No. 1,836. Reissued June 26, 1900. L. GAULARD, Dec'd. &. J. D. GIBBS. THE WESTINGHOUSEELECTRIC COMPANY, Assignee. SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. Application fled Aug. 6, 1889.) 2. Sheets-Sheet .

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No. 1,836. Reissued June 26, 1900. L. GAULARD, Dec'd. &. J. D. GIBBS. THE WESTINGHOUSEELECTRIC COMPANY, Assignee. SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. Application fled Aug. 6, 1889.) 2. Sheets-Sheet 2.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 1. --- THE WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, OF PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, AND JOHN DIXON GIBBS, OF LONDON, ENGLAND, FOR THE WESTING. HOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, ASSIGNEE, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, OF IUCIEN GAULARD, DECEASED, AND JOHN DIXON GIBBS, ASSIGNOR TO THE WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. MANUFACTURING COMPANY, OF systEM of ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Reissued Letters Patent No. 11,836, dated June 26, 1900. Original No. 351,589, dated October 26, 1886. Application for reissue filed August 6, 1889. Serial No. 319,955, To all w/von, it may concern: a transverse vertical section of one form of Be it known that LUCIEN GAULARD, de converter, and Fig. 3 is a diagram showing ceased,late a citizen of the Republic of France, one plan of arranging the apparatus when the and JoHNDIXONGIBBS, a subject of the Queen transference of energy is to be effected at more 5 of Great Britain, and a resident of London, in. than one point. 50 the county of Middlesex, England, were the In the drawings, D represents a dynamo original, first, and joint inventors of certain electric generator of suitable construction,or new and useful Improvements in Methods of ganized for the production in the main line and Apparatus for the Distribution and Con of alternating currents-that is to say, suc Io version of Electric Energy, of which the fol cessive electric currents or pulsations alter 55 lowing is a specification. nately of positive and negative polarity and The said invention relates to the distribu of equal potential and duration. It has been tion of electrical energy for industrial pur found by experiment that the dynamo-elec poses; and it consists in an improved art or tric machine of Alteneck, described in United f5 method and an organization of apparatus States Letters Patent No. 234,353, of Novem whereby the same is carried into effect, by ber 9, 1880, is well adapted for said purpose; means of which it is possible to transmit from but it is not desirable to be confined to any a central or supply station, through a main particular construction of generators for set conductor, a primary electric current of com ting up alternating currents in the line, as 2o paratively-small quantity, but of high poten there are many forms of these known and tial, and at a point or points more or less dis used which will serve sufficiently well. tant, where the said electric energy is to be In order to operate a dynamo-electric ma utilized to transfer the energy residing in such chine for the production of alternate cur primary current of high potential into one or rents, it is necessary to provide some means 25 more secondary currents of lower potential, for maintaining its magnetic field. This may o but of greater quantity. be accomplished by a separate current de To this end the invention comprises certain rived from an independent dynamo-machine, combinations of apparatus having an organi technically termed the 'exciter.' Such in zation and mode of operation particularly dependent exciter is shown in the drawings 3o adapted to effect such transference of electric at E. It may be an ordinary direct-current 75 energy. dynamo - machine of any suitable construc f means of the said improved method and tion. The current of the exciter E is con apparatus it becomes possible to conveya use ducted from its terminals n n by means of ful quantity of electric energy to a much wires 1 and 2 to and through the field-mag 35 greater distance than has heretofore been nethelices of the main dynamo or generator D. practicable, while the cost of the necessary In order to vary, when required, the elec plant for electric lighting and other analogous motive force of the generator D, it is conven purposes, especially that of the main elec ient to effect a corresponding variation in the trical conductors, is very materially dimin strength of the current in the field produced 4o ished. by the exciter E. This may be done in the The accompanying drawings represent an case of a shunt-Wound exciter by an adjust organization of apparatus which has been able resistance inserted in the field of the ex found to be well adapted for carrying out the citer. This plan is shown in the drawings. said invention. R is a rheostat composed of a series of grad go 45 Figure 1 is a theoretical plan showing the uated resistance-coils r r, &c. A movable general principle of the apparatus. Fig. 2 is contact-arin or other equivalent device S is

