contributions of importance in ne spapers and

a z m ga ines . By an article of their constitution , they limited themselves to spirits and water as the onl y refreshments per

mitted hila n thro h in time of meeting . Their p p y was manifest in thei r purpose to exert their infl uence in suppressing im morality

i n the comm unity of which they were the leaders . I t should be

1 8 00 i added that d uring the summer of three members of this soc ety , ) I r fi . namely , . Cale , Colonel Wyer , and Henry B Brown , together

with Mrs . Robert Pagan , rendered heroic service in combatting x an epidemic of small po that swept St . Andrews and vicinity .

fi ve Of the hundred and m ore cases that developed , onl y three

were lost . The society flourished d uring the li fetime of its 3 founder , that is , for thirteen years , and then died .

’ Aside from the town plot of St . Andrews , the Old Settlers di S c oo c . Reserve at Falls , (now the town plot of St Stephen ) ,

the Indian Reserve , (now Milltown ) , and a few scattered lots

s ix reserved for public use , tracts of shore and river lots were

1 T hi ’ . s c oa t o f a r m s n o w ha n g s o v e r the m a i n e nt ra n c e o f Al l S a i nts Lhu rv h l l ] An d re w s S t . he se c o nd s r uc u re o f ha n a m e t t . , t t t

’ ' i 2 . 1 V1 7U l /a e n I l i sl S o P a I 2 2 e e [ rst I Yea r s z . r er s VI fi V . p , , 3 4 , 3 5 : L , i/I ‘ ’ ‘ I mr r/z o l i n l a n d i n M I r oz 'i n V I 2 - 8 2 - E a to n e re / . 8 V f e of i , 3 3 5 , 4 ; , . ( nn n /z m N o w S w l m 1 0—1 2 1 8 xlm di ens i s u l 1 0 1 u l y 1 0 , 5 5 , 5 ; , J y , 9 3 , 93 ; J , 9 7 , 2 fi 2 8 3 3 .

Ir / w - . ru i n i s s u l 1 0 1 8 1 2 R a m o n d W nsl o w a er s . 3 , J y , 9 7 , 7 9 ; y , i p p , 455

2 6 granted to the Penobscot Associated Loyalists in 1 7 8 4 . These tracts extend from B oc abec on the in ner bay of Passamaquoddy ’ x to Sprague s Falls on the St . Croi , and incl ude two ranges of

Moha n nes lots on Stream . They form the greater p art of the water front of the present parishes of St . Patrick , St . And rews , f x x . St . Croi , St David , Du ferin , and St . Stephen , and e tend over 1 nearl y half the length of Charlotte County . I n this region , the associators formed their settlements , among which were Boca ’ D fi e i n n n es x u r Moa . . x bec , , , St . Croi , and St David St . Croi w a s fi v rst settled along the ri er of the same name and the Waweig ,

’ while St . David sprang up at the head of Oak Bay , all around x which e tended settlements of the Penobscot loyalists . The

Cham c ook a x village of , which rose from the e pansion of neighbor 2 ing colonies , was of somewhat later origin . Another loyalist village , whose inhabitants came in large part from Penobscot , ’ d was St . George s Town . I t was laid out on the western si e of

’ ta n H the little peninsula i n L E g arbor , facing the island now

’ a known as Fry s Island . I ts original gr ntees numbered one hun

fi ft - d dred and y three persons , who received their lots under ate of

1 1 8 al l November , 7 4 . I n perhaps t wo hundred families settled here , many of the townsmen being disbanded soldiers of the Roy a l 8 Fencible Americans and probabl y of the 4 th Regiment . Of these men Captain Peter Clinch wrote a dismal account to the

1 8 w Provincial Secretary in February , 7 5 , chargin g them ith general worthlessness , d ue to the introd uction of rum into the community through the agency of Captain Philip Bailey . Clinch also charged Bailey with exploitin g the inhabitants for his own

fi . m bene t However , even Clinch admitted that there were any settlers in the town against whom no reasonable obj ection could 3 1 fi re be raised . I n 7 9 9 , a forest destroyed the village , and it l had never been rebu i lt fi I n addition to the settlements formed by the Penobscot As soc i a ted a n u mber Loyalists , there was of settlements established i n the Passamaquoddy District in the same period by loyalists ' w from localities other than Penobscot . Among these ere the

i n u l 1 1 2 1 . A ra d e si s 0 . , J y , 9 3 , 7 l i B 1 1 8 1 2 1 2 8 1 6 1 2 G a n o n Or ns o S ett e m en ts n . 6 . . g , ig i f N , 3 , , 5 , 7 ’ - Am a i en s i s u l 1 0 2 0 2 60 . 3 . , J y , 9 7 , 5

i - r u r L VI . S t. C7 o Co r er se es 4 . i i , XX

2 7 D i de town of St . Stephen and the Old Ridge , a colony on the g guash above its mouth , another on the Magaguadavic to the

P e n nfi eld e rea u Second Falls , , and farther east along the coast L p , ' '

