01/Land&People!! 12/12/200309:10amPage1
Shaun Harris/PictureNET 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 1
chapter 1 The land and its people
South Africa is a country where various sisting of the Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele and Swazi); cultures merge to form a unique nation, the Sotho-Tswana people, who include the proud of its heritage. Southern, Northern and Western Sotho The country boasts some of the world’s (Tswana); the Tsonga; the Venda; Afrikaners; most breathtaking scenery and features an the English; coloureds; Indians, and those who amazing display of bird and wildlife species, have immigrated to South Africa from the which include the well-known Big Five (lion, rest of Africa, Europe and Asia and maintain leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino). a strong cultural identity. A few members of South Africa’s biggest asset is its people; a the Khoi and the San also live in South Africa. rainbow nation with rich and diverse cultures. South Africa is often called the cradle of Languages humankind, for this is where archaeologists The South African Constitution, 1996 (Act 108 discovered 2,5-million-year-old fossils of our of 1996), states that everyone has the right to earliest ancestors, as well as 100 000-year- use the language and to participate in the old remains of modern man. cultural life of his or her choice, but no one may do so in a manner inconsistent with any The people provision of the Bill of Rights. Each person also has the right to instruction in the lan- The results of the second democratic Census guage of his or her choice where this is rea- (Census 2001) were released in July 2003. sonably practicable. On the night of 10 October 2001, there were 44 819 778 people in South Africa. Of Official languages these, 79% classified themselves as African; To cater for South Africa’s diverse peoples, 9,6% as white; 8,9% as coloured; and 2,5% as the Constitution provides for 11 official lan- Indian/Asian. guages, namely Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, A total of 21 685 415 people in South isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, Africa are male, and 23 662 839 female. siSwati, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. The South African population consists of Recognising the historically diminished use the following groups: the Nguni people (con- and status of the indigenous languages, the Constitution expects government to imple- ment positive measures to elevate the status Although South Africans come from many and advance the use of these languages. cultural traditions, they belong to one nation, a dynamic blend of age-old customs and According to Census 2001, isiZulu is the modern ways, building a South African mother tongue of 23,8% of the population, society to create a better life for all. followed by isiXhosa (17,6%), Afrikaans
1 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 2
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
(13,3%), Sepedi (9,4%), and English and Considering the nature and the history of Setswana (8,2% each). the previously marginalised languages, more The least spoken indigenous language in effort will have to be put into the development South Africa is isiNdebele, which is spoken by of these languages. 1,6% of the population. There is a need to identify priority areas with a view of supporting existing structures for the Language policy development of these languages. It is impor- The National Language Policy Framework tant to note that the implementation of the (NLPF) was launched in 2003 and is guided by NLPF will increase the demand for translation the following principles: and editing work and interpreting services, • promoting and protecting linguistic and especially in the African languages. cultural diversity The growing need for the services of profes- • supporting democracy through entrench- sional language practitioners will create a ment of language equity and language rights demand for further training and educational • asserting the view that multilingualism is a resources. This will result in job opportunities resource for people who are linguistically skilled and will • encouraging the learning of other South contribute to poverty alleviation in South African languages. Africa. The National Language Service (NLS) will lay The Department of Arts and Culture has the basis for the South African Languages Bill. taken steps to promote the indigenous Despite the fact that some groundwork has languages of South Africa. already been done by the NLS relating to the One of the projects viewed critically by the language provisions set out in the Constitution, Department in terms of bringing services to the NLPF calls for more radical implementation the people, is the Telephone Interpreting strategies. Service of South Africa (TISSA). The NLPF is a national framework which will The NLS has also produced a multilingual have to be implemented by provincial and local AIDS Manual containing substantial terminol- governments. It is critical that these levels of ogy that should help to bridge the gap governance align their language policies with between different language communities and the NLPF. They will also have to take into the primary healthcare providers who serve account regional circumstances and the needs them. and preferences of local communities. The NLS has also focused on education-ter- minology projects, particularly for the natural sciences and technology, the economic and management sciences, and the human and South Africa has 12 public holidays: social sciences. New Year’s Day – 1 January The NLS is committed to preventing the Human Rights Day – 21 March Good Friday – Friday before Easter Sunday country’s languages, specifically the African Family Day – Monday after Easter Sunday languages, from losing their functionality and Freedom Day – 27 April becoming redundant. The NLS regards the Workers’ Day – 1 May Youth Day – 16 June development of human language technologies National Women’s Day – 9 August as imperative if online dictionaries, terminolo- Heritage Day – 24 September Day of Reconciliation – 16 December gy lists and other products are to be provided Christmas Day – 25 December in all 11 official languages of South Africa, Day of Goodwill – 26 December If any of these days falls on a Sunday, the including spellcheckers for the 10 indigenous following Monday becomes a public holiday. languages.
2 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 3
The land and its people
Telephone Interpreting Service with the public (information brochures, annual of South Africa reports, letters, and to a lesser extent, govern- The TISSA was launched in March 2002. This is ment notices and bills). For internal commu- a ground-breaking project to facilitate access nication purposes, documents are mainly to public services in South Africans’ languages created in English. Internal newsletters are of choice. often produced in more than one language. In this project, interpreters bridge language Hansard, a verbatim record of the Parlia- barriers via telephone. It is the first project of mentary debate, contains all speeches in the its kind in South Africa. language(s) in which they were delivered, The TISSA is a project of the Department of followed by an English translation where Arts and Culture and is jointly funded by the necessary. Pan South African Language Board (PaNSALB). The NLPF provides for multilingual Hansard With TISSA, the Department is on par with publications which, in the case of provincial international standards of well-known tele- legislatures, will use languages as determined phone interpreting services in other multilingual by regional circumstances. countries such as Australia, the United States of America and many European countries. Pan South African Language Board TISSA caters for the needs of the speakers of The purpose of the Board is to promote the 11 official languages of South Africa, thus multilingualism in South Africa by: promoting the use of indigenous languages. By • creating conditions for the development and April 2003, TISSA was operational in about 40 equal use of all official languages police stations countrywide. • fostering respect for and encouraging the A videophone facility for sign-language use of other languages in the country interpreting was launched in August 2002. • encouraging the best use of the country’s linguistic resources to enable South Language usage in government Africans to free themselves from all forms National and provincial governments may use of linguistic discrimination, domination and any two or more official languages for the division. purposes of government, taking into account The functions of PaNSALB are to: usage, practicality, expense, regional circum- • initiate research to promote the develop- stances and the needs and preferences of the ment of population. The Constitution states that all -all official languages official languages should enjoy parity of esteem -the Khoi and San languages and be treated equitably. -South African Sign Language National departments tend to produce • initiate research aimed at multilingual documents for communication -developing previously marginalised languages in South Africa -strengthening rights relating to language and the status of languages (as at A national Multilingualism Consultative Con- 27 April 1994) ference, entitled The Future of Multilingualism in South Africa: From Policy to Practice, was held in -promoting multilingualism Johannesburg in June 2003. -utilising South Africa’s language re- The aim of the Conference was to discuss and consult stakeholders on whether the South sources and preventing exploitation, African Languages Bill captures the spirit of domination and division by any language the Constitution’s provisions on language, and whether it appropriately reflects the content of -making recommendations on language the National Language Policy Framework. legislation, practice and policy
3 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 4
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
-advising on the co-ordination of language The Government supports the development planning in South Africa. and preservation of languages within a bilingual PaNSALB may on its own initiative, or upon or multilingual policy. In the past, the country receipt of a written complaint, investigate the had a bilingual policy and the Government alleged violation of any language right, policy supported two dictionary offices, namely WAT in or practice. It may also summon any person, Stellenbosch, Western Cape and DSAE in body or state organ to give evidence. Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. With 11 official languages, 11 national dictionary offices need Pan South African Language Board government support. Amendment Act, 1999 The NLUs are financed on a monthly basis The PaNSALB Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 10 of by PaNSALB. 1999), provided the Board with a progressive PaNSALB established the 11 official NLUs at shift from being a watchdog State organ to tertiary institutions within the boundaries of addressing the language-development needs the geolinguistic area where most of the of South Africans. language users of the particular language are PaNSALB’s explicit role is to create condi- situated. The existing official dictionary offices tions for the development and equal use of all (WAT and DSAE) remained where they were. official languages. It must initiate, facilitate and empower agencies within both State struc- National language bodies tures and civil society to contribute towards National language bodies have been estab- the development of all official languages. lished for all 11 official languages. The Amendment Act provides for the estab- The Khoi and San national language bodies lishment of National Lexicography Units (NLUs) were officially launched in October 1999 in for all official languages. The purpose of these Upington, Northern Cape, to promote and Units is to compile monolingual explanatory, develop the Khoi and San languages. In addi- and other, dictionaries to satisfy the needs of tion, they assist PaNSALB in its endeavours to the different linguistic communities. promote multilingualism as a national resource. They conduct surveys in communities where National Lexicography Units the Khoi and San languages are spoken, to Eleven NLUs have been established and regis- record and standardise new terminology and tered as Section 21 companies since 2000, words. They also liaise closely with other profes- namely: sional bodies that can help to enrich and • Afrikaans: Buro van die Woordeboek van die expand the Khoi and San languages. Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) These advisory bodies assist PaNSALB to • English: Dictionary Unit for South African take meaningful decisions regarding the stan- English (DSAE) dardisation, orthography, terminology and • isiNdebele: IsiHlathululi-Mezwi SesiNdebele literature issues of each language. • isiXhosa: isiXhosa NLU • isiZulu: Isikhungo Sesichazamazwi SesiZulu Protection of language rights • siSwati: Silulu SesiSwati NLU Section 11 of the PaNSALB Act, 1995 (Act 59 of • Setswana: Setswana NLU 1995), requires the Board to investigate any • Sesotho: Sesiu sa Sesotho NLU alleged violation of any language right, policy • Sesotho sa Lebowa: Sesotho sa Lebowa or practice. It is imperative to conduct such an Dictionary Unit investigation in order to determine whether • Tshivenda: Tshivenda NLU there is any substance to the complaint • Xitsonga: Xitsonga NLU. lodged. Should it be found that the complaint
4 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 5
The land and its people
is valid, the next process would be mediation, communities on the basis of equality, non- conciliation or negotiation. In the event of discrimination and free association these failing, a hearing would follow. • recommend the establishment or recogni- The Section does not require a formal inves- tion of other councils for a community or tigation procedure. The initial stages of the communities in South Africa. investigation procedure are informal. PaNSALB To achieve its goals, the Commission will have is furthermore empowered by Section 11(5) to the power to: negotiate or mediate in language conflict and • monitor, investigate, research, educate, attempt conciliation. Mediation, consultation lobby, advise and report on any issue con- and conciliation form part of the ‘jurisdictional cerning the rights of cultural, religious and requirements’ of the Act. Section 12(2) obliges linguistic communities PaNSALB to report and alert Parliament to • facilitate the resolution of conflict or friction problems. between any such community and an organ From its inception to the end of March 2003, of State 317 written complaints had been lodged with • receive and deal with complaints and PaNSALB. requests by cultural, religious or linguistic During the 2002/03 financial year, 83 com- communities plaints were lodged compared with 67 com- • convene an annual national conference of plaints in the previous year. Some 55,4% of delegates from various cultural, religious and complaints lodged during 2002/03 targeted linguistic communities in South Africa and government departments, particularly the governmental and non-governmental role- Department of Labour’s Compensation players. Commissioner. This is significantly higher The names of 53 short-listed candidates for than the 28% recorded during 2001/02. the Commission were released on 31 July Some 10,8% of complaints targeted local 2003. The candidates were interviewed in authorities compared with 16% of complaints August and September 2003 with a view to recorded during 2001/02. selecting the final 26 names which will be sub- mitted to the President. Bill on the Commission for the Promotion and Religion Protection of Cultural, Religious groups in South Africa Religious and Linguistic Almost 80% of South Africa’s population Communities follows the Christian faith. Other major religious groups are the Hindus, Muslims and This Bill was published to give effect to Section Jews. A minority of South Africa’s population 185 of the Constitution and was approved by do not belong to any of the major religions, but Cabinet in 2001. The Commission’s main regard themselves as traditionalists or of no purpose will be to promote respect for the specific religious affiliation. rights and interests of the various cultural, Freedom of worship is guaranteed by the religious and linguistic communities in South Constitution, and the official policy is one of Africa. In addition, the Bill delegates the non-interference in religious practices. Commission to: • promote and develop peace, friendship, Christian churches humanity, tolerance and national unity There are many official and unofficial ecume- among cultural, religious and linguistic nical relations between the various churches.
