DOCSLIB.ORG

INCREASING INCOME INEQUALITY in the Nordics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

INCREASING INCOME INEQUALITY in the Nordics Nordic Economic Policy Review 2018 Increasing Income Inequality in the Nordics Nordic Economic Policy Review 2018 Rolf Aaberge, Christophe André, Anne Boschini, Lars Calmfors, Kristin Gunnarsson, Mikkel Hermansen, Audun Langørgen, Petter Lindgren, Causa Orsetta, Jon Pareliussen, P-O Robling, Jesper Roine, Jakob Egholt Søgaard TemaNord 2018:519 Increasing Income Inequality in the Nordics Nordic Economic Policy Review 2018 Rolf Aaberge, Christophe André, Anne Boschini, Lars Calmfors, Kristin Gunnarsson, Mikkel Hermansen, Audun Langørgen, Petter Lindgren, Causa Orsetta, Jon Pareliussen, P-O Robling, Jesper Roine, Jakob Egholt Søgaard ISBN 978-92-893-5511-7 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-5512-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-5513-1 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2018-519 TemaNord 2018:519 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2018 Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not pro- duced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot, therefore, guarantee that the reuse of third-party content does not in- fringe the copyright of the third party. If you wish to reuse any third-party content, you bear the risks associ- ated with any such rights violations. You are responsible for determining whether there is a need to obtain per- mission for the use of third-party content, and if so, for obtaining the relevant permission from the copyright holder. Examples of third-party content may include, but are not limited to, tables, figures or images. Photo rights (further permission required for reuse): Any queries regarding rights and licences should be addressed to: Nordic Council of Ministers/Publication Unit Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone +45 3396 0200 [email protected] Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, economics and culture and plays an important role in European and international forums. The Nordic community strives for a strong Nordic Region in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation promotes regional interests and values in a global world. The values shared by the Nordic countries help make the region one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. The Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel.: +45 3396 0200 www.norden.org Download Nordic publications at www.norden.org/nordpub Contents Introduction Lars Calmfors and Jesper Roine ............................................................................................ 6 Income Inequality in the Nordics from an OECD Perspective Jon Kristian Pareliussen, Mikkel Hermansen, Christophe André and Orsetta Causa ................ 17 Comment by Jørgen Elmeskov ................................................................................................. 58 Comment by John Hassler .......................................................................................................6 2 Top Incomes in Scandinavia – Recent Developments and the Role of Capital Income Jakob Egholt Søgaard ........................................................................................................ 66 Comment by David Domeij ...................................................................................................... 95 Comment by Niels Ploug .........................................................................................................98 Gendered Trends in Income Inequality Anne Boschini and Kristin Gunnarsson .............................................................................. 100 Comment by Karin Hederos and Anna Sandberg ..................................................................... 128 Comment by Lars Haagen Petersen ....................................................................................... 133 Demographic Change and Inequality Trends in the Nordic Countries Jon Kristian Pareliussen and Per Olof Robling .................................................................... 136 Comment by Arent Skjæveland .............................................................................................. 167 Comment by Thorvaldur Gylfason .......................................................................................... 172 Accounting for Public In-Kind Transfers in Comparisons of Income Inequality between the Nordic Countries Rolf Aaberge, Audun Langørgen and Petter Y. Lindgren ..................................................... 175 Comment by Tuulia Hakola .................................................................................................... 206 Comment by Jukka Pirttilä ..................................................................................................... 210 Nordic Economic Policy Review 5 Introduction Lars Calmfors1 and Jesper Roine2 In recent years income distribution issues have received increased attention in most economically advanced countries both in the public debate and in academic circles. This reflects an international trend towards increased income inequality, a trend which has also affected the Nordic countries long associated with far-reaching egalitarian ambitions. As the inequality increases in the Nordics have been among the largest in the OECD area over the past decades, developments here have received particular attention internationally (see, e.g., OECD 2011, OECD 2015 and Morelli et al. 2015). This, in turn, has led to an on-going debate between those who see the rising income disparities as a threat to the Nordic welfare model and those who emphasise that inequality has increased from historically low levels and that the Nordics still remain among the countries with the most even income distribution. The inequality debate is sometimes difficult to follow for a very simple reason: it is not always specified what kind of inequality is referred to. Typically it is even less clear exactly which mechanisms that are thought to be at work when statements about negative (or positive) consequences of inequality are made. Inequality is a genuinely complex and multidimensional concept. There is no one obvious measure that would capture the “true inequality” in society. Should we, for example, care more about inequality in income or in wealth or in consumption, or perhaps in some other dimension? Should we consider inequality between households or individuals or perhaps some other division of the population? Does it matter if inequality is driven by the poor falling behind or the rich becoming even richer? Should we measure income inequality at a fixed point in time or consider lifetime incomes? To further complicate matters, consequences of income inequality 1 Research Institute of Industrial Economics and Institute for International Economics, Stockholm University. 2 Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics, Stockholm School of Economics. 6 Increasing Income Inequality in the Nordics take on many forms, over different time spans and, importantly, they also interact with how society is organised. In particular, depending on the role of government in providing different goods and services, the link between disposable income and well- being may be very different. This issue of the Nordic Economic Policy Review brings together a number of contributions dealing with various aspects of inequality in the four countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Throughout, the articles focus on cross- sectional yearly data on income inequality between individuals. The income concept, however, varies both between and within the different papers. The analysis sometimes focuses on earnings or total market incomes before taxes and transfers, sometimes on equivalised disposable incomes (incomes after taxes and transfers taking household size into account) and sometimes even on extended income also considering public in-kind transfers. Recurring themes in the papers are how inequality may differ across these dimensions, how such differences may give important information about what causes changes in inequality, but also – somewhat paradoxically – how trends in inequality often look similar regardless of what measures are used: individual top income shares before taxes and transfers, Gini coefficients for (conventional or extended) equivalised disposable incomes or
Recommended publications
  • Combating Child Poverty Through Measures Promoting the Socio

