The Professional Geologist JAN/FEB 2012

Volume 49, Number 1 The Professional Geologist JAN/FEB 2012

TPG Volume 49, Number 1 The Professional Geologist JAN/FEB 2012

Inside This Student Issue

6 Features 2012 SME Annual Meeting & Exhibit 3 Scholarship Program 4 Starting a Geology Student Club Public Outreach Program Sammy Castonguay, SA-2047 5 Note To Self--Get a Good Solid Education William J. Elliot, CPG-04194 7 “Get Involved”- Career Advice for Graduate and 15 Undergraduate Students Michael J. Urban, MEM-1910 8 What Geology Students Need To Know About Professional Licensure Robert E. Tepel 10 Undergraduates Conference Attendance, a Win-Win Situation for Students and Their Home Institution S.A. Isiorho, CPG-07788 12

Towers, Tarantuals and Towbots Stephanie Jarvis, SA-1495 13 “Geobassador” Larry Cerrillo, CPG-02763 14 The Permitting Process for Land Development Impacts to Section 404 Waters by the Army Corps of Engineers: A Case Study Taylor M. Bell 36

15 New Yellowstone Website Provides Interactive Maps on Volcanic Activity 40 Studies Shed New Light on Denver Basin Groundwater 42 The view looking south from the mouth of Danger Bay on Afognak Island across Marmot Bay to Peer Reviewed Article Kodiak Island, Alaska. Parrot Island sits in the Assessing a Groundwater Monitoring Network at a Dense foreground. Whale Island is located between Afognak and Kodiak (to the right). Sharatin Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids Remediation Site using Mountain and Elbow Mountain are snowy white Groundwater Temperature, Level and Analytical Data in the setting sun. Photo taken March, 2011, by Kevin Svitana, MEM-1840 45 Christina Coulter, YP-0008. AIPG National Executive Committee DEPARTMENTS PRESIDENT - Barbara H. Murphy, CPG Clear Creek Associates O: (480) 659-7131 14 In Memory [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT - Ronald J. Wallace CPG 15 Section News State of Georgia O: (404) 362-2589 [email protected] 16 Editor’s Corner PAST-PRESIDENT - Samuel Gowan, CPG Alpha Geoscience, Inc. 17 Test Your Knowledge O: (518) 348-6995 [email protected] 18 President’s Message VICE PRESIDENT -E. Tom Cavanaugh, CPG AMEC C: (303) 726-1511 20 Members in the News Tom. [email protected] SECRETARY - J. Foster Sawyer, CPG 21 Executive Director’s Column SD School of Mines and Technology O: (605) 394-2462 22 Professional Ethics and Practices [email protected] TREASURER - Robert W. Gaddis, CPG 25 Members in the News Newfield Exploration Mid-Continent, Inc. O: (918) 732-1651 [email protected] 26 Hydrothink EDITOR - Virginia T. McLemore, CPG New Mexico Bureau of Geology 27 Student’s Voice O: (575) 835-5521 [email protected] 28 Educator’s Page (NEW) ADVISORY BOARD REPRESENTATIVES James F. Howard, CPG C: (270) 925-6636 30 Professional Services Directory [email protected] Brent E. Huntsman, CPG 32 AIPG Student Application Terran Corporation O: (937) 320-3601 [email protected] 33 New Applicants and Members Helen V. Madeksho-Hickman, CPG Aquatech Geosciences, Inc. 34 Test Your Knowledge Answers O: (561) 307-2369 [email protected] 35 Student Chapters John M. Stewart, CPG ECS Carolinas, LLP 41 In Memory O: (336) 856-7150 [email protected] NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 53 AIPG Store 12000 Washington St., Suite 285 Thornton, CO 80241 7:30 AM - 4:30 PM MDT; M-F AIPG Publication Policy, October 4, 2010. AIPG encourages submission of articles and editorials for publication in TPG on (303) 412-6205 • Fax (303) 253-9220 topics related to the science and profession of geology. Submittals shall be of interest to the members of AIPG, other professional [email protected] • www.aipg.org geologists, and others interested in the earth sciences. Articles and editorials may be noted as follows at the discretion of the Editor, “The opinions, positions and conclusions presented herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opin- EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR - William J. Siok, CPG - [email protected] ions, positions or conclusions of the American Institute of Professional Geologists.” All materials submitted for publication, includ- ASSISTANT DIRECTOR - Wendy J. Davidson - [email protected] ing author opinions contained therein, shall include accurate and appropriate references. The Editor has the authority to solicit, PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MGR - Cathy L. Duran - [email protected] edit, accept, or reject articles and editorials and other written material for publication. The Executive Committee has the authority MEMBERSHIP SERVICES MGR - Vickie L. Hill - [email protected] if it so chooses to act on any particular case to support or overrule actions of the Editor regarding the solicitation, editing, accep- OFFICE ASSISTANT - Cristie J. Valero - [email protected] tance, or rejection of any particular article, editorial, or other written material for publication. ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT - Dorothy K. Combs - [email protected] ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT - Ramona J. Scott - [email protected] American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) is the only national organization that certifies the competence LIFE AND HEALTH INSURANCE and ethical conduct of geological scientists in all branches of the science. It adheres to the principles of professional GeoCare Benefits Insurance Plan responsibility and public service, and is the ombudsman for the geological profession. It was Phone: 800-337-3140 or 602-870-4121 founded in 1963 to promote the profession of geology and to provide certification for http://www.geocarebenefits.com/ geologists to establish a standard of excellence for the profession. Since then, more E-mail: [email protected] than 10,000 individuals have demonstrated their commitment to the highest levels of AUTO AND HOME INSURANCE competence and ethical conduct and been certified by AIPG. Liberty Mutual Phone: (800) 524-9400-Client #111397 The mission of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) is to be an http://www.libertymutual.com/lm/aipg effective advocate for the profession of geology and to serve its members through activities and programs that support continuing professional development and promote SUPPLEMENTAL INSURANCE AFLAC high standards of ethical conduct. Phone (303) 674-1808 http://www.aflac.com The Professional Geologist (USPS 590-810 and ISSN 0279-0521) is published bi-monthly by the American Institute of Professional PROFESSIONAL & GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE Geologists,12000 Washington St., Suite 285, Thornton, CO 80241-3134. Periodicals Postage Paid at Denver, Colorado and additional The Wright Group mailing offices. Phone (800) 322-9773 (303) 863-7788 POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Professional Geologist, AIPG, 12000 Washington St., Suite 285, Thornton, CO 80241 http://www.thewrightgroupinc.com Subscriptions for all Members and Adjuncts in good standing are included in annual membership dues. Subscription prices are ALAMO RENTAL CAR - $20.00 a year for Members’ additional subscriptions and $30.00 a year for non-members for 6 issues (for postage outside of the U.S. (800) 354-2322 - Member #BY-706768 add $10.00). Single copy price is $4.00 for Members and $6.00 for non-members. Claims for nonreceipt or for damaged copies are honored for three months. AVIS RENTAL CAR - Entire contents copyright 2012 by The Professional Geologist. Original material may be reprinted with permission. Deadline for articles (800) 698-5685 - Member AWD #T003300 and advertisements is six weeks preceding publication. Advertising rates available upon request. Opinions and views expressed by the BUDGET RENTAL CAR - authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, its staff, or its advertisers. (800) 455-2848 - Member BCD #Z663100 Printed in U.S.A. by Modern Litho-Print Company in Jefferson City, Missouri. UPS Savings Program For AIPG news and activities go to www.aipg.org. www.aipg.org or www.savewithups.com/enroll Use promo code WES462

Starting a Geology Student Club Public Outreach Program

Sammy Castonguay, SA-2047, University of Oregon

Public exchange of geologic information is important for relating consum- ers of earths resources to the processes of the dynamic earth that created the resources. This need spans all levels of public; from policy makers and execu- tives to public and community educators. As a student myself, I chose to focus on the most accessible and, in many ways, most impactful of the public: the next generation of public education students. Though, I encourage all students and professionals to become involved in Sammy showing off mineral samples (biotite Sammy discussing stream morphology on st th educating the public on geologic infor- and calcite) to a 1 grade class in a field trip to the Willamette River with 6 mation. South Eugene, Oregon. grade students from Oak Hill Middle School in Eugene, Oregon. Both as an undergraduate and now as -Find your campus ‘Geology Club’ (or a graduate student, I have worked with similar). If one does not exist, start the University of Oregon Geology Club show them you are organized and one through your student government to create a cohesive outreach program. also give them the chance to suggest and Geology Department. That being said, it is not yet consolidated. changes to the material. -Get involved in the ‘Clubs’ outreach In nearly three years, the program -Go into the classroom with confidence program. Again, if there isn’t one, has reached out to elderly communities, and lots of energy. Always engage the start one. public and private schools grades 1-12, students with eye contact and ques- detention centers, community organized Tips on starting and outreach program: tions. You are a guest speaker, it is free-schools, and across campus. -Look up schools in your area, any level, easy for them to write you off and not Some suggestions for students inter- or any place open for public exchange. listen, so keeping them engaged and ested in becoming involved in an out- Really, the possibilities are endless. focused is important. reach program: -Design some basic labs, or use some Our outreach program seems to be of your introductory moving toward an 8-10 lab curriculum course material. introduced over the course of a full Getting people to quarter or semester. It has taken a lot handle rocks and of work, but eventually it can be a cur- HAVE YOU SIGNED UP A PROFESSIONAL minerals is one riculum that transfers to all of the 7th MEMBER LATELY? REQUIREMENTS FOR of the best ways and 8th grades in our area. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP to engage them. Whatever your interests or profession Ask your depart- in geology, it is important to engage the EDUCATION: ment to borrow public in your research and results. I 30 semester or 45 quarter hours in geological sciences* samples from the encourage all geologists to try their hand with a baccalaureate or higher degree teaching collec- at public outreach and education. Please tion, or if your SIGN-UP FEE (prorated): contact me with any questions or com- club has money to Dec-Mar = $100; Apr-Jun = $75 ments: [email protected] buy a set of teach- Jul-Sep = $50 Oct-Nov = $25 ing samples, do Sammy, SA-2047, is a second year ANNUAL DUES: $100 plus Section dues so. M.S. student at the University of Oregon, conducting structural research in the APPLICATION: Available on website www.aipg.org -Contact the schools or specific Southern Black Mountains of Death *As defined by the American Geological Institute, a geologi- teacher and ask Valley, CA. cal science is any of the subdisciplinary specialties that are if you can visit. part of the science of geology, e.g., geophysics, geochemistry, Send them the paleontology, petrology, etc. labs or outlines you plan to conduct. This will www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 5 AIPG Booth at GSA Convention in Minneapolis, Minnesota

AIPG had a booth at the National GSA Convention, October The following names were drawn as raffle winners at the 9-12, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Volunteers helped in signing AIPG booth. Maritla Huber (hat), Shasta Morrero (water up 139 new student members, and discussing the benefits of bottle), Jeff Chaumba (t-shirt), Jon Price (briefcase), Melanie joining AIPG. Werdon (t-shirt), Keegan Kittock, (water bottle) and the Grand AIPG Headquarters would like to say Thank You to all of Prize went to Sean Hammersburg (crystal tourmaline). The the booth volunteers. Those volunteers are John Grams, Jane drawing was held at noon on the last day of the convention. Willard, Mike Urban, Nancy Radle, Mike Hultgren, Amber All winners must be present to win. King, Dale Rezabeck, Laura Scheid, Billy Caldwell, Elizabeth We also gave out student chapter information, CPG applica- Wuyep, Subho Mandal, Pat Collins,Greg Kimball and AIPG tions and sold some store items. 2011 National President, Sam Gowan. Our volunteers were The AIPG booth was a great success due to the help from from all over the United States and beyond. Some were as all of the volunteers. close as Minnesota and one as far away as Nigeria.

Volunteer Laura Volunteers Scheid, MEM- Subho Mandal, 0834, AIPG SA-1469 and 2011 Minnesota 2011 National Section President President, Sam Gowan, CPG- 07284, signing up a new student member.

Volunteers Discussing Elizabeth AIPG mem- Wuyep, SA-1952 ber benefits. and Billy Caldwell, CPG- 07466, preparing for their shift.

6 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org Note To Self -- Get A Good Solid Education

William J. Elliott, CPG-04194

I remember being told as a child that a are all fundamental to your career in Good Luck and Godspeed – you are in for good solid education starts with mastery geology. Some of the material will be the ride of a lifetime! of the 3-R’s. They are the foundation for used more, some less. But, by having this self confidence and success -- especially in solid foundation, you will be able to solve After graduating from San Diego this fast moving, high-tech world. So, in problems and perform with confidence State University in 1966 with an M.S. in high school I took every english, science, amongst your peers. geology, Mr. Elliott accepted a position as and math class offered. Now that I am And, yes, there are a lot of other an Exploration Geologist with Standard in college, what’s next? courses that would be fun and interest- Oil Company of California. By 1970, a ing. You can take those in addition to relatively painless transition from oil Next... fundamentals, or after graduation. Also, to soil (geotechnical engineering) was many employers will be happy to train made by blending his traditional educa- Same principal applies at the college tion with newly acquired oil-patch skills. level – get a good solid education. Here you to perform certain tasks; they may even give you time off work and pay your Over four years of scientific/research you will begin to expand on what you experience combined with eight years have already learned. Take English tuition to take specific classes at a nearby university. As you can see, the learning of engineering/construction experience composition and technical writing. Take gave impetus to pursue his dream of all the math you can stand. Take lots process never ends – and there is always something new to discover! becoming an independent Consulting of physics, chemistry and at least some Engineering Geologist.Thirty-three You should graduate with the ability engineering. These are all fundamental years later, the continuous challenge of to see and think in six dimensions. to majoring in geology. No matter where blending science and engineering has your geo-career takes you, no matter the Yes, SIX! These include, the tradition- not lost its luster or appeal. Retired from twists and turns of volatile employment al four, X, Y, Z, and TIME. In addition, consulting, Mr. Elliott continues to enjoy markets, unexpected layoffs, or changes you should be able to think in terms of: geology through part-time teaching at of heart, these basic skills will stay with . Number 5, the countless Dynamic SDSU. And like a faithful old dog, his you, should you ever need to show your Geologic Processes, and formal education always follows him résumé to a prospective employer. . Number 6, the myriad and com- wherever opportunity knocks. Now, on to geo-curriculum. Don’t plex short- and long-term Geologic let them short you on fundamentals. Changes over time. In today’s world of “cram-even-more- These last two dimensions can chal- course-work-into-the-same-number-of- lenge a geologist’s ability to unravel and Attention units-needed-to-graduate” mentality, it document earth’s history – a sometimes is all too common for staff to combine Sections: elusive, but always fascinating story. several similar courses into one or two The likelihood of the “last chapter” of AIPG National needs a semesters of work to make space for some earth’s history ever being written is listing of who your newly other new topic(s). The result: at a criti- somewhere between zero and “minus- cal stage in your learning process, you elected officers are. one,” as these processes and changes miss out on basics that you would have are an ongoing and never-ending work When your 2012 officers otherwise received in a more complete in progress. (Read: Key to a geologist’s have been elected, please and traditional course progression. full employment.) email this information to So, in addition to general education Don’t forget about additional opportu- requirements, here is what to insist AIPG National. nities that come with advanced degrees. on for the geo-portion of your educa- Take responsibility for your education, [email protected] tion. Full, unabbreviated semesters of: your career and your life. A 35- to Physical Geology, Historical Geology, or 40-year career goes by fast – faster than Mineralogy, Petrology, Stratigraphy, [email protected] you may think. Choose well, work hard, Structural Geology, Paleontology, be quick to admit mistakes and move on. Geophysical Methods, Geomorphology, Field Geology and Senior Thesis. These www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 7 “Get Involved!” – Career Advice for Graduate and Undergraduate Students

Michael J. Urban, MEM-1910

The college or university experience ulty-sponsored “research day.” The next long and successful career? Who will is for far more than simply obtaining semester, the TA runs into the student in discover early on that s/he should really a degree (though that is usually a very the hall and informs him that the poster go on to graduate school? Regarding important first step in building any pro- they developed had been accepted at the the first question, I’ll be careful and fessional career); it is for networking – Geological Society of America (GSA) say that any one of the students has a making those all-important professional annual meeting and that the teaching very good chance of finding a great job. connections that can often assist you assistant’s advisor has some grant money Though, consider the respective résumés later on – and gaining valuable practice available to pay for all three of them to of each student. There is something to or experience. My advice is straight- drive to the conference (only a couple of be said for the experiences gained while forward: get involved! There are many hours away from the university). While at “getting involved” and for being able to different ways to “get involved,” each the conference both students – the under- write about them on your résumé. As with its own benefits. Before discussing grad student and the grad TA – stand for who is most likely to have a long and some of these, I’d like to first invite you with the professor at the poster session successful career, nothing demonstrates to read and consider the three student and meet other students, visit with geo- enthusiasm, dedication, and passion scenarios below. As you’re reading, ask logical consultants (potential employers), for a subject than willingness to “get yourself these questions: Which student and network with others having similar involved” in extracurricular activities; is most likely to find a good job? Who is interests in brachiopods. Later, while and barring recession, or other unfor- most likely to have a long and successful taking a break from the poster session, the tunate scenarios, the demonstration of career? Who will discover early on that s/ graduate student peruses the posted job enthusiasm, dedication, and passion he should really go on to graduate school? announcements, vacancies, and intern- through extracurricular activity may go ships, while the undergraduate student an equally long way toward both piqu- Student A stays after mineralogy stops in the exhibit hall and chats with ing the interest of a potential employer class one day and asks her professor a member of a private geological con- and fostering a successful career. The about opportunities for undergraduate sulting company about what skills are final question posed – recognizing that research. The professor does not have any highly sought after in potential hires. graduate school may be for you – is really active projects and no way to include the [The conversation entices the student to about time. Garnering valuable practical student in her own research, but refers take an additional GIS course the next experience is critical, so entering the job the student to a colleague. The colleague term!] As both students make their way force immediately after earning a bach- has no paid research opportunities, but back to their poster they are stopped as elor’s degree can be very useful; on the invites the student to volunteer her time they pass the AIPG booth and asked to flip side, waiting too long after graduat- and participate in minor laboratory consider a free student membership to the ing to enter graduate school may prolong activities (e.g., moving and labeling sam- professional geological organization; the a state of limbo prior to achieving your ples, assisting in the preparation of thin students eagerly sign up! ultimate goal (though, it is never too late sections, setting up stereoscopes, pulling to go back to school!). out materials for laboratory sections of Student C attends class regularly, class, etc.). The following semester, the earns excellent grades, and stays abreast Volunteering your time for research professor asks the student if she has of current literature in professional jour- and field experiences, attending pro- written about her volunteer activities in nals. The student never says a word to fessional conferences, and becoming a her résumé, and if she needs a letter of his course professors, avoids the geology member of a professional organization reference. student lounge, and always passes up the all look great on any résumé read by a opportunity to attend voluntary supple- potential employer and provide great Student B is really interested in learn- mental field trips offered by his instruc- experience too. If I have learned any- ing more about brachiopods and men- tors. Upon graduating, the student has thing from “getting involved” myself it tions his budding affinity for “brachs” a 4.0 GPA, but finds that he’s made no is that opportunity begets opportunity to his paleontology teaching assistant. professional contacts, is not involved in – meaning, the more you get involved, The teaching assistant (TA) informs the any professional organizations, is unable the more opportunities you’ll have to student that she is currently research- to secure a reference from one of his geol- become even more involved. Obtaining a ing Shimodaia macclesfieldensis. The ogy professors, and has never attended a degree with a relatively high GPA is still student asks the TA if he could assist geological conference. an important goal, but let’s not forget in some way. The TA responds that, in Let’s revisit the original questions: that there is so much more a student fact, he was welcome to assist her in can acquire from a college or university creating a poster for the university’s fac- Which student is most likely to find a good job? Who is most likely to have a experience and all of it may go a long