Mace s Bay , Seeley s Cove , Dipper Harbor , Chance Harbor , and S M usquash . The town of St . tephen at the head of navigation

011 . the St Croix , together with the country north of the town ,

Ma too n Mou t0n including the Old Ridge , was settled by the Port ( ) Association of loyalists and disbanded soldiers of the Briti s h

Legion . This association took its name from the village i t had

’ 1 8 founded late in 7 3 i n Q ueen s County , Nova Scotia . When the w w sno disappeared in the follo ing spring , the locality was found to be rocky and sterile . Hardly had this d iscovery been made

fi re when an accidental consumed the town , and compelled the immediate removal of the inhabitants . Of these , the maj ority betook them selves to Ched a bu c to Bay in the eastern part of Nova

Scotia , while the rest decided to accompany Captain Nehemiah

Marks to Passamaquoddy . Captain Marks was a refugee from

Derby . Connecticut , had served as a captain in the corps of Armed

Boatmen and later as lieutenan t i n the Maryland Loyalists . His

l a nd ed 2 a rt . 6 p y where the town of St Stephen now stands , May

1 8 7 4 , hoisted the British flag , and called the place Morristown , a name it contin ued to bear for several years . I n the following i x w S c ood c . September , acres on the or St Croi River ere distributed among the members of t he association , one hund red

w - and t enty one i n n umber , while garden lots i n Morristown were

fi ve bestowed upon John Dunbar and one h undred and others . fi Captain John J ones , who had rst come to Passamaquodd y as a

s surveyor for the loyali ts , was one of the recipients of a farm l ot . Among the grantees of the town are found the names of man y members of the Penobscot Association , who also held grants i n

St . A nd rews , besides of some who were favored with lots both in

’

w . d . St , And re s and St George s Town I t is no oubt true that a n umber of the grantees of St . Stephen abandoned thei r lands or

a a nd sold them for a nomin l sum ; but man y others remained , n umerous farms alon g the Old Ridge are still held by thei r de

d a n s sc e n t . f b h Captain Marks became a grantee o ot St . And rews

. fi and St Stephen , and was one of the rst j ustices of the peace i n

1 Charlotte County . He died in St . Stephen in J uly , 7 99 , having lived long enough to see the commun ity he had planted i n the

2 8 rn 1 80 wilde ess making substantial progress . By 3 , the parish as d a whole had a population of nearl y seven hun red . I t boasted m seven saw mills , or al ost hal f the number to be found i n the m entire Passa aquoddy District , and was t urning out ann ually l feet of boards , or more than all the other mil s to gether . The settlements formed by loyalists who had not come from Penobscot were assigned locations on the east side of Fassama

- . n c q uoddy Bay Thus , J oh C urry and forty two others re eived

Di de u a sh i n t S . acres on t he g g the Parish of Patrick , at

h 1 8 . the end of Marc , 7 4 At the same time , a grant of acres

i z i was issued to Colin Campbell . Lieutenants Thomas F t s mm on s

M c N a b and Colin , who were assigned acres in the same 2 region , permitted their grant to escheat to the governmen t . e Two tracts , one on the ast side of the lower Magaguadavic , ’ and the other on the L Eta n g with its western shoreline on Pas s a m a u odd t o q y Bay , were granted a score of loyalists , of whom

Dr . William Paine of Worcester , Massachusetts , was the most

x n notable . A refugee in Halifa after the evacuation of Bosto ,

1 8 Dr . Paine had brought h is party to Passamaquoddy late in 7 3 ,

“ 00 b ut did not obtain the grants , w hich together amounted to 5 , 5

u u . acres , ntil some three or fo r months later Of the tract on the

Magaguad avic , the Worcester loyalist received acres . I n

addition , he was given the Island of La Tete in recogn ition of his

' services in Rhode Island and N e w York as apothecary to the

’

British forces and at Halifax as physician to the King s hospitals .

a With his family , Dr . Paine took possession of L Tete in the

1 8 w . summer of 7 4 , but within a t elvemonth removed to St J ohn , r o fes New Brunswick , to educate his children and practise his p

sion . Nevertheless , the County of Charlotte elected him to the

1 8 wa s Assembly of New B runswick in 7 5 , and he appoin ted clerk

of the House . He was also commissioned as a j ustice for the ffi County of S unbury , and held other o ces during his residence

1 8 ff there . I n 7 7 , having secured the permission of the War O ice ,

/ X LXXX V I I C x Cou r er ser i es CI V LAC 14 . X V 1 . S t. r oi i . , , , ’ ’ ’ ’ a o n r n o Me S ettl em e n ts LXXX I A C ACI A CI I . CI A G n O s , X , , ; g , ig i f y m on d 1 0 G a n o n H i stor i c S tes i njV . B . 0 R a i n IV. B . , i , 3 4 ; , 5 5 , 5 7 , 7 ; g

n sl ow P a er s 8 . Wi p , 4 9 i I . G H st S tes i n . 2 a n o n . . g , i i N , 3 3 9