    Combating Child Poverty Through Measures Promoting the Socio

    comment paper Norway Peer Review on combating child poverty, Belgium 2012 Combating child poverty through measures promoting the socio-cultural participation of clients of the Public Centres of Social Action/Welfare (Brussels, 20-21 September 2012) Comment paper Norway1 Anne Skevik Grødem Fafo 1. A brief assessment of the possible relevance and the learning value of the Belgian policy to Norway On child poverty in Norway Norway enjoys low levels of child poverty, compared to most other countries in Europe. By 2010, 14.6% of children in Norway were at risk of poverty and social exclusion (Eurostat 2012), which was the third lowest national rate among the countries compared. Moreover, Norway is one in relatively few countries in this study where children have a lower risk of poverty than the population at large. Also when measuring child deprivation, that is, the number of children lacking access to central goods – living in poor housing, wearing second-hand clothes, not celebrating special occasions – the proportion is very low in Norway (de Neubourg et al. 2012). Although Norway is a relatively equitable society, the economic disparities have risen somewhat over the past decades, and the number of children in low-income households has risen. Children in families with immigrant background are especially at risk. Rather than being an issue of deep material deprivation, child poverty in Norway is about inequalities touching issues like belonging, participation, and identity. Promoting socio-cultural participation is therefore an important topic in Norway, no less than in other countries where children experience poverty. Poverty has been relatively high on the political agenda in Norway for more than 10 years.
  • Faith and Human Rights