8 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org “GET INVOLVED!”

way toward preparing one for a future of opportunities related to the following career (or helping get a foot in the door (or, better yet, be proactive by going out with a potential employer). and identifying these opportunities): • Research (undergraduate or graduate A Few Thoughts experience; may lead to collaborations Have You for Inspiration and/or presentations) As an undergraduate student I gave • Conference Attendance/Presentations Paid Your little consideration to “getting involved” (networking) beyond anything I was required to do. I • Field Experiences (any time you can 2012 Dues? did not join a geology, or science, club; get into the field, there is something I did not take professors (or Teaching to be learned) In accordance Assistants) up on opportunities for addi- • Volunteering (service leads to oppor- tional field trips or activities outside of tunity) with Article normal class; I did not even stay after • Professional Memberships, Clubs, and 8, Section class to visit with my geology professors. Organizations (consider joining AIPG 8.2.1, of the The only reason I got to know even one if you’re not already a student member of my professors – who did ultimately [it’s FREE!]; networking; potential Bylaws, Annual end up providing me with a reference discounts on conference attendance; Membership – was because there were only three local section/chapter participation; students in my “advanced earth science résumé posting to organizational web dues are due and for teachers” class. I cannot say that I got pages and access to employer-posted payable January involved as an undergraduate student, job vacancies; student scholarships) and though I do not believe it hurt my 1, 2012. Those • Get to know your Professors (opportu- career, I have no way of truly knowing. nities abound, so let them know you’re Members whose However, I think my lack of initiative interested; as an added benefit, it in “getting involved” did set me back. It dues are not doesn’t hurt to gain a potential refer- was not until I entered graduate school ence when job hunting) paid by February that I got to know my professors as 15, 2012 will be people (which is deeply enriching) and Michael Urban, Ph.D., MEM-1910, finally began to truly “get involved.” Assistant Professor, Professional suspended. Graduate school opened many doors for Education, Bemidji State University, me and afforded me numerous personal Bemidji, MN 56601. and professional opportunities, many of which, I did not even realize existed. I count myself lucky to have been referred by one of my professors (thank you, Bill H.) to AIPG as a potential candidate for an internship, and after a brief in- person meeting with the executive direc- Introduction to Well Logs and Log Analysis for New Hires tor (thank you, Bill S.) I was suddenly • A review of well logs in petroleum exploration and development. “involved” with AIPG. From there many -Prerequisites for finding commercial reserves. more doors opened for me and I relished -Exploration techniques. New On-line Course the opportunities that came with being a -Integration of geophysical exploration records Now Available graduate student in the earth sciences: with log data. attending GSA for the first time, flying to -Calculating reserves and field size. the east and west coasts of the U.S. (paid -Importance of economics and risk analysis. for by my advisor’s grant money – thank -Drilling and logging. you, Mike!), writing a guest editorial in • Lithologic and mud logs. a textbook (thank you, Les), developing curricular materials in the geosciences • Electric logs. (thanks again, Mike), receiving a paid • Basic and specialized porosity logs. fellowship, and eventually earning my • Other logs and log curves used in exploration and doctorate. I can’t help but wonder what production work. my life might have been like if I hadn’t • Selecting log suite. gotten involved – I suspect my career • Basic log analysis (recognizing pay zones). would have looked much different today. • Identification and classification of logs and well log data management. A product of Geoscience Data Management, Inc. A Few Recommendations Author: Robert Font, PhD, CPG, PG for “Getting Involved” Power Point slides with review and self assessment questions. AIPG accredited 1 CEU (with exam) or 0.5 CEU (without exam). To prospective undergraduate and Reference CD available graduate students alike, I encourage you To order the course or for more information go to www.aipg.org. to ponder how you might take advantage

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 9 What Geology Students Need To Know About Professional Licensure

Robert E. Tepel, PG, CEG

Knowing important information safety, and wellbeing are sufficient to be required to be in responsible charge about professional licensure while you require a basic level of competence for of the work and to sign and stamp the are a student will help you choose the the responsible practice of the profes- report or document that is released to right schools and take the right courses sion. Licensure is the quality-control the public. Examples would be a geologic to put yourself on the path to licensure mechanism by which a state limits report submitted to a regulatory agency well before you graduate. While not all certain areas of professional practice in support of a request for a permit professional geologists must be licensed to people who have demonstrated basic from that agency, or a progress report to secure high-level employment in their qualifications to practice, authorizes to an environmental regulator on a site chosen field, holding a state license is a their practice, and imposes responsibil- clean-up if the company had a spill that requirement for many responsible posi- ity and accountability on practitioners. contaminated soil or groundwater. tions ─ the place you might want to be The interest of the state in the practice a few years after graduation. Key fact: of geology goes beyond just protecting its What Type Of Work there are steps you can take while a stu- individual citizens from incompetent or Requires Licensure? dent that will ease the path to licensure in unethical practice because the impacts of the early stages of your career. Key hint: geologic practice for one citizen can affect Key fact: while licensure is not even if you think your career path will the interests of others ─ individuals, required for entry-level positions, it is not require licensure, remember that geo- companies, and governmental entities. the gateway to advanced practice in responsible charge of work that will or logical career paths often have branches For example, consider the case of can affect the public health, safety, and leading to unexpected employment oppor- a geologic investigation performed for wellbeing. What kind of geologic work tunities, and your student days are the a single-lot residential hillside devel- is this? Commonly, it is work related best days to prepare for job opportunities opment. Clearly, slope stability is of to civil engineering practice (including that might require licensure. concern to the owner and the design engi- engineered structures, facilities, and neer. If the geologic investigation does land development); geohazards (slope Why Licensure? not find an existing potential landslide stability, seismicity factors, expan- failure surface that can be corrected by In the United States, the authority to sive and collapsible soils, active faults, engineered earthwork, a later landslide regulate professional practice is reserved volcanic hazards, naturally-occurring can affect not only the property owner to the individual states. Professional hazardous minerals); environmental but also adjacent private properties and licensure for geologists is in effect in protection and remediation; groundwa- public property – streets and utilities, 29 states and the Commonwealth of ter resource management, development, and result in loss of utility services and Puerto Rico. (See the MAP at www. remediation, and protection; permitting road closures that affect many people asbog.org.) Together, these jurisdictions and regulatory compliance; and forensic (the public) for days or weeks, and hold about 80% of the U.S. population. practice (insurance, construction claims, impose emergency service and road There are variations among the states and litigation work). In large part, this repair costs on the city (i.e., taxpayers). in the details of their licensure laws and work is performed by consulting geolo- the way they are administered, but there Key fact: licensure is not a barrier gists who are retained by a variety of are also broad similarities. For instance, to entry into the profession of geology. clients who need their expertise from all states use the same licensure exami- Entry-level positions are exempt from time to time. Typical consulting geology nation. It is prepared by the National licensure (if their work is of the type practice settings include sole proprietor- Association of State Boards of Geology that requires licensure, then entry-level ship, the small partnership or incorpo- (ASBOG©). One of ASBOG’s goals is employees must be supervised by a rated firm of geologists (or geologists and to ease the route to mutual recognition licensee who is in responsible charge of geotechnical engineers), and large civil of licensure among the states, so that the work). Many employers (especially planning, design, and construction cor- when you are licensed in one state, you petroleum and mining companies) need porations in which the geologist is part can become licensed in another with few or no licensed geologists on staff of a multi-disciplinary team. Some local, minimal fuss. because their geologic practice is interstate, and federal regulatory and permit- The justification for the regulation of nal to the company. However, if that ting agencies, as well as investor-owned any profession by a state is the legislative practice travels outside the company and public utilities and enterprise-operating determination that the impacts of the becomes practice on which the public public agencies, find it advantageous or profession’s work on its citizens’ health, will rely, a licensed professional may necessary to have licensed geologists

10 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org on their staff. Key fact: increasingly, board in the state in which you reside or cially available exam preparation course employers of geologists view employee attend college. The ASBOG© web site to be helpful in exam preparation. licensure as a plus for their business lists contact information for all state and require licensure for higher level geology boards (click on State Boards). Matching Your Career technical or supervisory positions as a Key hint: in some states, students can Goals With Your School’s demonstration of employee professional- take the Fundamentals exam while in ism and competence. their senior year in college. Clearly, if Program Goals this option is available to you (check the Key hint: many faculty members have About The board’s website), this is the best time little or no knowledge about profession- Licensure Exam to take the Fundamentals exam, while al licensure for geologists. Universities the academic knowledge it tests is fresh have programs and educational goals The ASBOG© licensure exam is an in your mind. All states that license that match their missions. Some uni- 8-hour multiple choice examination. It geologists require 3-5 years of experience versities with large geology departments is administered in two 4-hour parts: before applicants can take the Practice are focused on teaching geology to stu- Fundamentals of Geology, and Practice exam. The “Matrix” on the ASBOG© web dents who want careers in academia of Geology. The exam is based on a Task site summarizes this information, but be or research, and their undergraduate Analysis Survey that ASBOG© conducts sure to review all the information about programs are limited to the courses about every five years. This survey pres- qualifying for the exam and licensure, those students need. Other large depart- ents a random selection of practicing on the web site of the state board, so you ments offer a variety of applied courses (licensed) geologists with a list of tasks know you meet all of the requirements. as part of their catalog. Schools with they typically perform and asks them to Typically, 30 semester-hours (or small geology departments are likely to rate the tasks by importance in protect- equivalent) in geology or closely related focus on general courses and might lack ing the public. As the nature of profes- classes are required to qualify to take the faculty expertise and courses in some sional practice changes with time, this exam; some states require that a certain of the applied geology topics tested by twice a decade survey keeps the exam minimum number of these be in upper the exam. Other universities or colleges aligned with the current scope of practice division courses. Key hint: be sure that focus on teaching students who want and the body of knowledge that supports the course load for your baccalaureate careers in industry, consulting, or gov- it. The exam questions are written by degree matches the state licensure board ernment; these are the institutions that a panel of Subject Matter Experts, and educational requirements for the state will be more likely have many of the the exam’s distribution of questions by in which your school is located, if you courses that match the licensure exam subject matter is based on the responses can take the Fundamentals licensure knowledge base. It is up to you, the stu- to the Task Analysis Survey. exam as a senior, or matches the state dent, to analyze the match between your ASBOG© describes the general sub- board requirements for the state in which career objectives and what your school is ject matter content of its exams in you will take the exam after graduation prepared to teach you. Final key hint: if the Test Blueprints in its Professional (perhaps the state that is the location of you see large gaps between your curricu- Geologists Candidate Handbook, avail- your first job). lum and the Test Blueprint knowledge able on its web site, www.asbog.org. The base, review your career objectives. If your Candidate Handbook provides sample Undergraduate Courses planned career path requires licensure, questions and additional information or if you want the career flexibility that about taking the exam and licensure. That Help Prepare You licensure offers, you will be well served in Commercial study guides and courses For The Exam both your education and your career by are also available. Key point: ASBOG© Would you like to be part of the 70+% choosing a school that offers courses cov- does not endorse, or give approval to, com- of test takers who pass the exam on their ering the breadth of the licensure exam. mercial examination preparation guides first try? Take a close look at the Test or courses. Blueprint in the Candidate Handbook. Disclaimer The Fundamentals of Geology part Compare the Test Blueprint to your This article is entirely the work of of the exam tests your knowledge of course work and ask, “Am I taking the author and ASBOG© does not, by academic subjects important to licensed enough courses that cover exam content policy, endorse or approve articles about practice. The Practice of Geology exam to give me the background I need for its examinations. contains questions or problems that success on the exam?” require more analysis; often there is a A review of the Test Blueprint will Robert E. Tepel is a licensed geologist scenario set to frame the thinking neces- tell you that the exam is oriented toward in California and Arizona, and a Certified sary to answer the question. The Practice applied geology practice. You will recog- Engineering Geologist in California. His of Geology exam reflects the scope of nize that coursework topics needed for 47-year career emphasized engineer- knowledge and problem-solving skills success on the licensure examination, ing geology for water resources infra- that are used or acquired in the first few in addition to the basic geology courses structure. He is a past president of years of employment. taken by all majors, include geomorphol- the Association of Environmental and ogy, field geology, hydrogeology, engi- Engineering Geologists. Applying To Take The neering geology, Quaternary geology, Exam structural geology, and geohazards. If your curriculum lacks only one or two Application to take the ASBOG© courses that will supply this knowledge, exam is made to a state board that you might find self-study or a commer- regulates geologic practice, typically the www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 11 Undergraduates Conference Attendance, a Win-Win Situation for Students and Their Home Institution

S. A. Isiorho, PhD, CPG-07788, LPG, MBA

One of the requirements for upper the world of research. Students see Several students who have presented level geology courses in our program is the use of and results from the use their independent research projects for undergraduates to do independent of research equipment such as SEM, have said that they value the experience research projects and to present their XRD, rock saw, and microscope. Some of not just the research project, but for results in the class. We also encourage students have continued their under- presenting their results. students to work in professors’ labs graduate research projects into gradu- Students who have presented their and their names are included in any ate studies, and all benefit from having results at local, regional, and national paper that results from the lab project. presentations and conference atten- conferences have expressed great sat- Sometimes, students are encouraged to dance in their professional resume. isfaction attending those conferences present their results to their peers in a Students appreciate data better from and they have also express satisfaction campus-wide conference in addition to their labs when they read research meeting some of the authors of articles or their classroom presentation. Also, we articles. The college or university also books they have read. Undergraduates strive to encourage undergraduates to benefits through exposure of the college/ should avail themselves of every oppor- attened conferences, asking them to do university to outside colleges/universi- tunity made available to them to pres- volunteer work where possible for ‘free’ ties and potential employers of the ent or attend conferences, as it is a admissions. students. The opportunity to network win-win situation for them and their There are several benefits that result and meet with other students are added home institution. from students’ participation in confer- benefits. ences. Students are acculturated into Dr. Isiorho is a professor of geosciences and the Chair of the Geosciences Department at Indiana Purdue University Ft. Wayne (IPFW). He has more than twenty-three years of university teaching experience, has given presentations at local, national, and international meetings in four conti- nents. His research interests include using wetlands as outdoor lab for undergraduate student learning and examin- ing the relationship between surface water and groundwater.

4th Conference: Innovative Environmental Assessment and Remediation Technology AIPG Georgia Section September 12-13, 2012, Kennesaw State University www.geodm.com or Continuing Education, www.aipg.org Kennesaw, Georgia

12 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org Towers, Tarantulas and Towboats

Stephanie Jarvis, SA-1495, [email protected]

The drive up to the AIPG National spent going to talks, listening to great Conference in September was much dif- keynote addresses, and meeting/catch- ferent than the drive down. The drive up ing up with people. The latter of that list Invitation from was for the most part in the dark, and my is the main reason the experience was AIPG to Submit main thoughts about what I was able to such a good one, besides the field trip: it Articles see didn’t extend much past “man, this was great to talk with people, to put faces really is flat!” or “fall colors!!!!” The drive to names I keep seeing in e-mails and You are invited to submit down was spent looking for cell phone articles, and to learn about what other towers (i.e. glacial moraines). geologists do. Networking is, after all, an article, paper, or guest My first AIPG meeting was also my one of the main purposes of a meeting, column based upon your first drive through Illinois and my first and everybody at AIPG is so friendly and geological experiences time going on a field trip while at a encouraging. While I was sitting through or activities to the meeting (there were a lot of other firsts, the awards ceremony on the last night albeit irrelevant to this column, on that of the meeting, I really felt the sense of American Institute of trip: first time renting a car, first time community AIPG provides to us. And, as Professional Geologists in Chicago, first time hanging out with my good friend David Abbott pointed out to be included in “The before he was called up to be recognized, college friends in post-college life, first Professional Geologist” parking ticket, first martini on the 96th that’ll be us before we know it. floor of a building…). Going to that meet- By the end of the meeting I was (TPG) bi-monthly ing was definitely a good call. For one, the already looking forward to next year. journal. The article can field trip was AWESOME! Don McKay, It’ll be in South Dakota--talk about some address a professional MEM-1764 and Dick Berg, CPG-08041, field trips! subject, be technical in of ISGS, led it and took us to some sweet outcrops I would never have expected to Stephanie is a masters student at nature, or comment on see in a place with such a boring reputa- Southern Illinois University, hailing a state or national issue tion as Illinois. My favorite by far was from the great state of Kentucky with affecting the profession of a beautiful paleosol (Sangamon Geosol), a little bit of Ohio in between. I’ve A (and maybe O?) horizon standing out been enjoying learning my way around geology. boldly against a loess deposit above Carbondale, which (believe it or not) has it (Wisconsin Episode) and a perfect an awesome music scene, plenty of ways Article submissions for grading down to the E horizon below it. to enjoy the great outdoors, and some TPG should be 800 to fabulous restaurants. Now, I thought I’d seen my fair share 3200 words in length of glacial geology while in Wooster, OH, but this blew me away. An E and (Word format). Photos, an A horizon!!! The geek in me almost figures, tables, etc. are AIPG Section couldn’t handle it. Successes of the day always welcome! Author included: 1) managing to only pick up Websites instructions are available one rock 2) not breaking out from the abundant poison ivy we walked through AIPG Section Website links on the AIPG website at are on the AIPG National 3) a tarantula sighting (in Illinois!?!) and Website at www.aipg.org. Click www.aipg.org. 4) refraining from serenading the group on the top right drop down with John Hartford’s “Long Hot Summer menu and click on Section Please contact AIPG Days” when we stopped for lunch by the Websites. If your section does Illinois River (“For everyday I work on the not have a website contact headquarters if you Illinois River/get a half a day off with AIPG Headquarters to get one have any questions. setup ([email protected]). AIPG paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay/on a towboat Headquarters will maintain AIPG email is pickin’ up barges/on a long hot summer a website for your section. [email protected] or daaaaaaaaaaaay”). Several sections (AZ, CA, CO, phone Needless to say, the field trip was a FL, GA, HI, IL Chapter, MI, great way to start the meeting off and the MO, NM, OK, PA, and TN) are (303) 412-6205. reason for the distinct difference in driv- examples of websites hosted by AIPG National. ing experiences. The next couple days I www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 13 “Geobassador”

Larry Cerrillo, CPG-02763 Hydrogeologist, Mediator/Facilitator Most of us in the geosciences take few and Defend. Changes to this process Often what you learn by engaging courses that will help us address the have been changing for the better, but with others and with the community may many conflicts we will face once we get unfortunately continues in many cases. be of value to “higher-ups”. Flexibility into a project. Very early in our careers Be prepared to be the difference. You and changes during the course of a we get assigned to a project based on may not be able to make many of the project based on what you learn may the technical degree we earned in a weighty decisions, but you can be the directly affect the bottom-line. Become particular discipline. What we are not geobassador. One of Webster’s defini- a geobassador-- learn how to prevent prepared for are the individuals or com- tions of ambassador is “an authorized conflict before it occurs, and how to deal munities that are in some way affected, representative or messenger”. You may with it once it does occur. Remember, or perceived to be affected by our work. not be officially authorized, but you can “Conflict is inevitable, litigation is not” Typically “higher-ups” deal with the be a factor nonetheless. I recommend you community or individual likely to be take courses on conflict or do some read- Larry is a past president of AIPG. affected. ing on the subject. One of the better books He has a BS in Geology from Syracuse My message is therefore to prepare is “Managing Public Disputes” by Susan University and an MS in hydrogeology yourself because you are the one on L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy. Your from Colorado State University. He is the front line. “Higher-ups” typically success in the field, regardless of the formally trained in environmental and hold community meetings at which they arena in which you are working will public policy dispute resolution, and has expound on the merits of the project depend on how well you can get along numerous certificates of study in dispute and then provide two to three minutes with those in the community. In fact, it resolution; including a Certificate of for attendees to respond. Invariably, will also depend on how well you inter- Advanced Study in Dispute Resolution as you may imagine the responses are face with fellow scientists in different from the University of Denver. seldom friendly. This is your “DAD’s” disciplines. way of doing things; Decide, Announce,