2 9 fi w he ret urned to Massachusetts , at rst to Salem here he spent s i x years , thence removing to to enj oy the privilege — unusual for one of his former attachments o f residing in the paternal mansion and being treated with respectful consideration

- H bv his fellow townsmen . ere he lived out the remain ing forty y ears of his life with means ample to provide for every want . His

z status as a citi en of the United States , which he had forfeited

a rl v 1 8 2 . e in the Revol ution , was rest ored to him by special act in 5 S fi amual Bliss of Green eld , Massachusetts , one of the grantees ’ s of Dr . Paine party , later secured the concession of the large

’ ’ ta n isl and at the mouth of L E g Harbor , still know n as Bliss s i t 1 Island , and of the small island near called the White Horse .

of the lower Magag uadavic , the Royal Fencible Ameri m cans were for the most part settled . Although i ncl uded a ong the loyalist corps , the Fencibles had been enlisted i n Nova Scotia and

ffi m en Newfoundland . Such of their o cers and as received grants at Passamaquodd y appear to have been in garrison at Fort 1 8 Cumberland , w here they were d isbanded in 7 3 . Captain Philip

Bailey and fi fty - eight others landed on November 1 0 of the same year at the mouth of the Magaguadavic , and perhaps Lieutenant

s Peter Clinch accompanied them , although he had vi ited the 1 8 region in advance . Late in February , 7 4 , Lieutenant Clinch was granted seven hund red acres extending from the lower falls ' to the head w aters of L Eta u g and in the following month the a others received thei r grant of more th n acres . That an additional n umber of the Fencibles came to Passamaquoddy is

’ ’ by Eta n shown the m uster held at L g , or St George s Town , on

1 8 w J uly 3 , 7 4 , hen there were present of the late Royal Fencible

American Regiment , one hundred and eight men , forty women ,

fi ft - and y three children , or a total of two h undred and one per sons . The valley of the Magaguadavic contained rich mead ow

s a d lands , abund ant fore ts , and ample water powers ; but these

who vantages made no appeal to most of the d isbanded sold iers , o c c u ) ied fi 1 themselves with hunting and shing , or gave them e to s lves over the pleasures of the cup . Many soon left the co nn

' 1 t o i ‘ o r f . S r - i u r e ll C e s r es Co . . I . I l i st o . S e . i i , N .

- V . 0 N . 2 S ta r k L / s/ 8 a no n H S te i n s 8 G st . s 3 . 73 ; , ow i 3 5 3 7 ; g , i i ’ ’ ’ A . Cha n d le r 7 7m ( Vi m/ cl /er 2 6 l a i n e l a i n e F am i l 3 3 9 : , 9 ; , y ’ It r i /e r eg s .

3 0

o n n sect their retur home , with which they purchased and shipped a supply of flour and I ndian meal , together with other necessaries . to Beaver Harbor . According to certain brief but interestin g a records of the town , which are still extant , don tions were also E received from Friends in ngland , these donations being

1 0 1 8 mentioned under date of March , 7 9 . The records also tell

1 8 6 P e n n fi e ld us that in J uly , 7 , the society at decided to erect a small meeting house on ground allotted for the pu rpose . This i ntention was carried out , and the meeting house was still stand ing ff in the spring of 1 7 8 9 . The loss in population su ered by the Parish of P e n n field d uring this period is shown by the census o f

1 8 0 fi ft - 3 , which reported but y four inhabitants , princi pally Q uakers concernin g whom it was noted that they were excel lent farmers

a ‘ living on a good tract of land and in com fortable ci rcumst nces . The decline of P en n fie ld helped to populate the smalle r harbors farther east , although some of these had been settled shortly after the war by loyalists who may have come either from

. e re a u fi St J ohn or directly from the States . L p was rst occupied

’ in 1 7 8 4 ; Mace s Bay was settled later by the exod us from Penn

’ fi e ld ; Seely s Cove had its origin in 1 7 84 or 1 7 85 as a small loyalist colony formed by J ustus Seely ; Dipper Harbo r and Chance Harbor

fi 1 8 both began as shing villages founded by loyalists in 7 4 , and M usquash was established a year earlier by people of the same x class . The e pansion of the descend ants of these groups has 2 supplied settlers to other pl aces along the coast . Another settlement w orthy of mention was that of the Cape

A nn Associ ation in what is now the Parish of St . David . This

s pari h lies north west of the Bay of Passamaquodd y , and i ncludes

Di de u ash the headwaters of Dennis Stream and the g g River , which are not navi gable . The association n umbered two hundred and twenty members , and received a grant of nearly acres

1 1 8 on October , 7 4 . Man y of the grantees appear to have come from G loucester , Massach usetts , and vicinity . Several , however ,

