Arctic Expeditions, to Prepare ARCTIC for the Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE SCI ENCE OF Let's compare and contrast past (Fram) and present (MOSAiC) Arctic expeditions, to prepare ARCTIC for the future. We can investigate how scientific questions, methods, technologies, and our EXPEDITIONS knowledge of the Arctic changed over time. 1893-1896 FRAM EXPEDITION 2019-2020 MOSAIC EXPEDITION MOTIVATIONS The Fram expedition was the first attempt to reach the North Pole by freezing a ship in ice and drifting with the ice through the Arctic. Fridtjof MOTIVATIONS Nansen got this idea when he learned that the debris from the shipwrecked When comparing observed and Jeannette was found thousands of miles modeled September sea ice extent from where it sank, suggesting an datasets, we see that the models do East/West current through the Arctic. not predict the observed Another goal of the Fram expedition measurements well after 2005. Clearly was to explore and understand the the models lack some known factor Arctic region by gathering scientific and are underestimating the sea ice observations. loss. The science from this expedition will help fill that gap in knowledge. NAVIGATIONAL METHODS & TECHNOLOGIES NAVIGATIONAL The Fram relied on celestial navigation to determine their location, a technique METHODS & where the angle between celestial bodies (sun, moon) and the visible TECHNOLOGIES horizon is measured. This angle, along A variety of methods were used to with the time the measurement was navigate during the MOSAiC taken, was used to determine their expedition, including satellite imagery, latitude. ice cores, an EM-Bird, computer models, drifting buoys, and global positioning systems (GPS) SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS While frozen in sea ice, the crew SCIENTIFIC constructed an ice camp outside the INVESTIGATIONS ship and studied the formation of sea ice, measured the temperature and Hundreds of scientists from 19 countries salinity of sea water at different depths, took part in the expedition. Using and examined living things both on the instruments like satellites, ice cores and ice and at the bottom of the ocean. buoys, they measured cloud reflectance, They also measured air temperature cloud formation, ocean and atmosphere and pressure, along with gravitational temperatures, sea ice extent and measurements. incoming and outgoing solar radiation. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Expedition in Numbers
MOSAiC The Expedition in Numbers During the expedition, RV The following 20 nations will Polarstern will be resupplied by participate in this project: 4 additional icebreakers from China, Russia and Sweden. RV Polarstern will cover a total of some 2,500 km, zig-zagging the Arctic Ocean with the natural ice drift. Throughout the year, a total of 600 participants will be on board, and be exchanged in phases. n Franeker n The ice will drift at an average speed of roughly 7 km per day. For 60-90 days the research icebreaker Polarstern will Around 300 people will work be less than 200 km away in the background for the from the geographic North The expedition‘s planned expedition in order to realize it. Pole. duration is 390 days. Photo: Alfred Wegener Institute / J. va Produced by MOSAiC The Expedition in Numbers The polar night, during which the At least 6 people will be sun never rises above the hori- assigned as „polar bear watch“ zon, will continue for 150 days. to ensure the researcher‘s safety. The landing strip for resupply flights, which will be carved The drift will take Polarstern out of the sea ice, must be at up to 1,000 km away from least 1,100 m long. the northernmost island. In winter, temperatures down to -45° Celsius are expected. 0 To date, there has never been a comparable expedition in the central Arctic. The monitoring stations will be set up as far as 50 km from Polarstern. The sea ice must be at least 1.5 m thick, so that the necessary infra- The expedition‘s operating structure can be set up on its surface.