IN MEMORY

ogy research at the Amoco Research American Geological Institute’s 2005 Laboratory in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Legendary Geoscientist Award, the Gerry began teaching at Rensselaer Geological Society of America’s Mary Polytechnic Institute in 1964. He retired C. Rabbit Memorial Medal, the AAPG from RPI in 1984 and went on to join Sidney Powers Memorial Medal, the the faculty at the City University of AIPG John T. Galey, Jr. Memorial New York, Brooklyn, where he worked Award, The Association of Earth Science with graduate students and post-doc- Editors Award for Outstanding Editing, toral researchers on carbonate deposits, the Distinguished Educator Award and regional stratigraphy, the environmen- the Hollis D. Hedberg Award in Energy tal geology of rivers, amongst a variety from the Institute for the Study of of other topics. He retired from CUNY Earth and Man at Southern Methodist in 2004, but continued his research on University. the sedimentology and stratigraphy of Paleozoic deposits and prospective gas Gerry Friedman earned his M.A. and storage reservoirs in New York State Ph.D. from Columbia University. He and evaporite and carbonate deposition IN MEMORY earned a Doctorate of Science from the worldwide. Gerald M. University of London and received an Gerry joined AIPG in 1967 and contin- honorary Doctorate of Natural Science ued his active support of The Institute Friedman from the University of Heidelberg in throughout his exemplary career. CPG-01531 Germany. Gerry initially worked as Gerry has won numerous prestigious a geochemist and petrologist in the awards for his work. He is the recipient of Member Since 1967 Appalachians and the Canadian Shield. the SEPM Twenhofel Medal, our societ- November 2011 He then went on to become a research ies highest award, as well as Honorary Troy, New York geologist and director of sedimentol- Membership and Distinguished Service Award. Other awards include the

14 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org SECTION NEWS/STUDENT NEWS

Georgia Section The Georgia Section has had a busy month of October. We visited a remediation site in Kennesaw, GA where a new air sparge/ soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) system had been installed at an active gas station. Steve Diamond with S&ME, Inc. led the discussion on the history of the site. Afterwards we had lunch together and it gave an opportunity for the student members from Georgia State University to ask questions to the professionals. We hope to visit a dual-phase remediation system in the spring semester. A few days later I visited Columbus State University where I presented them with their student chapter plaque. On October 21, 2011, we visited Georgia Southwestern State University and demonstrated installing a monitoring well, soil description, soil sampling, groundwater sampling, and surveying. Sam Almaee, CPG-06310 with Columbus State University Student Chapter. Bryan Victor, SA-1966, with GEC, Inc. led most of the discussion. plaque, is student president. Ron Wallace, CPG-08153 Section President

Atlas Geo-Sampling demonstrating direct push.

Remediation site participants.

Demonstrating surveying to the students.

Sam Almaee on left pointing out details from the soil samples.

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 15 EDITOR’S CORNER AIPG Editor’s Report

Virginia T. McLemore, CPG-07438 [email protected]

It is with great pleasure that I start end with getting that college degree, my term as National Editor with this it only begins. Continuing education Student issue. I started this special must be a life-time goal. Our field is Upcoming AIPG series when I was editor in 2001-2003 constantly changing and the regulations and it is great that this has become an and guidelines for us to practice geol- annual issue. The student issue is writ- ogy are constantly changing and geolo- Conferences!! ten to encourage students to continue gists must keep current on all of these in the field of geology. Students are our issues. There are many ways to con- Shale-Gas Development future and we must mentor and encour- tinue our education—take a look at the age them in every way that we can. This AIPG Continuing Education Program and Water Issues Conference volume achieves that goal. So please for examples (http://www.aipg.org/ Presented by AIPG/AGWT order extra copies and distribute among Education/CPDProgram.html ). These March 22 - 23, 2012 students in your area. include attending and presenting papers Austin, TX I have wanted to be a geologist since I at conferences, and attending and pre- was a young girl growing up in Baltimore, senting at short courses or other formal Keynote Speakers: Md where I had an earth science class classes, and writing papers and reports, * Dr. Charles “Chip” Groat even writing an article for TPG. in junior high. Although I did not take Associate Director, Energy another formal course in earth science Another way for practicing geologists until I was in college, I did literature to continue their education is by men- Institute, Jackson School of reviews, science fair projects, and other toring young people and giving presen- Geosciences, University of science projects in my formal science tations to both secondary schools and Texas at Austin classes. I guess I forced some of my high colleges/universities, as well as at other school science teachers into including community functions. Career days offer * Dr. Scott Tinker geological topics in their curriculum just an excellent opportunity for practicing Director, Bureau of Economic to shut me up. geologists to pass on the word that geol- Geology, Jackson School of The profession of geology is a unique ogy is not only fun and rewarding, but Geosciences, University of field that combines aspects of science, can provide a sustainable living. AIPG engineering, history, art, and detec- has a web page devoted to educational Texas at Austin tive work. It is a fun, challenging and materials to aid in practicing geologists rewarding profession. Geologists utilize in presenting lectures on careers and the scientific method throughout our geology in general (http://www.aipg. investigations, but we also employ many org/Education/EducationalMaterials. other skills. Scientific and engineering html). principles guide our approach to problem The future for professional geologists The Marcellus Shale: solving. And as a geologist, one is looks just as exciting as ever. Geologists seldom ever bored; there is always will discover and help develop new Energy Development and a new area to examine! energy and mineral resources that our Enhancement by Since we are all students of geology hungry society will require in the future Hydraulic Fracturing this issue is important to all of us as a and in an environmentally friendly man- reminder that learning continues long ner. Other issues such as climate change, May 22-23, 2012 after graduation. Geologists must take natural hazards, atmosphere quality, Pittsburgh, PA time from their work to continue to be the economy, national defense, and even informed and learn about new ideas and travel to other planets like Mars will see Go to www.aipg.org for more geologists among those that solve these technologies in our particular fields— information and to register. we never stop learning. Continuing challenges. It is important to encourage education is important to be effective in and mentor future geologists and each our respective jobs. Learning does not of us can help.

16 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Answers on Page 34 & 35

Robert G. Font, CPG-03953

1. Which of the following constitutes an example of a tabular, concordant pluton? a. Batholith. b. Dike. c. Sill.

2. Globally, deserts may be associated with: • The 30-degree latitude belts. • The rain shadow zone of mountain belts. • Regions within continental interiors at great distances from the ocean. • Tropical coastlines next to cold currents. • Polar areas. Which of the following deserts is an example of the coastal variety next to cold currents? a. Thar Desert. b. Gobi Desert. c. Atacama Desert.

3. Seismic evidence in our chosen area for petroleum exploration indicates the presence of a possible ancient shoreline oriented NE-SW and a related fluvial channel system running in a general NW-SE direction. A well is drilled and encounters commercial hydrocarbons in a well-developed clean-sand sequence. The sand reservoir is characterized by coarser-grained strata at the bottom and progressively finer-grained sediments at its top. The SP curve, opposite the sand sequence as seen from wire-line logs is distinctly bell shaped. Which depositional environment is likely to describe the sand reservoir in our discovery well? a. Fluvial/alluvial point-bar deposits related to the roughly NW-SE stream-channel trend. b. Coastal barrier bar sediments associated with the generally NE-SW trending inferred coastline. c. Clastic deposits in lagoonal settings, expected between the barrier islands and the coastline.

4. In our study of planetary geology, we wish to calculate the “escape velocity” (in meters per second or m/s) or minimum velocity an object must achieve in order to escape the Earth’s gravitational field. Recalling: • Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 * 10-11 Nm2/kg2 • Mass of the Earth = Me = 5.98 * 1024 kg • Radius of the Earth = Re = 6.38 * 106 m 2 2 • Universal Law of Gravitation: F = G(M1M2)/R = GmMe/Re • Gravitational Potential = U = -GmMe/Re Calculate the approximate “escape velocity”: a. 21,905 m/s b. 11,180 m/s c. 1,035 m/s d. Give me a break!

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 17 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Looking Forward to the Year Ahead

Barbara H. Murphy, CPG-06203 [email protected]

The American Institute of Professional Geologists has made role of the professional geologist and the science of geology. notable progress in the past few years in developing additional AIPG, as an organization, and its members have a lot to offer services and programs, broadening membership categories, through interaction with each other at section and national and by clarifying goals and objectives, all of which help to meetings, on field trips, at technical symposia, at functions strengthen AIPG as a professional organization. Many of these with other professional organizations, through articles in The developments also provide added value to our members. AIPGs Professional Geologist, by providing updates on legislative and future is dependent on continued outreach and growth in this regulatory issues related to the profession, the use of web- global profession. based information and databases, e-mail communications, and Recent developments and revisions of AIPGs Strategic now even through social media. Modes of communication have Plan focused on providing more value to our members and certainly changed in the last few years and AIPG is adding to strengthening the financial stability of the organization. AIPG its communication technologies. continues to have a strong focus on advocacy for the profes- Although we have made progress in services for our mem- sion and professional development. AIPG continues to update bers and in continued advocacy for the profession, obviously its web site and add features and services with web-based there is more to do. For AIPG to become an even stronger technology. The technical symposia held at various locations organization, we need more of our members to become actively throughout the country have been successful in providing a involved at the section and national levels. We are fortunate to forum for sharing technical information and expertise on a have a very dedicated staff and executive director at headquar- variety of timely topics pertinent to our members as well as ters. As with other similar organizations, AIPG is dependent members of other professional societies, regulators, policy on the work and efforts of its member volunteers. We are for- makers and the interested public. AIPG is also developing a tunate to have quite a few industrious members who volunteer webinar program with the American Geosciences Institute their time and energy and resources on behalf of AIPG and the (AGI) which will not only be of value to our members and other profession. Their efforts are greatly appreciated. However, we geologists as continuing professional development, but is also need more volunteers to help. For those of you who have been intended to promote the importance of geology and geologists involved with your section and/or the national office, you are and provide a forum for current issues to other professionals very aware of what a great group of people we have at AIPG. and to the general public. AIPG and AGI recognize the trend I think many of our members find the volunteer work efforts of professional and continuing education from in-person to and professional camaraderie quite rewarding. If you are not online experiences. Development and implementation of this yet an active member, I encourage you to become more engaged online learning program is also supportive of AIPG’s and with your section and at the national level. AIPG’s future AGI’s common interests in supporting the earth sciences and as a strong professional organization is dependent on these geology professions, providing updated technical and profes- efforts and the input from member volunteers of all levels, as sional information for the geoscience and non-geoscience pro- well as increased involvement from our students and young fessionals, expanding educational opportunities for teachers professionals. Participation with an AIPG section and with and students of all levels, and providing practical services to national activities may be very rewarding for professional its members. development, perhaps even in finding that first job or learning The AIPG website can be a useful communication tool so I of other opportunities in the profession. encourage each section to have a website to share information I look forward to serving as AIPG’s President in 2012. I with all AIPG members and as a convenient option for posting plan on continuing to work on additional services and pro- newsletters and announcements, State and local legislative grams to strengthen AIPG as a professional organization and issues of note, section executive board and committee contacts, encourage ongoing outreach for growth and greater public and other items of interest. It’s a great way for members to awareness of the geology profession. I hope to work with each see what their section is doing and what other sections may section to strengthen communications amongst the sections, have planned. AIPG headquarters maintains a website for with the executive board, and with headquarters. I encourage several sections; however, it is still up to the section to send in you to contact any member of the executive board and let us materials to be posted and to check that the website is current know what is important to you and how AIPG can provide and has correct information. A few AIPG sections maintain even greater service to its members and the profession. I their own web site. look forward to hearing from you and I hope you will become These are all important ongoing efforts that add relevancy actively involved with AIPG to help make it an even stronger and value to AIPG and increased awareness of the important professional organization.

18 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

mining industry, to safeguard the legiti- mate rights and interests of the global mining industry, to promote the sustainable development of the global mining industry, and to enhance the international status and anti-risk capability of the mining industry. The Services Scope of the International Mining Alliance: 1. Organize mining technology research cooperation, key products, and equipment R & D. 2. Organize mineral rights information exchange, trade and cooperation so that the resources can be shared. 3. Provide investment and financing for projects and mineral rights of the Scott Burns, MEM-0599. Ron Wallace, CPG-08153 Alliance enterprises. 4. Establish the network communication and information exchange for the The University of Kansas Alliance members. 2011–2012 Richard Jahns announces 2011 Award 5. Organize or unite IMA members Distinguished Lecturer Winners. together to develop large mining proj- GSA Fellow Scott Burns. MEM-0599, The University of Kansas Geology ects. has been named the 2011–2012 Richard Department recently announced the 6. Establish industry, academia, H. Jahns Distinguished Lecturer in two alumni winners of the Industrial research interaction mechanisms among Engineering Geology. Burns is a pro- Haworth Award and Academic/ companies, schools, research institutes fessor of geology at Portland State Government Haworth Award for 2011. for IMA members and push the Alliance University (PSU), where he specializes Eric Vogl with ExxonMobil received members to move to a higher level. in engineering and environmental geol- the Industrial and Ron Wallace CPG 7. Organize all levels of innovative ogy, soils, geomorphology, Quaternary with Georgia Department of Natural personnel training projects for IMA geology, and terroir. He just finished his Resources received the Academic/ members. 21st year of teaching at PSU and his 41st Government. The award is named for 8. Organize joint venture and coopera- year of teaching at the university level Dr. Erasmus Haworth, first chairman tion between the financial institutions (including in Switzerland, New Zealand, of the Department of Geology in 1892. and provide industry consolidation, list- Washington, Colorado, and Louisiana). Both Eric and Ron are members of the ing and financing for IMA members. Burns received his B.S. and M.S. Geology Associates Advisory Board at 9. Carry out international mining degrees from Stanford University, and Kansas University. cooperation and exchanges, organize earned his Ph.D. at the University IMA members to hold or participate in of Colorado. He holds registrations in domestic and international mining exhi- Oregon (RG & CEG) and a license in bition, and foster and promote the influ- Washington (LG) and is a consultant and ence and share of IMA’s mining products expert witness for legal cases. Burns has in the domestic and foreign markets. authored or co-authored more than 80 articles and 200 published abstracts as 10. Organize and carry out fellowship well as two books. His diverse research and public activities for international International Mining topics include landslide debris flows; mining members. Alliance for Minerals radon and earthquake hazard mapping; Analysis has Election of 11. Provide legal assistance and legal heavy metals and trace elements in services for the Alliance members. Officers. soils; loess stratigraphy; slope stability; 12. Provide mineral rights han- the Missoula Floods; biogeomorphology; Dr. Michael Mound, CPG-03195, has dling and management services for the alpine soil development; and terroir been elected as Vice President for the Alliance enterprises to invest in mineral Reprinted with permission from International Mining Alliance. resources in their countries. GSA Today, November 2011.. The International Mining Alliance (IMA) is a leading not-for-profit association striving to be the largest mining- specific organization in the world. Its members come from every corner of the globe and cover virtually every aspect of the macro mining universe. Its four prin- Members in the News cipal tenets include: to achieve equal- continued on Page 25. ity, mutual benefits, resources sharing, exchange and cooperation of the global

20 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S COLUMN AIPG, It’s Founders, and 50 Years

William J. Siok, CPG-04773

The American Institute of Professional society. The official observer will also be of AAPG Professional Standards Geologists is preparing to celebrate its a participant. Committee. 50th Anniversary. AIPG had a some- “The Steering Committee is composed “Edward E. Rue, CPG-12, Consultant, what inauspicious start in 1963 when a of Professional Geologists who were Mt. Vernon, Illinois; Illinois Geological dedicated group of petroleum geologists mutually chosen because of their back- Society, AAPG and AGI Professional decided to found a professional society ground and interest in the professional Standards Committees; Active in reor- dedicated to advocacy and promotion movement in geology. They have studied ganization of IGS on professional level. of the profession. AIPG Founders were the problem over an extended period “R. G. Rogers, CPG-1165, Colorado members of AAPG (many of the found- of years and are well informed on the Interstate Gas Company, Amarillo, ers continue membership in both AIPG subject. They are listed below: Texas; Chairman of Professional Ethics and AAPG.) “Robert M. Becker, CPG-41 and Standards Committee, Panhandle Demographics have changed during Consultant, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Geological Society. the ensuing 50 years, but the mission Oklahoma Society Professional “Allen C. Tester, CPG-2, Professor of of AIPG to promote and advocate for Standards Committee; Host of the Geology, State University of Iowa, Iowa the practitioner and the profession con- Steering Committee meeting. City, Iowa; AGI Professional Standards tinues unabated through the efforts of “Thomas R. Beveridge, CPG-3, State Committee; Active in the reorganiza- dedicated volunteer members like the Geologist of Missouri, Rolla, Missouri; tion of the Iowa Geological Society on a Founders. For the next few months lead- AGI Professional Standards Committee; professional level. ing to the AIPG’s actual anniversary, Active in professional movement in “Martin Van Couvering, CPG-1, this column will occasionally contain an Missouri. Consultant, Pasadena, California; Past excerpt from Richard Proctor’s, CPG- “Frank B. Conselman, CPG-4, President of the Pacific Section AAPG 05091, “A History of AIPG 1963 -2003”. Consultant, Abilene, Texas; Past Vice and actively interested in improving the The remainder of this column is such President of AAPG; Geological Advisor status of geologists.” an excerpt. of Southwestern Legal Foundation; Refer to Richard Proctor’s “A History “Founding Convention, AGI and AAPG Professional Standards of AIPG 1963 -2003” for more details. Committee since inception of both. Golden, 1963 Note: Richard Proctor’s book, A History “Bernold M. Hanson, CPG-187, of AIPG 1963-2003 is still available for Consultant, Midland, Texas; Chairman purchase. Softback and Hardback are “Prominent Professional AAPG Professional Standards available. Please contact AIPG National Geologists Plan New Committee and actively interested in Headquarters for more information. Organization professional up-grading. “Adolph U. Honkala, CPG-7, “On Friday the 13th of September, Consultant, Richmond, Virginia; AGI a meeting was held in Oklahoma City, Professional Standards Committee; which may be a milestone in the annals Director, founder and Past President of of the professional geologist. FREE RESUME the Virginia Association of Professional “It was the meeting of a Steering Geologists. POSTING Committee whose purpose it is to form “W. W. Mallory, CPG-11, U.S.G.S., POST AND VIEW the American Institute of Professional Denver, Colorado; AAPG Professional RESUMES FOR Geologists. Final plans for the found- Standards Committee; Actively inter- ing convention are being made. It will FREE ON THE AIPG ested in the national professional up- be held on the campus of the Colorado grading of geologists. NATIONAL WEBSITE School of Mines at Golden, Colorado on VIEW JOB LISTINGS November 14th and 15th of this year. All “Ben H. Parker, CPG-212, Vice Professional Geologists are invited. Each President, Frontier Oil & Refining; FOR FREE local, area and state geological society President of the Board of Trustees, www.aipg.org Colorado School of Mines; Past President is asked to send an official observer Click on Jobs. appointed by the President of the local AAPG; five years on AGI Professional Standards Committee; First Chairman www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 21 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 137