N e w . w were from Boston i n New Hampshire F rancis Nor ood ,

the - the leader of association , was one of the latter . Twenty six

V - 1 . S t . C r o x Co u r e r se r es I I l i st S oc I V 80 i i i , . . . 73 ; G a n o n O r ns o tli e S l n 7 1 8 m o nd IVi u s/ozo ett e me n ts i A . R a g , ig i f 5 ; y , t a e r s 0 . p , 3 45 . 49

o 2 . G a n n O r ns o t/z t l m n t n 1 2 1 2 1 2 e S e t e e s i 1 1 1 . g , ig i f N. 44 , 7 , 7 , 3 , 5 w ho ha d of those grants at St . Andrews drew lands also in St . David ; while several others , whose names appear in the Penobscot As a soci tion grant , are l isted among the g rantees of the Cape Ann

Association . Among the l atter were Moses Gerrish , John G illis , and William Monroe . These facts i ndicate that nearly one

An n seventh , if not more , of the Cape company were loyalists .

Since , however , most of them did not belong to this class , the ” o wa s associati n assigned back lands , that is , lands back from i navigable waters , ev dentl y on the principle that loyalists and disban ded troops were entitled to the best locations . I t is prob “ able that the S t . Andrews and Penobscot grantees drew back lands either for their children , which they had a right to do , or as a matter of speculation . However , the settlement in St . fi David d id not ful l its promise , although the soil there

x : 1 8 8 was of e cellent quality in 7 , there were nearly one fi hundred and fty absentees , and two years later , all but

- 1 8 0 forty si x lots had been escheated . By 3 . the settlers n um

—s ix W bered two h undred and eighty , and ere reported to be the 1 most independent farmers of any in the County of Charlotte . Th us far we have been dealing almost excl usively w ith the settlements formed on the mainl and by loyalists , or . in the case of

St . David , with a settlement in which loyalists had some smal l

e . share . W t urn now to the islands The large islands on the west side of Passamaquoddy Bay , as well as some of the smaller

ones , gained a number of settlers at the close of the Revol ution ary War . I ndeed , the outermost of t hese islands , namely , G rand ? Manan , became the resort of several loyalist families as early as

1 7 7 0, these families coming from Machias , Maine , where they con The thev side red it unsafe to remain any lon ger . place in which built their h uts still retains thename of the leader , Joel Bonney ,

’ being known as Bonney s Brook . H owever , they were not per 1 8 0 mi tted to enj oy peace even here , and in 7 they removed to 3 “ the mouth of the D i gdegu a sh on the mainland . With the

i n C C u r r er es X X CX V I G a n o n st. S tes . 1 S t . r oix o ie s i , L , ; g , Hi i N ’ a m o nd 8 0 Ga n o n O r ns o the S ettlem ents i n A . S . ; R , B . 4 , 3 3 , 3 ; g , ig i f , 5 5 y

Wi n sl ow P a er s 8 . p , 4 9 w r k e o n n . n o he a mil i es w e re hose of oe l B o n n e of em b o , C , 2 . T f t J y P ( ’ V I B st S on . i n Abi el r a u e a n d a m es S ra u e : Col l . A . . . , , S p g . J p g Hi

N o 6. . 3 , 3 4

N 6 Ac a di ensi s u l , V . I o . , t. S oo l IV. E . s , . C ; 3 ol . Hi , , 3 , 3 4 3 47 , 3 59 J y ’

- C x Cou r er semes CVI I . I I I . 1 06 1 6 S t . ro 9 , 5 ; i i , X ,

3 3 ending of the war , a license was granted to John Jones , Thomas x O nard , Thomas Ross , Peter Jones , and Moses G errish , and fi others , being fty families , to occupy d uring pleasure the Island

a d ac e n t i n fi of G rand Manan , and the small islands j the shery with liberty of cutti ng frame stuff and timber for building .

G errish and a few of his associates took possession , and began

1 8 thei r settlement near G rand Harbor in May , 7 4 . They found thei r island to be fourteen miles in length and nine miles in ” i breadth , very steep and craggy on all sides , but fert le in soil

a ll and co v ered with good timber . Evidently , not the families x e pected j oined the new community , b ut so far as we can tell

w ho those came were prominent refugees from Penobscot . Ger

w a s rish himsel f one of these , although originally from New

s Chen ev bury , Ma sachusetts , and a famil y by the name of was from the same place . Thomas Ross had been a mariner at

Falmouth , Maine , and entered the West I ndies trade after coming to Grand Manan . He was granted a small island , still called Ross Island , j ust east of the one on which he made his home . Captain John Jones appears to have returned to Maine

1 8 6 in 7 , after disposing of his interest in the island to J ames and

Mc Ma ster w ho ha d Patrick , two merchants of Boston , become discredited early in the Revolution on account of their loyalty .