[Show full text]
Assessing the Vertical Structure of Arctic Aerosols Using Tethered- Balloon-Borne Measurements Jessie M
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-989 Preprint. Discussion started: 7 October 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Assessing the vertical structure of Arctic aerosols using tethered- balloon-borne measurements Jessie M. Creamean1, Gijs de Boer2,3, Hagen Telg2,3, Fan Mei4, Darielle Dexheimer5, Matthew D. Shupe2,3, Amy Solomon2,3, Allison McComiskey6 5 1Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA 2Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80509, USA 3Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA 4Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA 10 5Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA 6Brookhaven National Laboratory, Uptown, NY 11973, USA Correspondence to: Jessie M. Creamean ([email protected]) Abstract. The rapidly-warming Arctic is sensitive to perturbations in the surface energy budget, which can be caused by clouds and aerosols. However, the interactions between clouds and aerosols are poorly quantified in the Arctic, in part due to: (1) 15 limited observations of vertical structure of aerosols relative to clouds and (2) ground-based observations often being inadequate for assessing aerosol impacts on cloud formation in the characteristically stratified Arctic atmosphere. Here, we present a novel evaluation of Arctic aerosol vertical distributions using almost 3 years’ worth of tethered balloon system (TBS) measurements spanning multiple seasons. The TBS was deployed at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s facility at Oliktok Point, Alaska. Aerosols were examined in tandem with atmospheric stability and 20 ground-based remote sensing of cloud macrophysical properties to specifically address the representativeness of near-surface aerosols to those at cloud base.
[Show full text]
Science Plan
DOE/SC-ARM-18-005 The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAIC) Atmosphere Science Plan M Shupe G de Boer K Dethloff E Hunke W Maslowski A McComiskey O Perrson D Randall M Tjernstrom D Turner J Verlinde February 2018 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the U.S. Government. Neither the United States nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. DOE/SC-ARM-18-005 The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAIC) Atmosphere Science Plan M Shupe, University of Colorado/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Principal Investigator G de Boer, University of Colorado/NOAA K Dethloff, Alfred Wegener Institute E Hunke, Los Alamos National Laboratory W Maslowski, Naval Postgraduate School A McComiskey, NOAA O Persson, University of Colorado/NOAA D Randall, Colorado State University M Tjernstrom, Stockholm University D Turner, NOAA J Verlinde, The Pennsylvania State University Co-Investigators February 2018 Work supported by the U.S.
[Show full text]
Algae in the Arctic: Apparently, Anything Is Possible
In spring, a variety of algal blooms colour the waters of the Focus biology DriftStory 09 87 Arctic Chukchi Sea. The inflow of cold, nutrient-rich water from the Bering Sea provides the phytoplankton with idea conditions for forming large blooms. 180°W ic Oc ean a rct d A a a n i a s s C u R North Pole 90°O d n June la n e re 75° G Tromso 65° 55° 0° DriftStory 09 Algae in the Arctic: Apparently, anything is possible For algae, life in the central Arctic Ocean presents two significant challenges: firstly, the sun disappears for more than 100 days per year; and secondly, the pronounced stratification of the water masses slows the transport of nutrients from the depths. How can phytoplankton survive the long periods of darkness and spring to life again once the sun returns? AWI biologist Clara Hoppe and the ECO Team explored these questions during the MOSAiC expedition and discovered some of the remarkable survival strategies of the tiny, green organisms. STORIES FROM MEEREISPORTAL.DE 88 DriftStory 09 DriftStory 09 89 If there were a competition for filtering water, AWI biologist Dr Clara Hoppe would water masses in the Arctic Ocean, the nutrient-poor surface water and the nutrient-rich stand a good chance of winning. As a marine biologist focusing on phytoplankton in the water deeper below rarely mix. That means: once the nutrient supply in the surface water Arctic Ocean, she ‘trained’ in this discipline almost every day of the expedition. The rea- has been exhausted, it is seldom replenished from further down.