Topical Index-Table of Contents to the Professional Ethics and Practices Columns A topically based Index-Table of Contents, “pe&p index.xls” covering columns, articles, and letters to the editor that have been referred to in the PE&P columns in Excel format is on the AIPG web site in the Ethics section. This Index- Table of Contents is updated as each issue of the TPG is published. You can use it to find those items addressing a particular area of concern. Suggestions for improve- Compiled by David M. Abbott, Jr., CPG-04570, ments should be sent to David Abbott, 2266 Forest Street, Denver, CO 80207-3831, [email protected] 303-394-0321, fax 303-394-0543, [email protected]

Students and Figure 1 shows a prominent high for AAPG members for Job Outlook those between 41 and 55 in 2001, who are 51-65 today. There is a smaller peak for those between 66 and 80, this is the Are there jobs for geoscience students who are leaving remnant of the more experienced geologists who were 15-25 school? Where are these jobs? I don’t have all, or even many years older than my cohort and which in the mid-80s resulted of the answers, but I do have some observations that suggest in a distinctly bimodal age distribution at that time. that the job outlook may be pretty good, at least in some fields, Figure 2 presents AIPG’s 2011 age distribution. While because of the age distribution of practicing geoscientists. The there is clearly a high between ages 50 and 69, there is still current situation is not unlike the situation that existed when a minor peak from 80+ and another peak from 25 to 29, pri- I entered the workforce. There were jobs and opportunities marily composed of our graduate student members and those because there was an age gap preceding my age cohort. who’ve recently joined the profession. Figures 1 and 2 both The following age distribution histograms illustrate this show multiple highs with intervening lows that reflect periodic point. Figure 1 presents the age distribution for the American decreased job opportunities resulting from general economic Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) in 2001. swings, which affect the hiring of geoscientists. While neither the AAPG nor the AIPG data represent the whole geoscience profession, these data are consistent with similar, more broadly based analyses I’ve seen. To me, Figure 2 shows that today’s students and young professionals have an age gap ahead of them that means that jobs will be available and more rapid advancement will be possible both in the work place and in professional society participation. Take advantage of this. My career has benefited from the fact that AIPG welcomed me as young professional and provided the opportunity for me to participate in various activities starting at the section and then national level. So where are the Figure 1. 2001 AAPG age distribution. jobs? I’m no expert but

22 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 137

who is a managing geologist was allowed to hire a specific number of personnel without his boss indicating what type of technical specialist he could hire. This individual hired two geologists and eight engineers. Both of the geologists under him and the engineers perform the exact same duties and have the exact same responsibilities. The duties involve environmental project oversight and document review. By New York State law, the work plans and reports must be reviewed by a licensed engineer. However, the work plans and reports for the projects overseen by the geologists are their sole responsibility to review, comment on and approve or disapprove. This also holds true for the projects the engineers oversee. As I stated before, everyone performs the exact same type of work, even though none of the geologists have engineering licenses (and they are not required to get one). I know this geologist personally as I used to work under him. When this person had Figure 2. Age distribution of AIPG’s 2011 membership. worked in a different office, he was given favors and opportunities to advance by I do know that the petroleum industry facts are not all in, the fact that various the administration that he used to work needs geologists to help exploit the shale people who knew about the problem and under, which was comprised almost gas plays and others that will be coming. didn’t report it to the police widened the entirely of engineers. The point of all of One colleague who had started in the oil scandal beyond the alleged perpetrator. this is that this same geologist who can business and transferred to the environ- In this case, failure to alert the police hire whomever he wants prefers to hire mental sector remarked that he’d like to has resulted in several firings. Although engineers. Is this an ethics issue or just get back in the oil business but at his age those fired apparently did comply with bad hiring practice?” and point in his career, he didn’t see this Pennsylvania’s law, they are viewed as My initial reply to Ketani asked if as a viable alternative. Likewise there having failed to live up to their moral the geologists and engineers were paid is a need for young professionals in the obligations. the same, or at least on the same scale mining business. The environmental We have the same reporting obliga- adjusting for experience, etc.? Ketani business has changed over the years, but tion for violations of professional ethics. replied that those at the same grade level is not going away. AIPG’s Ethics Code, Rule 2.1.3 states, were paid the same although there was The cyclic nature of geoscience “If a Member becomes aware of a deci- an experience differential. I then sent employment has been part of the pro- sion or action by an employer, client, Ketani’s original question and reply to fession for decades and downturns will or colleague which violates any law or the Ethics Committee for their com- happen again. By getting experience in regulation, the Member shall advise ments. the good times and by being flexible in against such action, and when such vio- John Gustavson, CPG-2637, and your interests and abilities, your chances lation appears to materially affect the Larry Davis, CPG-7105, both comment- of continuing employment in the pro- public health, safety, or welfare, shall ed that they saw no ethics issue. There fession are good. The need for a broad advise the appropriate public officials may be bad hiring practices, which is a geoscience background and flexibility responsible for the enforcement of such policy matter, and may be disappointing during your career are the major mes- law or regulation.” Reporting up the and foolish, but such issues are not a sages of Reflections on a Geologic Career, chain may not be enough. The unethical professional ethics issue. which is available for free on the AIPG situation must be corrected one way or Rima Petrossian, CPG-10036, website under “Publications.” Get a copy the other. While blowing the whistle can wrote, “No ethics issue here, but this and read it. have adverse consequences, failing to do premise that engineers are preferable Remember, the lack of a cohort ahead so can also have adverse consequences. over geologists is deeply held by manage- of you is an advantage; use it. ment in the places I have worked and A Hiring Question where my colleagues work. If they are Blowing the Whistle—The Raphael Ketani, CPG-9003, sent just hired for their seal, it would be an Penn State Sex Abuse me the following question. “A thought equally acceptable practice to reverse the Scandal crossed my mind regarding hiring prac- ratio of 2 geologists to 8 engineers to 8:2. tices, both in the private sector and in However, as it is presented, I do not see it The Penn State sex abuse scandal has the public sector, and ethics. I know of as a bad or good practice just a personal been all over the news of late. While the an environmental office where someone

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 23 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 137 preference, which you cannot legislate or vidual they hire. The more experience, dictate through professional licensing.” the less in liability. Perry Rahn, CPG-3724, opined, “A good comparison to this is National “Raphael Ketani describes an office Incident Management System (NIMS). where the managing geologist hires 2 This is a comprehensive, national geologists and 8 engineers. Since the approach to incident management that is New York state law requires that reports applicable to all jurisdictional levels and must be reviewed by a licensed engineer, across functional disciplines. What it and it looks like the hiring was done boils down to is to put the individual that with this in mind. I don’t see this as an is most qualified into the position that ethics issue.” best reflects the individuals experience Fred Fox, CPG-1273, noted, “That and expertise. Within the NIMS struc- [the supervisor] prefers to hire engineers ture, there is no tolerance for ‘bruised’ is not an issue beyond the fact that he egos. This is not an unethical situation.” might not be hiring the best people. Ron Yarbrough, CPG-6545, replied, However, by hiring engineers he is hir- “In Illinois, the State EPA has hired ing people who have more responsibility geologists as supervisors because most Geologic Ethics & (by law) than the geologists, regardless engineers look at soils in a different way Professional Practices of pay equity. These two facts are in than a geologist who receives a different is now available on CD education as to the surface soils that can opposition, but that’s the way govern- This CD is a collection of articles, get polluted. Also, most engineers do not ment works.” Fox didn’t see an ethical columns, letters to the editor, and other take organic chemistry as do most geolo- issue and wasn’t even sure if it was bad material addressing professional eth- gists. The gentlemen to whom I reported hiring practice based on the information ics and general issues of professional at the state concerning the clean-up of presented. Fox did note that this isn’t geologic practice that were printed in a brown field is a registered geologist. the way he would have done the hiring. The Professional Geologist. It includes I was somewhat set back that I did not Michael Ruddy, CPG-9741, respond- an electronic version of the now out-of- work with a state engineer. At least ed, “There is nothing unethical that I can print Geologic Ethics and Professional [Illinois] has learned that engineers determine. Salary level is completely Practices 1987-1997, AIPG Reprint cannot do everything concerning the based upon years of experience. Isn’t that Series #1. The intent of this CD is environment.” what we all strive for? Even if a geologist collection of this material in a single is doing the same work as an engineer, This is clearly a case in which more place so that the issues and questions in a supervisor position, then the one detailed information would be helpful raised by the material may be more in the supervisor position should most although it appears that a professional conveniently studied. The intended definitely be paid more than one that is ethical issue is not involved. Evaluation ‘students’ of this CD include everyone not in a supervisor position. Taking on a of hiring decisions requires access to interested in the topic, from the new stu- position of a supervisor brings on a high- the detailed job description and the dent of geology to professors emeritus, er degree of technical complexity along applications filed for the positions, which working geologists, retired geologists, with a ‘Human Resources’ role as well. we don’t have, and so we can’t really and those interested in the geologic This is no different than hiring one with determine whether or not the best quali- profession. fied applicants were hired. Yarbrough’s a B.S. degree in Geology versus one with AIPG members will be able to update comments on the differences in outlook an M.S. degree in Geology. Higher edu- their copy of this CD by regularly down- and training between geologists and cation should mean higher starting pay. loading the pe&p index.xls file from engineers are pertinent. But these differ- Keep in mind that to date, geologist’s and the www.aipg.org under “Ethics” and ences can be reduced by work experience. engineer’s still have to diversify with the by downloading the electronic version My education in economic geology did not profession. Engineers are needed to sign of The Professional Geologist from include any mining engineering or min- off, and stamp, engineering documents the members only area of the AIPG erals processing courses (although it did that a geologist would not qualify for. The website. The cost of the CD is $25 for involve field trips to mines that included same goes for a geologist signing off, and members, $35 for non-members, $15 tours through concentrators). In work- stamping geological documents. for student members and $18 for non- ing with mining engineers and mineral “If the person referenced, is a licensed member students, plus shipping and processing engineers I’ve learned more geologist and is given the flexibility to handling. To order go to www.aipg.org. hire geologist’s and engineer’s to fill about their fields and the important con- these positions, what difference does it tributions each profession brings to the make? Geologist or Engineer....I would evaluation of a mining property. thoughts. Even in cases, such as the one go with the ones that have more experi- above, where all respondents agreed that ence in the profession and whom can Ethics Committee there was no ethical issue, their discus- bring more to the table for the company Membership sions provide a variety of useful views on that is doing the hiring. I also negate the topic. Anyone interested in joining AIPG’s Ethics Committee is composed the comment of ‘bad hiring practice.’ You the Ethics Committee should send me an of AIPG members who are interested hire the person with more experience, if e-mail stating willingness to participate in professional ethics. I periodically allowed by the company. The company and I’ll add you to the Committee. send the Committee members questions, is ultimately responsible for each indi- such as the one above, asking for their

24 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org NEWS FROM NGWA

Following is a news release develop the standard,” explains NGWA design specifications so these systems from the National Ground Water Executive Director Kevin McCray, CAE. operate effectively over their lifetime. Association. NGWA’s Guidelines for the This will strengthen customer satisfac- Construction of Vertical Closed Loop tion and customer support.” National Ground Water Heat Pump Systems, first published in The guidelines cover topics such as Association to Develop 1997, have been revised by NGWA twice loop wellfield design, test loop wells Standard for Loop Wells in the intervening years, most recently and samples, borehole construction, loop in 2010. tube installation, loop well grouting, in Ground Source Heat “NGWA’s motivation is to strengthen loop wellfield identification, and perma- Pump Systems our contributions to this important drill- nent loop well decommissioning. NGWA The National Ground Water ing market segment heavily served by anticipates the standard will ultimately Association has announced plans to water well drilling contractor firms,” cover similar interests. develop an American National Stand- McCray said. “Having much of the standards com- ards Institute third-party accredited “We want to help assure that the drill- pleted by way of the guidelines, we standard for the construction of vertical ing of loop wells — the vertical boreholes hope will lead to rapid development of boreholes used in closed loop ground of many ground source heat pump sys- the standards and introduction to the source heat pump systems, a decision tems — is done in a way that protects required public comment periods on reached by the NGWA Board of Directors the groundwater from contamination the draft,” McCray says. “However, the earlier this month. risk. The number of boreholes typically ANSI process is very deliberate and “This effort will use our now nearly drilled for such systems makes ground- thoughtful, with an aim toward consen- 15-year-old guidelines document on water protection especially important,” sus agreement. We will follow the proce- this topic as the basis from which to McCray continued. “We also want to dures to produce our best possible work.” assure that loop wells are drilled to the

MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

BESST Inc. Opens Houston office will provide you with Houston Office and excellent service. To lead BESST’s southeastern oper- Welcomes John Hofer, ations, BESST welcomes seasoned P.G., Southeastern hydrogeologist, John Hofer, CPG-10341, Regional Manager P.G., as BESST’s Southeastern Regional Manager. Mr. Hofer has more than 20 BESST Inc. now has three locations years experience in geoscience consult- to better serve your groundwater needs! ing in the eastern US, with particular BESST has outgrown its headquarters expertise in Ohio, Alabama, Tennessee, in San Rafael, California and sales office South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and is pleased and Puerto Rico. Mr. Hofer has pre- to announce the company’s full service viously worked as a private consul- debut into the great southeast with the tant, as well as for DeNuke Services & addition of a new office in Houston, V3 Technical Services, CDM Federal Texas. Services, Shaw Environmental, Inc., and BESST’s Houston office serves the Tetra Tech NUS. of BESST’s products and services for state of Texas and the greater south- Mr. Hofer’s professional strengths many years. Feel free to contact him eastern regional area with personnel lie in remediation strategies for water directly should you have any questions departments specializing in products, supply wells and he has worked exten- regarding BESST’s miniaturized equip- services, and sales. To facilitate efficient sively with packer testing. He has ment for chemistry and flow profiling service operations for our southeastern long been an active member of several without pulling the primary production client base, a dedicated profiling rig is professional organizations, including pump, profiling under pumping or non- stationed in Houston. The same minia- the American Institute of Professional pumping conditions, miniaturized cam- turized equipment that BESST uses to Geologists (AIPG), the National Rural eras, or BESST’s in-depth data analysis profile and video survey groundwater Water Association (NRWA), and the that provides the information you need production wells, without pulling the East Tennessee Geological Society to optimize the best quality water from pump, is now available directly from (ETGS). He served as AIPG Tenneessee water supply wells, industrial produc- Houston. Whether you need a Blatypus section President in 2004, 2006, 2008, tion wells, aquifer storage and recovery pump or a full dynamic profile of a and will serve again in 2012. wells, and irrigation wells. groundwater production well, BESST’s Although Mr. Hofer is new to BESST as an employee, he has been an advocate www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 25 Hydrothink If You Can’t Develop a Well, What Good is it?

William J. Stone

After a well is constructed, it is While the selection of pipe-based developed to flush out drilling mud that screen resolved certain strength issues Free may adhere to the wall of the bore (if in the deep wells, it ignored the purpose Student mud was used) as well as any fines that of a monitoring well: representative Membership will make the produced water muddy. water samples. Water-quality data are Development involves forcing water into only as good as the well from which they This is a reminder to and out of the screened interval(s) and come. Tip: In solving a well-construction let all students know that is continued until standard target levels problem don’t create a sampling prob- as long as they are a stu- for water-quality parameters (such as lem. Well construction should insure dent they can be a mem- turbidity and specific conductance) are sample quality by not precluding rigor- ber of AIPG for free. As a met. The more forceful the development, ous development. student member you will the better will be the samples or water receive an electronic copy coming from the well. Dr. Stone has more than 30 years of by email of our bi-monthly At a facility where I was involved with experience in hydroscience and is the magazine “The Professional characterizing the groundwater system, author of numerous professional papers Geologist”. You will be given new wells were deep (often exceeding as well as the book, Hydrogeology in access to our web site to 1,000 ft) and constructed with multiple Practice – a Guide to Characterizing search for other members, rod-based, wire-wrapped screens. In one Ground-Water Systems (Prentice Hall). post your resume for free, well, rotation of the drill string when it Feel free to argue or agree with him by and search for employment. was stuck at depth caused the bottom email ([email protected]). You will also receive dis- screen to be rendered useless by twist- counts on any of the products ing. Being at the bottom, the screen AIPG offers. As a student didn’t need tensile strength as there member you will receive was no pipe below it. However, it did information on upcoming need torque strength but didn’t have it. conferences and news from In a knee-jerk reaction, all subsequent the sections on meetings and wells were constructed with pipe-based field trips. These meetings screen because it is strong enough to Is Your Profile are a good way to meet resist twisting stress. The new screens Correct? professional geologists, to consisted of two layers: an inner layer of learn from them, and to net- pipe with numerous roughly dime-sized It is important to keep your work for future employment. holes and an outer layer of typical wire- address, phone numbers, AIPG also offers scholar- wrap screen. The two layers were welded and e-mail information ships at the National level together to form a single unit. up to date in our records. and a number of the sections While this assured strength, it ham- have scholarships for their Please take the time to student members. pered well development. Water now go to the AIPG National had to be forced through two layers of AIPG also has Facebook openings: the round holes in the inner Website, www.aipg.org, and LinkedIn sites. Facebook pipe portion and the narrow slots in the login to the member portion is more of a fun site to post outer wire-wrap portion. Obviously, it of the site and make sure pictures from meetings and is hard to maintain force through such your information is correct. field trips. LinkedIn is a professional site to discuss a tortuous pathway and development You can edit your record was severely hindered by that choice of common questions such as well screen. Pumping water in through online. If you do not know licensing and to provide the screen was easy enough, but surg- your login and password another avenue for posting ing water out through the screen was you can e-mail National job opportunities. not. And that outward surge aspect of Headquarters at AIPG Student development is often the most effective. [email protected] or call Outreach Therefore, it was hard to remove mud- Committee cake on the bore wall and to meet target (303) 412-6205. levels of water-quality parameters.