J ohn Dogget , another of the refugee settlers , was a native of

Middleboro , Massachusetts . No doubt , the isolated position of

: the island retarded its development at any rate , its population

- 8 1 0 . was but one h undred and twenty one in 3 Nevertheless , the n umber of inhabitants was suffi ciently l arge to hel p establish the British claim to G rand Manan in the long controversy with the U nited States that followed years after . The retention of the island was regarded of great im portance by England on account

of its being the key to the entrance of the Bay of Fund y . To d gether with other islands in Passamaquo d y Bay , G rand Manan

1 8 1 was declared part of New Brunswick i n 7 . For years , Gerrish

was the most prominent resid ent on the island , and served both

as collector of customs and j ustice of the peace . While he and his associates failed to secure the fi ftv families requi red by the

e lic nse of occupation to obtain a grant of the entire island , the Council of New B runswick ordered grants to the settlers of thei r

respective possessions and allotments , together with a glebe and

3 4 a lot for p ublic uses , and these grants were d uly passed , November

1 1 8 1 o North of Grand Manan , the Island of Campobell was partly t m settled by loyalists , a few of whom remained but a shor ti e .

A t the opening of the Revolution , John Hanson , a native of

Marblehead , Massachusetts came to the island in a whaleboat ,

5 only to pass on to Minister Island , where he settled . Captain

Christopher H atch , a grantee of Parr Town on the River St . John ,

n we t into the mercantile business at Campobello . Later , he sold o ut to Lieutenant Thomas Henderson , who became the customs

ffi . o cer of the island Another grantee of Parr Town , who settled temporarily on Campobello , was N athan Frink , a native of

’ Pomfret , Connecticut , and a captain i n the King s Loyal

American Dragoons . I t is recorded by a historian of the isl and h that many of the early in abitants , who lived along what is called e m the North Road , w re tories fro New York , some of them being of Scotch origin . Later on , this loyalist element appears to have been considerably increased by the accession of n umerous fam ilies m fi fro the mainl and , who , dissatis ed with their locations , either 1 80 u sold or abandoned their grants there . I n 3 , the pop lation of

Campobello , i ncl uding both loyalists and other settlers , numbered ? nearly two h un dred and fi fty person s

N orth o f Campobello , Deer Island had occupants who , as l previously noted , went to considerab e trouble to take the oath of allegiance to the King at the time of the American attack upon

t e Penobscot . The earliest refugees to j oin these se tl rs probably

’ fled from Colonel Allen s rule at Machias . Among these , it

would appear , was Josiah Heney , a n ative of Portland , M aine ,

' who was aided in makin g his escape from Machias i n 1 7 7 7 by

James Bro wn of Passamaquoddy . Later , Heney sought the pro

n he tec ti o of t post at Penobscot , and came thence to Deer Island ,

’ V I N o - 0 Aea a i ens i s u l 1 06 t. S oe . . . C l l . s 1 . o . . N B Hi , 3 , 3 47 3 5 ; , J y , 9 , n the ttl m n ts i n l 1 0 2 0 G a n o n Or s o S e e e . B . 8 i i . u 1 6 ; b d , J y , 9 7 , 9 ; g , ig i f N , I l a nds I I R a m o n d IVi n sl ozo P a ers 8 0 1 6 o r i m e r st. o s . 3 ; L , Hi f , ; y , p , 5 9 49 ,

m L a l sts 1 8 S t. Cr o x Cou r er ser i es L 1 1 1 80 n S a bi ne A . o 5 , ; , y i , 47 , 459 ; i i , ,

I N o 2 2 1 S t. r x ou r i s i V . . o C er er es S oe . . C st . C l l . . o . 2 . N B Hi , , 5 ; i , ’ ’ I I C I V W e l ls Ca m obell o 6 R a m ond IVi ns/ozo P a ers LXA V I , XX ; , p , ; y , p , 6 0 G a n o n O r i n s o t/z e S ettl emen ts i n IV. B . . 49 ; g , ig f , 7

3 5 1 O where he built a house pposite Pleasant Point . About the same time , John Rol f and his d aughter arrived from Machias . Several members of the Penobscot Association also took up their resi

ee men dence on the island , i ncl uding Daniel L and William

’ Stewart , the latter settling at Pend leton s Passage . Othe r loyalists came in from St . J ohn , New Brunswick , one of these A A bein g J ohn ppleby , who located at Chocolate Cove . Both p leb l p y and Leeman have descendants now l iving on Deer Is and .

I ssa a . c Another settler from St J ohn was Richardson , whose name

R i c ha rdsonvi lle be is perpetuated in that of . I t was not long fore these loyalist inhabitants were j oined by some o f the fami lies from the mainland , who evidently thought they could better

1 8 0 i their condition by removing to Campobello . I n 3 , th s island and its dependencies had a population of one hundred a nd seven

a teen . I n the following year , score of these residents tried to establish a claim to the lands on which they were living . The memorial of these petitioners states that they had been on Cam pobello for twenty years (or since which would suggest that many of them , if not al l , were refugees from the States .