11,836 provided, by means of which the current for netic field. In the particular artingemefit maintaining the field produced by the exciter shown in Figs. 1 and 3 of the drawings each E may conveniently be regulated. The same convolution of the secondary conductor is in o result may be reached in other well-known terposed between two adjacent convolutions 5 ways. The power for operating the main dy of the primary conductor, so that the number namo D, as well as the exciter E, is furnished of convolutions, as well as their mean distance by a suitable steam-engine or other conven from the axis of the core, is the same. Experi ient motor M. ence indicates that the more nearly the last 75 At a point where the electric current is to mentioned relation is preserved the higher to be utilized for any suitable purpose-as, for will be the efficiency of the apparatus. The instance, in one or more incandescent elec relative disposition of the primary and second tric lamps-is placed one or more secondary ary helices may otherwise be greatly varied generators or converters, as shown at C in without materialehange in the result. For ex Fig. 1. The general principle of the said sec ample, one maybe superposed upon the other, t5 ondary generator is analogous to that of the as in Fig. 2, or the two may be placed upon well-known inductorium or induction - coil different parts of the same core or cores, ac with this exception, that while the induction cording to circumstances. coil has heretofore usually been employed to It is to be observed that the secondary con transfer electric energy from currents of low ductors shown in Fig. 1 of the drawings are 20 potential and great quantity into currents of not united in series like the primary conduc high potential and small quantity the fanc tors; but their ends are joined together, as tion of the secondary generator or converter shown at III and IV, in parallel or multiple as applied in the said invention is precisely are, and from the last-named junction-points : the reverse of this-namely, to transfer elec of the secondary the conductors W and WI are 25 tric energy from currents of high potential to led to an electric lamp or other translating currents of low potential and increased quan device L, by which the circuit is completed. tity. Converters have been constructed for The mode of operation of the apparatus will effecting this result in a variety of forms, all now be described. 95 of which involve the same principle. In or When the dynamo-electric generator D is 30 der that this principle may be better under set in operation, a rapid succession of alter stood, we will describe the construction and nating positive and negative currents or pull mode of operation of a simple form of the sations of equal potential and duration, tech converter, which is shown at C in Fig. 1. Two nically termed an 'alternating' current, are Od iron cores b b are preferably built up from set up in the main or primary conductor, the 35 a large number of small soft-iron wires, insu path of which may be traced in Fig. 1, as fol lated from each other and mechanically se lows: from one terminal of the generator D cured together in a solid bundle. by the line conductor 3 to the primary con It is usually preferable to unite the ends of ductors 4 and 5 of the secondary generator C, the cores so that they will become magnetic thence returning by the line conductor 6 to 40 ally continuous. In Fig. 3, for example, the the opposite terminal of the generator. The cores are shown in the form of a rectangle; alternate current proceeding from the pri but the core or cores may be straight cylin mary generator D by its inductive action in ders or closed figures of oval, annular, horse the secondary generator C creates a magnetic shoe, or other shape, this being merely a mat field of alternate polarity, and this alterna 45 ter of convenience in construction or econo tion of the magnetism of the field, in accord my in operation, but involving no change of ance with a well known law, generates by in principle. Around the corest b' the primary ductive reaction an alternate current in the electric conductors 4 and 5 are disposed hel closed circuit of a secondary conductor situ iIf ically in the manner shown in the drawings, ated within it, This secondary current may so which, however, are intended to represent be utilized for ectric lighting or other pur the arrangement of these conductors in a sym poses in the same manner that primary cur bolical or typical manner only, the actualcon rents ordinarily are by including propertrans struction being preferably similar to that lating devices in said secondary circuit. O shown in Fig. 2, hereinafter to be described. The most important and characteristic fea 55 By inspection of the drawings it will be ture of said invention is that which renders seen that one conductor 4 is coiled npon the it possible to make use of alternating and left-hand portion of the core, and the other equal positive and