26 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org Student’s voice Taking the Torch

Stephanie Jarvis, SA-1495, [email protected]

In September, I had the opportunity to Mentor Program, at the GSA Student that, in about 30-40 years or so, we’ll attend the AIPG National Conference. I Lunch, when he quipped that “we’re wor- be glad for the advice we received and made an observation as I looked around ried about the foodchain.” Translation: will appreciate the chance to pass our the room during the dinner on the last there should be jobs for us. hard-earned knowledge on. Our profes- night: with a few notable exceptions and Getting a job is just a step to starting sions will probably look quite different with all due respect, there were a lot a successful career. Great tips for that then than they do now. For one, there of old men. This trend was even more can be found in Reflections on a Geologic will likely be a few more old women in apparent at a hydrogeology luncheon I Career, available on the AIPG website. the mix. happened to attend at the Annual GSA Once we get those jobs we should keep Meeting in Minneapolis a month later. that first consequence in mind—you’ll Now, I don’t mean old as in actually probably be working under people that START AN AIPG old. I mean old in workforce terms, as have been in the field for a while, so STUDENT CHAPTER in they’ll probably be thinking about take advantage of all that experience! TODAY! adopting a more reasonable pace of life Knowing as much as you can about the soon and leaving all (or at least some) progression of your field can only help The AIPG Student Chapter of this work business to less wise folks. you in the future, and there’s no better Manual is What does this mean for us as stu- way to learn than picking the brain of available on the dents and/or recent graduates? Two very somebody who has seen a lot. Knowing important things. One: There is a lot of how we got where we are is the first AIPG National Website at knowledge and experience in those white step to avoiding previous mistakes and www.aipg.org or contact hairs, not to mention good stories. And to being the best geologists possible. At National Headquarters at two: They’re looking for hands to pass the least try to get some of those stories out (303) 412-6205. torch on to. Whose hands? Ours: recent over a drink or two. I’d be willing to bet or soon-to-be grads eager to make our mark on our chosen field. Granted, those that are able to attend such functions as meetings and luncheons do not provide a representative sample of the current workforce. As David Abbott points out in his article “Students and Job Outlook” in this issue, though, there is definitely an aging trend to be noted. He points out that the current workforce age distribution is very similar to the one present when he entered the workforce. His message: take advantage of it. While most of the economy may not be looking that great, the outlook for geoscientist’s isn’t too bad. In fact, according to AGI’s Geoscience Currents (No. 53, September 30, 2011), the expected growth in geoscience-related jobs is 23%, compared to 10% for all U.S. occupations. The need for fresh blood was alluded to by James Robertson, Wisconsin State Geologist and modera- www.geodm.com or tor of the GSA Geology in Government www.aipg.org www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 27 EDUCATOR’S PAGE A New Column

Michael J. Urban, MEM-1910

Welcome to a new column in TPG debuting this year! The necessity of establishing a strong background and résumé in Educator’s Page is a column designed to reach the many geosci- a relatively competitive job market today. ences educators that are currently members of AIPG, specifi- All educators and employers recognize the value of diver- cally supplying support for science education through three sity of experience prior to the onset of a new career: the more primary avenues: 1) discussions about geoscience-education a student has already experienced, the more potential the issues (e.g., recommendations for applying pedagogical strate- student brings to a job as an employee (or to future schooling gies, new ideas in geoscience instruction, etc.); 2) identifying or advanced graduate study). Though the value of these addi- and discussing instructional resources; and 3) introducing cur- tional experiences is obvious to us (educators and employers) rent or new technologies and how they might be implemented the value may be much less obvious to our students. Many of in the geosciences classroom. These three general areas are our students may not have considered extracurricular involve- by no means listed in any particular order of importance or ment at all. Consequently, I invite you – as an educator – to relevance, and not all of them will necessarily be covered in ponder ways to advise your students to become more involved each issue. in geoscience activities and to stand out by taking extra initia- The guiding philosophy behind the column is to share tive. Oftentimes, all our students need is a seed of inspiration geosciences-related topics with interested readers, and provide to be planted in their minds. a few thoughts each issue pertaining to geoscience education, As for what specifically you – as an educator – might do to share resources of potential value to instructors, or mention proactively engage your students in supplemental experiences, technological applications instructors might want to use or try consider answers to the following questions: What are you in their classrooms. There are a number of journals specifi- doing to get your undergraduate students more involved in cally devoted to geosciences education, but for those members geology or geoscience? Are you offering opportunities for your who may make TPG one of their only subscriptions, a column students to assist you with research? Do you offer your students pertaining to education makes practical sense and ultimately a chance to assist with preparing laboratory materials for, or may offer useful insight. Introducing resources in this venue during, class? Do you solicit volunteers to assist with field may meet the needs of the busy professionals and educators trips, or welcome them on field trips you have going in other who are discouraged by the often time-consuming nature of classes? Do you encourage students to attend or volunteer at seeking and testing out new instructional resources or ideas. locally convened geoscience conferences? Are you amenable to sponsoring students for professional memberships? Are you Getting your Students Involved in willing to recruit an undergraduate assistant (the opportunity Extracurricular or Supplemental exists at many colleges and universities to allow students to Geoscience Activities pay for a credit to “help out” an instructor)? If you have not considered answers to any of these questions For this first installment of the Educator’s Page, I would before, take a moment now. How will you motivate your stu- like to tie into and build on another article I shared in this dents, or how will you promote opportunities for your students issue: “Getting Involved!” – Career Advice for Graduate and to “get involved” beyond the minimum academic expectations? Undergraduate Students. That article is specifically directed at the students who are reading this issue; I will now direct Featured Resource (website) – On the a related message to educators. Those of us who are teaching likely have an advising load of Cutting Edge graduate or undergraduate (or both) students. As advisors we The National Association of Geoscience Teachers – On the are typically responsible for approving classes, providing reg- Cutting Edge: Professional Development for Geoscience Faculty istration access codes, and recommending career paths to our - http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/index.html advisees. One more, just as valuable, piece of advice we might It was pretty easy to identify NAGT’s On the Cutting Edge provide our students with is a well-intentioned suggestion to as the first resource to be featured in TPG’s Educator’s Page. “get involved” in supplemental geoscience activities such as: Housed on the Science Education Resource Center at Carleton forming or joining a geology club, participating in voluntary College’s website, the Cutting Edge is a comprehensive site field trips, assisting professors with undergraduate or gradu- providing information about a number of categories relevant ate research endeavors, joining professional memberships, to new and veteran faculty, including information related to: or attending geoscience conferences, to name only a few. Our career management, enhancing instruction, and geosciences justification for delivering this advice stems directly from the content. The site not only contains over 1500 geoscience-related

28 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org EDUCATOR’S PAGE EDUCATOR’S PAGE

activities suitable for undergraduate instruction, but also contains links to additional websites of potential value. New Webinar Program!! Need ideas for writing a geoscience course syllabus? Peruse the examples included via the “Search the Site” by “Resource Geoscience Type” and “Course Information” options. Want to attend a Online professional development workshop in your area? Review the “Workshop Schedule” for current and upcoming opportuni- Learning ties by date and location (also see what workshops have been Initiative GOLI offered in the past). Would you like to connect and interact with other geoscience professionals and educators virtually or in-person? Check out the “Email List and Discussion Board * January 18, 2012 - Global Energy Sources: Site Guide.” Interested in resources outside of the geosciences? Current Trends and Short Term They have that covered too – just examine the “For STEM Predictions - 2:00 pm EST Educators” page. If you are unfamiliar with the Cutting Edge and what it has to offer you as a geoscience educator, or if you Presented by: Ronald Wallace, CPG have used it before but have not visited it recently, I invite you to explore it (again) for new and creative ideas now! * February 1, 2012 - Critical and Strategic Minerals: Concepts and Status - 2:00 EST Michael J. Urban is an Assistant Professor of Education at Bemidji State University, located in Bemidji, MN, one of Presented by: Dr. Jim Burnell several institutions comprising the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System (MnSCU). He possesses a Master’s * February 22, 2012 - Professional Presentations degree in Earth Sciences and a doctorate in Educational 2:00 pm EST Technology, both from the University of Northern Colorado. Prior to pursuing graduate studies he was a middle school Presented by: Dr. Chris Mathewson, CPG science teacher. He has worked for a private meteorological company as a meteorological technician, served as a student Additional webinars will be announced soon! intern at the American Institute of Professional Geologists, Earn CEU’s!! $99 - Go to www.aipg.org for more and taught undergraduate courses in astronomy, meteorology, information and to register. physical geology, physical science, and planetary science at several colleges and universities.

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 29 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY

This service is open to AIPG Members as well as non- members. The Professional Services Directory is a one year AIPG listing offering experience and expertise in all phases of geol- Corporate Member ogy. Prepayment required. Advertising rates are based on a 3 3/8” x 1 3/4” space BCI ONE YEAR LISTING FOR ONLY: Engineers & Scientists, Inc. AIPG Member $300.00 2000 E. Edgewood Dr., Ste. 215 Lakeland, FL 33813 Non-Member $400.00 863-667-2345/863-667-2662 Fax Space can be increased vertically by www.bcieng.com doubling or tripling the size and also the rate.

David M. Abbott, Jr. Consulting Geologist LLC AIPG CPG, FAusIMM, EurGeol, PG-TX, UT, WY

evaluating natural resources, disclosures about them, reserve estimates, and geological ethics & practices

2266 Forest Street Tel: 303-394-0321 Denver, CO 80207-3831 Fax: 303-394-0543 [email protected] or [email protected]

Dr. Robert Font, CPG, PG, EurGeol President Geoscience Data Management, Inc. Our geological scientists specialize in the research, analysis and electronic data capture of geoscience data. Examples include unconventional hydrocarbon resources and oil & gas field studies. 972-509-1522 (office) www.geodm.com P. O. Box 864424, Plano, TX 75086 AIPG Corporate Member

30 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY

Want to purchase minerals and other oil/gas interests. Send details to: P.O. Box 13557, Denver, CO 80201.

AFLAC

Why Supplemental Insurance? Even the best health insurance plan can leave you vulnerable to: Unpaid medical bills... including deductibles, co-payments, and out-of-network charges. Loss of income... if a serious illness or accident seriously reduces the total earning power of the afflicted employee and/or spouse. Out-of-pocket expenses... such as the cost of travel, lodging, meals, child care, home care, and special equipment, as well as everyday living expenses like mortgage/rent, car, utilities, food, and credit card balances. That’s why over 40 million people worldwide have turned to AFLAC. Our full range of guaranteed-renewable insurance policies includes: Accident/Disability, Short-Term Disability, Cancer, Hospital Confinement Indemnity, Hospital Intensive Care, Specified Health Event, Life, Long-Term Care, Dental Most important, all of our policies pay cash benefits directly to you even if you have other coverage. You decide where the money goes. It’s your choice!

AFLAC http://www.aflac.com Carol Streicher, AFLAC Sales Associate Phone: (303) 674-1808 Please identify yourself as an AIPG Member to receive the AIPG Association discounted prices. www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 31 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY

STUDENT APPLICATION FORM American Institute of Professional Geologists Student Application – FREE Membership Sign up Online – www.aipg.org 12000 Washington Street, Suite 285, Thornton, CO 80241 – (303) 412-6205 - [email protected]

Last Name: First Name: MI: Suffix: School Name: Undergraduate Graduate Doctoral Candidate Anticipated Graduation Male Female Preferred Mailing Address: Home School Date: Birth Year: Street: City: State: Zip: Country: School Ph: Home Ph: Cell: Email: ATTESTATION: I attest that I meet the requirements for AIPG Student Adjunct (currently enrolled in a geological science degree program) and agree to abide by AIPG Bylaws and Code of Ethics.

Applicant Signature: Date: HEADQUARTERS USE ONLY Rcvd: Mbr #:

32 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org NEW APPLICANTS AND MEMBERS (10/20/2011-11/29/2011)

Applicants for certification must SD John Roland MEM-2123 meet AIPG’s standards as set forth in Hong Kong Li Yat Cheung MEM-2121 its Bylaws on education, experience, AIPG Membership Totals competence, and personal integrity. New Associate Members If any Member or board has any fac- CA Brett Baker AS-0075 tual information as to any applicant’s CO Marty Houhoulis AS-0077 As of As of qualifications in regard to these stan- NM Eric Koenig AS-0078 12/01/10 11/29/11 dards, whether that information might WI Jeffrey Lynott AS-0076 be positive or negative, please mail WI Kris Baran AS-0079 CPG / Active 3,517 3,462 CPG / Non-Practicing 395 391 that information to Headquarters within Argentina Guillermo Pensado AS-0080 Prof. Member 953 956 thirty (30) days. This information will Associate Member 17 38 be circulated only so far as necessary New Young Professional Young Professional 0 12 to process and make decisions on Members Student Adjunct 394 1128 the applications. Negative information Corporate Member 3 3 TX Christopher Schneider YP-0011 regarding an applicant’s qualifications Totals 5,279 5,990 must be specific and supportable; persons who provide information that Student Adjunct Upgrading to leads to an application’s rejection may Young Professional be called as a witness in any resulting KS Mallory Stevenson SA-3292 TX Arturo Woocay YP-0010 KS Jordan Taylor SA-3304 appeal action. KY Kathryn Prejeant SA-3185 KY Rachel Bowles SA-3237 New Student Adjuncts MA Monica Rolls SA-3276 Applicants for Certified AK Keith Torrance SA-3257 MI Nathan Erber SA-3196 Professional Geologists AR Nathan Scarborough SA-3247 MI Nicholas Scappaticci SA-3197 AR Jena Smith SA-3253 MI Rachel Medina SA-3198 MD Steven DiBenedetto AR Beth Johnson SA-3254 MI Nicholas Anderson SA-3203 MN Bradley Dunn AR Dawn Johnson SA-3255 MI Kayla Frisinger SA-3204 NV Ronald Lujan Amao CA Matt Robles SA-3192 MI Michael Stockoski SA-3238 RI Jacob Butterworth CA Karl Bloor SA-3194 MI Trisha Smrecak SA-3248 WV Brian Carr CA Rebecca Rodd SA-3220 MI Christy Steffke SA-3256 CA Lisa Mencholer SA-3221 MI Kyle Eno SA-3263 Applicants Upgrading to CPG CA S. Danielle Montgomery SA-3272 MI Kase Knochenhaver SA-3264 CA Garrett Gamache SA-3312 MI Caitlin Leslie SA-3265 MD Denis Spector MEM-1984 CA Casey Polon SA-3339 MI Bruce Shultz SA-3281 CO Nathan Rogers SA-3223 MI Adam Davis SA-3287 CO Sharon Sadle SA-3283 MN Stefanie Mayer SA-3211 CO Tyler Keck SA-3317 MN Kaitlyn Nelson SA-3213 New Certified Professional CT Katherine Castagno SA-3275 MN Kathleen Brinton SA-3225 Geologists FL Kristina Stadtherr SA-3182 MN Amelia Nachbor SA-3226 FL Katherine Meyer SA-3183 MN Questor German SA-3232 AZ Hall Stewart CPG-11463 FL Christine Chesley SA-3273 MN Ben Chorn SA-3233 CA Martin Trso CPG-11475 GA Rhoda Popoola SA-3180 MN Marcy Nadel SA-3269 CA William Bagby CPG-11457 GA Christopher Ginn SA-3181 MN Margo Yaravitz SA-3291 CO Michael Sheehan CPG-11472 GA Callie Zuck SA-3207 MN Carolyn Prescott SA-3293 CO Richard Nielsen CPG-11459 GA Ryann Runyan SA-3279 MN Dustin Kassera SA-3301 FL William Szary CPG-11473 GA Kathleen Johnson SA-3300 MN Erin Peterson SA-3302 MI Jason Armstrong CPG-11470 GA Jacob Hollander SA-3326 MN Christina Slowinski SA-3305 MI Tony Anthony CPG-11460 ID Josh Holland SA-3286 MN Matthew Manor SA-3315 NV Anthony Taylor CPG-11464 IL Laura Hanna SA-3190 MO Sarah Sauer SA-3195 NV Paul Pelke CPG-11461 IL Brian Schrock SA-3205 MO Rachel Nyznyk SA-3209 NY Elizabeth Dobson-Davis CPG-11468 IL Caroll Karns SA-3206 MO Allison Hugill SA-3236 OH James Anderson CPG-11469 IL Jeri Grevis SA-3208 MO Josh Wallace SA-3240 OH Raelyn Welch CPG-11467 IL Audrey Mennerga SA-3228 MO Levi Crooke SA-3241 OH Colin Flaherty CPG-11465 IL Damon Pratt SA-3229 MS Kayla Calhoun SA-3303 PA Robert Fargo CPG-11466 IL Cait Randerson SA-3243 MT Anita Moore-Nall SA-3210 Guyana Kantharaja Chandrappa CPG-11471 IL Abby Boardman SA-3266 NC Rebecca Deal SA-3246 Ontario David Groves CPG-11456 IL Cat Erickson SA-3274 NC Jessica Parris SA-3306 IL Austin Niesthom SA-3278 NC Emily Ayscue SA-3328 New Professional Members IL Matthew Butler SA-3294 ND David Ahumoda SA-3214 IL Kris Osterloh SA-3295 NE John Stin SA-3234 AK Lucas Gamble MEM-2117 IL Brian Guthrie SA-3296 NM Austin Thompson SA-3261 AZ Joseph Sims MEM-2119 IL Karen Bridges SA-3319 NM Shasta Marrero SA-3280 CO Brian White MEM-2118 IL Ian Stark SA-3340 NM Sandra Mader SA-3297 FL Michelle Hays MEM-2120 IN Ryan Venturelli SA-3186 NV Briana Johnson SA-3284 FL Timothy Jellett MEM-2122 IN Brandon Parker SA-3244 NV Vincent Ugalde SA-3327 IN William Davis MEM-2124 IN Melissa Dorton SA-3251 KS Ted Jochems MEM-2116 IN Rich Dorton SA-3252 KS Andrew Clayton MEM-2125 IN Sasha Mosser SA-3258 New Members Continued on MN Bradley Dunn MEM-2126 IN Brittany Kime SA-3259 page 41.

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 33 Answers to questions on Page 17

Answers: 1. The answer is choice “c” or “sill”.

“Tabular plutons” are tabletop-shaped or narrow sheet-like intrusions, while “massive plutons” are quite large in all dimensions. “Discordant plutons” cut across sedimentary layering, while “concordant plutons” parallel the layering of the country rock.

Sills are classic examples of tabular, concordant plutons.

Dikes constitute plutons which are tabular also, but discordant in nature.

Batholiths depict massive, discordant plutonic bodies.

Laccoliths describe massive, concordant plutonic masses.

2. The answer is choice “c” or the “Atacama Desert” of Chile, covering 54,000 square miles and characterized by salt basins, sand and lava. The “Atacama Desert” is one of the world’s driest arid regions.

The Gobi Desert of China and Mongolia covers 500,000 square miles and is characterized by stony ground, sandy soils and dry grasslands or steppes. It lies within the continental interior at a great distance from the ocean.

The Thar Desert of India and Pakistan covers 175,000 square miles and lies near the 30-degree north latitude line. It is characterized by the presence of rocky and sandy ground and sand dunes.

3. The answer is choice “a” or “Fluvial/alluvial point-bar deposits related to the roughly NW-SE stream-channel trend”.

Point bars are fluvial in origin and part of the alluvial depositional environment. In stream channels, the coarser sediments are deposited near the undercut bank where currents are stronger. Where these currents are weaker, along the upper parts of the depositional bank, finer-grained sediments accumulate. Since meander bends migrate in the direction of the undercut bank, a classic bottom-to-top sequence of progressively finer sediments is observed in point bar deposits. Thus, typical SP curves in point bar sequences tend to be bell-shaped with abrupt deflections toward the shale base line occurring at the bottom of the sand section.

Barrier bars are coastal sand bodies that tend to be long and narrow. The sandy islands typically form parallel to the shore. From bottom-to-top, one passes from the bioturbated fine-to medium-grained sediments of the lower shoreface facies, with small-scale cross laminations and parallel stratification, to the medium-and coarse-grained sand of the upper shoreface facies. Upper shoreface sediments may exhibit planar, tabular bedding and high-angle cross-stratification. Overlying the upper shoreface, the beach facies is typified by medium-to coarse-grained, well-sorted sand and even larger clasts (pebble-size conglomerates, etc.). Since grain size increases from bottom to top, SP curves tend to be funnel-shaped.

Lagoons may separate the coastline from barrier islands. These lagoons are generally shallow with depths that may not exceed two to three meters. Lagoonal deposits are influenced by stratified flow and tidal motions. They may contain mix- tures of sand and finer-grained clastic sediments that may be vertically bioturbated.