Gideon Pendleton , whom we know to have been a loyalist from

’ Long Island , and whose name appears in that of Pendleton s 2 Island , was one of these ,

The island j ust named had been granted , no doubt , to G ideon

Pendleton , as other of the small islands were granted to other adherents of the Crown . However , Moose Island (now Eastport ) wa s inhabited at the close of the Revol ution by about h al f a d oz

w ho en families , had been more or less in sympathy with G reat

Britain d uring that struggle . I t is not known how many out

bu t side loyalists j oined this little colony , it is said that George

Cline (or Klein ) , a recruiting sergeant d urin g the War , and

J oseph Ferris , a native of Stamford , Connecticut , and a captai n

’ m 11 i n 0 . Butler s R angers , both lived for a ti e Moose I sland The former spent the end of his days on Bar Island , and the latter ,

011 I ndian I sland . J ames Maloney , who was a mariner and a grantee of St . Andrews , settled on St . And rews Island , and

1 S t ix b u r er s r es ( I V o i me r I l i stor . . Cr o ( e i i , ; L r , y Q/ I l a n d 8 s s . , 9

2 i o a n o n Or ns o the . S t Cr o x C u r r er e C G . ie s i s g , ig i f

S ettl e m e n ts i n /i 6 R a mo n d Vi nsl o w P a er s 0 . . l N . , 7 ; y , p , 49

3 6 Matthew Thornton who fled to escape persecution after the battle of Ben nington , spent one winter there , bein g later provided with a grant as a member of the Penobscot Association . Thornton l was a native of New Hampshire .

1 8 The population of the Passamaquodd y region in 7 4 , accord

’ o ing to Colonel Edward Winslow s m uster was persons , f whom seven hundred and ninety were men , three hundred and ? si x a nd fi four , women , and h undred fty , children The various

2 n d regiments and other groups represented comprised the 4 , oth 2 n d ’ 7 , and 7 regimen ts , Royal Fencible Americans , King s

’ n T a rle ton s Orange Rangers , Royal Garrison Battalio , Dragoons , V Nova Scotia olunteers , Regiment of Specht (Brunsw i c k

’ ’ L Eta n soldiers) , various corps at g , Nehemiah Marks Company , loyalists and others at Beaver Harbor , Penobscot loyalists , and

Lieutenant Colonel Ste wart and party , besides two small com

a n i es p , one i n the District of Passamaquoddy and the other on the River Magaguadavic . As we have already seen at some length , most of these people were loyalists , and although the men had pursued the most diverse occupations in their former homes , farming engaged the g reat maj ority of them at Passa m a odd u . q y However , at the time of the landing of the refugees s from Penob cot , lumbering operations were already in progress

di c x S c oo . near the headwaters of the or St Croi River , on both sides of which a settlement of fi fteen or t wenty families was in x e istence . Most of these famil ies had come from Machias , and had evidently chosen their location 011 account of the val uable timber and the water power to be had there . At the mouth of 3 ' Dennis Stream they had built a sawmill . Thus began the l um x ber trade of the St . Croi , w hich may have suppl ied building material to loyalists who settled farther down the river . How

fi n e ever , there were abundant supplies of timber alon g the other large rivers emptyin g into Passamaquoddy Bay , and there were am ple water powers and excellent harbors at hand . The new n comers , appreciatin g these advantages , established importa t

’ ’ C ix Cou r er ser es LI I CA I C! XI V ACI V C I I I . 1 S t . r o , . i i , , X , , X I The fi u re s i e n i n the te xt a r e ta k e n rom th e L VI . 2 I d . . bi , X g g v f r \ o ri i n a l M u s te r B oo k n o w i n the oss essi o n o f the R e v . D . V . 0 . g , p

f t ohn . B . R a m o n d o S . N y , J ,

x ou r er ser es LI I . S t . Cro C 3 . i i i ,

3 7 villages at St . Stephen , Milltown , St . And rews , St . Patrick , and

’ St . G eorge s Town , and erected sawmills at n umerous points of vantage . Sailing vessels were needed for the lumber trade , and so ship - building became an im portant i nd us try in several of the

1 8 0 parishes that were settled by the loyalists . By 3 , the Passa m a u odd - q y District had no less than twenty one sawmills , which together cut feet of boards , and it also had a fleet of

fi - ft . y nine sails , besides n umerous smaller craft O f the sailing

- vessels , St . And rews Parish alone had built forty two since The principal markets for the l umber e xported from P a ssa m a q u od ‘ d w vV es t y ere Nova Scotia and the British I nd ies , i n both of w hich regions thousands of loyalist refugees were settling , d uring fi im this period . I t need scarcely be added that shing was an portant occupation of man y of the settlers on the shores and

fi sh islands of Passamaquodd y Bay . The quantity of taken in

1 8 0 3 amounted to quintals and barrels , besides about bo xes of herring ?