    Faith and Human Rights

    Human rights—and the related instruments and mechanisms—are tools for the DOC 51 promotion of justice and the protection of the dignity of all human beings, each of whom bears the image of God. The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) therefore LWF Documentation sees human rights work as an important part of an holistic Christian ministry. Many 51/2006 individual members of Lutheran churches around the world are active participants in the struggle for human rights. This volume is a collection of essays and articles by some of these members of the Lutheran family, illustrating their experiences and concerns, the ways in which they are working for human rights in their different contexts, and how they relate this work Faith and Human Rights to their faith principles. Their writings offer inspiration and examples to others who may feel called to a human rights ministry. The LWF is a global communion of Christian churches in the Lutheran tradition. Founded in 1947 in Lund, Sweden, the LWF now has 140 member churches in 78 countries all over the world, representing 66.2 million Christians. Faith and Human Rights Voices from the Lutheran Communion LWF LWF Documentation No. 51/06 Documentation No. Lutheran University Press The Lutheran World Federation – A Communion of Churches Documentation 51 cover-E.indd 1 22/03/2007 03:20:19 PM DTS-Studies-201002-text.indd 10 02/03/2011 15:55:18 PM FAITH AND HUMAN RIGHTS Voices from the Lutheran Communion The Lutheran World Federation Lutheran University Press Minneapolis, Minnesota Documentation 51-E.indd 3 12/12/2006 01:57:00 PM Faith and Human Rights: Voices from the Lutheran Communion Copyright 2006 Lutheran University Press and the Lutheran World Federation All rights reserved.
  • The Global Goals for Sustainable Development Challenges and Possible Implications for Norway

    The Global Goals for Sustainable Development Challenges and Possible Implications for Norway

    The Global Goals Arne Backer Grønningsæter and for Sustainable Development Svein Erik Stave The UN has adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The goals are universal. The aim of the SDGs is to increase awareness The Global Goals and engagement on important issues. In this discussion paper we discuss how these goals challenge Norwegian authorities both for Sustainable Development when it comes to implementation and monitoring. Challenges and possible implications for Norway P.O.Box 2947 Tøyen ISBN 978-82-324-0247-2 N-0608 Oslo Order no. 956 www.fafo.no 956-omslag.indd 1 20.10.2015 14:45:37 Arne Backer Grønningsæter and Svein Erik Stave The Global Goals for Sustainable Development Challenges and possible implications for Norway Discussion paper Fafo © Fafo 2015 ISBN 978-82-324-0247-2 (paper edition) ISBN 978-82-324-0248-9 (web edition) Cover illustration: SDG logo, United Nations Cover: Fafo Information Office Printed in Norway by Allkopi AS 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 5 Poverty and inequality 7 Health 11 Education 14 Equality and anti-discrimination 17 Justice for all 20 Economy, industries and jobs 22 Urban development 24 Climate and environment 25 Contributions to global sustainable development 29 Summary 30 3 Preface This paper discusses some of the challenges of implementing the Global Goals for Sustain­ able Development – commonly referred to as the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs – in a Norwegian context, with special emphasis on the present status, existing policies, and sources of information for the various thematic areas covered by the SDGs. The SDGs cover a wide range of topics, of which this report covers a selection.
  • 17 GOALS 1 FUTURE How the UN Sustainable Development Goals Can Be Reached in and with Norway by 2030

    17 GOALS 1 FUTURE How the UN Sustainable Development Goals Can Be Reached in and with Norway by 2030

    17 GOALS 1 FUTURE How the UN Sustainable Development Goals can be reached in and with Norway by 2030 1 his report was developed by the Norwegian ForUM for Development and Environment (ForUM), a network consisting of 50 Norwegian civil society organizations who have almost one million members Tbetween them. ForUM represents many different fields of expertise, and primarily works on environmental, developmental, peace and human rights issues. The report is nearly identical to the inputs sent to the Norwegian government in the drafting process of the national report ahead of the voluntary examination on SDG implementation at the High-level Political Forum in July 2016. The report has been created by contributions from: Caritas Norway, Digni, FOKUS (Forum for Women and Development), FIVAS, Forum for Development and Environment (ForUM), The Future in our hands (FIOH), Greenpeace, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF Norway), IPB, The Norwegian Children and Youth Council (LNU), the international department within the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), Norges Naturvernforund (Friends of the Earth Norway), Norwegian People’s Aid, Save the Children Norway, Rainforest Foundation Norway, International 17 GOALS Planned Parenthood Foundation Norway (Sex og Politikk), Spire, Norwegian Students’ and Academics’ International Assistance Fund (SAIH), The Development Fund Norway, Victoria W. Thoresen at Hedmark University, and WWF-Norway. The editorial group for the report consisted of the following people and organizations: Borghild Tønnessen-Krokan, Arvid Solheim and Ingvild Hancke Øgstad (ForUM), Anita Sæbø and Ragnhild Therese Nordvik (FOKUS), Eirik Lindebjerg (WWF-Norway) and Irene Dotterud (Save the Children Norway). We would like to take this opportunity to give our sincere appreciation and thanks to everyone who have contributed in the making of this report! Design: Jenny Jordahl / Differ Media Print: Grøset Trykk AS Coverphoto: Pixabay, CCO Public Domain Translation (Norwegian to English): Trond Sæbø Skarpeteig.
  • Share of Renewable Energy in the EU up to 18.0% Twelve Member States Have Reached a Share Equal to Or Above Their 2020 Target