5 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 6
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The most important of these is perhaps the church overall. More than a million members South African Council of Churches (SACC), gather twice a year at Zion City, Moria, near even though it is not representative of the full Polokwane in Limpopo, at Easter and for the spectrum of churches. September festival. Traditionally, Easter is the The major African indigenous churches, religious highlight of the year. Church mem- most of the Afrikaans churches, and the bers, estimated to number four million, are not Pentecostal and charismatic churches are, as obliged to make the pilgrimage, but have a rule, not members of the SACC, and usually loyally observed the tradition for more than 80 have their own co-ordinating liaison bodies. years. Church attendance in South Africa is The 4 000 or more independent churches favourable in both rural and urban areas, have a membership of more than 10 million, and the churches are well served by a large making this movement the single most impor- number of clerics and officials. tant religious group in South Africa. On the whole, training for the ministry is The independent churches attract people thorough and intensive, and based on a variety from rural and urban areas. There are, for of models. Patterns of ministry vary greatly. example, hundreds of separate churches in Apart from the work of the churches, a rural KwaZulu-Natal and at least 900 from all number of Christian organisations operate in ethnic groups in the urban complex of Soweto South Africa, doing missionary work, giving aid alone. In the northern KwaZulu-Natal and and providing training. (A comprehensive Mpumalanga areas, these churches serve register appears in the South African Christian more than half the population. Handbook 2003/04.) The broadcasting of religious radio and tele- Afrikaans churches vision programmes underlines the importance The Nederduitsch Gereformeerde (NG) family of religion in South Africa. Many newspapers of churches in South Africa – the Dutch carry a daily scriptural message, and various Reformed churches – represents some religious magazines and newspapers are 3,5 million people. The NG Kerk is the largest produced. of the three churches with a total of about 1 200 congregations countrywide. The other African Independent Churches churches are the United Reformed Church of (AICs) South Africa and the smaller Reformed The largest grouping of Christian churches is Church in Africa, with predominantly Indian the AICs, and one of the most dramatic members. The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk aspects of religious affiliation has been the rise and the Gereformeerde Kerk are regarded as of this movement. sister churches. There are several other Although these churches originally resulted churches with Afrikaans-speaking adherents, from a number of breakaways from various some with very large memberships. The NG mission churches (the so-called ‘Ethiopian’ Kerk also has six fully fledged English- churches), the AICs have developed their own language congregations, one congregation dynamics and momentum and continue to for Dutch-speaking people and four for flourish. The majority are no longer regarded as Portuguese-speaking people. In total, there Ethiopian churches, but rather Zionist or are about 2 000 members in each of these Apostolic churches. The Pentecostal movement congregations. also has its independent offshoots in this group. The Zion Christian Church is the largest of The Roman Catholic Church these churches in South Africa and the largest In recent years, the Roman Catholic Church
6 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 7
The land and its people
has grown strongly in number and influence, African traditionalists even though South Africa is predominantly Because the traditional religion of the African Protestant. It works closely with other church- people has a strong cultural base, the various es on the socio-political front. groups have different rituals, but there are certain common features. Other Christian churches A Supreme Being is generally recognised, Other established churches in South Africa but ancestors are of far greater importance, include the Methodist Church, the Church of being the deceased elders of the group. They the Province of Southern Africa (Anglican are regarded as part of the community, Church), various Lutheran and Presbyterian indispensable links with the spirit world and churches and the Congregational Church. the powers that control everyday affairs. These Although the different Baptist groups are not ancestors are not gods, but because they play large, they represent a strong church tradition. a key part in bringing about either good or ill Together these churches form the nucleus of fortune, maintaining good relations with them the SACC. is vital and they have to be appeased regularly The largest traditional Pentecostal churches by a variety of ritual offerings. are the Apostolic Faith Mission, the Assemblies While an intimate knowledge of herbs and of God and the Full Gospel Church, but there other therapeutic techniques, as well as the are numerous others. Many of them enjoy use of supernatural powers, can be applied to fellowship in groups such as the Church the benefit of the individual and the com- Alliance of South Africa, and operate in all munity, some practitioners are masters of communities. black magic, creating fear among people. As a A number of charismatic churches have result of close contact with Christianity, many been established in recent years, such as His people find themselves in a transitional phase People Christian Church. The sister churches somewhere between traditional African reli- of the charismatic churches, together with gion and Christianity. those of the Hatfield Christian Church in Pretoria, are grouped under the International Other religions Fellowship of Christian Churches. Most Indians retained their Hindu religion Also active in South Africa, among the when they originally came to South Africa. smaller groups, are the Greek Orthodox and Today, some two-thirds of South Africa’s Seventh Day Adventist churches. Indians are Hindus. The Muslim community in South Africa is small, but growing strongly. The major compo- Number of individuals by religion, based nents of this community are the Cape Malays, on Census 2001 who are mainly descendants of Indonesian Religion Members % slaves, as well as 20% of people of Indian descent. Christian 35 750 636 79,8% The Jewish population is less than 100 000. African traditional 125 903 0,3% Judaism 75 555 0,2% Of these, the majority are Orthodox Jews. Hinduism 551 669 1,2% Buddhism is barely organised in South Islam 654 064 1,5% Africa. The number of Parsees has decrea- Other 283 814 0,6% sed, while there is a small group of Jains in No religion 6 767 165 15,1% Durban. The Baha’i faith is establishing Undetermined 610 971 1,4% groups and temples in various parts of the Total 44 819 778 – country.
7 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 8
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The land coast. However, the area lacks fresh water and offers no natural lines of penetration to the The Republic of South Africa occupies the interior. southernmost part of the African continent, Most river-mouths are unsuitable as har- stretching latitudinally from 22° to 35° S and bours because large sandbars block entry for longitudinally from 17° to 33° E. most of the year. These bars are formed by the Its surface area is 1 219 090 km2. It has com- action of waves and currents, and by the inter- mon boundaries with the republics of Namibia, mittent flow, heavy sediment load and steep Botswana and Zimbabwe, while the Republic of gradients of most South African rivers. Only Mozambique and the Kingdom of Swaziland the largest rivers, such as the Orange and lie to the north-east. Completely enclosed by Limpopo, maintain narrow permanent chan- South African territory in the south-east is the nels through the bars. For these reasons, the mountain Kingdom of Lesotho. country has no navigable rivers. To the west, south and east, South Africa borders on the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Relief features Isolated, 1 920 km south-east of Cape Town in The surface area of South Africa falls into two the Atlantic, lie Prince Edward and Marion major physiographic categories: the interior islands, annexed by South Africa in 1947. plateau, and the land between the plateau and the coast. Forming the boundary between The oceans these two areas is the Great Escarpment, the South Africa is surrounded by the ocean on most prominent and continuous relief feature three sides – to the west, south and east – and of the country. Its height above sea level varies has a long coastline of about 3 000 km. This from approximately 1 500 m in the dolerite- coastline is swept by two major ocean cur- capped Roggeveld scarp in the south-west, rents – the warm south-flowing Mozambique- to a height of 3 482 m in the KwaZulu-Natal Agulhas Current and the cold Benguela. The Drakensberg. former skirts the east and south coasts as far Inland from the Escarpment lies the interior as Cape Agulhas, while the Benguela Current plateau, which is the southern continuation of flows northwards along the west coast as far the great African plateau stretching north to as southern Angola. the Sahara Desert. The contrast in temperature between these The plateau itself is characterised by wide two currents partly accounts for important dif- plains with an average height of 1 200 m ferences in climate and vegetation between above sea level. the east and west coasts of South Africa. It also Surmounting the plateau in places are a accounts for the differences in marine life. The number of well-defined upland blocks. The cold waters of the west coast are much richer dissected Lesotho plateau, which is more than in oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and plankton 3 000 m above sea level, is the most promi- than those of the east coast. Consequently, the nent. In general, the Escarpment forms the South African fishing industry is centred on the highest parts of the plateau. west coast. Between the Great Escarpment and the coast lies an area which varies in width from The coasts 80 to 240 km in the east and south, to a mere The coastline itself is an even, closed one with 60 to 80 km in the west. At least three major few bays or indentations naturally suitable for subdivisions can be recognised: the eastern harbours. The only ideal natural harbour along plateau slopes, the Cape folded belt and adja- the coastline is Saldanha Bay on the west cent regions, and the western plateau slopes.