- w Meanwhile , the loyalists and their fellow colonists ere m ultiplyin g in n u mbers despite the removal of many from Passamaquodd y to other places in New Brunswick or to the 1 8 0 States . By 3 , the populati on of Charlotte County had reached fi persons , or nearl y eight h undred and fty more than that

1 8 of the v ear 7 4 . Wi th the growth in n umbers , desirable lots that had been abandoned by the fi rst grantees were taken up and 00 c u pi ed by young men comin g into maturity who wished farms of thei r own , and , following this , new settlements were m ade on the

e x a n uplands back of the older settlements . I n this way , an p

u D i de ua sh sion seems to have taken place p the St . Croi x , g g , and " Magaguadavic . The coming of the loyalists had led to the creation of Char lotte County , together with the seven other counties of New

1 8 6. Brunswick , early i n 7 At the same time , Charlotte County had been subdivided i nto seven towns or parishes , namely , St .

Stephen , St . David , St . A nd rews , St . Patrick , S t . G eorge , Penn

fi e ld . , and the West I sles The act establishing these di visions

m n 8 - R a o d Vi n /o a er 1 . 1 . I s w P s y , p , 4 9 49

2 .

’ S m n i n 61 . G a no n O r i ns o the ettle e ts A . . 3 g , g i f 59 ,

w ho resident j ustice of the peace in the person of Moses Gerrish , as pre v iously mentioned , served also as collector of customs for that island . J oseph G arnett , who died in St . Andrews in the

“ ‘ 1 8 00 i fi year , is said to have been New Brunsw ck s rst master in Chancery a nd the fi rst deputy registrar of deeds and wills and ” 1 deputy Surrogate or J udge of Probate for Charlotte County .

The settlement of the loyal ists on Passamaquodd y Bay ga ve rise , as we have seen , to a dispute over the western or

re river boundary of Nova Scotia . That disp ute was to

1 8 . y o f 1 8 main undecided until 7 9 By the treat 7 3 , the fi x boundary had been ed at the St . Croix ; but the topographical location of the true St . Croi x was as yet unknown . However , the Nova Scotia authorities had acted on the assumption that the

c oodic x a S was the St . Croi by settling l rge numbers of loyalists

n of on its eastern bank . John Allan had called the atte tion the

An Massachusetts government to the refugee settlements at St .

1 8 drews i n August and agai n i n September , 7 3 . Thereupon , the Massachusetts House of Representatives had directed Governor H ancock (October 2 3 ) to obtain information regarding the a l l d e e . g encroachments , and comm unicate the same to Con gress 2 6 This was done at once , and Congress replied (January , with a recommendation that representations should be made to

n . Nova Scotia , if the results of an investigation warra ted it The advice was followed , a committee was sent to Passamaquoddy , and on its return reported that the Magaguadavic , lying about

. w . . three leagues east of S t Andre s , was the original St Croix H On the basis of this report , G overnor ancock wrote to Governor

1 2 1 8 Parr , November , 7 4 , requesting him to recall such of the King ’ s subj ects as had “ planted themselves within the Com m n a l h o w e t of Massach usetts . The reply to this communication came from Thomas Carleton , governor of New Brunswick , the province that had bee n recently erected on the north side o f the “ fl i r a l a : w ( e . y of Fund y Carleton rote that the St Croix , called ” S c hood ic k bv the I ndians , was considered by the Court of G reat Britain as the river intended by the treaty of 1 7 8 3 to form part of the boundary . President Washington urged the adj ust ment of the matter in a special message to Congress in 1 7 9 0 ; but

1 Ama i / 0 . l e mix u l 1 2 1 0 2 2 6 2 2 , J y , 9 7 , , , 7 .

40 ’ nothin g was done until Jay s treaty was signed four years later , a c la use i n this instrument providin g for the reference of the fi 1 question to the nal decision of commissioners . n fi I t is interesti g to note that , rst and last , not less than four prominent loyalists took part in the importan t labors of the

z board of commissioners thus authori ed . Thomas Barclay , a graduate of Col umbia College and a captain i n the Loyal A meri

fi ed can Regiment , who had to Nova Scotia at the close of the

Revol ution , was named commissioner for Great Britain . His

American colleague was David Howell , an eminent l awyer of t B Rhode Island , and they together designated Egber enson , a N e d istinguished j urist of w York , as the third member of their board . Ed ward Winslow of Plymouth , Massachusetts , who had served as muster - master gen eral of the loyalist forces at the close of the war , and then had taken up his residence in New

Brunswick , became secretary of the commission . Each govern ment had an agent to prepare and present its case before the

. W board The British agent was ard Chipman of Massachusetts ,

. a grad uate of Harvard college and deputy muster - master general under Winslow . I n New Brunswick , whither Chipman removed after the war , he attained the highest honors , serving as member

H a . of the ouse of Assembly , dvocate general , solicitor general , etc t The agent for the Uni ed States was James Sullivan , one of the ablest members of the bar in Massachusetts at that time . The

D he identifi cation of Bone (n ow oc t) Island with the Isl e of St . x fi Croi of Champlain , on which the identi cation of the River St . x Croi largely depended , was accomplished by Robert Pagan,one of the loyalist grantees of St . And rews . After a series of meetin gs held