[Show full text]
The Mosaic Expedition: a Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice
NOAA Arctic Report Card 2020 The MOSAiC Expedition: A Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice DOI: 10.25923/9g3v-xh92 M. D. Shupe1,2, M. Rex3, K. Dethloff3, E. Damm4, A. A. Fong4, R. Gradinger5, C. Heuzé6, B. Loose7, A. Makarov8, W. Maslowski9, M. Nicolaus4, D. Perovich10, B. Rabe4, A. Rinke3, V. Sokolov8, and A. Sommerfeld3 1Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA 2Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA 3Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany 4Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 5Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway 6Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden 7Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, RI, USA 8Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 9Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA 10Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA Highlights • An international and interdisciplinary team made comprehensive observations of the atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, ecosystem, and biogeochemistry over an annual cycle in the Central Arctic. • The MOSAiC year was characterized, above all, by a thin and dynamic sea ice pack, reflecting the impact of the multi-decadal warming trend in global air temperatures on the Arctic region. • The unprecedented data set will foster cross-cutting, process-based research that will advance understanding, bolster observational techniques from the surface and satellites, and enable improved modeling and predictive capabilities. The Arctic sea ice has a story to tell. It is a story of change and transformation on daily, seasonal, and decadal scales.
[Show full text]
Driftstories from the Central Arctic
Focus ice DriftStory 10 95 The two research aeroplanes POLAR 5 and POLAR 6 on standby at 180°W Svalbard Airport near Longyearbyen, ready to support MOSAiC. POLAR 6, in the background, has the sea-ice thickness sensor EM-Bird mounted in a cradle on its underside. ic Oc ean a rct d A a a n i a s s C u R North Pole 90°O September d n la n e re 75° G Tromso 65° DriftStory 10 55° 0° A reunion at the outlet of the Arctic The AWI sea-ice physicists Thomas Krumpen and Jakob Belter were two of the first researchers to scout the vicinity of the MOSAiC floe in late autumn 2019. Back then, the floe was just beginning its journey through the Central Arctic. Eleven months later, the experts returned to survey the floe again – but this time from an aeroplane and off the coast of northern Greenland, at the other end of the transpolar drift. How alike the two pictures are: as AWI sea-ice physicist Dr Thomas Krumpen flies over the scattered remains of what was once the MOSAiC floe and many of its neighbouring floes on 2 September 2020, he can’t help but recall his first encounter with this par- ticular stretch of sea ice, back in October 2019. Once again, the first cold autumn nights have frozen the ocean’s surface; once again, a layer of new ice covers the countless meltwater ponds. And once again, those areas characterised by instable ice, weakened by the summer sun, are covered in a blanket of snow, making the ice look much more intact than it truly is.
[Show full text]
Climate Change in the Arctic. Heading to the North Pole with the IPCC and the Polarstern
Climate Change in the Arctic. Heading to the North Pole with the IPCC and the Polarstern Presentation Chairing Date 27 November 2019 Location Berlin, Germany Chairing State Secretary Rita Schwarzelühr-Sutter, BMU Prof. Hans-Otto Pörtner, AWI Katharina Weiss-Tuider, MOSAiC Martin Weiß, BMU Botschafterin Sibylle Katharina Sorg, Federal Foreign Office Rudolf Leisen, BMBF Michael Schäfer, WWF Dr. Camilla Bausch The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world. Lead by German research institutions, international researchers from 20 countries are now engaged in the largest Arctic exploration of all times: the MOSAiC Expedition. Research approaches, findings and the impact of the Federal Arctic Guidelines were presented and discussed in a packed high-level evening event at the Bremen State House in Berlin. Dr. Camilla Bausch of Ecologic Institute moderated the event. The evening commenced with a welcome address by State Secretary Rita Schwarzlühr-Sutter in which she stressed the importance of multi-level and multi-disciplinary collaboration to properly understand and address the causes and effects of climate change in the Arctic. A short film then introduced the audience to the research mission of the MOSAiC Expedition. MOSAiC team member, Katharina Weiss- Tuider presented her experiences on the icebreaker and research ship, Polarstern, following a recent visit to the ice floe base camp. The MOSAiC project unites 20 nations and over 90 institutions for a multi-disciplinary in-situ study of the Arctic. Referencing Fridtjof Nansen's Fram expedition, the team will spend a year trapped in sea ice, drifting through the Arctic Ocean. The research will allow for unprecedented data collection in the Arctic region.