8 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 9
The land and its people
Climatic features Temperatures The subtropical location, on either side of Temperature conditions in South Africa are 30˚ S, accounts for the warm temperate condi- characterised by three main features. Firstly, tions so typical of South Africa, making it a temperatures tend to be lower than in other popular destination for foreign tourists. regions at similar latitudes, for example, The country also falls squarely within the Australia. This is due primarily to the greater subtropical belt of high pressure, making it dry, elevation of the subcontinent above sea level. with an abundance of sunshine. Secondly, despite a latitudinal span of The wide expanses of ocean on three sides 13 degrees, average annual temperatures are of South Africa have a moderating influence remarkably uniform throughout the country. on its climate. More apparent, however, are the Owing to the increase in the height of the effects of the warm Agulhas and the cold plateau towards the north-east, there is hardly Benguela Currents along the east and west any increase in temperature from south to coasts respectively. While Durban (east coast) north as might be expected. and Port Nolloth (west coast) lie more or less The third feature is the striking contrast on the same latitude, there is a difference of at between temperatures on the east and west least 6˚ C in their mean annual temperatures. coasts. Gale-force winds are frequent on the coasts, Temperatures above 32° C are fairly com- especially in the south-western and southern mon in summer, and frequently exceed 38° C coastal areas. in the lower Orange River valley and the Mpumalanga Lowveld. Rainfall South Africa has an average annual rainfall of Frost, humidity and fog 464 mm, compared with a world average of Frost often occurs on the interior plateau during 860 mm. About 20% of the country has a total cold, clear winter nights, with ice forming on still annual rainfall of less than 200 mm, 48% pools and in water pipes. The frost season is between 200 and 600 mm, while only about longest (from April to October) over the eastern 30% records more than 600 mm. In total, and southern plateau areas bordering on the 65% of the country has an annual rainfall of Escarpment. Frost decreases to the north, while less than 500 mm – usually regarded as the the coast is virtually frost-free. Average annual absolute minimum for successful dry-land relative humidity readings show that, in general, farming. the air is driest over the western interior and In Cape Town, the capital city of the Western the plateau. Along the coast, the humidity is Cape, the average rainfall is highest in the win- much higher and at times may rise to 85%. Low ter months, while in the capital cities of the stratus clouds and fog frequently occur over the other eight provinces, the average rainfall is cool west coast, particularly during summer. highest during summer. The only other area that commonly experiences South Africa’s rainfall is unreliable and fog is the ‘mist belt’ along the eastern foothills unpredictable. Large fluctuations in the aver- of the Escarpment. age annual rainfall are the rule rather than the exception in most areas of the country. Below- Sunshine average annual rainfall is more commonly South Africa is famous for its sunshine. recorded than above-average total annual Generally speaking, April and May are the most rainfall. South Africa is periodically afflicted by pleasant months when the rainy season over drastic and prolonged droughts, which often the summer-rainfall region has ended, and end in severe floods. before the rainy season in the winter-rainfall
9 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 10
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
area has begun. At this time of year, the hot Although the smallest of them all, the Western summer weather has abated and the winds Cape floral kingdom, locally called fynbos, con- are lighter than during the rest of the year. tains more plant species than the whole of In certain areas, however, notably the hot, Europe. These include the famous proteas and humid KwaZulu-Natal coast, Mpumalanga and heathers. Limpopo, June and July are the ideal holiday The Knysna-Tsitsikamma region has the months. country’s biggest indigenous forests. This is a fairyland of ancient forest giants, ferns and The provinces colourful birdlife. Products of the forests include sought-after furniture made from the In terms of the Constitution of South Africa, the indigenous yellowwood, stinkwood and white country is divided into nine provinces, each pear. with its own Legislature, Premier and executive The tourism sector is perceived as the most councils. The provinces with their own distinc- important growth force in the Western Cape. tive landscapes, vegetation and climate, are the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu- The people Natal, the Northern Cape, Free State, North More than 4,5 million people live in the West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. Western Cape on 129 370 km2 of land. The (See Chapter 21: Tourism.) majority of them are Afrikaans-speaking, while the other main languages are isiXhosa and Western Cape English. The Western Cape has the highest The Western Cape is situated on the south- adult-education level in the country, with only western tip of the African continent. It is a 5,7% of people aged 20 years or older having region of majestic mountains, well-watered undergone no schooling (Census 2001). The valleys, wide, sandy beaches and breathtaking province has a strong network of higher- scenery. education institutions. The cold Atlantic Ocean along the west The official unemployment figure for the coast is a rich fishing area, while the warmer province, 12,1%, is the lowest in the country Indian Ocean skirts the province’s southern according to the Labour Force Survey 2001. beaches. Visitors to the Western Cape can disembark Agriculture and marine fishery at Cape Town International Airport or at the Port The Western Cape is rich in agriculture and of Cape Town in the shadow of Table Mountain. fisheries. A network of roads also leads to Cape Town, the Primary industries, i.e. agriculture, forestry capital, also known as the Mother City. and fishing, and mining and quarrying con- Other important towns in the province tributed 5,4% to the Gross Domestic Product include Vredenburg-Saldanha, an important (GDP) of the province in 2001, which translates harbour for iron exports and the fishing indus- to R7 287 million (Census 2001). try; Worcester and Stellenbosch in the heart of The agricultural sector plays a key role as the winelands; George, renowned for indigenous an agent of growth, accounting for more than timber and vegetable produce; Oudtshoorn, 9% of provincial employment, more than 55% known for its ostrich products and the world- of all South African agricultural exports, and famous Cango Caves, and Beaufort West on the 23% of the national agricultural contribution dry, sheep-farming plains of the Great Karoo. to GDP. The Western Cape boasts one of the six The sheltered valleys between the moun- accepted floral kingdoms of the world. tains provide ideal conditions for the cultiva-
10 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 11
The land and its people
tion of top-grade fruits, such as apples, table Other animal products include broiler grapes, olives, peaches and oranges. In the chickens, eggs, dairy products, beef and pork. eastern part of the Western Cape region, a Racehorse-breeding is another important great variety of vegetables is cultivated. industry. The province can be divided into three The west coast of the province is washed by climatic regions. The area around the Cape the cold Benguela Current. The plankton-rich Peninsula and the Boland, further inland, is a Current is considered to be one of the world’s winter-rainfall region with sunny, dry summers. richest fishing grounds. This resource is pro- Towards George, along the south coast, the tected against overfishing by foreign vessels, climate gradually changes to year-round rain- by means of a 200 km commercial-fishing fall, while inland, towards the more arid Great zone and a strict quota system. Karoo, the climate changes to summer rainfall. The province is well-known for the wide The Western Cape is known as one of the variety of seafood offered at restaurants along world’s finest grape-growing regions. Many of the scenic coastline. Snoek, Cape lobster, its wines have received the highest accolades abalone, calamari, octopus, oysters and at international shows. mussels are among the most sought-after The Klein Karoo region around Oudtshoorn, piscatorial delights. besides being famous for its Cango Caves, is The Western Cape is the only province with the centre of the ostrich-farming industry in the status of being free of African horse- South Africa. Fine leatherware, ostrich feathers sickness. This means that the province is the and meat are exported to destinations all over only offset point for the export of horses, which the world. The Swartland district around brought the country millions of Rands in Malmesbury and the Overberg around Caledon foreign revenue. form the bread basket of the country. The province has also established itself The inland Karoo region around Beaufort as the leading facilitator in the export of West, and the Bredasdorp district produce ostrich meat to Europe, and boasts the most wool and mutton, as well as pedigree merino export abattoirs in the country from which breeding stock. products to the value of about R1 billion are exported. The provincial Department of Agriculture’s Western Cape ostrich-breeding herd at Oudtshoorn is the Capital: Cape Town only one in the world for which production Principal languages: Afrikaans 55,3% data for several generations of ostriches can isiXhosa 23,7% be connected to their pedigrees. English 19,3% Population: 4 524 335 Area (km2): 129 370 Industry % of total area: 10,6% The White Paper on Preparing the Western GGP* at current prices (2001): R136 062 million Cape for the Knowledge Economy of the 21st % of total GDP**: 13,8% Century was accepted by Parliament in 2001. * GGP (Gross Geographical Product) = GDP of a The province maintains economic growth region rates slightly higher than national averages, ** GDP (Gross Domestic Product) resulting in its share of the national economy growing to about 14%. At the same time, unemployment rates have been significantly below the national average, despite significant immigration.