negative currents of mod similar conductor 5 upon the right-hand por erate quantity, but of very high potential, in 125 tion, and the two conductors 4 and 5 are then the primary or main-line circuit and to con 60 connected at their adjacent ends that a cur vert these into seeondary or induced currents rent may traverse them in series, and thus of much greater quantity, but of correspond develop magnetism in the iron cores b b', so ingly-lower potential, at the place of consump as to establish a magnetic field surrounding tion, which secondary currents are employed or enveloping said cores and adjacent there to do the required work. This is a result the 65 to. The secondary conductors I and II are attainment of which is of the utmost impor disposed in precisely the same manner around tance in the art of electrical distribution, as the cores band b' and within the same mag it renders practicable the employment of in

11,836 3 sulated main conductors of comparatively of conductor measured in linear units, which small size and moderate cost for the trans is in inductive relation to the magnetic field, mission of large amounts of energy to great assuming the lines of force in such field to be distances. The meansby which this increase uniformly distributed. In order to produce of quantity and reduction of potential in the a proper result, it is preferable that the re secondary circuit is effected will now be ex sistance offered by that portion of the linear plained. conductor in the magnetic field which is trav Let it be assumed that we have an electric ersed by the primary current shall exceed 75 lamp, as Lin Fig. 1, so constructed as to work the resistance of the conductor in the same O at maximum efficiency when rendered lumi field traversed by the secondary current in an nous by an electric current of one ampere. inverse ratio to the increase in current Let it also be assumed that for economical or strength or reduction of potential which it is other reasons it is desired to employ an alter desired to effect, nate current of 0.5ampere only in the primary Any required number of converters of the circuit. The necessary increase in the quan general construction described may have their tity of the secondary current will in such case primary circuits united with or included in be effected by the apparatus when arranged the conductors leading from the primary gen precisely as shown in the figure, for as the erator. The manner of connecting such con 85 primary conductor of the converter C is con verters whether in series, multiple arc, multi nected in series, while the secondary conduc ple series, or otherwise, will be understood tor (with an equal number of convolutions by those skilled in the art to whicu said in situated in the same magnetic field) is ar vention relates without the necessity of fur ranged with one half its convolutions in mul ther explanation. One arrangement is, how 90 tiple arc with the other half, the result will ever indicated in Fig. 3, in which a second 25 be precisely the same as if the actual num converter C is placed in circuit provided with ber of convolutions of the secondary con a secondary conductor and an independent ductor were only half as many as those of group of lamps. The primary current trav the primary. The total resistance of the erses the circuits 3 4 5 6 78 9, passing secondary conductor when thus connected is through the primary wires of both converters, 95 obviously only one-fourth as great as that and the separate groups of lamps are shown of the primary, the secondary being double at Li and L'. the cross-section and virtually only one-half The connection of the converters in the line the length of the primary. When an electric except by their high-tension members, which 00 current of alternating polarity is caused to is the arrangement illustrated in the draw 35 pass through the primary conductor of the ings, is not claimed herein. It must not be converter C, Fig. 1, it creates by electromag forgotten, however, that the consumption of netic induction a magnetic field, the intensity energy in the main or primary circuit will in of which within the ordinary limits of work all cases bear a certain definite ratio to the ing is proportional to the current (expressed work which is being done, or at least to the 40 in amperes) passing through the conductor. resistance which is offered at any given time Each alternation so produced in the magnet in the secondary circuits of the converters ism of the field tends to set up a definite elec whether one or many. tromotive force in each separate convolution The attendant at the generator, by means O of any conductor traversing the field. In the of an electrodynamometer or other suitable 45 primary conductor this electromotive force current-indicator G, Fig. 3, can readily detect opposes itself temporarily to the primary or any change in the strength of the current due magnetizing current; but as it is of inferior to variations in the consumption, and by mov and rapidly-decreasing potentialit acts merely ing the arm S