[Show full text]
International Research Training Group Arctrain: Processes and Impacts of Climate Change in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Canadian Arctic
International Research Training Group ArcTrain: Processes and impacts of climate change in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Canadian Arctic The DFG-funded International Research Training Group ArcTrain, a collaborative project between the University of Bremen, the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, and a consortium of eight Canadian universities invites applications for a PhD position in the area of remote sensing of sea ice in the framework of project HB-01: Consequences of a changing Arctic for the seasonality of sea ice growth and melting: New understanding from satellite remote sensing and the MOSAiC expedition. Together with the shrinking Arctic sea ice cover the length of the melting season is increasing. The ice is getting thinner and breaks up earlier in the year, which creates more leads. Warmer temperatures change the metamorphism of snow on top of the sea ice and more refrozen melt layers and crusts can occur. These processes have consequences for the coupled Arctic climate system by, for example, changing the ocean to atmosphere energy and gas fluxes. Current satellite remote sensing methods can observe some but not all of these processes on an Arctic-wide scale. The largest Arctic research expedition MOSAiC (https://www.mosaic-expedition.org) is taking place from September 2019 to September 2020, when the research icebreaker Polarstern will drift with the ice. This interdisciplinary experiment has an extensive remote sensing program, which will enhance our understanding of the coupled Arctic climate system and the regional and global consequences of Arctic climate change by improving weather and climate predictions.
[Show full text]
652641 D1.21 the Mosaic Example
HORIZON 2020 Coordination and Support Action Grant Agreement No: 652641 CONNECTING SCIENCE WITH SOCIETY D1.21 The MOSAiC Example: How to develop and fund a large-scale international initiative from a national bottom-up idea EU-PolarNet – GA 652641 Deliverable D1.21 Submission of Deliverable Work Package WP 1 Deliverable no. & title D1.21 The MOSAiC Example: How to develop and fund a large- scale international initiative from a national bottom-up idea Version Draft Creation Date 16.03.2020 Last change 27.04.2020 Status Draft WP lead accepted Executive Board accepted Dissemination level PU-Public PP- Restricted to programme partners RE- Restricted to a group specified by the consortium CO- Confidential, only for members of the consortium Lead Beneficiaries AWI (partner 1) Contributors 1 – AWI, 2 – CNRS, 3 - NERC-BAS, 4 - CNR-DTA, 5 – SPRS, 6 – IPEV, 7 - IGOT-UL, 8 – RUG, 9 - RCN, 10 – MINECO, 11 – CSIC, 12 - UW-APRI, 13 – BAI, 14 – GEUS, 15 – VUB, 16 – UOULU, 17 – RBINS, 18 - IGF PAS, 19 - IG-TUT, 20 – AMAP, 21 – WOC, 22 - GINR Due date 30.04.2020 Delivery date 06.05.2020 © EU-PolarNet Consortium 06/05/2020 Page 2 of 8 EU-PolarNet – GA 652641 Deliverable D1.21 D1.21. The MOSAiC Example: How to develop and fund a large-scale international initiative from a national bottom-up idea Introduction: Effective international cooperation in Polar research and operations is necessary to understand and mitigate the rapid changes occurring in the Polar Regions and their global effects. Polar research is therefore a scientific area in which international cooperation is well developed also due to safety, environmental, logistical and budgetary reasons.