11 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 12
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The finance, real estate and business servic- number of other significant improvements. es are the biggest money-makers for the • Robben Island is successfully run as a province, contributing some 26,6% to the museum and heritage site, with ferry boats province’s GDP (Census 2001). During 2001, taking visitors to and from the Nelson this translated to R36 211 mlllion. Mandela Gateway at the Victoria and Alfred An exciting development for the province Waterfront. and South Africa is the emergence of the first • Table Mountain’s cableway has been information communications technology revamped. The carts now revolve while trav- cluster. elling up and down the Mountain, providing The head offices of all but one of South visitors with 360 degrees of breathtaking Africa’s petroleum companies are located in views. Cape Town. • The District Six and Bo-Kaap Museums con- The city also houses the head offices of tinue to host new and exciting material on many of South Africa’s insurance giants and these two historical residential areas. national retail chains. With over 170 000 people • The Cape Town International Convention employed in the clothing and textile industry, it Centre was opened by President Thabo is the single most significant industrial source Mbeki on 28 June 2003. This world-class of employment in the Western Cape. facility boasts 10 000 m2 of exhibition- and The biggest segment of South Africa’s print- trade-show space and two auditoriums ing and publishing industry is also situated in with seating for 1 500 and 620 people Cape Town. respectively, as well as spacious and deluxe While Epping, Parow, Retreat and Montagu banqueting and function rooms of varying Gardens have been the core industrial areas in sizes, including a magnificent 2 000 m2 the past, new developments are arising in the ballroom with majestic views. Saldanha-Vredenburg area as a spin-off from A study conducted by the University of the vast Saldanha Steel project. Cape Town’s Graduate School of Business, The West Coast Investment Initiative, which projects that the Convention Centre will create forms part of the Government’s Spatial about 47 000 new jobs and bring in about Development Initiative (SDI) programme, was R25 billion to the province over a period of launched on 25 February 1998. 10 years.
Tourism Eastern Cape The Western Cape’s natural beauty, comple- The Eastern Cape, a land of undulating hills, mented by a history of hospitality, excellent endless, sweeping sandy beaches, majestic wine and colourful cuisine, truly makes the mountain ranges and emerald green forests, is province one of the world’s greatest tourist in surface area the second largest of the nine attractions. provinces. The tourism industry in the Western Cape The region boasts a remarkable natural contributes 13,0% to the total GDP of the diversity, ranging from the dry, desolate Great province (Census 2001). Karoo to the lush forests of the Wild Coast and The tourism successes of Cape Town and the Keiskamma Valley, the fertile Langkloof, the Western Cape over the last 10 years have renowned for its rich apple harvests, and the been highlighted by the following: mountainous southern Drakensberg region at • Besides the upgrading of traditional sites like Elliot. Cape Point and the National Botanical The main feature of the Eastern Cape is its Gardens at Kirstenbosch, there have been a astonishing coastline lapped by the Indian
12 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 13
The land and its people
Ocean. With its long stretches of undisturbed Age-old forests occur at Keiskammahoek, sandy beaches, rocky coves, secluded lagoons Dwesa, Port St Johns and Bathurst; dune and towering cliffs, the coastline provides the forests are found at Alexandria; and mangroves province with a rich natural tourist attraction. along the Wild Coast. The graceful curve of Algoa Bay provides an Rolling grasslands dominate the eastern ideal setting for the Port of Port Elizabeth while interior of the province, while the western cen- there are also good harbour facilities at East tral plateau is savanna bushveld. The northern London. The province is serviced by three air- inland is home to the aromatic, succulent Karoo. ports situated in Port Elizabeth, East London and Umtata. The people The architecture of many of the cities and The Eastern Cape has 6 436 763 people living towns reflects the rich heritage of the people. on about 169 600 km2 of land. The capital is Bisho. Other important towns in The language most spoken is isiXhosa, the province include Uitenhage, which has followed by Afrikaans and English. important motor vehicle-manufacturing and The province has a number of tertiary insti- related industries; King William’s Town, rich in tutions. Despite the high quality of education early settler and military history; Grahamstown, facilities, 22,8% of the population aged 20 also known as the City of Saints because of its years or older have never received any school- more than 40 churches; Graaff-Reinet, with its ing, and 6,3% have completed some form of interesting collection of historic buildings; higher education (Census 2001). Cradock, the hub of the Central Karoo; Stutter- In 2001, the unemployment rate of the heim, the forestry centre of the province; Aliwal province stood at 14,8% (Labour Force Survey North, famous for its hot sulphur springs; and 2001). Port St Johns, the largest town on the Wild Coast. Agriculture, fishing and forestry In the Eastern Cape, various floral habitats The Eastern Cape has excellent agricultural meet. Along the coast, the northern tropical and forestry potential. The fertile Langkloof forests intermingle with the more temperate Valley in the south-west has enormous decid- woods of the south. This makes for an interest- uous fruit orchards, while the Karoo interior is ing forest habitat of various species endemic an important sheep-farming area. Angora wool to this region. is also produced here. The Alexandria-Grahamstown area produces pineapples, chicory and dairy products, while Eastern Cape coffee and tea are cultivated at Magwa. People Capital: Bisho in the former Transkei region are dependent on Principal languages: isiXhosa 83,4% cattle, maize and sorghum-farming. An olive Afrikaans 9,3% nursery has been developed in conjunction English 3,6% Population: 6 436 763 with the University of Fort Hare to form a Area (km2): 169 580 nucleus of olive production in the Eastern Cape. % of total area: 13,9% GGP at current prices (2001): R81 027 million Extensive exotic forestry plantations in the % of total GDP: 8,2% high rainfall areas of Keiskammahoek provide employment for large numbers of the popu- lation. The province is a summer-rainfall region with high rainfall along the coast, becoming gradually drier behind the mountain ranges into the Great Karoo.
13 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 14
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The basis of the province’s fishing industry The IDZs at Coega (Ngqura) and East is squid, some recreational and commer- London, and the West Coast SDI, continue to cial fishing for line fish, some collection of be the province’s economic flagships. marine resources, and access to line-catches The final commitment by the French invest- of hake. ment and industrial company Pechiney was to Ostrich exports are doing very well. The invest R18,6 billion in an aluminium smelter at provincial Department of Africulture has been Coega. The R40-million contract for building hailed for the support it is giving this industry. the IDZ village was awarded largely to emerg- Each ostrich-export establishment has a ing small, medium and micro enterprises, and resident official veterinarian, which is a require- includes female contractors. ment for exporting ostrich products to the The East London IDZ has been awarded an European Union. This industry earns the operator’s licence. province some R94,4 million per year in foreign The forestry developments and the con- revenues. struction of the N1 toll road as part of the The game industry is enjoying unprecedent- Wild Coast SDI is expected to create more ed demand in the international market. The than 20 000 jobs. An additional 5 000 jobs are health-conscious consumer is increasingly expected to be created in the mining sector demanding lean organic game meat. The through upstream and downstream invest- gross foreign earnings from this industry ment. amount to R23,5 million. KwaZulu-Natal Industry Aptly called South Africa’s garden province, The metropolitan economies of Port Elizabeth this verdant region forms the east coast of and East London are based primarily on man- South Africa, stretching from Port Edward in ufacturing, the most important being motor the south, northwards to the Mozambique manufacturing. The province is the hub of boundary. It is a province with a subtropical South Africa’s automotive industry. coastline, sweeping savanna in the east, and With two harbours and three airports offer- the magnificent Drakensberg mountain range ing direct flights to the main centres, and an in the west. The warm Indian Ocean washing excellent road and rail infrastructure, the its beaches makes it one of the country’s most province has been earmarked as a key area for popular holiday destinations. growth and economic development. Visitors to KwaZulu-Natal can either disem- To facilitate integrated planning, sensitive to bark at Durban International Airport or the the environment, the province is implement- Durban Harbour, or make use of the extensive ing a consultative process involving commu- national road network. nity participation. It includes the Fish River Durban is one of the fastest-growing urban SDI, the Wild Coast SDI and two Industrial areas in the world. Its port is the busiest in Development Zones (IDZs), namely the West South Africa and is one of the 10 largest in the Bank (East London) and the Coega IDZs. The world. latter, 20 km east of the Port Elizabeth- KwaZulu-Natal is the only province with a Uitenhage metropoles, was the first IDZ to be monarchy specifically provided for in its earmarked and is one of the biggest initiatives Constitution. ever undertaken in South Africa. Plans for Pietermaritzburg and Ulundi are joint the development of the area as an export- capitals of the province. orientated zone include the building of a Other important towns include Richards deepwater port. Bay, an important coal-export harbour, and
14 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 15
The land and its people
many coastal holiday resorts, such as Port together with Zulu, Indian and Afrikaans Shepstone, Umhlanga Rocks and Margate. In traditions make for an interesting cultural mix the interior, Newcastle is well-known for steel in the province. production and coal-mining, Estcourt for meat The province counts several universities, processing, and Ladysmith and Richmond for technikons and various other educational mixed agriculture. The KwaZulu-Natal coastal institutions among its assets. belt yields sugar cane, wood, oranges, A total of 21,9% of the population of the bananas, mangoes and other tropical fruit. province aged 20 and above have received Some of South Africa’s best-protected no form of education (Census 2001). indigenous coastal forests are found along KwaZulu-Natal has a relatively poorly the subtropical coastline of KwaZulu-Natal, skilled labour force. The economy therefore for example, at Dukuduku and Kosi Bay. It is experiences a shortage of skilled human also along this coast that the magnificent St resources. Lucia Estuary and Kosi Bay lakes are located. In 1999, the Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park Agriculture and industry was declared a World Heritage Site. KwaZulu-Natal was the second highest con- Separating KwaZulu-Natal from the moun- tributor to the South African economy during tain Kingdom of Lesotho, the Drakensberg 2001, at 15,5% (Census 2001) of GDP. runs 200 km along the western boundary of However, the province recorded the second the province. highest unemployment rate in the country at The northern part of the province, south of 17,7%. (Labour Force Survey 2001). the Swaziland border, is typical African savanna, The Port of Durban handles the greatest providing a natural backdrop for its rich wildlife, volume of sea-going traffic in southern Africa. protected in several game parks. As this Port plays such a crucial role in the South African economy, it will be the first The people concession for a container terminal in the KwaZulu-Natal has 9 426 017 people living on country. 92 100 km2 of land. The principal language Heavy minerals are mined at Richards Bay. spoken is isiZulu, followed by English and In recent times, the province has undergone Afrikaans. Remnants of British colonialism, rapid industrialisation owing to its abundant water supply and labour resources. Industries are found at Newcastle, Ladysmith, Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal Richards Bay, Durban, Hammarsdale, Richmond, Pietermaritzburg and Mandeni. Capital: (Joint capitals) Pietermaritzburg and Ulundi The sugar-cane plantations along the Indian Principal languages: isiZulu 80,9% Ocean coastal belt form the mainstay of the English 13,6% Afrikaans 1,5% economy and agriculture of the region. The Population: 9 426 017 coastal belt is also a large producer of sub- 2 Area (km ): 92 100 tropical fruit, while the farmers in the hinter- % of total area: 7,6% GGP at current prices (2001): R152 703 million land concentrate on vegetable, dairy and % of total GDP: 15,5% stock-farming. Another major source of income is forestry, in the areas around Vryheid, Eshowe, Richmond, Harding and Ngome. Ngome also has tea plantations. The summer-rainfall coastal regions of this province are hot and humid with a sub-