4. The answer is choice “b” or about “11,180 m/s”. The proof follows:

The Earth’s gravitational potential is: U = ∫Fdr 2 U = ∫(GM1M2/R )dr Let M1 = m and M2 = Me and R = Re. Then, U = ∫(GmMe/Re2)dr U = GmMe∫ Re-2dr U = GmMe (Re-1/-1) U = -GmMe/Re (equation 1) Equation 1 above is that of the Earth’s gravitational potential.

34 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org Answers to questions continued

To calculate the “escape velocity”, we must satisfy: (1/2)*m*V2 = GmMe/Re (equation 2) Equation 2 dictates that, in order to escape the Earth’s gravitational field, the kinetic energy of an object launched from the Earth must be equal in magnitude to the Earth’s gravitational potential. Simplifying (2), and ignoring friction, we obtain: (1/2)*m*V2 = GmMe/Re (equation 2) V2 = 2GMe/Re V = (2GMe/Re)1/2 (equation 3)

For the Earth, equation 3 becomes: V = {[(2)(6.67 * 10-11 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 * 1024 kg)]/(6.38 * 106 m)}1/2 V = (79.7732 * 1013/6.38 * 106)1/2 V = (12.504 * 107)1/2 V = 11,182.13 m/s (equation 4)

Equation 4 corresponds to our choice “b” and is the answer to the question depicting the desired computation of “escape velocity”.

AIPG Student Chapters Bowling Green Georgia State University Temple University University Founded in 2005 Founded in 2006 Founded in 2004 Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Ronald Wallace, CPG-08153 Dennis Pennington, CPG-04401 Robert K. Vincent, MEM-0216 James Madison University of Georgia Central Michigan University Founded in 2011 University Founded in 1998 Chapter Sponsor Founded in 2003 Chapter Sponsor: Ron Wallace, CPG-08153 Chapter Sponsor: Cullen Sherwood, CPG-02811 Eric Wallis, CPG-09518 University of West University of California- Georgia Colorado School of Mines Davis Founded in 2010 Founded in 1999 Founded in 2010 Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Eric Lowe, MEM-0385 Graham Closs, CPG-07288 James Jacobs, CPG-07760 Wright State University Columbus State University of Nevada-Reno Founded in 1996 University Founded in 2008 Chapter Sponsor: Founded in 2011 Chapter Sponsor: Thomas Berg, CPG-08208 Chapter Sponsor Jonathan G. Price, CPG-07814 Ron Wallace, CPG-08153 Ohio State University Eastern Michigan Founded in 2004 University Chapter Sponsor: Founded in 2006 Thomas Berg, CPG-08208 Chapter Sponsor: Walter J. Bolt, CPG-10289 www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 35 The Permitting Process for Land Development Impacts to Section 404 Waters by the Army Corps of Engineers: A Case Study

Taylor M. Bell University of Alabama at Birmingham

Abstract a case study that involves the world’s in Greene County Alabama now known first commercially viable feedstock flex- as the Flagship site in the Crossroads of Potential land owners/developers are ible ethanol facility, and the issues and America Industrial Park. faced with challenges and issues when challenges that the Corps and applicant developing a piece of land. When aquatic had to address and overcome. The Process resources are present, a process is triggered in which the potential land devel- Background Public Notice oper must apply for an Army Corps of Upon the receipt of a completed appli- Engineers permit. The Army Corps of The Corps is delegated authority by cation, the Corps has 15 days to distrib- Engineers and the developer must both Congress to issue or deny permits based ute a public notice. The public notice go through a process wherein each must on criteria established by the Corps and consists of a preliminary description of address and comply with Army Corps the Environmental Protection Agency the project and the proposed impacts. of Engineer’s procedures. In this paper, (EPA). Projects are evaluated by review- This public notice is then forwarded to the Army Corps of Engineers process of ing case file information collected from federal and state agencies, internally review will be used to evaluate a case various sources, including Public Interest throughout the Corps, to adjacent/abut- study. This paper will focus on the indi- Review; Section 404(B) (1) guidelines; ting property owners, and it is avail- vidual aspects of the process required National Environmental Policy Act; able for public review. The Corps then for permitting impacts to Section 404 compliance with the 2008 Mitigation reviews and addresses all comments waters. Rule; Department of the Interior Fish received in response to the public notice. and Wildlife and The National Historic Keywords: Waters, EPA, Wetlands, During this period, the EPA reviews the Preservation Act (NHPA). Because of the Section 404, Regulations, Mitigation, project, and if they determine that it will potential impact to jurisdictional waters, Public Interest, 404(b)(1) guidelines, have a substantial and unacceptable a review is triggered on the subject piece Corps, Permit. impact on aquatic resources, then the of property when applying to the Corps EPA may elevate the permit through for a permit. Introduction the 404(q) policy elevation procedure. In this case study, the land owner, the Within the policy elevation procedure The United States Army Corps of Industrial Development Board of Greene EPA may deny the issuance of the per- Engineers Regulatory Division (Corps) County, was the permit applicant for a mit. In the absence of any request by is the lead authority for permitting parcel to be developed by the Coskata the EPA to the Corps for an extension impacts to waters of the U.S., and Inc. Coskata Inc. is a “biology-based of comments, no additional comments or regulates the discharge of fill material renewable energy company whose low- subsequent policy elevation request will into waters under its jurisdiction. The cost platform technology allows for the be considered by the Corps project man- regulatory power of the Corps is derived production of fuels and chemicals from ager after the 30 day comment period from Section 404 of the Clean Water Act a variety of input material” such as ends. In the case of the Coskata project, and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors biomass and municipal wastes (Coskata the Corps received and responded to Act. In conjunction with other state and Incorporated, 2011). Coskata’s require- comments from federal and state agen- federal authorities, the Corps works to ments for siting this facility included cies, but there was no policy elevation. balance protection of the environment (among others) proximity to a supply while allowing for development. There of wood biomass, access to large vol- 404 (b) (1) Guidelines are many different types of permits that umes of water for the ethanol process, When soil or other material is exca- authorize work that impacts waters of and alternate means of transportation vated, moved, and/or placed as fill on the U.S. This paper will focus mainly (railway and water) for the finished a development site, potential impacts on the Individual Permit as applied to product. Coskata chose a 235 acre plot to jurisdictional waters may result.

36 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org A CASE STUDY

Developers need to select placement a permit may be denied. The applicable National Environmental sites for dredge or fill material in accor- Corps regulation (33 CFR Part 320) Policy Act dance with Section 404(b) (1) guidelines follows: developed by the U.S. Environmental “The decision whether to issue a per- Purpose and Need Protection Agency (40 CFR Part 230). mit will be based on an evaluation of the Under the National Environmental According to the regulations in (40 probable impacts, including cumulative Policy Act, the applicant has to prove CFR Part 230) “If no less environmen- impacts, of the proposed activity and that there is a purpose and need for the tally damaging practicable alternative its intended use on the public inter- project in order for the Corps to move existed and if a project would not cause est. Evaluation of the probable impact forward with it. The applicant provided unacceptable adverse impacts on aquatic with the proposed activity may have documentation of the need for produc- resources, the Corps could issue a per- on the public interest requires a care- tion of alternate fuels. It was expected mit”. ful weighing of all those factors which that this production facility would be of The Corps uses these guidelines to become relevant in each particular case. widespread interest as a model for uti- evaluate all practicable alternative sites The benefits which reasonably may be lizing flexible carbon-containing waste for potential environmental impacts. If expected to accrue from the proposal streams in a process to produce fuel- these alternative sites are unacceptable must be balanced against its reasonably grade ethanol that is cost-competitive due to greater potential environmental foreseeable detriments. The decision with other fuels, such as corn-based impacts, then the Corps may request whether to authorize a proposal, and ethanol and petroleum. that new alternatives be evaluated if so, the conditions under which it will Mitigation before the project can move forward. In be allowed to occur, are therefore deter- any case, the applicant is responsible for mined by the outcome of this general Compensatory mitigation is an impor- asserting that the proposed project is in balancing process. That decision should tant part of the Section 404 permitting compliance with 404(b) (1) guidelines, reflect the national concern for both process not because it is required under which the Corps then evaluates. protection and utilization of important the Clean Water Act, but because the issuance of a Section 404 permit trig- In the case of the Coskata project, resources. All factors which may be rel- gers mitigation requirements under modifications were made to the ini- evant to the proposal must be considered the National Environmental Policy Act tial proposal based on analysis of land including the cumulative effects thereof: (Berry, Dennison, 1993). The purpose of quality and the necessity for minimiz- among those are conservation, econom- the 2008 mitigation rule (33 CFR Part ing potential adverse environmental ics, aesthetics, general environmental 332) is to achieve an overall positive impacts as required by the Section 404(b) concerns, wetlands, historic properties, benefit in the biological communities in (1) guidelines. Examination of alterna- fish and wildlife values, flood hazards, the watershed. Mitigation is the regula- tive sitings for the facility within the floodplain values, land use, navigation, tory instrument used to compensate for project acreage resulted in the identifi- shore erosion and accretion, recreation, the loss of aquatic resources. Within the cation of previously disturbed wetlands, water supply and conservation, water Corps review, the project manager must and these were judged to be of lower qual- quality, energy needs, safety, food and analyze the proposed mitigation for com- ity than other nearby areas. The siting of fiber productions, mineral needs, con- pliance with the 2008 mitigation rule. the facility on this lower quality land was siderations of property ownership and, Through this process it was determined mutually beneficial for the Corps and the in general, the needs and welfare of the that mitigation proposed by the appli- applicant for three important reasons. 1) people…” cant was found to be the most beneficial It reduced potential impacts from 36.14 In the proposed project, the Corps for this site. The applicant’s final miti- acres to 22.6 acres. The applicant thus identified as having negligible effects gation plan provided for the restoration demonstrated that it avoided environ- the following public interest review fac- and enhancement of wetlands that had mental impacts to the maximum extent tors: conservation, historic properties, been degraded through past land use possible. 2) The applicant demonstrated fish and wildlife values, flood hazards, and landscape modification. The mitiga- that the selection of the lower quality site floodplain values, land use, navigation, tion tract is an approximate 22.52 acre was the least environmentally damaging shore erosion and accretion, recreation, parcel of land owned by the Crossroads practicable alternative. 3) This reduction water supply and conservation, safety, of America Industrial Board of Greene in environmental impact had potential mineral needs, and considerations of County. The mitigation site will restore economic value, as the likely cost of miti- property ownership. Water quality was bottomland hardwood functions to the gation of the 13.54 acres difference was the only factor shown to have an adverse regional watershed. The project will estimated to be $360,000. The reduced affect on the public’s interest. Potential have a positive ecological impact on the acreage of impact, and compliance with benefits resulting from the project were entire watershed by restoring wetlands, Section 404(b)(1) guidelines, allowed identified for the following public inter- thereby enhancing downstream water the Corps to reduce its scope of analysis est factors: economics, energy needs, quality. The restoration of more than and move forward with permitting the food and fiber production, and the needs 19 acres of bottomland hardwood for- project. and welfare of the people. Lastly, the ested wetlands is also valuable to water factors of wetlands and general environ- quality, wetland and stream function, mental concerns were shown as neutral, Public Interest Review wildlife habitat, and species diversity. as a result of mitigative action. If the The Corps must consider the public Corps had found that the project had a interest when evaluating a permit appli- detrimental effect on any of the public State and Federal cation. If the District Engineer finds that interest factors, the permit would have Agencies the permit would be contrary to any of been denied. the public interest review factors, then Fish and Wildlife www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 37 A CASE STUDY

A part of the Corps review of the the attention of the Corps by reports from the Industrial Development Board of proposed project location is to assess agencies, concerned citizens, self report- Greene County, Coskata Inc., and the the existence and locations, if any, of ing violations and through Corps recon- Army Corps of Engineers, resulted in threatened or endangered species. The naissance. Upon discovery of a violation an acceptable development plan that Department of the Interior Fish and the Corps will then send correspondence minimized environmental impact and Wildlife Service (Fish and Wildlife) is in the form a Notice of Discovery and/ potential mitigation expenses, protected the authority for locating and assessing or a Cease and Desist order. A Notice of federally regulated waters and wet- impacts to threatened or endangered Discovery informs the potential viola- lands, and provided for the public inter- species. After receiving a report from tor that unauthorized work has taken est. A section 404 permit was issued for Fish and Wildlife, the Corps then makes place and that any further work will the final project plans and the project is a determination as to whether or not be considered as a knowing and willful under construction. the permitted development would jeop- violation of the Clean Water Act. A Cease Disclaimer: The views expressed in ardize the existence (if any) of a regu- and Desist order requires an immediate the article do not necessarily represent lated species (50 CFR PART 17). Fish halt to any work under the threat of legal those of the Corps or the United States. and Wildlife responded to the proposed action. Pending assessment of the size The Corps handles every authorization project by stating “the proposed project and extent of the violation, the Corps on a case-by-case scenario. This paper may affect, but is not likely to affect may be the lead authority for resolution. does not cover every aspect of law in the Potamilus inflatus”, a threatened The violator must then remedy the viola- evaluating a permit decision. For a full freshwater mollusk called the Alabama tion, if impacts are considered of great list of applicable laws and regulations heelsplitter. Although in this case the detriment, or if the violator knowingly please visit our headquarters website at applicant did not have to alter or change and willfully violated the Clean Water http://www.usace.army.mil/CECW/ the project in dimension or size because Act, then the case is referred to the EPA. Pages/reg_materials.aspx. of potential impacts to endangered spe- Violators are subject to fines from the Acknowledgements: I would like cies, often times the applicant may be Corps in the amount up to $25,000 per to thank Mrs. Cindy House-Pearson asked to change the dimensions of the day and to criminal enforcement. The (Chief Inland North, Birmingham Field project to avoid a critical habitat area, violator is also subject to EPA’s fines Office), Mr. Tom Landry (Assistant or alternatively, the applicant may be and criminal enforcement. Violators of District Counsel) and Adrienne Davis required to relocate the species through the Clean Water Act are subject to (Ethics) from the Mobile District for means of a licensed handler. federal law which includes fines and/or permission to write about this project, criminal enforcement. In this case study, without such, this manuscript would Cultural Resources the applicant was not a violator and fol- not have happened. I would also like (NHPA) lowed the process of applying for a permit to thank Mr. Casey Ehorn (Project before impacting jurisdictional areas. Within the Corps review, a determina- Manager, Birmingham Field Office Mobile District) for his technical assis- tion must be made as to whether or not Conclusion the project will impact any known histor- tance that he provided while writing the ic sites that are of national importance, Alteration of land that impacts fed- paper. Finally, I would like to thank and if so, whether proposed plans would erally regulated waters is subject to Dr. Scott Brande (Associate Professor adequately mitigate for the loss of the review by the Army Corps of Engineers. in Chemistry, University of Alabama at site (36 CFR PART 800). Through this The review process is an extensive one Birmingham) for his teaching, guidance, process the Corps found two sites located with possible input from other fed- and mentoring during my geological within the project’s footprint. Both sites eral agencies, such as the Fish and studies at UAB, and his encouragement were located in non-Section 404 waters Wildlife Service, and the Environmental to pursue my first professional publica- (i.e., uplands), and were determined Protection Agency. The review process tion. ineligible for listing with the Alabama requires the opportunity for public input Historical Commission. Additionally, a during a comment period in order to References: graveyard was discovered adjacent to, determine if the project is contrary to the Berry, J. B., & Dennison M. S.,(1993). but outside of, the footprint of the pro- public’s interest. Various federal regula- WETLANDS Guide to Science, posed project. These sites were located tions, such as Section 404 of the Clean Law and Technology. Park Ridge, in and around the project area, but Water Act, trigger land and biological New Jersey. Noyes Publications. they were not present within the scope surveys. Such surveys are critical for the Coskata Incorporated. 2011 October of analysis and therefore would not be determination of detrimental impacts, if 28 Retrieved from http://www.cos- impacted. As a consequence, no mitiga- any, and for discovery of endangered or kata.com/. tive action was required. threatened species and sites of national importance. These triggers and surveys “Compensatory Mitigation for Losses of Aquatic Resources; Final Rule” 40 Violations are a common occurrence for many projects. A project may not proceed without CFR PART 332 Federal Register (10 In many situations, some land devel- “a purpose and need” as required by April 2008). opers may bypass the Corps permitting the National Environmental Protection “Protection of Historic and Cultural process. Reasons may include a lack of Act. All these issues, and more, guide Properties” 36 CFR PART 800 knowledge or deliberate evasion of the the Corps in its review of an application Federal Register (1 July 1997). Clean Water Act. The Corps handles all prior to issuance of a Section 404 permit. projects and violations on a case-by-case “Protection of The Environment” 40 In the case study presented herein, basis. Potential violations are brought to CFR PART 230 Federal Register (2 cooperation and coordination among December 1970).