    Share of Renewable Energy in the EU up to 18.0% Twelve Member States Have Reached a Share Equal to Or Above Their 2020 Target

    17/2020 - 23 January 2020 Renewable energy in the EU in 2018 Share of renewable energy in the EU up to 18.0% Twelve Member States have reached a share equal to or above their 2020 target In 2018, the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption reached 18.0% in the European Union (EU), up from 17.5% in 2017 and more than double the share in 2004 (8.5%), the first year for which the data are available. These figures are published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. The increase in the share of renewables is essential to reach the EU climate and energy goals. The EU's target is to reach 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020 and at least 32% by 2030. Among the 28 EU Member States, 12 Member States have already reached a share equal to or above their national 2020 binding targets: Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Finland and Sweden. Four Member States are close to meet their targets (i.e. less than 1 percentage point (pp) away), nine are between 1 and 4 pp away, while three are 4 or more pp away from their targets. Sweden had by far the highest share, lowest share in the Netherlands In 2018, the share of renewable sources in gross final energy consumption increased in 21 of the 28 Member States compared with 2017, while remaining stable in one Member State and decreasing in six. Since 2004, it has significantly grown in all Member States.
  • Tackling Unemployment and Child Poverty

    Tackling Unemployment and Child Poverty

    NORWAY Tackling unemployment and child poverty Bjørn Richard Nuland Fafo – Institute for Labour and Social Research Fami - Norwegian Centre for Research on Poverty and Social Assistance Tackling unemployment and child poverty in Norway Norway has enjoyed both low levels of unemployment and low levels of poverty during the course of the last few decades compared to many European countries. The Nordic welfare model is characterised by a relatively large redistribution of wealth through its income tax system, its universal welfare system, a comprehensive, publicly financed education system and an active labour market policy. Nevertheless, the last ten years have seen a growing awareness of poverty as an issue in Norway. Until a decade ago the term poverty had been noticeably absent from public debates and the generally consensus was that strong focus on equalizing measures and improving living conditions had helped abolish the problem it may have once represented. However, poverty found itself back at the centre of the political agenda and as a result of this, the government presented in 2002 a plan of action with the purpose of combating poverty (St. Meld. No 6 (2002- 2003). Since 2003 the yearly national budgets have consequently included a ‘poverty package’, where resources have been specifically allocated to fight poverty. Additionally, in its Government declaration, the coalition government elected in 2005 promised to eradicate poverty (The Soria Moria declaration 2005), and in 2006 an action plan to combat poverty was launched (St.prp. no. 1 (2006-2007) appendix). In 2008 the action plan was reviewed and new priority areas and measures were proposed (Action Plan against Poverty.
  • Voluntary National Review 2021 Norway Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Contents

    Voluntary National Review 2021 Norway Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Contents