15 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 16
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
tropical climate. The KwaZulu-Natal Midlands Northern Cape between the coastal strip and the southern The Northern Cape lies to the south of its most Drakensberg Escarpment are drier, with important asset, the mighty Orange River, extremely cold conditions in winter and snow which provides the basis for a healthy agricul- on the high-lying ground. In the north, the sub- tural industry. The landscape is characterised tropical strip extends further around the by vast arid plains with outcroppings of hap- Kingdom of Swaziland, to the edge of the hazard rock piles. The cold Atlantic Ocean Escarpment. forms the western boundary. For the past three years, the provincial This region covers the largest area of all the Department of Agriculture and Environmental provinces and has the smallest population. Its Affairs has been gearing itself to launch a major airports are situated at Kimberley, the programme of Unlocking Agricultural Potential, capital, and Upington. The Northern Cape is often termed the Green Revolution, which aims serviced by an excellent road network, which at virtually quadrupling the overall provincial makes its interior easily accessible from South agricultural production over the next 20 years. Africa’s major cities, harbours and airports. The Green Revolution has three main elements. Important towns are Upington, centre of the The first is the intensification of agricultural karakul sheep and dried-fruit industries, and production. To this end, the Department has the most northerly wine-making region of made a start with a R10-million Mechanisation South Africa; Springbok, in the heart of the Programme, which will for the first time put Namaqualand spring-flower country; Kuru- tractors and modern farm machinery within man, founded by the missionary Moffat; De Aar, reach of previously disadvantaged farmers. The hub of the South African railway network; second is land reform, where the Department Sutherland, the coldest town in the country; has already settled new farmers on 30 000 and the sheep-farming towns of Carnarvon, hectares (ha) of former State land. The last is the Colesberg, Kenhardt and Prieska. Xoshindlala (chase away hunger) Programme, a Apart from a narrow strip of winter-rainfall food-security programme that has more than a area along the coast, the Northern Cape is a 1 000 small food-production projects running in semi-arid region with little rainfall in summer. various parts in the province. The weather conditions are extreme – cold The Department has managed to win the full and frosty in winter, with extremely high support of national government for the early temperatures in summer. relocation of the Durban International Airport The largest part of the province falls within to La Mercy. The Department has further the Nama-Karoo biome, with a vegetation of strengthened the Dube Trade Port project, low shrubland and grass, and trees limited to incorporating the King Shaka International water courses. The area is known worldwide Airport, thus making it an economic and for its spectacular display of spring flowers logistics hub that will be the first of its kind in which, for a short period every year, attracts Africa. The province has committed R50 million thousands of tourists. per annum over five years to this project. This biome is home to many wonderful Since 2001, local business has invested over plant species, such as the elephant’s trunk R15 billion in new investment in the province. (halfmens), tree aloe (kokerboom) and a variety Exports are on the increase in key economic of succulents. sectors with good prospects for even greater The province has several national parks and achievements through the Toyota expansion conservation areas. The Kalahari Gemsbok and growth in aluminium production and the National Park, together with the Gemsbok textile sector. National Park in Botswana, is Africa’s first
16 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 17
The land and its people
transfrontier game park, known as the The people Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. It is one of the The Northern Cape is sparsely populated and largest nature-conservation areas in southern houses some 822 727 people on 361 830 km2 Africa and one of the largest remaining pro- of land. About 68% of the people speak Afri- tected natural ecosystems in the world. The kaans. Other languages spoken are Setswana, Park provides unfenced access to a variety of isiXhosa and English. game between South Africa and Botswana The official unemployment rate of the and has a surface area of more than two Northern Cape is 14,4% (Labour Force Survey). million ha. The last remaining true San (Bushman) The Ai-Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier people live in the Kalahari area of the Northern Conservation Park spans some of the most Cape. The whole area, especially along the spectacular scenery of the arid and desert Orange and Vaal Rivers, is rich in San rock environments in southern Africa. Bisected by engravings. A good collection can be seen at the Orange River, which forms the border the McGregor Museum in Kimberley. The between South Africa and Namibia, it com- province is also rich in fossils. prises the Ai-Ais Hot Springs Game Park in Namibia and the Richtersveld National Park in Agriculture and industry South Africa. Some of the distinctive features The Northern Cape is an important contributor in the area include the Fish River Canyon to South Africa’s primary production and has (often likened to the Grand Canyon in the considerable potential for the beneficiation of United States of America) and the Ai-Ais Hot these primary commodities. springs. This arid zone is further characterised However, the province only contributed 2,0% by a unique and impressive variety of succu- to the economy of South Africa in 2001, mak- lent plant species. ing it the smallest contributor among all the Nowhere is the Orange River more impres- nine provinces (Census 2001). sive than at the Augrabies Falls, which ranks The province is displaying a tremendous among the world’s greatest cataracts on a growth in value-added activities, including major river. The Augrabies Falls National Park game farming. was established to preserve this natural Food production and processing for the local wonder. and export market is growing significantly. Underpinning the growth and development plan of the province are the investment pro- jects that link up with the existing plans of the Northern Cape Namaqua Development Corridor. The focus is Capital: Kimberley on the beneficiation and export of sea products. Principal languages: Afrikaans 68,0% Setswana 20,8% The economy of a large part of the Northern isiXhosa 6,2% Cape, the interior Karoo, depends on sheep- Population: 822 727 farming, while the karakul-pelt industry is one Area (km2): 361 830 % of total area: 29,7% of the most important in the Gordonia district GGP at current prices (2001): R19 585 million of Upington. % of total GDP: 2,0% The province has fertile agricultural land. In the Orange River Valley, especially at Upington, Kakamas and Keimoes, grapes and fruit are intensively cultivated. Some 14 million crates of table grapes were produced in 2001/02, mainly for the export
17 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 18
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
market. In line with grape production being Supreme Court of Appeal. The province has a higher than expected, raisins also showed a well-known university and many other training significant increase with the South African Dried institutions. Fruit Co-op paying out more than R200 million Important towns include Welkom, the heart to some 200 producers. of the goldfields and one of the few completely Wheat, fruit, peanuts, maize and cotton are pre-planned cities in the world; Odendaalsrus, produced at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme another gold-mining town; Sasolburg, which near Warrenton. owes its existence to the petrol-from-coal installation established there; Kroonstad, an Mining important agricultural, administrative and The Northern Cape is rich in minerals. The educational centre; Parys, on the banks of the country’s chief diamond pipes are found in the Vaal River; Phuthaditjhaba, well-known for the Kimberley district. In 1888, the diamond beautiful handcrafted items produced by the industry was formally established with the local people, and Bethlehem, gateway to the creation of De Beers Consolidated Mines. Eastern Highlands of the Free State. Alluvial diamonds are also extracted from the The national road, which is the artery beaches and sea between Alexander Bay and between Gauteng and the Western and Eastern Port Nolloth. Cape, passes through the middle of the Free The Sishen Mine near Kathu is the biggest State. source of iron ore in South Africa, and the copper mine at Okiep is one of the oldest The people mines in the country. Copper is also mined at The Free State is the third-largest province in Springbok and Aggenys. The province is also South Africa. rich in asbestos, manganese, fluorspar, semi- It houses some 2 766 775 people on about precious stones and marble. 129 480 km2 of land. The main languages spo- Until recently, the majority of small- to ken are Sesotho and Afrikaans. Some 16% of medium-scale alluvial operations were concen- people aged 20 years or older have received trated along or near the current Vaal River no schooling (Census 2001). The official unem- system. With the rapidly depleting deposits ployment rate according to the Labour Force available for mining, there has been a gradual Survey of September 2001 is 17,6%. shift towards the Orange River system, with Many of the towns display a cultural mix Trans-Hex holding 50% of concessions issued clearly evident in street names, public build- along the Orange River. Two recent larger scale ings, monuments and museums. Dressed- investments also show continued prospects in sandstone buildings abound on the Eastern this sector. Highlands, while beautifully decorated Sotho houses dot the grasslands. Some of South Free State Africa’s most valued San rock art is found in The Free State lies in the heart of South Africa, the Free State. The districts of Bethlehem, with the Kingdom of Lesotho nestling in the Ficksburg, Ladybrand and Wepener have hollow of its bean-like shape. Between the Vaal remarkable collections of this art form. River in the north and the Orange River in the south, this immense rolling prairie stretches as Agriculture far as the eye can see. This summer-rainfall region can be extremely The capital, Bloemfontein, has a well- cold during the winter months, especially established institutional, educational and towards the eastern mountainous regions administrative infrastructure and houses the where temperatures can drop as low as 9,5 ˚C.