can correspondingly raise or IIS to delay and not to prevent the magnetization lower the electromotive force of the genera 50 of the field. An approximately-equal elec tor I, so as to bring the current back to its tromotive force is at the same time set up in normal strength. . each convolution of the secondary conductor; The converter C may be constructed in va but as the latter (in the present example) rious ways. Excellent results are attained 2U makes only half the number of convolutions by constructing it in the manner more par SS within the field, the total electromotive force ticularly shown and described in priorlunited of the secondary current will be only half that States Patents No. 297,924, of April 29, 1884, of the primary current. Iriasmuch, however, and No. 316,354, of April 21, 1885. Another as the value of any current is expressed by form which gives excellent results in practice I25 the quotient of the electromotive force di is shown in Fig. 2, in which b is a core formed vided by the resistance, and as the resistance of a bundle of iron wires, around which the of the secondary coil is only one-fourth that primary wire 4 5 is coiled in a helix of the of the primary, the actual number of amperes ordinary form. The helix of the secondary in the secondary current will be approxi wire III IV is superposed upon that of the mately twice as many as in the primary cur primary in the mannershown. The sectional rent. Strictly speaking, however, the induct area of the secondary wire is here shown as ive action maybe said to be determined not by four times that of the primary, while the num the number of convolutions, but by the extent ber of convolutionsis only one-fourth as great,

1,888 It nevertheless is not desirable to be confined 4. In a system of electrical distribution, a to any particular construction of the con dynamo-electric machine organized for the verter, as this is quite immaterial no long as production of alternate positive and nega 45 the essential principles which are hereinbe tive currents equal to each other in potential 5 fore set forth are not departed from. and duration, in combination with the pri It is claimed as the invention of the said mary circuit of an inductorium or converter LUCIEN GAULARD and JOHN DIXON GIBBs organized to induce in its secondary circuit 1. The hereinbefore-described art or method alternating currents of lower potential and 50 of electrical distribution and conversion, greater quantity than those of the primary O which consists in establishing in a closed elec circuit, and one or more translating devices tric circuit a current of alternate and equal actuated by said secondary currents. positive and negative potential, producing, 5. In a system of electrical distribution, the by the influence of such current, an inductive combination of an inductorium or converter 55 field of alternate polarity, and thereby induc having its primary and secondary circuits ing, in translating devices situated in an constantly closed, a dynamo-electric gener IS independent closed circuit traversing such ator for producing alternating currents of field, a similar alternating secondary eurrent equal potential and duration included in said of greater quantity and less potential than closed primary circuit, and one or more trans- 6o . the originating or producing current. lating devices included in said closed second-, 20 2, In a system of electrical distribution, an ary circuit, substantially as set forth. inductorium or converter in which the length In testimony whereof THE WESTINGHOUSE of that portion of the conductor traversed by ELECTRIC CoMPANY, assignee of the entire in the primary current within the magnetic field terest of the said GAULARD and GIBBs, hath 65 created by itself exceeds the length within here unto caused its corporate seal to be af 25 the same field of the conductor traversed by fixed and attested by the signatures of the secondary current, in combination with GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, Jr., its president, a dynamo-electric generator producing alter and A. T. ROWAND, its secretary, this 19th nating electric currents or pulsations of equal day of July, A. D. 1889. potential and duration, and translating de THE WESTINGHOUSE 30 vices actuated by said secondary current. ELECTRICC0, L. s. 3. In a system of electrical distribution, an By GE0. WESTINGHOUSE, JR, inductorium or converter in which the resist P'est. ance of that portion of the conductor trav Attest: ersed by the primary current within the mag A, T, ROWAND, 35 netic field created by itself exceeds the re Secy. sistance of that portion of the conductor trav ersed by the secondary current which lies In testimony whereof I have hereunto sub within said field, in combination with a dy scribed my name this 22d day of June, 1889. namo-electric generator producing alternat J. DIXON GIBBS. 40 ing currents or pulsations of equal potential Witnesses: agd duration, and translating devices actu RUDOLPH CHARLEs NICKoL, ated by said secondary current. HENRY D. HOSKINS.