    Norwegian Ministry Report of Local Government and Modernisation Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Aff airs Voluntary National Review 2021 Norway Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Contents 1 Opening statement by the Prime Minister 4 2 Highlights of the report 6 3 Introduction 9 4 Methodology and process for preparation of this review 11 4.1 Key changes/lessons learned 11 4.2 Preparation of the VNR 12 4.3 Main messages from the Peer Dialogue 13 4.3.1 Denmark’s main message from the Peer Dialogue 13 4.3.2 Indonesia’s main message from the Peer Dialogue 15 4.4 Sámediggi’s message to the Government 16 4.5 Message to the Government from the university sector 17 4.6 Message to the Government from the private sector 19 5 Policy and enabling conditions 22 5.1 Key changes/lessons learned 22 5.2 Creating ownership of the SDGs 23 5.2.1 Whole-of-government approach 23 5.2.2 Whole-of-society approach 24 5.3 The SDGs in Norwegian counties and municipalities 28 5.4 Dissemination and communication 29 5.5 Incorporation of the SDGs in national frameworks 32 5.5.1 Key changes/lessons learned 32 5.5.2 The Norwegian Parliament’s role in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda 32 5.5.3 The Government’s policy priorities 2016–2021 33 5.5.4 Incorporation of the SDGs into ministries’ strategies and programmes 34 5.5.5 The National Action Plan for SDGs 35 5.5.6 The SDGs in national planning and budgeting processes 35 5.5.7 Incorporation of the 2030 Agenda into the education system at all levels 35 5.5.8 Incorporation of the 2030
  • The Many Faces of Exclusion: 2018 End of Childhood Report

    The Many Faces of Exclusion: 2018 End of Childhood Report

    THE MANY FACES OF EXCLUSION END OF CHILDHOOD REPORT 2018 Six-year-old Arwa* and her family were displaced from their home by armed conflict in Iraq. CONTENTS 1 Introduction 3 End of Childhood Index Results 2017 vs. 2018 7 THREAT #1: Poverty 15 THREAT #2: Armed Conflict 21 THREAT #3: Discrimination Against Girls 27 Recommendations 31 End of Childhood Index Rankings 32 Complete End of Childhood Index 2018 36 Methodology and Research Notes 41 Endnotes 45 Acknowledgements * after a name indicates the name has been changed to protect identity. Published by Save the Children 501 Kings Highway East, Suite 400 Fairfield, Connecticut 06825 United States (800) 728-3843 www.SavetheChildren.org © Save the Children Federation, Inc. ISBN: 1-888393-34-3 Photo:## SAVE CJ ClarkeTHE CHILDREN / Save the Children INTRODUCTION The Many Faces of Exclusion Poverty, conflict and discrimination against girls are putting more than 1.2 billion children – over half of children worldwide – at risk for an early end to their childhood. Many of these at-risk children live in countries facing two or three of these grave threats at the same time. In fact, 153 million children are at extreme risk of missing out on childhood because they live in countries characterized by all three threats.1 In commemoration of International Children’s Day, Save the Children releases its second annual End of Childhood Index, taking a hard look at the events that rob children of their childhoods and prevent them from reaching their full potential. WHO ARE THE 1.2 BILLION Compared to last year, the index finds the overall situation CHILDREN AT RISK? for children appears more favorable in 95 of 175 countries.
  • The Impact of Relative Poverty on Norwegian Adolescents' Subjective

    The Impact of Relative Poverty on Norwegian Adolescents' Subjective

    Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 4715-4731; doi:10.3390/ijerph9124715 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Article The Impact of Relative Poverty on Norwegian Adolescents’ Subjective Health: A Causal Analysis with Propensity Score Matching Jon Ivar Elstad 1,* and Axel West Pedersen 2 1 NOVA-Norwegian Social Research, P.O. Box 3223 Elisenberg, Oslo 0208, Norway 2 Institute for Social Research, P.O. Box 3233 Elisenberg, Oslo 0208, Norway; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-225-412-88; Fax: +47-225-412-01. Received: 20 October 2012; in revised form: 6 December 2012 / Accepted: 10 December 2012 / Published: 18 December 2012 Abstract: Studies have revealed that relative poverty is associated with ill health, but the interpretations of this correlation vary. This article asks whether relative poverty among Norwegian adolescents is causally related to poor subjective health, i.e., self-reported somatic and mental symptoms. Data consist of interview responses from a sample of adolescents (N = 510) and their parents, combined with register data on the family’s economic situation. Relatively poor adolescents had significantly worse subjective health than non-poor adolescents. Relatively poor adolescents also experienced many other social disadvantages, such as parental unemployment and parental ill health. Comparisons between the relatively poor and the non-poor adolescents, using propensity score matching, indicated a negative impact of relative poverty on the subjective health among those adolescents who lived in families with relatively few economic resources.
  • Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities

    Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities

    Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, SPM4 Coasts and Communities Coordinating Lead Authors: Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Bruce C. Glavovic (New Zealand/South Africa) Lead Authors: Jochen Hinkel (Germany), Roderik van de Wal (Netherlands), Alexandre K. Magnan (France), Amro Abd-Elgawad (Egypt), Rongshuo Cai (China), Miguel Cifuentes-Jara (Costa Rica), Robert M. DeConto (USA), Tuhin Ghosh (India), John Hay (Cook Islands), Federico Isla (Argentina), Ben Marzeion (Germany), Benoit Meyssignac (France), Zita Sebesvari (Hungary/Germany) Contributing Authors: Robbert Biesbroek (Netherlands), Maya K. Buchanan (USA), Ricardo Safra de Campos (UK), Gonéri Le Cozannet (France), Catia Domingues (Australia), Sönke Dangendorf (Germany), Petra Döll (Germany), Virginie K.E. Duvat (France), Tamsin Edwards (UK), Alexey Ekaykin (Russian Federation), Donald Forbes (Canada), James Ford (UK), Miguel D. Fortes (Philippines), Thomas Frederikse (Netherlands), Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France), Robert Kopp (USA), Erwin Lambert (Netherlands), Judy Lawrence (New Zealand), Andrew Mackintosh (New Zealand), Angélique Melet (France), Elizabeth McLeod (USA), Mark Merrifield (USA), Siddharth Narayan (US), Robert J. Nicholls (UK), Fabrice Renaud (UK), Jonathan Simm (UK), AJ Smit (South Africa), Catherine Sutherland (South Africa), Nguyen Minh Tu (Vietnam), Jon Woodruff (USA), Poh Poh Wong (Singapore), Siyuan Xian (USA) Review Editors: Ayako Abe-Ouchi (Japan), Kapil Gupta (India), Joy Pereira (Malaysia) Chapter Scientist: Maya K. Buchanan (USA) This chapter should be cited as: Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities.
  • 2018 Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy & International Broadcasting Focus on Fy 2017 Budget Data

    2018 Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy & International Broadcasting Focus on Fy 2017 Budget Data

    N ON IO PU SS B I L M I C UNITED STATES M O D C I P L Y ADVISORY COMMISSION O R M O A S I C V Y D A ON PUBLIC DIPLOMACY 2018 COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL REPORT ON PUBLIC DIPLOMACY & INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING FOCUS ON FY 2017 BUDGET DATA 1 TRANSMITTAL LETTER To the President, Congress, Secretary of State, and the American people: The United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD), authorized pursuant to Public Law 112-239 [Sec.] 1280(a)-(c), hereby submits the 2018 Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting Activities. The ACPD is a bipartisan panel created by Congress in 1948 to formulate and recommend policies and programs to carry out the Public Diplomacy (PD) functions vested in U.S. government entities and to appraise the effectiveness of those activities across the globe. The ACPD was reauthorized in December 2016 to complete the Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting Activities, as well as to produce other reports that support more effective efforts to understand, inform, and influence foreign audiences. This document details all reported major PD and international broadcasting activities conducted by the State De- partment and the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM, also referred to in this report by its former name, the Broadcasting Board of Governors or the BBG). It is based on data collected from all State Department PD bureaus and offices, the Public Affairs Sections of U.S. missions worldwide, and from all USAGM entities. The 2018 report was researched, verified, and written by ACPD members and staff with continuous input and collaboration from State Department Public Diplomacy and USAGM officials.
  • World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the Sdgs, Sustainable Development Goals

    World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the Sdgs, Sustainable Development Goals

    2018 2018 ISBN 978 92 4 156558 5 2018 World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals ISBN 978-92-4-156558-5 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.