18 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 19
The land and its people
The western and southern areas are semi- Some 82% of the region’s mineral produc- desert. tion value is derived from this activity, Known as the ‘granary of the country’, the primarily in the Goldfields region, which com- Free State has cultivated land covering 3,2 mil- prises the districts of Odendaalsrus, Virginia lion ha, while natural veld and grazing cover and Welkom. Roughly 30% of South Africa’s 8,7 million ha. gold is obtained from this region, and the Field crops yield almost two-thirds of the province qualifies for fifth position as a global gross agricultural income of the province. producer. Animal products contribute a further 30%, with The Harmony Gold Refinery, situated in the balance coming from horticulture. Virginia, is allowed to sell one-third of its Ninety per cent of the country’s cherry crop total annual gold production to jewellery is produced in the Ficksburg district, while the manufacturers, and has the facilities to ensure two largest asparagus canning factories are that the correct quality is maintained at all also situated in this district. Soya, sorghum, times. Harmony Gold Refinery and Rand sunflowers and wheat are cultivated, especial- Refinery are the only two gold refineries in ly in the eastern Free State, where farmers South Africa. specialise in seed production. About 40% of Gold mines in the Free State also supply a the country’s potato yield comes from the substantial portion of the total silver produced high-lying areas of the Free State. in the country, while considerable concentra- tions of uranium occurring in the gold-bearing Mining conglomerates of the goldfields are extracted The mining industry is the biggest employer in as a by-product. the Free State. Investment opportunities are Bituminous coal is mined in the province substantial in productivity-improvement areas and converted to petrochemicals at Sasolburg. for mining and related products and services. Diamonds from this region, extracted from South Africa is the world’s largest producer kimberlite pipes and fissures, are of a high of gold. A gold reef of over 400 km long, known quality. as the Goldfields, stretches across Gauteng The largest deposit of bentonite in the and the Free State, the largest gold-mining country occurs in the Koppies district. complex being Free State Consolidated Goldfields with a mining area of 32 918 ha. Manufacturing The Free State, best known for its maize production has, in the last decade, reduced Free State its dependency on the primary sector and Capital: Bloemfontein become a manufacturing economy. Principal languages: Sesotho 64,4% In 2001, the manufacturing industry Afrikaans 11,9% contributed 13,2% to the total value added at isiXhosa 9,1% Population: 2 766 775 basic prices. Area (km2): 129 480 Some 14% of the province’s manufacturing % of total area: 10,6% is classified as being in high-technology indus- GGP at current prices (2001): R53 900 million % of total GDP: 5,5% tries, which is the highest percentage of all the provincial economies. This growth in high-tech industries is significant in the context of the changing contribution of the gold-mining industry to Gross Geographic Product (GGP).
19 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 20
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The province’s three-tier development rate is in the region of 57%. As part of the strategy centres on competitiveness, empower- Department of Education’s proposed plans for ment, capacity-building and beneficiation. higher education, the existing four higher Manufacturing is the second-largest sector learning institutions will be merged to form in the regional economy. Among the most two. important activities are the chemical products During 2003, as part of the Year of Further manufactured by Sasol and the further Education and Training project, three mega beneficiation of agricultural products. A institutions, Taletso, ORBIT and Vuselela, were wide variety of industries have developed established to provide technical and vocational around the production of basic chemicals training to the youth. These institutions have from coal. been incorporated into many of the former education and technical colleges and man- North West power centres. North West is centrally located in the sub- continent with direct road and rail links to all Mining of the southern African countries, and its own Although the ‘platinum province’ is the third- airport. The province borders on Botswana and slowest contributor to South Africa’s GDP, it is is fringed by the Kalahari desert in the west the dominant province in mineral sales. and the Witwatersrand area in the east. Mining contributes 33,2% to the economy The province is divided into five regions, and 17,8% of total employment in the North namely the Central, Bophirima (towards the West. Diamonds are mined at Lichtenburg, west), Southern, Rustenburg and Eastern Koster, Christiana and Bloemhof, while Orkney Regions. and Klerksdorp have gold mines. Most economic activity is concentrated in Between February 2002 and February 2003, the Southern Region (between Potchefstroom additional investments in the mining industry and Klerksdorp), Rustenburg, and the Eastern created more than 3 000 jobs, at an invest- Region, where more than 83,3% of GGP of the ment value of more than R4 billion. province is produced. The area surrounding Rustenburg and Brits The Klerksdorp and Rustenburg Regions boasts the largest single platinum-production together produce about 67% of the province’s area in the world. Marble is also mined here. GGP while covering 33% of the surface area. Fluorspar is exploited at Zeerust. Forty-eight per cent of the province’s popula- tion reside here. Manufacturing Manufacturing is almost exclusively depend- The people ent on the performance of a few sectors Of the 3 669 349 people in the North West, in which the province enjoys a competitive 65% live in the rural areas. In spite of its small advantage. These are fabricated metals, food, population, it is estimated that 9% of all the and non-metallic metals. poor people in the country live in the North According to figures from Statistics South West. The poverty rate is estimated at 57%. As Africa and Global Insight, it is estimated that far as educational attainment and skills avail- North West’s manufacturing sector grew by ability are concerned, the North West lags 1,7% in 2002. behind the South African average. Much of this growth was driven by the The province has the lowest number of manufacturing sector’s links with agriculture people aged 20 years and older (5,9%) who and mining. have received higher education. The literacy Industrial activity is centred around the
20 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 21
The land and its people
towns of Brits, Klerksdorp, Vryburg and Agriculture Rustenburg. Agriculture is of extreme importance to the The Brits industries concentrate mostly on North West. It contributes about 13% of the manufacturing and construction, while those total GGP and 19% to formal employment. at Klerksdorp are geared towards the mining The province is an important food basket industry, and those at Vryburg and Rustenburg in South Africa. Maize and sunflowers are the towards agriculture. most important crops; the North West is The Platinum SDI can unlock further devel- the biggest producer of white maize in the opment. It is situated on the Coast-to-Coast country. highway that links the Port of Maputo in Some of the largest cattle herds in the world Mozambique to Walvis Bay in Namibia. are found at Stellaland near Vryburg, which Approximately 200 potential project oppor- explains why this area is often referred to as tunities in tourism, manufacturing, agriculture the ‘Texas of South Africa’. Marico is also cattle- and mining have been identified. country. The areas around Rustenburg and As a result of the Platinum SDI, more than Brits are fertile, mixed-crop farming land. R3 billion was injected into the South African Twenty-eight different types of projects of economy. During its construction phase, the new household food-security projects were project created some 3 000 direct and 12 000 implemented throughout the North West indirect and induced jobs. during 2002. Participants in these projects By 2003, progress had been made regarding included 1 500 women and 700 youths. the Mafikeng IDZ around the Mafikeng Airport. The provincial Department of Agriculture The aim of the IDZ is to create jobs and has also developed a comprehensive enhance the economic potential of the Central veterinary programme for evaluating and Region, the entire North West and the Southern improving dairy facilities for export purposes. African Development Community Region. Efforts are under way to secure internation- Gauteng al status for the Mafikeng Airport. Although the smallest of the nine provinces, By February 2003, the province had Gauteng (Sotho word for the place of gold) completed a holistic North West Economic is the powerhouse of South Africa and the Development and Industrial Strategy which heart of its commercial business and industri- forms part of the wider North West 2012 al sectors. Development Plan. In 2001, the largest contribution to South Africa’s economy was made by Gauteng, at 33,9% (Census 2001). North West Gauteng was also recorded as having the Capital: Mafikeng highest unemployment rate (19,9%). Principal languages: Setswana 65,4% Afrikaans 7,5% The three most important sectors contribut- isiXhosa 5,8% ing to GGP are financial and business services, Population: 3 669 349 Area (km2): 116 320 logistics and communications, and mining. % of total area: 9,5% The growth and development plans for the GGP at current prices (2001): R72 230 million % of total GDP: 7,3% province are underpinned by the Blue IQ projects. These consist of 11 different mega projects in economic infrastructure development, in the areas of technology, tourism, transport and high-value-added manufacturing.
