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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler’s Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-10,504 CASS, Colin Stephen, 1944- HEROISM IN THE APPRENTICE NOVELS OF JAMES GOULD COZZENS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Literature, American Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1 9 7 6 COLIN STEPHEN CASS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED HEROISM IN THE APPRENTICE NOVELS OF JAMES GOULD COZZENS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Colin Stephen Cass, B.A., M.A. « * * # * The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved By John M. Muste Julian Markels Richard Weatherford Adviser Department of English For S. Go C . ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the following for permission to quote from copyrighted materials: Mr. James Gould Cozzens, for permission to quote from Confusion. Michael Scarlett. Cock Pit. The Son of Perdition, and two unpublished letters. Brandt & Brandt, 101 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017, for permission to quote from the works of James Gould Cozzens. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc., 757 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017, for permission to quote from the works of James Gould Cozzens, and from Frederick Bracher's The Novels of James Gould Cozzens. The University of Pittsburgh Press, for permission to quote from Harry John Mooney's James Gould Cozzens: Novelist of Intellect. The University of Minnesota Press, for permission to quote from Granville Hicks's James Gould Cozzens. iii Oliver & Boyd, 23 Ravleston Terrace, Edinburgh, for permission to quote from D. E. S. Maxwell's Cozzens. Twayne Publishers Division, G. K. Hall & Co., for permission to quote from Pierre Michel's James Gould Cozzens. Mr. C. E. Frazer Clark, Jr., for permission to quote from James B. Meriwether's James Gould Cozzens: A Checklist. \ iv \ \ \ VITA April 30, 19^ .... Born - Staten Island, New York 1965 ................ B.A., Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 1965-1973............ Teaching Assistant and Associate, English Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972 ................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1976 .......... Instructor, English Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan PUBLICATIONS "Two Stylistic Analyses of the Narrative Prose in Cozzens1 By Love Possessed.11 Style. ty, No. 3 (Fall 1970), 213-38. "Fitzgerald's Second Thoughts About 'May Day': A Collation and Study." Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual 1970. pp. 69-95. "The Love Story in For Whom the Bell Tolls." Fitzgerald/ Hemingway Annual 1972. pp. 225-35. The composition of Norman H. Gaber's Your Future in Oceanography. New York: Richards Rosen Press, 1967. "John Dos Passos." First Printings of American Authors. Vol. 1. Forthcoming. "Herman Wouk." First Printings of American Authors. Vol. 1. Forthcoming. v FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Modern American Novels Studies in Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Crane, O'Hara, and Cozzens. Professor Matthew J. Bruccoli Studies in Bibliography and Textual Criticism. Professors Matthew J. Bruccoli and Bichard D. Altick Studies in Twain and James. Professor William Charvat vi TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................. iii VITA.................................................. V Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 II. CONFUSION: A N O V E L ...................... 55 III. MICHAEL SCARLETT: A H I S T O R Y .............. 129 IV. COCKPIT .................. 165 V. THE SON OF P E R D I T I O N .................... 218 VI. CONCLUSION ............................... 326 VII. A NOTE ON BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GU I D E S ......... 331 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................... 533 \\ vii INTRODUCTION When James Gould Cozzens published Morning Noon and Night in 1968, he was sixty-five, a usual age for retire ment. With reason, then, the writer in the New York Times Book Review^ speculated that the novel's closing lines might also be Mr. Cozzens' farewell to his own literary career. Now, eight years later, the reviewer's surmise looks to have been correct. Except for the retrospective 2 publication of two hitherto unpublished short works, the Cozzens literary corpus remains substantially what it was J \fohn Brooks, "The I in Henry Dodd Worthington," 25 Aug. 1968, p. 33. \ Flower in Her Hair (Bloomfield Hills, Mich., and Columbia, S.C.: Bruccoli-Clark, 1 9 7 M , a story, hardbound in an edition of 350 copies, introduced and signed by Cozzens, and originally meant for inclusion in Children and Others (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 196^); and A Rope for Doctor Webster (Bloomfield Hills and Columbia: Bruccoli-Clark, 1976), reportage about a murder trial, boxed in an edition of 350 copies, introduced and signed by Cozzens. - Wo book-length checklists have appeared: Pierre Michel, James Gould Cozzens: An Annotated Checklist (Kent, Ohio: Kent State Univ. Pr., 1971); and James B. Meriwether, James Gould Cozzens: A Checklist (Detroit: Bruccoli-Clark/Gale Research, 1972). 1 in 1968: one collection of short stories, Children and Others (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 196*4-); miscel laneous uncollected short works in verse and prose; and the thirteen novels on which his reputation is chiefly "based: (1) Confusion: A Novel (Boston: B. J. Brimmer, 192*4-), "Conf"; (2) Michael Scarlett: A History (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1925), "MScar"; (3) Cock Pit (New York: William Morrow, 1928), "CP"; (*4-) The Son of Perdition (New York: William Morrow, 1929), "SoP"; (5) S .S..San Pedro (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), "SSSP"; (6) The Last Adam (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1933), "LA"; (?) Castaway (New York: Random House, 193*4-), "Cast"; (8) Men and Brethren (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), "M&Br"; (9) Ask Me Tomorrow (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 19*4-0), "AskMeT"; (10) The Just and the Un.iust (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 19*4-2), "J&U"; 3 (11) Guard of Honor (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 19^8), "GoH"; (12) By Love Possessed (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1957), "ByLP"; (13) Morning Noon and Night (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), "MN&N". The present paper studies the first four of these thirteen novels. Critics generally treat Confusion. Michael Scarlett. Cock Pit, and The Son of Perdition as Cozzens1 "apprentice novels" and either dismiss them outright or survey them briefly on the way to the much more substantial and repre sentative works that begin with S.S. San Pedro in 1931. The very titles will be unfamiliar to all but specialists, since Cozzens listed none of them in S.S. San Pedro or subsequent books. All four are, at present, out of print; were unavailable twenty years ago;** and are likely to remain so. Pierre Michel refers to a 1959 letter in which Cozzens says that "they ought not to be reprinted,"5 and k Richard M. Ludwig, "James Gould Cozzens: A Review of Research and Criticism," Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 1, No. 1 (Spring 1959), 12^. ^ "A Note on James Gould Cozzens," Revue des Langues . Vivantes. 26, No. 3 (I960), p. 192, n. 1, citing a letter, 15 Sept. 1959, from Cozzens to Michel. in a note answering ray request for permission to quote from these novels, Mr. Cozzens remarks on his present feel ings about them: As you doubtless know I didn't allow them to be included in Harcourt's Uniform Edition. Myself, I'd say you learn at most: 1. When a 19 year old youth's ms. is put in print by the first, alas ill-advised, publisher who sees it, that is not good. Callow, he imagines he has it— writing— made. 2. While, as Aldous Huxley proposed, in writing there is no substitute for talent, talent unhappily is no substitute for mature life-experience and the sweat without end of working and reworking and reworking .6 Cozzens says., in the frequently cited interview for Twentieth Century Authors. that "'My first novel was written when I was nineteen, and that, and the next, and the next, were about what you would expect.