[Show full text]
Arctic Report Card 2020 the Sustained Transformation to a Warmer, Less Frozen and Biologically Changed Arctic Remains Clear
Arctic Report Card 2020 The sustained transformation to a warmer, less frozen and biologically changed Arctic remains clear DOI: 10.25923/MN5P-T549X R.L. Thoman, J. Richter-Menge, and M.L. Druckenmiller; Eds. December 2020 Richard L. Thoman, Jacqueline Richter-Menge, and Matthew L. Druckenmiller; Editors Benjamin J. DeAngelo; NOAA Executive Editor Kelley A. Uhlig; NOAA Coordinating Editor www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card How to Cite Arctic Report Card 2020 Citing the complete report or Executive Summary: Thoman, R. L., J. Richter-Menge, and M. L. Druckenmiller, Eds., 2020: Arctic Report Card 2020, https://doi.org/10.25923/mn5p-t549. Citing an essay (example): Frey, K. E., J. C. Comiso, L. W. Cooper, J. M. Grebmeier, and L. V. Stock, 2020: Arctic Ocean primary productivity: The response of marine algae to climate warming and sea ice decline. Arctic Report Card 2020, R. L. Thoman, J. Richter-Menge, and M. L. Druckenmiller, Eds., https://doi.org/10.25923/vtdn-2198. (Note: Each essay has a unique DOI assigned) Front cover photo credits Center: Yamal Peninsula wildland fire, Siberia, 2017 – Jeffrey T. Kerby, National Geographic Society, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Top Left: Large blocks of ice-rich permafrost fall onto the beach along the Laptev Sea coast, Siberia, 2017 – Pier Paul Overduin, Alfred Wegner Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany Top Right: R/V Polarstern during polar night, MOSAiC Expedition, 2019 – Matthew Shupe, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA/OAR.
[Show full text]
A Year in the Ice Mosaic: Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate – CU Boulder
D11 Volunteer Services & Community Partnerships Community Resource Bank Curriculum Enrichment A Year in the Ice MOSAiC: Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate – CU Boulder Dear Science 3rd-12th Educators: Bring the 2019-2020 MOSAiC Arctic research expedition into your virtual or in-person classroom with Reach the World! (for best results on these links please use Google CHROME) The MOSAiC education & outreach team at the University of Colorado Boulder is partnering once again with Reach the World and Exploring by the Seat of Your Pants to help you connect your students to the challenges and triumphs of a real ongoing research expedition in the polar north. The German icebreaker has been frozen almost continuously in Arctic sea ice for nearly a year, allowing scientists to study all aspects of the Arctic climate system for an entire seasonal cycle. MOSAiC is one of the most extensive central Arctic research expeditions ever conducted, involving over 500 people from 19 nations around the world. Over the next few months, Reach the World will highlight different MOSAiC team members who will share their experiences through written articles and live video calls. Articles and photos will be published on the Reach the World MOSAiC expedition page, and live video calls will be hosted by our friends at Exploring by the Seat of Your Pants. Join a FREE live video call! Our first MOSAiC featured scientist will be Dr. Jessie Creamean, who participated in the first leg of the expedition almost one year ago. In honor of 'BackyardBio' month at Exploring by the Seat of Your Pants, Jessie will write and speak about what lives in the Polarstern's 'backyard' and how this relates to her own atmospheric research.
[Show full text]
Four Phd Positions Two Postdoc Positions
The Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM), Germany, invites applications for Four PhD Positions (A) Spatial and seasonal variability of cloud radiative forcing (B) Moist static energy transport variability (C) Impact of Aerosols on Arctic clouds: Evaluation and improvement of modelling (D) The role of the lapse-rate feedback forcing in the Arctic: Assessment of climate simulations and Two Postdoc Positions (E) Characterization of Arctic mixed–phase clouds by airborne in–situ remote sensing (F) Remote sensing of Arctic clouds and sea ice The positions are funded within the Transregional Collaborative Research Center TR172 on “ArctiC Amplification: Climate Relevant Atmospheric and SurfaCe Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms (AC)³” (www.ac3-tr.de) by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Within the TR172, LIM together with the collaboration partners (Universities of Cologne and Bremen, TROPOS and Alfred Wegener Institute) aim to better observe, understand, and simulate processes leading to the current drastic climate changes in the Arctic. Terms of employment The PhD positions (A) – (D) (65% TV-L E13) are awarded for 3 years with possible extension to up to four years. The positions are open starting from January 2020. We offer a productive and interdisciplinary working group including comprehensive supervision and integration into the thriving Leipzig Graduate School on Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation (http://www.lgs- car.tropos.de/). The positions (E) – (F) (100% TV-L E13) are awarded for up to 4 years, they are also open starting from January 2020. We offer a productive and interdisciplinary working atmosphere including several possibilities for career development. Details on the individual projects are given below.
[Show full text]