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Des Affentals Und Des Retztals (Landkreis Main-Spessart)

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Des Affentals Und Des Retztals (Landkreis Main-Spessart) Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Würzburg Band 39/40 S. 153-270 1998/99 Die Großschmetterlinge (Macrolepidoptera) des Affentals und des Retztals (Landkreis Main-Spessart) F r a n k R o se n b a u e r * Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Publikation werden alle dem Verfasser bekannten Großschmet­ terlingsnachweise aus dem Affental und Retztal in Form einer kommentierten Artenliste wiedergegeben. Beide Trockentäler befinden sich im Landkreis Main- Spessart unmittelbar bei Retzbach, im Norden von Würzburg (Unterfranken, Bayern). Im Untersuchungsgebiet wurden bis einschließlich 1997 insgesamt 419 Groß­ schmetterlingsarten (ohne Psychidae) festgestellt, was einen Artanteil von 34,7 % an der gesamtbayerischen Fauna darstellt. Es wurden eine Reihe von Arten mit bayeri­ schem Rote-Liste-Status festgestellt (nach Geyer et Bücker , 1993 und Wolf, 1993). Darüber hinaus wurden zwei in Bayern verschollene Arten wiedergefunden: Idaea moniliata und Crocallis tusciaria. Weitere vom Aussterben bedrohte bzw. stark gefährdete Schmetterlingsarten sind im Untersuchungsgebiet u.a. Iphiclides podaliri- us, Satyrium acaciae, Scolitantides orion, Ewnedonia eumedon, Dyspessa ulula, Chryphia muralis, Episema glaucina, Veleria oleagina, Yigoga nigrescens und Idaea pallidata. Die für die xerothermophile Entomofauna entscheidenden Biotopstruktu­ ren und Gefährdungsfaktoren im Untersuchungsgebiet werden genannt und diskutiert. Abstract In the present paper the author lists and comments all known records of Macrolepi­ doptera made in the valleys Affental and Retztal. Both valleys are located in lower Franconia in the east of the village Retzbach near Wurzburg (Bavaria, Germany). 419 species (excluding the Psychidae) were recorded within the investigated area until 1997, what means 34,7 % of all species known from the federal state of Bavaria. Several recorded species are listed in the current Red Data Book of Bavaria (Geyer * unter Mitarbeit von Wolfgang Piepers und Michael Ochse et Bücker , 1993 and Wolf, 1993). Two recorded species were believed to be extin­ ct in Bavaria: Idaea moniliata and Crocallis tusciaria. Additionally several other hig­ hly endangered species were found. Among these are Iphiclides podalirius, Satyrium acaciae, Scolitantides orion, Eumedonia eumedon, Dyspessa ulula, Chryphia mura- lis, Episema glaucina, Veleria oleagina, Yigoga nigrescens and Idaea pallidata. Finally the habitate structures which are crucial for the insects of the investigated area are mentioned and the threats are discussed. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung..........................................................................................Seite 155 2 Danksagung.......................................................................................Seite 157 3 Bearbeitungsgebiet...........................................................................Seite 159 3.1 Das Affental.............................................................................. Seite 159 3.2 Das Retztal................................................................................ Seite 160 4 Klima................................................................................................. Seite 162 5 Methodik...........................................................................................Seite 164 5.1 Erfassung der Imagines .............................................................. Seite 164 5.1.1 Tagaktive Schmetterlinge.......................................................Seite 164 5.1.2 Nacht- und dämmerungsaktive Schmetterlinge...................Seite 165 5.2 Erfassung der ersten Stadien....................................................Seite 167 6 Kommentierte Auflistung der Vorgefundenen Arten .....................Seite 168 Papilionidae.......................................................................................Seite 169 Pieridae.............................................................................................. Seite 171 Nymphalidae.....................................................................................Seite 174 Riodinidae.........................................................................................Seite 185 Lycaenidae.........................................................................................Seite 185 Hesperiidae........................................................................................Seite 194 Sesiidae.............................................................................................. Seite 196 Hepialidae..........................................................................................Seite 196 Cossidae............................................................................................. Seite 