Traditional Knowledge Stocktaking Report
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BIO-PROSPECTING IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION Caribbean ABS Traditional Knowledge Stocktaking Traditional Knowledge in the Caribbean Region STOCKTAKING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CARIBBEAN The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IUCN, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) or the UN Environment concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the IUCN, the GEF or the UNEnvironment. This product has been produced with the support of United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) under the framework of the project Advancing the Nagoya Protocol in Countries in the Caribbean Region. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland in collaboration with Regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Copyright: © 2018 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Authors: Sylvia A. Mitchell Kevel C. Lindsay Anthony Richards Cover photo: https://pixabay.com/es/ • http://es.freeimages.com/ • http://www.freepik.es/ Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean San José, Costa Rica Tel ++ 506 2283 8449 [email protected] This publication is developed under the project “Advancing the Nagoya Protocol in countries of the Caribbean Region to assist the countries to create an enabling environment for the accessing of and benefiting from the use of genetic resources in the Caribbean 1 STOCKTAKING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CARIBBEAN CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgement …………………………………………………….………………………………... 3 List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….………………………. 3 List of Tables ……………………………………………………….……………………….…………...…. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………....…….……………………………..…………………………….. 6 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 2. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 . Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property…………………..…………………. 12 3. TRADITIONAL / INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE CARIBBEAN ...................................................... 14 3.1 Caribbean Peoples - History ........................................................................................... 14 3.2 Caribbean Peoples - Land issues…………………………….…………………..………… 18 3.3 Caribbean Peoples - Traditional Knowledge ................................................................ 20 3.4 Caribbean Peoples – Links to source countries and diaspora…………….…………..26 4. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE GROUPINGS IN THE CARIBBEAN ................................................ 37 4.1 The Caribbean Indigenous Legacies Project: Celebrating Taino Culture …………. 37 4.2 Caribbean Organization of Indigenous People………………………………………… 38 4.3 TRAMIL ………………………………………………………………………..…...……………. 38 4.4 TK related projects……………………………………………………………………….….… 39 5. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE STOCKTAKING IN THE CARIBBEAN……………………………… 41 5.1 Traditional knowledge of marine organism use relevant to ABS………..…………… 41 5.2 Traditional knowledge of animal organism use relevant to ABS…………………..… 42 5.3 Traditional knowledge of plant organism use relevant to ABS………………..…...… 43 6. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE STOCKTAKING – COUNTRY REPORTS ......................................... 47 6.1 JAMAICA ................................................................................................................................ 51 6.2 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ………………………………………………………..…………….... 66 6.3 GUYANA……………………………………………………………………………………………. 71 7.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………..…………………………………………...…. 80 APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................................................... Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History. .................. 87 APPENDIX 2 ........................................................................................................................................... Stocktaking of plant medicinal knowledge in the caribbean ........................................ 88 APPENDIX 3 ........................................................................................................................................... The Bourda bush selle ............................................................................................................ 96 APPENDIX 4 ........................................................................................................................................... Caribbean IP: Ensure Unending Local Protection Of Traditional Knowledge................ 97 APPENDIX 5 …………………………………………………………………………...……………………… Medicinal Plants of the Caribbean (21 book study) ……………………...………..……... 99 2 STOCKTAKING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CARIBBEAN Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Achsah Anna Mitchell and Kimani Kitson-Walters for their help in gathering information on plant and marine biodiversity in the Caribbean. Special thanks to Achsah Mitchell for assistance in compiling the plant names in the 21 book study included within this report. Thank you also for all those who contributed information for this report, especially for the country reports. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Language groups in the Caribbean in 1492 15 Figure 2 Dispersal of enslaved Africans 16 Figure 3 Dates for the abolition of slavery in the Caribbean 17 Figure 4 Independence dates in the Caribbean 17 Figure 5 A plot of two alleles for a sample of the worlds populations showing the 25 position of hybrid groups in the Caribbean Figure 6 Principal Component Analysis using high-density dataset containing 390 K 27 autosomal SNP loci in common across admixed and reference panel populations. Figure 7 A two-dimensional genetic map based upon haplotype frequencies of 28 immunoglobulins for Black Caribs, Creoles, Europeans, Africans and Amerindian groups. Figure 8 Caribbean diaspora 33 Figure 9 Number of Documented Medicinal Plants in 15 Caribbean Countries 45 Figure 10 Families of medicinal plants of Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana 49 Figure 11 Enumeration Districts of Jamaica 52 Figure 12 Maroon areas in Jamaica 56 Figure 13 Maroon towns in Jamaica 58 Figure 14 Map showing the distribution of orisha shrines in Trinidad (1993) and towns 69 mentioned in the text. SOURCE: Houk (1993) Figure 15 Map of Guyana 71 Figure 16 Families of Medicinal plants identified in books written by Caribbean 100 authors Figure 17 Top 40 families of Medicinal plants identified in books written by Caribbean 101 authors LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Acronyms and abbreviations 6 Table 2 Marine life used for health purposes in Latin America and the Caribbean 41 Table 3 Animals used for medicine in Latin America and the Caribbean 42 Table 4 TRAMIL studies highlighting the traditional uses of plant species 44 Table 5 Number of plant species per Caribbean country 46 Table 6 Families of medicinal plants of Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana 48 Table 7 Folk medicinal uses identified via TRAMIL ethnomedicinal studies in 64 Jamaica conducted between 2002 and 2012 Table 8 History of Guyanese population 71 3 STOCKTAKING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CARIBBEAN Table 1. Acronyms and abbreviations ABS Access and Benefit Sharing ACP Asia-Caribbean-Pacific CARICOM Caribbean Community CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CROSQ CARICOM Regional Organization for Standards & Quality FAO Food & Agriculture Organization GEF Global Environmental Facility GIZ German Technical Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH) GIZ (ABS-CDI) German Technical Cooperation (ABS – Capacity Development Initiative) ILCs Indigenous and Local Communities IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MAT Mutually Agreed Terms MEA Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreement NBSAP National Biodiversity and Action Plan NC National Coordinator NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMNP New Marine Natural Product NP Nagoya Protocol OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States PIC Prior Informed Consent PIF Project Information Form PIR Project Implementation Review RSC Regional Steering Committee SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Timely Indicators TA Technical Assistance TK Traditional Knowledge TOR Terms of Reference TNC The Nature Conservancy TRAMIL Programa de investigación aplicada a la medicina popular del Caribe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UWI University of the West Indies 4 STOCKTAKING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CARIBBEAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Stocktaking of traditional knowledge (TK) in the Caribbean requires a simultaneous stocktaking of the Peoples of the Caribbean. The biggest concern of the Caribbean is that the definition of Traditional Knowledge as ‘oral knowledge developed over many generations adapted to local culture and environment by a definable cultural group’ (WIPO 2018), may need to be adjusted to include the Caribbean