2 6 1 8 at various times from August to October , 7 9 , the commission rendered the verd ict that the S c oodi c was i n fact the River St . 8 x 1 . Croi intended by the treaty of 7 3 The source of the stream , thus declared to be the boundary bet ween M aine and New Bruns Chi u tneti c ook w ick , w as decided to be the eastern or p branch of x i n the St . Croi . This was undoubted ly a fair line of d ivision , x a sm u c h as the St . Croi had been the old eastern bound ary of 2 Massachusetts Bay .

n d the a u hor m m P . 2 1 2 a ] fi l e B ow z d zfle . G a n o n E ve . o , 1 . g , f f N 4 5 4 , t i the re c i e d R i e s 1 71 071 1 03 l m e/0 1 , iti es t ; v , , 45 ’ 1 Me b ozm dm zfle r 2 2 S a bi n e 4 m 2 G a no n E 2 01 . o ; , . g , f 54 59 ‘

l 6 2 . a l i sts 1 1 1 2 08 S a r k Lo d /1 5 15 Q / l a ss , Loy , 44 , 7 , ; t , y f q 43 43

4 1 1 8 1 8 I n 7 4 and 7 5 , the question of ownershi p of some of the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay became a point of contention be tween the British and American governments . The loyalists and other British settlers of that period laid claim to all of these

a u islands , and were supported therein by the New Brunswick th i ori t es . m Nevertheless , the Eastern Lands com ittee of the

u Massachusetts Ho se of Representatives had Moose , Dudley , and Frederick islands surveyed (in and sold D udley Is land to John Allan , who settled there and made some improve ments . At about the same time , the same committee was author i z ed to make sale of Grand M anan and the small islands adj acent , despite the fact that the government of Nova Scotia had already

0 granted a license (December 3 , to Moses Gerrish and his

1 8 associates to occupy Grand Manan . I n October , 7 5 , Congress passed a resol ution instructing the American m inister in London to attem pt an adj ustment of these matters , or failin g that , by commi ssioners appointed by the two governments . I gnoring both the resol ution of Congress and the operations of the Massa c hu se tts committee , the Assembly of New Brunswick enacted a law (Jan uary 3 , dividing the province into counties and parishes , i n which the Parish of West Isles in Charlotte County was declared to comprise Deer I sland , Cam pobello , Grand Manan ,

D udle i sla nds w i th the lesser and Moose , Frederick , and y , all islands

u m contig ous to the . Several years later (that is , i n Mas s ac hu setts played the ne xt card by causing Moose I sland to be divided i nto lots and granting these to the occ upants . When the boundary question was taken u p by the St . Croix commission , the contention over the isla n ds was wisely excl uded from the discussion by the explicit instructions of the British ministry .

n The ext step took the form of negotiations , which were con cl uded in 1 8 0 3 by a convention or agreement declaring Deer

Ca m hbello Island and p , with the small islands lying to the north and east , to be under the j urisdiction of New Brunswick , the others to the south and westward being declared subj ect to Mass a hu e e c tt s . Strangely enou gh , G rand Manan was not men 1 ti n d o e .

7 8 - 8 a nd the 1 a n n o A . 2 2 . G o fi d o u n da r e s g , n . f B i of 7 7 ,

a u tho r i tie s the re c ite d A rm/fe u s fs u l 1 1 6 1 68 . ; , J y , 9 ,

4 2 1 8 1 2 z I n the War of , Moose Island was sei ed by the British , and was permitted to remain in their possession by the treaty of

Ghent until its title could be determined . The fourth article of this t reaty provided for a commission of two members to settle

. fi the island question Thus , the suggestion rst made by the

1 8 fi American Congress in 7 5 was nally adopted . Two of the

loyalists who had shared in the work of the boundary commission , were assigned tasks of l ike k ind in connection with this one .

They were Thomas Barclay and Ward Chipman , representing Great

m a nd Britain as com issioner agent , respectivel y . The United

m z States was represented by John Hol es , a prominent citi en of M aine , as commissioner , and J ames T . Austin , a leading lawyer of Massachusetts , as agent . The memorial of the British agent repeated the old claim of Nova Scotia to all the islands of

Passamaquoddy Bay , not forgetting Grand Manan , on the basis i of thei r ncl usion within the original limits of that province , the extent of its j urisdiction , the exercise of its civil autho r ity , etc

- c h The counter lai m of the United States was also eard , and the

2 1 8 1 rej oinders on both sides . Finally , on N ovember 9 . 7 , the commissioners gave their decision , namely that Moose , Dudley , and Frederick islands belon g to the United States , and that all the other islands , incl udin g Grand Manan , belong to his B ritannic “ n M aj esty , in conformity with the true inte t of the second

1 n article of the treaty of 7 8 3 . As both gover ments accepted 1 this decision , the dispute over the islands was closed . Thus ,

off the loyalist settlers , whether on or the mainland of Fassama fi i n quoddy Bay , were nally left to enj oy peace the lands granted m the at the close of the Revolution .

- a n n E b ou nda r es o . B . 2 8 2 0 . 1 G o vol . o [ e g , f B i f N , 7 9

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