197 Zygaenidae........................................................................................Seite 198 Limacodidae......................................................................................Seite 202 Lasiocampidae .................................................................................. Seite 202 Saturniidae.........................................................................................Seite 205 Sphingidae.........................................................................................Seite 205 Drepanidae.........................................................................................Seite 208 Notodontidae.....................................................................................Seite 210 Lymantriidae......................................................................................Seite 213 Arctiidae............................................................................................ Seite 214 Noctuidae...........................................................................................Seite 218 Geometridae ..................................................................................... Seite 238 7 Diskussion.........................................................................................Seite 254 7.1 Bedeutung der Vorgefundenen Arten......................................Seite 254 7.2 Bedeutende Biotopstrukturen für die Lepidopterenfauna des Untersuchungsgebiets .......................Seite 256 7.3 Bedrohungsfaktoren der Großschmetterlingsfauna des Untersuchungsgebiets........................................................Seite 260 8 Literaturverzeichnis..........................................................................Seite 263 1 Einleitung Die dramatische Zerstörung unserer ehemalig extensiv genutzten und da­ durch so artenreichen Kulturlandschaft geht bedauerlicherweise immer noch unaufhaltsam voran. Letzte Refugien dieser mosaikartig und abwechslungs­ reich strukturierten Landschaftsform werden immer mehr zurückgedrängt und weisen zumeist lediglich noch Reliktcharakter auf. Mit der zunehmen­ den Ausbreitung der Bevölkerung und der dramatischen Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft werden nun auch diese Rückzugsplätze einer reichhaltigen Natur an den Rande der Vernichtung gebracht. Eine natürliche Fluktuation von Tier- und Pflanzenarten fand schon zu allen Zeiten statt, aber nie schien das Artensterben in einem kurzem Zeitraum so groß gewesen zu sein wie in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Trotz aller Aufklärung seitens der Naturschutzver- bände wird auch heute noch in der Regel zuerst der materielle Wert einer Fläche gesehen, bevor deren faunistischer und floristischer Reichtum beach­ tet und geschätzt wird. So müssen nicht selten die letzten Reste einer natur­ nahen Landschaft profitableren Nutzungsformen weichen. Leider wird das Verschwinden vieler Tier- und Pflanzenarten aus ehemalig reichhaltigen Gebieten in den allermeisten Fällen nur von Fachleuten bemerkt. Der Rückgang der Schmetterlinge, insbesondere der Tagfalter, wird aber auch von weniger naturverbundenen Zeitgenossen beklagt. Viele Schmetterlinge besitzen eine sehr enge Bindung an ihre charakteristischen Lebensräume und eignen sich deswegen hervorragend als ökologische Indikatoren für bestimmte Biotoptypen. Das gefährdete Esparsetten- Widderchen (Zygaena carniolicd) z.B. fliegt auf warmen Kalkmagerrasen. Die Art reagiert sehr empfindlich auf Veränderungen in ihren Biotopen, z.B. durch falsche Mahd, zu starke Beweidung oder natürliche Sukzession, und ist somit ein hervorragender Indikatoren noch intakter Trespen-Trocken- rasen. Ähnliches gilt für die meisten anderen Vertreter aus der Familie der Widderchen (Zygaenidae), jedoch auch für eine Reihe weiterer Schmetter­ lingsarten, wie z.B. für viele Bläulinge (Lycaenidae). Diesen Spezialisten stehen die sogenannten Ubiquisten, also diejenigen Arten, die praktisch übe­ rall im Gelände angetroffen werden können, wie z.B. das Tagpfauenauge ([Inachis io) oder der Kleine Kohlweißling (.Pieris rapae), gegenüber. Insge­ samt gesehen bilden die Schmetterlinge, besonders die recht gut erforschten Tagfalter und Widderchen, eine hervorragende ökologische Leitgruppe, d.h. eine Bioindikatorengruppe, deren Schutz die ökologischen Begleitgruppen der vorhandenen Biozönose mit einbeziehen kann (vgl. Kudrna , 1986). Abb. 1: Übersichtskarte des Untersuchungsgebietes Retztal und Affental. Schwarze Linie = Grenze des UG. (Kartengrundlage: Topographische Karte 1:50000, Blatt L 6124; Wiedergabe mit Genehmigung des Bayerischen Landesvermessungsamtes München, Nr. 6867/97) Das dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Untersuchungsgebiet, bestehend aus den im Landkreis Main-Spessart nahe des Marktes Retzbach gelegenen Retztal und Affental, bildet trotz seiner jüngsten, teilweise dramatischen Zerstörung immer noch
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