38 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org A CASE STUDY

“Regulatory Programs of the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule” 33 CFR PART 320 Federal Register (13 November 1986). INSURANCE “Wildlife and Fisheries” 50 CFR PART 17 Federal Register (1 October 1997). PROGRAMS Available to Taylor M. Bell currently a student AIPG MEMBERS seeking post bachelor credits at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Taylor received a Bachelor of Arts GeoCare Benefits Program and Sciences with a Major in Parks For information: and Recreation Management at the Life and Health Insurance University of North Carolina at GeoCare Benefits Wilmington. Currently Taylor is in Insurance Plan a SCEP (Student Career Experience http://www.geocarebenefits.com/ Program) position with the Army Corps Phone: 800-337-3140 or of Engineers Regulatory Division in the 805-566-9191 Mobile District at a field office located in Birmingham, Alabama. For two and half years Taylor has been processing com- Liberty Mutual Insurance plex permits (cradle to grave), confirm- Auto and Home Insurance ing delineations, conducting compliance http://www.libertymutual.com/lm/ inspections and resolving violations as aipg part of day to day operations. Phone: 1-800-524-9400 Please mention client #111397 when you contact Liberty Mutual. AGI News AFLAC Supplemental Insurance http://www.aflac.com Tool-Up to Inspire Future Phone: 303-674-1808 Geoscientists Please identify yourself as Alexandria, VA - Geoscience careers an AIPG Member to receive encompass a diverse set of opportuni- the AIPG Association dis- ties that appeal to a wide range of counted prices. individuals. Geoscientists work all over Representative: Carol the planet-in all possible work environ- Streicher ments- in support of stewardship of the Earth. The American Geosciences Institute (AGI) has created a series The Wright Group of educational brochures and career Professional Liability Insurance guides to inspire the next generation of General Liability Insurance geoscientists. These materials answer http://www.thewrightgroupinc.com the question, why geoscience?, and shed Phone: 303-863-7788 light on the positive job environment in this difficult economic climate. Financial Services AGI’s new Careers that Change the The Consulting Group at World brochures are now available in 10 RBC Wealth Management and 100-packs. Taking a new approach geoscience careers and professional soci- David Rhode, Senior to improving the understanding of eties, a copy of the EARTH Workforce Investment Management geoscience career opportunities, this Magazine, and a Why Earth Science Specialist/Financial Advisor brochure focuses on providing a vision DVD. http://rbcfc.com/david.rhode/ [email protected] for students on the myriad of opportu- AGI’s Careers that Change the World nities in a geoscience career, and how it Brochures and their Geoscience Today Phone: 1-800-365-3246 impacts the world. flyers explain the current challenges and Fax: 303-488-3636 Also now available for purchase, AGI’s future opportunities in the geosciences. GeoConnection Recruitment Packet pro- These resources help students trans- vides a tool for geoscience departments late their educational background to directly engage prospective geoscience directly to the workforce. majors. It includes information about www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 39 New Yellowstone Website Provides Interactive Maps on Volcanic Activity

From the Wyoming State Geological Survey (USGS). “The aim of “This map will be a tremendous Geological Survey-The Yellowstone this project was to have a central reposi- resource for students interested in Plateau in northwestern Wyoming has tory of GIS information so we could col- Yellowstone or who are learning about a long geologic history – earthquakes, lectively improve our efforts to identify, the area’s geology, past earthquakes, expanding and retreating glaciers, ris- display, and analyze volcanic activity in and volcanic activity,” Ulrich said. This ing mountains, powerful geothermal Yellowstone,” Ulrich said. project would not be possible without the explosions, and cataclysmic volcanic The WSGS Yellowstone Geologic GIS support of US Sen. Mike Enzi, and for- eruptions, the most recent of which was Database website includes: mer member of Congress, Rep. Barbara the Yellowstone Supervolcano, which • More than 20 data sets available Cubin, as well as US Sen. John Barrasso, erupted 640,000 years ago. Today, the to download (individually or com- and US Rep. Cynthia Lummis, he said. region is a geologic marvel, with one bined) “I would also like to thank Dr. John of the largest remaining ecosystems in Eichelberger with the USGS and his o High resolution LiDAR (Light North America and the world’s largest team of scientists as well as acknowledge Detection and Ranging) and concentration of geysers. all the work of our staff with the WSGS digital elevation models The Wyoming State Geological toward this project.” o Earthquake data (historical Survey’s (WSGS) Yellowstone Geologic The present Yellowstone Plateau was and current) Geographic Information System (GIS) created through volcanic cycles spanning Database at www.wsgs.uwyo.edu/ o Geology (bedrock, surface, geo- two million years that included some of Yellowstone is a new interactive website thermal, etc.) the world’s largest known eruptions. The providing researchers and students alike o Hydrography (bathymetry of Yellowstone region includes three cal- with a look into Yellowstone’s geologic Yellowstone Lake) deras: the first cycle caldera formed 2.1 past and present. o Other information (trails, million years ago during the eruption of “Geologically, the Yellowstone area is place names, boundaries) the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, the Henry’s one of the most interesting places in the • Interactive Mapping Application Fork Caldera formed 1.3 million years world,” said Wallace Ulrich, director of o Live webcams ago, near the town of Island Park, and the Yellowstone Caldera formed 640,000 the WSGS. “This website was designed o USGS Live Earthquake Feed to gain a better understanding of the years ago during the eruption of the o Ability to search earthquakes Yellowstone hotspot where a future vol- Lava Creek Tuff, an event that spread in the park by magnitude and ash over much of the North American canic eruption, fracturing, or the release date of geothermal fluids from the caldera continent. Since this time there have o Print map feature may occur,” he said. “We are offering this been approximately 80 additional but resource to the public so they can learn • Media Gallery smaller eruptions such as lava flows. The more about the past and current geologic o High resolution photos of the youngest of these range from 70,000 to activity in the region.” park 160,000 years old. Interactive maps illustrate the geol- o Videos of the Yellowstone “Interestingly,” said Ulrich, “the vol- ogy, earthquakes, and hydrothermal Caldera by the USGS canic events that formed Yellowstone areas that make up Yellowstone National The website’s main feature is a search- were not the products of many million Park. The site includes downloadable able map of Yellowstone that was created years of geologic change ending many GIS data sets that allow students and by combining data from a variety of state millions of years ago; we are seeing a researchers to view layers ranging from and federal sources into a single GIS time scale compressed into only the past geologic events, to satellite imagery, database. The interactive map includes last 2.1 million years.” For the Greater lake bathymetry, and volcano monitor- an overlay of colors representing dif- Yellowstone Ecosystem, geologists and ing equipment in the park. The data can ferent types and ages of rock. A user volcanologists study in detail the latest also be viewed via Google Earth with 3D can then add various layers to the map periods of geologic time, the Pliocene visualizations of the area. such as topography, imagery (with zoom and the Quaternary, covering the last 5 The WSGS created the website as capability), and even query a search of million years out of 4,500 million. an educational information portal, earthquakes in the area by typing in a Yellowstone’s geologic story also representing a major collaboration minimum and/or maximum magnitude includes earthquakes such as the between the WSGS and staff of the U.S. and the years of interest. Hebgen Lake earthquake of 1959 near

40 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org NEW YELLOWSTONE WEBSITE

West Yellowstone (magnitude 7.5). “This Dr. Barry F. Beck passed away was a major earthquake,” said Jacob IN MEMORY November 28, 2011, at the age of 67 after Lowenstern, scientist in charge of the a series of strokes left him debilitated USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. with “Locked-in syndrome” for over the “It fractured geothermal reservoirs in past 2 years. Yellowstone, creating new geysers and destroying others. Flow rates and tem- Born in Hershey, PA to father, Daniel peratures of hundreds of hot springs Beck, and mother, Verna Beck, Barry changed over night,” he said. was raised almost entirely in a lower class setting in Rochester, NY. Paving Data collection and the mapping his own path to success, Barry first efforts of the WSGS are intended to obtained his Bachelor’s degree in geol- further research and information on ogy at Rensselear Polytechnic Institute Yellowstone’s geologic past and future. and then followed with his Master’s “With this Web-based tool, we have and Ph.D. degrees in geology from Rice assembled data from a host of research University in Houston, TX. He joined entities into a single searchable for- AIPG in 1993. (Here is a link to the obit- mat,” Ulrich said. “This website will be uary: http://hosting-16598.tributes. continually updated providing us with com/show/Barry-F.-Beck-92861815) the opportunity to interpret the past and hopefully plan for the future of Yellowstone,” he said. “And if the past gives us a glimpse for what is to come, we know the Yellowstone landscape will IN MEMORY continue to change.” Also available on the WSGS website Barry F. Beck (www.wsgs.uwyo.edu) is a link to infor- CPG-09078 mation on landslides in the state. The WSGS has mapped more than 30,000 Member Since 1993 landslides in Wyoming, and maintains November 28, 2011 an active database of these locations. Oak Ridge, Tennessee

New Members Continued from page 33.

NV Tyler Homen SA-3329 TX Virginia Smith SA-3217 Turkey Mehmet Maral SA-3313 NV Russell Carr SA-3330 TX Abayomi Olufowoshe SA-3219 Turkey Didem Temel SA-3314 NV Chris Wear SA-3331 TX Mike Martin SA-3224 NV Paige dePolo SA-3332 TX Alison Orts SA-3230 NV Seth Nuti SA-3333 TX Nicholas Gailloreto SA-3239 AIPG National would like NV Dennis Reppond SA-3334 TX Wendy Robertson SA-3270 to say Welcome to all of NV Kevin McBean SA-3335 TX Elisabeth Steel SA-3285 NV Alexa McBean SA-3336 TX Jennifer Hendricks SA-3308 our new members! NV Iain Dover SA-3337 TX Bree McClenning SA-3309 NV Neha Bhardwaj SA-3338 TX Muhammad Irham SA-3310 NY Ameilia Oates SA-3222 TX Richard Van Winkle SA-3311 NY Ekaierina Larina SA-3235 TX Carmen Atkins SA-3316 Attention Sections NY Chiara Borrelli SA-3245 VA Patti Burton SA-3320 NY Jonathan Malzone SA-3249 VA Sarah Young SA-3321 AGI Geoscience Calendar NY Lauren Fortson SA-3250 VA Heather Cameron SA-3322 NY Michael Augustin SA-3260 VA Lyndsey Funkhouser SA-3323 Welcome to the American NY Ellyse Powers SA-3267 VA Megan Flansburg SA-3324 Geosciences Institute’s (AGI) NY Anna Downey SA-3268 WI Ashley Dineen SA-3187 Geoscience Calendar of events. This OH Travis Louvain SA-3212 WI Danielle Sieger SA-3191 calendar is continually updated to OH Natashia Pierce SA-3277 WI Lauren Hoffman SA-3199 include the latest information on OK Chris James SA-3218 WI Kyle Prokosch SA-3200 PA Ying Cui SA-3188 WI Sierra Anseeuw SA-3201 conferences, meetings, and events PA Scott Ireland SA-3325 WI Daniel Kelley SA-3227 sponsored and cosponsored by the SD Jim Sanovia SA-3288 WI Tyler Boley SA-3231 American Geosciences Institute and SD Curtis Belile SA-3289 WI Benjamin Sanderfoot SA-3262 its 50 member societies. For more SD Lilly Sanovia SA-3290 WI Zachary Martin SA-3298 information on the listed events, or TX Pamela Speciale SA-3184 WI Daniel Hogan SA-3299 to add an event to the Geoscience TX Brett Gerard SA-3189 Canada Amy Allen SA-3242 Calendar please email Abigail TX Slade Jones SA-3193 Canada Victoria Stinson SA-3271 TX Jenna Kromann SA-3202 Germany Maritha Huber SA-3307 Seadler at [email protected]. TX Rania Eldam SA-3215 Nigeria Alfred Attah SA-3282 TX Anine Pedersen SA-3216 Pakistan Shahbaz Ashraf SA-3318

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 41 Studies Shed New Light on Denver Basin Groundwater

Following is a news release from thickest and most productive sandstones The second report; Bedrock Geology, the Colorado Geological Survey. concentrate near the mountain front and Structure, and Isopach [thickness] Maps The Colorado Geological Survey has diminish to the east. of the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene released three significant new reports The reports will help regulators, mod- Strata between Greeley and Colorado on ground water in the Denver Basin. elers, consultants, policymakers, and Springs, Colorado; takes what was The reports, representing more than planners better understand the variabil- learned by mapping at the surface and a decade of research, provide the most ity of water productivity in the Denver extends it into the subsurface using data detailed information yet on the var- Basin, a major source of water supply from nearly 3,000 wells. This report ied distribution of groundwater in the for populous regions south of Denver. was a collaborative effort with DMNS, Denver Basin and show the most produc- One of the publications is the result of whose personnel also spent more than tive aquifers are concentrated near the a collaborative effort with the Denver a decade independently working on the mountain front and diminish to the east. Museum of Nature & Science (DMNS). strata in the Denver Basin. The report All three publications document in The first report; Geology of Upper contains seven maps that illustrate the different ways that the strata from Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene Strata thickness, depth, and distribution of which many of the people living along in the Southwestern Denver Basin, the various freshwater-bearing strata the southern Front Range obtain their Colorado; is a compilation of more than in the Denver Basin. It also contains a groundwater, are highly variable. 1000 square miles of surface mapping depth map to the Niobrara Formation, Together, they present a science-based of the aquifers where they are exposed and a thickness map of the Pierre Shale perspective of the complex geometry along the mountain front. The mapping that separates the Niobrara from the of the freshwater-bearing strata which was originally carried out at a scale of freshwater aquifers. An additional three resulted from a dynamic geologic history. 1:24,000 and is compiled into a 1:50,000 maps of ancient landscapes illustrate This new perspective shows a non-uni- map consisting of two plates. This compi- why the sandstone aquifers are concen- form distribution of strata with favorable lation also presents a simplified naming trated near the mountain front. Included aquifer characteristics across the basin. classification for the geologic strata of with this report is an illustrative poster Because of the way the strata formed, the the Denver Basin. that explains the various environments within which the strata were deposited. The poster is also sold separately. The third publication; Cross Sections of the Freshwater Bearing Strata of the Denver Basin between Greeley and Colorado Springs, Colorado; contains four north-south, and eleven east-west, detailed cross-sections of the strata in the Denver Basin. These cross-sections integrate surface geologic mapping with subsurface well data to graphically illustrate variability in the types of strata across the entire basin. This report is oriented toward the professional community, rather than the general public. All three publications come in hard copy and include DVDs with detailed PDFs of the plates and GIS shape- files containing metadata. The publications can be ordered from the Colorado Geological Survey at 303-866-2611 or in the online bookstore at http://geosur- veystore.state.co.us/.

42 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org

Assessing a Groundwater Monitoring Network at a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids Remediation Site using Groundwater Temperature, Level and Analytical Data

Kevin Svitana, Ph. D., MEM-1840,

Abstract Key words: Groundwater monitoring, advent of accurate automated record- groundwater tracer, DNAPL, fractured ing devices (e.g., data loggers) revived Monitoring and remediation ground- bedrock, temperature fluctuations, interest in this technique in recent water containing dense non-aqueous remediation, data loggers, monitoring decades (Anderson, 2005). One of the phase liquids (DNAPLs) in fractured network, fracture flow, matrix flow. early papers (Windslow, 1962) looked sedimentary rock aquifers can be prob- at the effect of a thermal plume in an lematic. This paper looks at how previ- Introduction aquifer caused by the induced infiltra- ous investigations using groundwater tion from the Mohawk River. Later Developing an effective and accurate temperature fluctuations as flow tracers studies describe the thermal gradients monitoring well network for groundwa- and studies of DNAPL occurrence in and temperature stratifications in near ter affected by dense non-aqueous phase fractured rock at older release sites are surface aquifers and the fluctuations of liquids (DNAPLs) in fractured sedimen- related. This relation is used to assess these gradients that occur in recharge tary bedrock can be challenging. This the accuracy of a groundwater moni- and discharge zones (Silliman et al., paper connects site-specific data to previ- toring network developed in a Triassic 1995; Taniguchi, 1993). Groundwater ous studies of groundwater temperature sedimentary rock sequence in eastern temperature fluctuations associated used as a tracer of flow and DNAPL Maryland. Groundwater cleanup has with flow in fractured rock terrains were concentration trends related to fracture been ongoing at the site since 2005. At used to map fracture traces and evalu- flow. The site-specific data is comprised this site, nine data loggers were placed in ate injection and withdrawal rates of of long term and focused measurements eight wells to collect field measurements aquifer water (Drury, 1989; Silliman and of groundwater levels and temperatures of groundwater levels and tempera- Robinson, 1989; Malard and Chapuis, along with quarterly analysis of ground- tures. Water levels and temperatures 1995). The trends and applications of water quality at a remediation site in recorded since 2007 provide seasonal using temperatures as a hydraulic tracer Maryland. The previous studies describe trends and water level and temperature were summarized by Anderson (2005). the use of groundwater temperatures as responses to significant changes in the Anderson’s summary describes vari- flow tracers and concentration trends aquifer’s hydraulic conditions (pump- ous investigations where dedicated data of DNAPLs at older release sites. The ing versus non-pumping). Groundwater loggers were used to record level and results of this analysis combined with quality trends of quarterly sampling temperature measurements to assess trends noted in the previous studies events along with measurements of flow in fractured aquifers. water level and temperature changes demonstrates linkages between pump- were used to identify monitoring wells ing response, temperature fluctuations Parker et al. (2010) describes the that represent matrix flow conditions and chemical data and demonstrates the persistence of DNAPLs in fractured and those that exhibit fracture flow char- accuracy of a monitoring well network for sedimentary rocks after the source has acteristics. The results are in agreement defining aquifer conditions in fractured been eliminated. This study specifically with other studies; wells with minimal rock terrain. looks at the water-quality model at older temperature changes when pumping release sites where the DNAPL has dif- conditions change also have less fluctua- Background fused from the fractures into the rock tion in DNAPL concentations indicating matrix. The differences between flow Temperature fluctuations have been in the fractures and the rock matrix these wells are not influenced by fracture identified as a significant tracer for flow conditions. This data will be used are sharply contrasting. The fracture assessing groundwater flow from specific flow is rapid while the matrix flow can to project water quality models and sources. Heat carried by groundwater evaluate the need for ongoing remedial be described as stagnant. The diffusion was identified as a potential tracer of of the DNAPLs into the rocks’ matrix efforts as the DNAPL concentrations in groundwater flow in the 1960s, and the the source area continue to be reduced. coupled with the reduced flow result www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 45 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE in DNAPLs’, like perchloroethylene’s (PCE), persistence and relatively constant concentrations in samples taken from matrix pores (Lawrence 1990; Parker et al., 1994, 1997). With the lower rate of diffusion of compounds like PCE, concentrations in the rock fractures are typically lower as a result of higher velocities and rates of turnover of water in the fractures. These studies suggest the variability of PCE and other DNAPL concentrations in wells in fractures is typically higher, particularly when pumping from the aquifer changes the flow velocities in the fractures. Description of the Study Site The remedial system is located in Carroll County, Maryland. The site occurs on the New Oxford formation that has been interpreted by Faill (2005) as Figure 2. Base map showing the location of monitoring wells used in this study. Triassic graben fill basin. The sedimentary sequences at this site are typical (Stone Environmental Engineering & zone. The PCE concentrations in ground- fanglomerate sequences, i.e. interbed- Science, Inc., 2006, 2011). The sequence water samples from the shallow and ded conglomerates, sandstones, shales is fractured vertically, and the fractures intermediate zones decline by an order and mudstones that are not laterally appear to have some interconnection. of magnitude in the intermediate zone continuous. Figure 1 shows a cross sec- The permeability of the intermediate and are seldom detected in the deep zone. tion of the study site. The stratigraphic unit was determined to be between sequence is generalized as: the shal- 4.3 x10-3 and 8.5 x10-3 meters/minute. Remediation System low interval, 15.3 meters below grade The deeper interval’s permeability is Overview comprised of shales and mudstones; the similar to the intermediate. The shallow intermediate interval, which is domi- interval’s permeability is less than 1.2 A groundwater recovery and treat- nated by an angular quartz sandstone x10-7 meters/minute. In non-pumping ment system has operated at the site that occurs approximately 27.4 to 53.3 conditions, head differences between for more than six years. The system meters below grade; and a deeper inter- the intermediate and deep zones are is situated near a public water sup- val which occurs more than 61 meters typically upward (rising). A source of ply well (MW-13, Fig. 2), which draws below grade. This unit is comprised of PCE occurs in the shallow interval, and from both the intermediate and deeper interbedded sandstone and shale layers the PCE leaches into the intermediate stratigraphic intervals described above. MW-13 is an open rock borehole open between 36 to 168 meters below grade. Prior to 2009, the water supply well pumped cyclically at a rate of 530 liters per minute. The remedial system’s recovery well (and open rock borehole) is open between 35 to 55 meters below grade with a sustained pumping rate of 189 liters per minute. The pumping system was designed to create a capture zone in the intermediate interval that is completely encircled within the capture zone of the water supply well. Water recovered by the remedial system is treated using airstripping and carbon polishing to remove the PCE, and treated water is injected up gradient of the source area, in essence creating a pumping/injection loop within the intermediate interval. The hydraulic gradient is increased Figure 1. Geologic cross section of the study site (Stone Environmental Engineering in the injection well area, but there is & Science, Inc., 2011). minimal effect on the capture zone of the water supply will. Figure 3 illustrates the water table surface when the water