21 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 22
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
The aim is to attract some R100 billion in under the apartheid system. Most of the strug- direct investment over the next 10 years. In gle against apartheid was fought in and from excess of R2 billion has already been allo- Soweto. Soweto is estimated to be inhabited by cated by the Gauteng Provincial Government over two million people, their homes ranging to facilitate these investment projects. from extravagant mansions to make-shift Gauteng’s main cities are Johannesburg, the shacks. Soweto is a city of enterprise and largest city in southern Africa, and Pretoria, the cultural interaction. It is a popular tourist desti- administrative capital of the country. nation with sites such as Kliptown, where the The province blends cultures and colours Freedom Charter was drawn up, the home and first- and third-world traditions into a of former President Nelson Mandela, the spirited mix that is flavoured by many foreign Hector Petersen Memorial site, restaurants and influences. shopping malls. It boasts one of the largest Gauteng’s primary attraction is business hospitals on the continent, the Chris Hani- opportunity, but there is more to this province. Baragwanath Hospital. There is a wealth of culture to be found in the Some 50 km north of Johannesburg lies museums, galleries, art routes and historical Pretoria. battlefields. As administrative capital of South Africa, the Most overseas visitors enter South Africa via city is dominated by government services and Johannesburg International Airport. the diplomatic corps of foreign representatives Johannesburg, nicknamed Egoli (place of in South Africa. gold), is the capital of the province and is a city Pretoria is renowned for its colourful of contrasts. Mine-dumps and headgear stand gardens, shrubs and trees, particularly beauti- proud as symbols of its rich past, while mod- ful in spring when some 50 000 jacarandas ern architecture rubs shoulders with examples envelop the avenues in mauve. The city of 19th-century engineering prowess. Gleaming developed at a more sedate pace than skyscrapers contrast with Indian bazaars and Johannesburg, and town planners had the African muti (medicine) shops, where tradition- foresight to include an abundance of open al healers dispense advice and traditional spaces. Pretoria has more than 100 parks, medicine. including bird sanctuaries and nature reserves. The busy streets ring out with the calls of An air of history pervades much of central fruit-sellers and street vendors. An exciting Pretoria, especially Church Square, around blend of ethnic and western art and cultural which the city has grown. Many buildings of his- activities is reflected in theatres and open-air torical and architectural importance have been arenas throughout the city. retained or restored to their former splendour. South of Johannesburg is Soweto, a city North of Pretoria is the industrial area of developed as a township for black people Rosslyn and the township of Soshanguve. To the east is Cullinan, known for its diamonds. Other important Gauteng towns include Krugersdorp and Roodepoort on the West The 284 m-long Nelson Mandela Bridge, built in Rand, and Germiston, Springs, Boksburg, honour of the former President, was officially Benoni, Brakpan and Kempton Park on the opened in July 2003. East Rand. The hominid sites at Swartkrans, The Bridge, which cost the Gauteng Govern- ment R85 million, forms part of the R300 million Sterkfontein and Kromdraai (also known as the Blue IQ inner-city renewal project driven by the Cradle of Humankind) are a World Heritage Site. Provincial Government and the City of Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging in the south Johannesburg. of the province are major industrial centres,
22 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 23
The land and its people
while Heidelberg, Nigel and Bronkhorstspruit technical colleges and technikons in the to the east are important agricultural areas. province. Many of the existing technikons, Although the province is highly urbanised satellite university campuses and universities and industrialised, it contains wetlands of will merge, as part of the Department of international importance, such as Blesbok- Education’s plan for higher education. spruit near Springs. More than 60% of South Africa’s research and development takes place in Gauteng. The people Gauteng is the most densely populated Manufacturing province in South Africa. It houses almost nine The manufacturing sector in Gauteng has over million of the country’s people. The level of 9 300 firms, employing more than 600 000 urbanisation is 97%. people. Industries that have contributed Gauteng has the most important education- significantly to this output are basic iron and al and health centres in the country. Pretoria steel; fabricated and metal products; food; boasts the largest residential university in machinery, electrical machinery, appliances South Africa, the University of Pretoria, and and electrical supplies; vehicle parts and what is believed to be the largest correspon- accessories; and chemical products. dence university in the world, the University of South Africa (UNISA). Technology Another attribute of Pretoria is the number The economy of the province is being re- of scientific institutes in and around the city, aligned to move away from traditional heavy for example the Council for Scientific and industry markets and low value-added pro- Industrial Research, Onderstepoort Veterinary duction towards sophisticated high value- Institute and the South African Bureau of added production, particularly in information Standards. technology, telecommunications and other According to the 2001 Census findings, only high-tech industries. The burgeoning ‘high- 8,4% of adults in the province have received no tech’ corridor in Midrand (halfway between schooling. Pretoria and Johannesburg) is the most rapid- Johannesburg has two residential universi- ly developing area in the country. ties. There are several teacher-training colleges, Agriculture and industry Gauteng’s agricultural sector is geared to pro- Gauteng vide the cities and towns of the province with daily fresh produce, including dairy products, Capital: Johannesburg Principal languages: isiZulu 21,5% vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs and flowers. Afrikaans 14,4% A large area of the province falls within the SeSotho 13,1% so-called maize triangle. The districts of English 12,5% Population: 8 837 178 Bronkhorstspruit, Cullinan and Heidelberg hold Area (km2): 17 010 important agricultural land, where ground-nuts, % of total area: 1,4% sunflowers, cotton and sorghum are produced. GGP at current prices (2001): R333 171 million % of total GDP: 33,9% This summer-rainfall area has hot summers and cold winters with frost. Hail is common during the summer thunderstorms. Gauteng is an integrated industrial complex with major areas of economic activity in five subregional areas, namely the Vaal Triangle;
23 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 24
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
the East, West and Central Rand; and Pretoria. Lowveld. Witbank is the centre of the local coal- The Vaal Triangle has a strong manufacturing mining industry; Standerton, in the south, is sector; the West Rand concentrates on renowned for its large dairy industry; Piet Retief primary mining; and the Central Witwatersrand in the south-east is a production area for trop- is dominated by the manufacturing and ical fruit and sugar, while a large sugar industry finance sectors, with mining-capital playing a is also found at Malelane in the east; Ermelo is major role. All sectors rely heavily on the Vaal the district in South Africa that produces the Dam (on the Vaal River), from where water is most wool; Barberton is one of the oldest gold- piped across the province. mining towns in South Africa; and Sabie is Gauteng has a greater proportion of its situated in the forestry heartland of the country. labour force in professional, technical, mana- The Maputo Corridor, which links the gerial and executive positions than any other province with Gauteng and Maputo in Mozam- province. bique, heralds a new era in terms of economic Johannesburg houses the JSE Securities development and growth for the region. Exchange, the largest in Africa. As the first international toll road in Africa, The province’s economic magnetism draws the Corridor aims to attract investment, unlock a large inflow of migrant labour from poorer local economic potential of the landlocked regions in the country. It is the province with parts of the country and thus generate the highest per-capita income. sustainable economic growth that will lead to sustainable high-quality jobs. Mpumalanga The best-performing sectors in the province Mpumalanga means ‘place where the sun include mining, manufacturing and services. rises’. It is bordered by Mozambique and Tourism and agroprocessing are potential Swaziland in the east, and Gauteng in the growth sectors in this province. west. It is situated mainly on the high plateau The province falls mainly within the grass- grasslands of the Middleveld, which roll east- land biome. The Escarpment and the Lowveld wards for hundreds of kilometres. In the north- form a transitional zone between this grass- east, it rises towards mountain peaks and then land area and the savanna biome. Long terminates in an immense escarpment. In sweeps of undulating grasslands abruptly some places, this escarpment plunges hun- change to the thickly forested ravines and dreds of metres down to the low-lying area thundering waterfalls of the Escarpment, only known as the Lowveld. to change again to present the subtropical The area has a network of excellent roads wildlife splendour of the Lowveld. and railway connections, making it highly Sabie and Graskop provide a large part of accessible. Because of its popularity as a the country’s total requirement for forestry tourist destination, Mpumalanga is also served products. These forestry plantations are an by a number of small airports. ideal backdrop for ecotourism opportunities, The Cabinet approved the designation of with a variety of popular hiking trails, a myriad Kruger Mpumalanga Airport as an internation- waterfalls, patches of indigenous forest, and a al airport in April 2003. This entailed the variety of nature reserves. transfer of the status of Nelspruit International Lake Chrissie is the largest natural fresh- Airport to the Kruger Mpumalanga Airport, with water lake in South Africa, and is famous for its the former downgraded to ‘national airport’ variety of aquatic birds, especially flamingos. status. Nelspruit is the capital of the province and The people the administrative and business centre of the Even though it is one of the smaller provinces
24 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 25
The land and its people
(some 79 490 km2 in surface area), Mpuma- The natural forests of the area could not langa has a population of more than three supply enough timber for the burgeoning min- million people. ing industry in the early days of gold-mining. According to the 2001 Census results, some Plantations of exotic trees, mainly pine, gum 27,5% of those aged 20 years or older have not and Australian wattles, were established to undergone any schooling, while the population supply wood for the mine props. These trees growth rate is higher than the national aver- grew so well that the Sabie area became the age. The main languages spoken are siSwati, biggest single region of forestry plantations in isiZulu and isiNdebele. South Africa. Mpumalanga’s unemployment rate stood at Groblersdal is an important irrigation area 16,5% in September 2001 (Labour Force which yields a wide variety of products such as Survey 2001). citrus fruit, cotton, tobacco, wheat and vege- tables. Agriculture and forestry Carolina-Bethal-Ermelo is sheep area. This is a summer-rainfall area divided by the Potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize and peanuts Escarpment into the Highveld region with cold are also produced in this region. frosty winters and the Lowveld region with mild winters and a subtropical climate. Industry The Escarpment area sometimes experi- Mpumalanga is very rich in coal reserves. The ences snow on high ground. Thick mist is country’s biggest power stations, three of common during the hot humid summers. which are the biggest in the southern hemi- An abundance of citrus fruit and many other sphere, are situated here. Unfortunately, these subtropical fruits – mangoes, avocados, litchis, cause the highest levels of air pollution in the bananas, pawpaws, granadillas, guavas – as country. Secunda, where the country’s second well as nuts and a variety of vegetables are petroleum-from-coal installation is situated, is produced here. also located in this province. Nelspruit is the second-largest citrus- One of the country’s largest paper mills is producing area in South Africa. It is responsible situated at Ngodwana, close to its timber for one-third of the country’s export in oranges. source. Middelburg produces steel and The Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops vanadium, while Witbank is the biggest coal is situated here. producer in Africa.
