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Protecting the News: Civil Society and the Media Goldsmiths 3 Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland Protecting the news Civil society and the media Tamara Witschge, Natalie Fenton, Des Freedman, Goldsmiths Leverhulme Media Research Centre: Spaces, Connections, Control (University of London) A report by: Supported by: www.futuresforcivilsociety.org About the Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland The Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society was established to explore how civil society could be strengthened in the UK and Ireland. The Inquiry Commission was chaired by Geoff Mulgan and was also informed by an International Advisory Group. The objectives of the Inquiry were to: • explore the possible threats to and opportunities for civil society, looking out to 2025; • identify how policy and practice can be enhanced to help strengthen civil society; www.futuresforcivilsociety.org • enhance the ability of civil society associations to shape the future. The Inquiry Commission’s work began with an extensive futures exercise to explore possible futures for civil society. Drawing on the findings of the futures work, which are documented in two reports, The Shape of Civil Society to Come and Scenarios for Civil Society, the Inquiry Commission agreed to explore the current and possible future roles of civil society associations in relation to the following themes: • Growing a more civil economy • A rapid and just transition to a low carbon economy • Democratising media ownership and content • Growing participatory and deliberative democracy This paper was commissioned to inform the Inquiry’s work on the roles of civil society associations in growing a more civil economy. The final report of the Inquiry Commission, Making good society, was published in March 2010. For further information about the Inquiry and to download related reports go to www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Published on behalf of the Commission by the Carnegie UK Trust www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk March 2010 ISBN 978-0-900259-64-7 Design by Falconbury Front cover image: Dublin Community Television Disclaimer: the Carnegie UK Trust normally does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views presented in this publication are those of the author/s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Trust (its officers, staff, trustees) or the views of the Commissioners or the International Advisory Group affiliated with the Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland. For further information or to comment on our work please contact us on +44 (0)1383 721 445 or [email protected] www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Protecting the news: civil society and the media Goldsmiths 3 Contents Executive summary and recommendations 2 Part 1: Introduction 13 Part 2: Civil society and the media: Freedom, pluralism and control 24 Part 3: Civil society and the media: Looking to the future 35 Part 4: Conclusion 54 Appendices 58 References 63 4 Protecting the news: Civil society and the media Goldsmiths Executive summary The production and circulation of independent, quality Commercial imperatives, too, mean that rationalisation news is a hallmark of democratic societies, with a complex and marketisation take precedence over democratic history of commercial practices, regulatory controls and objectives in a way that has resulted in an homogenisation technological innovation. The demise of the existing of content. Analysis of the content of mainstream online business model of the local and regional press, and of news further reveals that much of it is the same: news broadcast news in the regions, together with the struggle organisations often cover stories from the same angles and for survival of many national newspapers, demands a different news organisations repeatedly present the same critical consideration of what the public wants news for and information in their stories (Redden and Witschge, 2009). how it can be delivered. Faced with the increasing homogenisation of news content, The role of the media in all its forms is a key factor in the role of civil society associations in bringing diversity of enabling citizen participation in public debate, increasing viewpoints and challenging normative understandings has effective public engagement with government and other never been more important. The digital age has brought public institutions, expanding the public sphere and the with it increased possibilities for civil society associations range and type of voices within it and, ultimately, enhancing to campaign and publicise their work. However, resources democracy. The news media have a particular role to play have become more, rather than less important (as many in monitoring the political public sphere, holding those new media evangelists claimed they would). Many large in power to account, and facilitating and maintaining and well-resourced civil society associations have been deliberation amongst the public. able to respond to a media-saturated environment by employing trained professional journalists in press and However, the news media are beset with problems: public relations offices. The resource-poor, however, find it newspaper circulation and readership levels are at an much harder to keep up with changes in technology and all-time low; there has been a tremendous growth in the the explosion of news space, and much harder to stand number of news outlets available – including the advent of, out amidst the countless voices online that all compete for and rapid increase in, free newspapers, the emergence of journalists’ attention. Furthermore, the increased pressures 24-hour television news, and the popularisation of online on journalists to fill the expanded space for news in and mobile platforms; a decline in advertising revenue record time, combined with the pressures on civil society combined with increased investment in new media associations to maximise news coverage, result in many technologies: and consequent cuts in personnel. All have feeling compelled to provide material that conforms to had a negative impact on journalism (Freedman, 2009). established journalistic norms and values, diminishing their Local and international news production, regarded as ability to advocate on particular causes and issues in their commercially unviable, have both suffered. The Newspaper communications. Society notes that 101 local newspapers closed down between January and August 2009 in the UK. The depreciation of the current business model, together with increasing commercial pressures, are devaluing the pursuit of journalism that is in the public interest and, in particular, journalism that relies on original news gathering and investigative reporting. The role of the media in all its forms In this environment, journalists are being thrust into news is a key factor in enabling citizen production more akin to cannibalisation than the craft of journalism – as they need to fill more space and at greater participation in public debate, increasing speed, and although they have improved access to stories effective public engagement with and sources online, though they talk less to their sources government and other public institutions, (both the elite and the non-elite such as civil society expanding the public sphere and the associations). Ready-made fodder from tried and tested sources is easier than dealing with user-generated content range and type of voices within it and and the massive amount of online information (Phillips, 2009). ultimately enhancing democracy. Commission of Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland www.futuresforcivilsociety.org Supplementary report: Democratising media ownership and content Protecting the news: Civil society and the media Goldsmiths 5 In this context, protecting and enhancing a diversity of way to increase involvement in media production while media content is ever more vital. Even though there is increasing the number of voices represented in the now a plethora of media outlets, and citizens and civil media. Such partnerships should be based on the society groups can publish media content more easily pursuit of specific public interest goals and the drawing than ever, there still is a significant threat to pluralism given up of agreed procedures including, for example, an the domination of a limited number of organisations that understanding of journalists’ access to, and media control the flow of news and the contours of public debate. representation of, locally-originated civil society Citizen media may be growing but it is still overshadowed association content, and the provision of adequate by the major international news organisations. With a funding and training for civil society association media strong market position, and extensive and established producers. The authors of this report also propose news production infrastructure, the news organisations a form of tax incentive in the case of local mergers, have responded to the new climate by investing heavily or joint operations, that increase relations with civil in online platforms. They have capitalised on their market society in order to facilitate and maintain levels of news dominance and brand loyalty and increased their audience coverage in the public interest. To further the creation share online. This audience, however, is increasingly and distribution of public service content, it is important disinclined
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