46 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE Results and Data Analysis The discussion that follows is predi- cated on some consistent measurements and trends that have been documented since the new data loggers were installed (2007). These observations provide the basis for interpreting the hydrogeologic characteristics of this site. Water temperatures are lower in the intermediate zone of the saturated groundwater intervals. Based on data collected in June 2010, groundwater Figure 3. 3-dimensional images of the intermediate zone water table. The image on the left is temperatures in shallow monitoring when MW-13 is pumping and the image on the right is when MW-13 is not pumping. MW-13 wells (less than 15.2 meters deep) typi- is in the foreground of each image, the injection well is in the background. The remediation system pumping well capture zone is in the upper right of each image (from Svitana and Krissek, cally are above 14.25°C, and intermedi- 2005). ate monitoring wells (between 30.5 to 46 meters deep) are less than 14°C. In supply well (MW-13) is pumping and abrupt changes in levels and tempera- June 2010, data loggers were placed when the supply well is not operating. tures while others had less pronounced in MW-03-D at depths of 13.7 and 46 In June 2005, five data loggers (pres- fluctuations. After August 2009, obser- meters below grade. The average tem- sure recording transducers) that mea- vations of data trends continued in an perature for the shallow data logger was sure water level were placed in select effort to better understand the complex 14.36°C, and the deeper data logger was monitoring wells constructed in the fracture flow system. 13.52°C. MW-02-A, located 6.1meters intermediate sandstone layer (27.4 to In November 2010, the system was northeast of MW-03-D, had an average 53.3 meters below grade) at the site to scheduled to be shut down for mainte- temperature of 13.88°C at a depth of 30.5 help understand the dynamic flow of nance. The data loggers were temporarily meters below grade. With the exception the fractured rock system (Svitana and reprogrammed to record measurements of AW-87-01, the temperature gradient Krissek, 2005). In 2007, the original data at 1 minute intervals so the drawdown is consistant across the site. loggers were replaced with nine data response to restarting the pumping sys- When municipal well MW-13 is not loggers that had temperature recording tem could be assessed. operating (Figure 3), there are consis- capabilities. The new data loggers were In June 2011, data loggers were placed tent upward hydraulic gradient. Figure programmed to record level and tem- in treatment system storage tanks that 4 shows the water elevation measure- perature at continuous 4 hour intervals. occur before and after the airstripping ments for MW-03-D (screened at 92.4 - treatment of recovered groundwater. 152.4 meters below grade) and MW-02-A Methods for Assesing The temperature measurements in the (screened at 30.5- 44.2 meters) for times Correlations of Water two tanks were used to evaluate water when MW-13 was operating and when Levels, Temperatures and warming/cooling as a result of airstrip- the well was not being pumped. ping. PCE Concentrations Originally the operation of the two pumping systems overlapped and made it difficult to assess the flow dynamics of the fracture flow system. In March 2009, the operation of the water supply well (MW-13) ceased. The absence of pumping from the water supply well quickly changed the dynamics of the aquifer, and water levels in the intermediate zone rose by more than 9.2 meters. Water levels also increased the shallow zone but levels rose less than one meter. This drastic hydraulic change necessitated an evaluation of both the aquifer and remedial system operation in order to assess if plume capture was maintained. In August 2009, after the operation of MW-13 ceased, the remedial system operation was suspended because of an Figure 4. Graph showing water level elevations for MW-02-A and MW-03-D. Prior to March equipment failure. The groundwater ele- 2009 well MW-03-D typically had lower water level elevations than MW-02-A. The opposite vations and temperatures measured by condition is prevalent since the municipal well MW-13 ceased operation at the end of March the data loggers showed some wells had 2009. Note: the 11/20/2003 measurement was taken when MW-13 was not pumping. www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 47 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE

The temperature of the water treated by airstripping is warmed or cooled with respect to ambient air temperatures. Data collected in June 2011 shows influ- ent groundwater temperature has little fluctuation and has an average value of 13.80°C, while temperature measurements for water that has passed through the airstripper had an average temperature of 14.71°C. The post airstripper water temperatures fluctuated with ambient air temperatures, with lowest readings (14.52°C) occurring at 5:30am and the highest reading (14.98°C) occurring at 1:30pm on June 14, 2011. These high and low values correlate to the high and low temperatures that occurred during the monitoring period. Figure 5a. Depth and temperature trends for monitoring well MW-B from 2007 through 2010. The groundwater data compiled at Event A is when MW13 ceased pumping and Event B is a temporary shutdown of the ground- this site includes measurements of water water pumping and treatment system. levels and temperature in response to changes in remedial system pumping operations along with the ongoing sampling and analysis of groundwater from the monitoring wells. The following describes the data collected and the findings. Figures 5a, 5b and 5c show the water depth (i.e. a column of water above the data logger) and temperature measurements for wells MW-B, MW-04-H and AW-87-01. Data for MW-B and AW-87- 01 are from December 17, 2007 through June 13, 2010. MW-04H data ends at March 22, 2010. These wells represent the typical conditions noted in both wells that likely encounter fractures as well as ones that are representative of bedrock matrix conditions described by Parker Figure 5b. Depth and temperature trends for monitoring well MW-04-H, 2007 through 2010. et al. (2010). Event A is when MW13 ceased pumping and Event B is a temporary shutdown of the ground- There are two significant events to be water pumping and treatment system. noted on the figures: Event A is March 29, 2009, when the city discontinued the operation of MW-13, and Event B is the period in August 2009 when an equipment failure interrupted the remedial system operation for 12 days. Water depths in all three wells showed almost immediate rises with the termination of pumping from MW-13 (Event A). Likewise, water depths quickly changed when the remedial system operation was interrupted (Event B). Water depths rose in wells MW-B and MW-04-H, and the water depth of AW-87-01 stabilized then rose. It should be noted that AW-87- 01 and MW-04-H are 15.8 and 29 meters (52 and 95 feet) from the injection well, respectively. The daily fluctuations in water level measurements in these wells are related to treated water injection Figure 5c. Depth and temperature trends for monitoring well AW-87-01, 2007 through sequences. MW-B is 16.8 meters (55 2010. Event A is when MW13 ceased pumping and Event B is a temporary shutdown of the feet) from the remedial system recovery groundwater pumping and treatment system.

48 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE

well, and the water level measurements pumping (Event for this well are influenced by pumping B). This decline cycles rather than injection cycles. in groundwater Some general water level trends that temperatures are apparent on Figures 5a, 5b and 5c is related to include: recharge from • The larger range of level fluctua- the deeper por- tions related to seasonal precipitation/ tion of the aquifer. This similar Table 1. Water level drawdown in response to remedial system recharge trends disappear after the pumping Nov. 30, 2010. use of MW-13 is discontinued. The trend is noted in MW-04-G. low groundwater levels noted on each when the remedial system was not graph from June through September • AW-87-01 has a different trend operating (August 2009). This graph 2008 represent the extended drought between water levels and tempera- has a bar to show the range of tempera- that occurred during the summer and ture that reflects the influence of the ture measurements and a diamond to fall of 2008. treated and injected waters being show the average value. As previously • The groundwater recovered by the warmed and cooled by airstripping. discussed AW-87-01 has the highest remedial system is injected; thus, The December 2007 through June fluctuation of groundwater temperature the water levels recorded after March 2010 data show clear seasonal trends measurements, and the groundwater 2009 remains at more consistent lev- with temperatures rising as ambient temperature increased similar to the els. air temperatures rise, then falling as seasonal increase in ambient air tem- the summer progresses into fall, with peratures. Wells MW-04-I, MW-B and • Daily fluctuations related to pumping/ the lowest temperatures occurring in injection cycles disappear when the MW-02A have the least fluctuation of the winter months. The typical delay temperatures for the three time peri- remedial system operation is sus- between ambient air temperature pended. ods referenced, further indicating these peaks and groundwater temperature wells likely have minimal influence There are distinct trends related to peaks noted in data from the other related to fracture dominated flow. Wells groundwater temperatures recorded for wells is not occurring in this well. This MW-04-H and MW-04-G, which are pro- each of the three wells. Descriptions of shows the effect of water warming/ jected to be influenced by fracture flow, these trends include: cooling as it passes through the air- show more variation in recorded tem- • Well MW-B’s temperatures have min- stripping unit. This indicates fracture peratures for the three referenced times. imal fluctuations for the December connection between the injection well An additional line of evidence relat- 2007 through June 2010 monitoring (MW-07-N) and AW-87-01. ing the correlation of monitoring wells’ period. The two spikes are related to Figure 6 shows the maximum, mini- hydraulics influenced by fracture flow is readings recorded while the data log- mum and average temperatures for the the water level response to pumping that ger was out of the well. MW-B is south monitoring wells for March, April and was conducted on November 30, 2010. of the remedial system recovery well, August 2009. These dates represent the The data loggers were programmed to in a portion of the recovery well cone of first two weeks in March when MW-13 record at 1 minute intervals so that capture that has minimal effect from was operating (March 2009) for the last water level and temperature changes injection water. This deeper monitor- two weeks of April, approximately one in response to pumping could be evalu- ing well (>30.5 meters deep, screened month after MW-13 pumping ended ated. The remedial system groundwater into the sandstone unit) has a consis- (April 2009) and the 12 days in August recovery pumps tently cooler temperature (between were shut off, 13.17 to 13.35°C). Data related to and water level Event A and Event B had no appar- began to equili- ent temperature changes measured. brate over a 150 Similar water level and temperature minute period. trends are present in the data from Then the pump wells MW-02-A and MW-04-I was reactivated • MW-04-H has two unique temperature and response to trends noted for the monitoring inter- pumping draw- val prior to Event A and during Event down was mea- B. Prior to Event A, the temperature sured. Table 1 and water level values had an inverse lists the maxi- relation in that lowering water levels mum drawdown are often coupled with rising water measured for temperatures. These changes are not each well prior as easily correlated prior to Event to the start of A. However, after MW-13 pumping a treated water ended a more apparent relation occurs injection cycle. when the remedial system pumping The distances Figure 6. Minimum, maximum and average temperatures for wells in is suspended; groundwater tempera- from the pump- tures abruptly decline as groundwater March, April and August, 2009. The variation in temperature correlates with wells that encounter fractures in the aquifer. ing well are also rises in response to the suspension of listed. The data

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 49 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE

vide data further defining the hydraulic condition of specific monitoring wells. Understanding the transfer of PCE and daughter compounds from the matrix to the more permeable fractures at the site will facilitate better prediction the potential migration of dissolved phase DNAPLs. Additional efforts to reduce PCE in the source area (shallow interval) are being considered for the Carroll County site. Since total removal of PCE from the shale matrix is unlikely, a comprehensive understanding of the fracture/matrix conditions at the site will facilitate projecting risk from residual concentrations of DNAPLs. Having a well defined hydraulic model for the site will be integral to evaluating when PCE concentrations in the source area are low enough to permit termination of groundwater pumping and treatment. Acknowledgments: I would like to Figure 7. PCE concentration trends. MW-B represents monitoring wells constructed in rock matrix and MW-04-H is typical of wells encountering fractures. thank John Dillenburg and Jon Zanders for their dedicated assistance with the ongoing data collection at the study shows that drawdown does not corre- centrations, particularly when normal site. I also would like to extend a special late to the distance from the pumping pumping cycles are interrupted prior thanks to Neil Schemm, Jeff Lehman, well, a strong indication of fracture to sampling. Figure 7 illustrates the Donna Rhodeback and Christine Svitana controlled flow. trend. MW-B is a well constructed in for their assistance with preparing and non-fractured bedrock (matrix). This reviewing the manuscript. Discussion will has consistent (declining) PCE concentrations. MW-04-H, which had frac- The understanding of contaminate References: tures identified in the borehole during migration in fractured rock media has drilling has a less consistent pattern of Anderson, M. 2005. Heat as a expanded considerably since the hazard- PCE concentrations. Groundwater Tracer Vol. 43, No. ous waste management regulations were 6, Ground Water, November– This study demonstrates that water promulgated. Studies by Pehme et al. December: 951–968. (2010), Anderson (2005) and Neuman level and temperature data trends asso- (2005) have looked at methods to evalu- ciated with fluctuations in pumping Drury, M. 1989. Fluid flow in crystalline ate fracture flow and temperature varia- cycles can be used to evaluate if monitor- crust: Detecting fractures by tem- tions associated with various forms of ing wells have the characteristics of frac- perature logs. In Hydrogeological hydraulic measurements as well as mea- ture flow versus matrix (non-fracture) Regimes and Their subsurface suring induced stress from pumping or conditions. Data collection is facilitated Thermal Effects, ed. A.E. Beck, injection of water in a fractured system. using data loggers, and this data can G. Garven, and L. Stegena, 129– Parker et al. (2010) further provided an be compared to temporal variations in 135, Geophysical Monograph understanding of the relation between groundwater quality to further assess 47. Washington, DC: American DNAPL diffusion into the aquifer matrix the fractured/matrix conditions encoun- Geophysical Union. and the concentration of DNAPLs in tered at each well. At this site, prior to Faill, R. T. 2005. The Birdsboro Basin, fractures. Parker’s study defined that March 2009, the multiple effects of the Pennsylvania Geology, Vol. 34, No. for older DNAPL release sites, higher hydraulic responses to the municipal 4, 2-11. well pumping, remedial system pump- concentrations of DNAPLs occur in wells Lawrence, A.R., P.J. Chilton, R.J. Barron, ing and injection of treated water made constructed in the aquifer matrix, while and W.M. Thomas. 1990. A method developing or comprehensive under- wells constructed in fractures repre- for determining volatile organic sol- standing of temperature gradients, ver- sent the true potential concentrations vents in chalk pore waters (southern tical heads and fracture flow effects of DNAPL migration from the rock and eastern England) and its rel- in specific lithologic units problematic. matrix source. At this site, the quarter- evance to the evaluation of ground- When pumping of the municipal supply ly groundwater sampling results show water contamination. Journal of well ceased, data trends related to water that wells with minimal temperature Contaminant Hydrology Vol. 6, level and temperature fluctuations were fluctuations associated with pumping 377–386. cycles have consistent DNAPL concen- more apparent and predictable. Tests to trations. The wells where temperature assess water warming/cooling from air- Malard, F., and R. Chapuis. 1995. changes abruptly with pumping cycles stripping and drawdown rates related to Temperature logging to describe have higher variability in DNAPL con- groundwater pumping fluctuations pro- the movement of sewage-polluted

50 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE

surface water infiltrating into a fractured rock aquifer. Journal of Hydrology Vol. 173, No. 1–4: 191– 217. Neuman, S.P. 2005. Trends, prospects and challenges in quantifying flow and transport through fractured rocks. Hydrogeologic Journal Vol. 13, No. 1: 124–147. Parker, B. L., S. W. Chapman, and J. A. Cherry. 2010, Plume Persistence in Fractured Sedimentary Rock after Source Zone Removal. Ground Water, Vol. 49, No. 6, 778-803. Photo of the University of Georgia Student Parker, B.L., D.B. McWhorter, and J.A. Chapter. Holding the chapter plaque are Cherry. 1997. Diffusive loss of non- Rachel Cheatham, SA-3143. chapter president aqueous phase organic solvents and Sean Cameron, SA-3150, chapter vice from idealized fracture networks in president. To the left of Rachel is Mike Roden, geologic media. Ground Water Vol. chairman of the Geology Department. 35, No. 6: 1077–1088. Parker, B.L., R.W. Gillham, and J.A. Cherry. 1994. Diffusive disappear- ance of immiscible-phase organic liquids in fractured geologic media. Ground Water Vol. 32, No. 5: 805– Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 37, 820. No. 7, p. 169. Pehme P.E., B.L. Parker, J.A. Cherry, and Taniguchi, M. 1993. Evaluation of verti- J.P. Greenhouse, 2010. Improved cal groundwater fluxes and thermal Resolution of Ambient Flow through properties of aquifers based on tran- Fractured Rock with Temperature sient temperature-depth profiles. Logs, Ground Water Vol. 48, No. 2: Water Resources Research Vol. 29, 191–205. No. 7: 2021–2026. Silliman, S.E., J. Ramirez, and R.L. Winslow, J.D. 1962. Effect of stream McCabe. 1995. Quantifying down- infiltration on groundwater tem- flow through creek sediments using peratures near Schenectady, N.Y. temperature time series: One- USGS Professional Paper 450-C. dimensional solution incorporat- Washington, DC: USGS. ing measured surface temperature. Reviewed by AIPG Associate Journal of Hydrology Vol. 167, No. Editors: Scott Tiller, CPG-10016, 1–4: 99–119. Ray Talkington, CPG-07935, and Bob Silliman, S.E., and R. Robinson. 1989. Minning, CPG-02565. Identifying fracture interconnec- Dr. Kevin Svitana is chair of the tions between boreholes using Environmental Studies Program at natural temperature profiling: I. Otterbein University in Westerville Conceptual basis. Ground Water, Ohio. He is a licensed professional Vol. 27, No. 3: 393–402. geologist in North Carolina, Kentucky, Stone Environmental Engineering & and Pennsylvania and is a Certified Science, Inc., 2006. ‘2005 Annual Professional in the Ohio Voluntary Action report for the site located at 5099 Program. Prior to his current position at Allendale Lane’. Westerville Ohio. Otterbein, Dr. Svitana worked over 20 Stone Environmental Engineering & years as a consulting hydrogeologist and Science, Inc., 2011. ‘2010 Annual continues to work part-time for Stone report for the site located at 5099 Environmental Engineering & Science, Allendale Lane’. Westerville Ohio. Inc. on groundwater investigation and cleanup projects. Dr. Svitana has a BS Svitana, K., and L. Krissek. 2005. The in geology from Juniata College, and Battle at Gettysburg: Competition MS in hydrogeology from West Virginia between utilization and remediation University and earned a Ph.D. in geology for a limited groundwater resource, from The Ohio State University. Geological Society of America

www.aipg.org JAN/FEB 2012 • TPG 51 AIPG exhibited at the Deep Foundation Institute’s annual meeting, held in Boston in mid- October.

AIPG booth, in the foreground, at the DFI convention in Boston.

Brandon Fisher, Bill Siok, AIPG Executive Director and Richard Soppe in the DFI exhibit hall.

52 TPG • JAN/FEB 2012 www.aipg.org AIPG STORE Check out our new items!

Promotional Items: Scarf and Beanie Price: $20.75 25% off NEW Pen and Pencil Sets!-Custom engraved pen and pencil. Mechanical pencil for precision writing. Hi-gloss finish and stylish, silver accents. Patented lathe lines around each barrel. Sapphire Blue. Price: $15.50

New Scarf!: This Embroidered Beanie Fleece scarf provides Cap-A warm, stylish acces- comfort against the sory. Constructed from 100% cold breeze. Made acrylic, this beanie comes in of anti-pill polyester, a variety of solid colors, or this scarf features with a contrasting trim, embroi- matching whipstitch, dered with the AIPG logo. embroidered with the Available colors: Gray, Gray/ AIPG logo. It mea- Black, Black, Black/Natural, sures 60 inches long Light Pink/White, Natural/ and 9 inches wide; Navy, Navy, Navy/Natural. Available in Navy and Price: $15.00 Black. Price: $12.75 Polar Fleece Pullover- This polar fleece, 1/4 zip pullover jacket has a sweat patch and double collar, 1” double needle elastic waist and cuffs, taped contrast collar, on-seam pockets, yolk front and double needle half moon sweat patch. Embroidered AIPG lettering and pick and gavel in white and gold. AIPG Expandable Briefcase has the AIPG Available colors: Black, Navy, pick and gavel logo, durable 600 denier polyester Royal, Charcoal, Red, Burgundy, fabric and a large main zippered compartment. Purple, Orange, Yellow, Forest, Created with several pockets and pouches for opti- Khaki.Sizes XSmall - 3XLarge mum organization. Dimensions: 15.75”w x 11.75”h (An additional $2.00 will be x 6”d (expanded), cubic inches: 1,100 (expanded). CHECK OUT OTHER GREAT added for 2X and 3X sizes) Available Colors: Black, Hunter, Navy, Red, Royal. ITEMS AVAILABLE AT Price: $28.00 Price: $30.00 WWW.AIPG.ORG