Mpumalanga Limpopo Limpopo lies within the great elbow of the Capital: Nelspruit Limpopo River and is a province of dramatic Principal languages: siSwati 30,8% isiZulu 26,4% contrasts – from true Bushveld country to isiNdebele 12,1% majestic mountains, primeval indigenous Population: 3 122 990 million forests, latter-day plantations, unspoilt wilder- Area (km2): 79 490 % of total area: 6,5% ness areas and a patchwork of farming land. GGP at current prices (2001): R70 621 million Limpopo has a strong rural basis. Its growth % of total GDP: 7,2% strategy centres on addressing infrastructure backlogs, the alleviation of poverty and social development. Underpinning the growth and development strategies in the province are the Phalaborwa SDI and the N1 Corridor, which encompasses
25 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 26
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
agroprocessing and mining-beneficiation The crossing into Zimbabwe is at Beit activities. Bridge, where the South African section of this Regional economic integration takes the important route north into Africa ends. form of the ‘Golden Horse Shoe’, which aims to Other important Limpopo towns include the create a single reserve that will arch from the major mining centres of Phalaborwa and Kruger National Park in the east to Botswana Thabazimbi, and Tzaneen, producer of tea, in the west. The culturally and historically forestry products and tropical fruits. significant Mapungubwe site will be included The Maputo Corridor will link the province in this development initiative. directly with Maputo Port, creating develop- Limpopo is the gateway to the rest of ment and trade opportunities, particularly in Africa. It is favourably situated for economic the south-eastern part of the province. co-operation with other parts of southern This province is in the savanna biome, an Africa as it shares borders with Botswana, area of mixed grassland and trees, which is Zimbabwe and Mozambique. generally known as Bushveld. A trip through The highest average real-economic-growth this summer-rainfall area soon convinces one rate recorded in South Africa between 1995 that this is tree country. and 2001 was that of Limpopo, with an average The biggest section of the Kruger National growth rate of 3,8% (Census 2001). Park is situated along the eastern boundary of Polokwane is the capital city and lies strate- Limpopo with Mozambique. gically in the centre of the province. The Great North Road through the centre The people of the province strings together a series of In Limpopo, 5 273 642 million people live on interesting towns. Bela-Bela, with its popular about 123 910 km2 of land. The main languages mineral spa, is near the southern border of the spoken are Sepedi, Xitsonga and, Tshivenda. province. According to the Census 2001 results, more Further north lies Modimolle with its table- than a third of those in Limpopo aged 20 years grape industry and beautiful Waterberg range; and above have not received any form of Mokopane; Polokwane; Makhado (until recent- eduation or schooling. ly known as Louis Trichardt) at the foot of the The official unemployment rate for Limpopo Soutpansberg mountain range; and Musina, stood at 15,5% in September 2001 (Labour with its thick-set baobab trees. Force Survey 2001). Several museums and national monuments bear testimony to ancient peoples and fear- Limpopo less pioneers who braved the unknown in days Capital: Polokwane of yore. Living museums include the Bakone Principal languages: Sepedi 52,1% Malapa Museum near Polokwane, where Xitsonga 22,4% Bapedi tribesmen practise age-old skills for Tshivenda 15,9% Population: 5 273 642 the benefit of visitors, and the Tsonga Open-Air Area (km2): 123 910 Museum near Tzaneen. Mapungubwe (place of % of total area: 10,2% the jackal) Hill, some 75 km from Musina, used GGP at current prices (2001): R63 646 million % of total GDP: 6,5% to be a natural fortress for its inhabitants from about AD 950 to 1200. Valuable archaeological discoveries, includ- ing many golden artefacts, have been made in this area, as well as in the northern part of the Kruger National Park.
26 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 27
The land and its people
Agriculture Many of the rural people practise subsist- The Bushveld is cattle country. Controlled ence farming. hunting is often combined with ranching. The northern and eastern parts of this Sunflowers, cotton, maize and peanuts are summer-rainfall region are subtropical with cultivated in the Bela-Bela-Modimolle area. hot, humid summers and mist in the moun- Modimolle is also known for its table-grape tainous parts. Winter throughout the province crops. is mild and mostly frost-free. Tropical fruit, such as bananas, litchis, pineapples, mangoes and pawpaws, as well as Industry a variety of nuts, are grown in the Tzaneen and Limpopo is rich in minerals, including copper, Makhado areas. Extensive tea and coffee plan- asbestos, coal, iron ore, platinum, chrome, tations create many employment opportuni- diamonds, phosphates and gold. ties in the Tzaneen area. The province is a typical developing area, Zebediela, one of the largest citrus estates exporting primary products and importing in the country, is situated south of Polokwane. manufactured goods and services. It has a high The largest tomato farm in South Africa lies potential and capacity with the right kind of between Tzaneen and Makhado. economic development, and is an attractive Extensive forestry plantations are found in location for investors. Resources such as the Makhado and Tzaneen districts. Planta- tourism, rain-fed agriculture, minerals and an tions of hard woods for furniture manufactur- abundant labour force available in the province ing have also been established. offer excellent investment opportunities.
27 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 28
South Africa Yearbook 2003/04
Acknowledgements
Original text by Theuns and Heila van Rensburg Eastern Cape Provincial Government Free State Provincial Government Gauteng Provincial Government KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government Limpopo Provincial Government Mpumalanga Provincial Government Northern Cape Provincial Government North West Provincial Government Pan South African Language Board Statistics South Africa Western Cape Provincial Government www.gov.za
Suggested reading
Absalom, E. ‘Previously called’ Coloured People – Past and Present: 350 years. Rehoboth (Namibia): CBH Publishers, 2001. Atlas of Southern Africa and the World. Halfway House: Southern Book Publishing, 1992. Beall, J., Crankshaw, O. and Parnell, S. Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg. London: Earthscan Publications, 2002. Bekker, S. and others. Shifting African Identities. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 2001. Bowes, B. and Pennington, S., eds. South Africa:The Good News. Johannesburg: Good News, 2002. Includes authors such as Kader Asmal, Cheryl Carolus,Tom Lodge,Trevor Manuel, Cyril Ramaphosa and Frederick van Zyl Slabbert. Deacon, H.H. and Deacon, J. Human Beginnings in South Africa. Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age. Cape Town: David Philip, 1999. De Gruchy, J.W. Christianity and Democracy. Cape Town: David Philip, 1995. De Gruchy, J.W. The Church Struggle in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1992. De Klerk,W. Afrikaners, Kroes, Kras, Kordaat. Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1999. Du Toit, Z.B. Die Nuwe Toekoms: ’n Perspektief op die Afrikaner by die Eeuwisseling. Pretoria: JP van der Walt, 1999. Elphick, R. and Davenport R., eds. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Cape Town: David Philip, 1997. Erasmus, Z. Coloured by History, Shaped by Place: New Perspectives on Coloured Identity in Cape Town. Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2001. Fodor’s South Africa:The Complete Guide to the Cities,Winelands and Game Parks, with Zimbabwe and Botswana. 2nd new edition. Compiler: A. Barbour. New York: Fodor’s Travel Publications, 1998. Fox, R. and Rowntree K., eds. The Geography of South Africa in a Changing World. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 2000. Free State,The Winning Province. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications, 1997. Freund, B. and Padayachee,V. Durban Vortex: South African City in Transition. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2002. Gall, S. The Bushmen of Southern Africa: Slaughter of the Innocence. London: Chatto & Windus, 2001. Germond, P.and de Gruchy, S. Homosexuality and Christian Faith in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1997. Giliomee, H. The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. Cape Town:Tafelberg, 2003. Haldenwang, B.B. A Socio-demographic Profile of the Southern African Development Community Region. Stellenbosch: Institute for Futures Research, University of Stellenbosch, 1997. Illustrated Guide to the Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Reader’s Digest Association, 1997. James,W., Caliquire D. and Cullinan., K., eds. Now That We Are Free: Coloured Communities in Democratic South Africa. Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in South Africa, 1996. Jenkins, E.R., Raper, P.E.and Moller, L.A. Changing Place Names. Durban: Indicator Press, 1996.
28 01/Land&People!! 12/12/2003 09:10 am Page 29
The land and its people
Johannesburg: Africa’s World City. Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise, 2002. Katz, R. and others. Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation Among the Kalahari Jul’hoansi. Rochester,Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1997. Knobel, J. The Magnificent Natural Heritage of South Africa. Llandudno, South Africa: Sunbird Publishing, 1999. Kollenberg, A. et al., eds. Jewish Life in the South African Communities.Vol 1.The Northern Great Escarpment,The Lowveld,The Northern Highveld,The Bushveld. Johannesburg: South African Friends of Beth Hatefutsoth, 2002. Lively, A. Masks: Bleakness, Race and the Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Magubane, P. Vanishing Cultures of South Africa: Changing Customs in a Changing World. Cape Town: Struik, 1998. Majodina, Z., ed. The Challenge of Forced Migration in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2001. Moon, B.P.and Dardis, C.F. Geomorphology of Southern Africa. Halfway House: Southern Book Publishers, 1992. Morrell, R. ed. Changing Man in Southern Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2001. Preston-Whyte, R.A. and Tyson, P.D. Atmosphere and Weather of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1989. Rogerson, C. and McCarthy, J., eds. Geography in a Changing South Africa: Progress and Prospects. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1992. Schadeberg, J. Soweto Today. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2002. Schadeberg, J. The San of the Kalahari. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2002 Shain, M. and Mendelsohn, R., eds. Memories, Dreams and Realities: Aspects of the South African Jewish Experience. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2002. Shimoni, G. Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg: David Philip, 2003. Simon, D., ed. South Africa in Southern Africa: Reconfiguring the Region. Oxford: James Currey; Cape Town: David Philip, 1998. Smith, A. and others. The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: David Philip, 2000. Smith, A. and others. The Cape Herders: A History of the Khoikhoi of Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 2000. Tyson, P.D. Climatic Change and Variability in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1986. Van Rooyen, J. The New Great Trek:The Story of South Africa’s White Exodus. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2000. Van Zyl Slabbert, F. Afrikaner, Afrikaans. Cape Town:Tafelberg, 1999. Venter, L. In the Shadow of the Rainbow. Sandton: Heineman, 2001. Villa-Vicencio, C. Civil Disobedience and Beyond: Law, Resistance and Religion in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1990.
29