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Detection of Rangelia Vitalii (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Asymptomatic Free-Ranging Wild Canids from the Pampa Biome, Brazil

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Detection of Rangelia Vitalii (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Asymptomatic Free-Ranging Wild Canids from the Pampa Biome, Brazil Parasitology Research (2019) 118:1337–1342 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06245-6 PROTOZOOLOGY - SHORT COMMUNICATION Detection of Rangelia vitalii (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in asymptomatic free-ranging wild canids from the Pampa biome, Brazil Viviane Kelin de Souza1 & Bruno Dall’Agnol1 & Ugo Araújo Souza1,2 & Anelise Webster1,2 & Felipe Bortolotto Peters 3 & Marina Ocha Favarini3 & Fábio Dias Mazim4 & Fabiana Lopes da Rocha5 & Flávia Pereira Tirelli6 & João Fábio Soares6 & Márcia Maria de Assis Jardim7 & Tatiane Campos Trigo7 & José Reck1 Received: 30 August 2018 /Accepted: 1 February 2019 /Published online: 18 February 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Canine rangeliosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan Rangelia vitalii, which has only been reported in South America. With this knowledge, we hypothesized that neotropical foxes could act as asymptomatic natural carriers of R. vitalii.To test this, we captured 44 free-ranging foxes and investigated the presence of R. vitalii DNA, and whether the infected animals presented any clinical findings or hematological changes. Eight foxes (18%), seven Cerdocyon thous (7/27–25%), and one Lycalopex gymnocercus (1/17–5%) were positive for R. vitalii. All foxes were clinically healthy and showed no hematological abnormalities. Thus, we propose that neotropical canids, particularly C. thous, could be the natural carriers of R. vitalii. Keywords Cerdocyon thous . Rangeliosis . Lycalopex gymnocercus . Carrier . Hemoparasite Introduction of the natural cycle of diseases, for early detection of risks to human/animal health and biodiversity, and to prevent and con- The growth of human populations and the consequent increase trol zoonotic outbreaks through the One Health approach in domestic animals around natural areas have enhanced the (Williams et al. 2002;Groganetal.2014). opportunities for pathogen transmission between wild and do- In this context, wild carnivores play an important role in eco- mestic animals (Daszak et al. 2000; Cleaveland et al. 2001; systems and can be considered Bbioaccumulators^ of pathogens Bengis et al. 2002). Therefore, permanent surveys of pathogens (Macdonald and Kays 2005; Jorge et al. 2010; Rocha et al. among wild animals are essential to improve our understanding 2013). Wild canids could be seen as especially important due their ecological roles as keystone species, predators, or scaven- Section Editor: Leonhard Schnittger gers, in addition to their abundance and probable role as hosts for agents of emergent diseases (Aguirre 2009;Groganetal.2014). * José Reck The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and pampas fox [email protected] (Lycalopex gymnocercus)arethemostcommonneotropical canids found in the Brazilian part of Pampa biome, which 1 Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), comprises the southernmost areas of Brazil (Rio Grande do Estrada do Conde, 6000, mail box 47, Eldorado do Sul state), Uruguay, and part of Argentina. These species of Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil foxes are considered generalists with opportunistic habits, 2 Ticks Saúde Animal e Ambiental, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil meaning they can even adapt to anthropized environments 3 Área de Vida Assessoria e Consultoria em Biologia e Meio (Faria-Corrêa et al. 2009). Ambiente, Canoas, RS, Brazil One of the major concerns regarding the conservation of 4 Ka’aguy Consultoria Ambiental, Pelotas, RS, Brazil wild canids is the risk of infection with pathogens from do- 5 Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil mestic dogs. Conservation strategies must address both cos- 6 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto mopolitan pathogens, such as canine distemper virus and Alegre, RS, Brazil Leishmania spp., as well as locally important infectious 7 Museu de Ciências Naturais (MCN), Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio agents. In the Pampa biome, one of the most common infec- Grande do Sul (FZB-RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil tious diseases of dogs is canine rangeliosis. It is a neglected 1338 Parasitol Res (2019) 118:1337–1342 and re-emerging tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan (SISBIO-ICMBio license numbers 47,357-1 and 38,803- Rangelia vitalii (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) which, so far, has 2, CEUA-IPVDF license number 14/13). primarily been reported in the southern cone of South America Blood samples were submitted to hematological analysis (Loretti and Barros 2002; Eiras et al. 2014; Soares et al. 2015). using an automated veterinary hematology analyzer (Bio- Rangeliosis causes hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders in 1800 Vet; Bioeasy Diagnostica S/A, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). dogs (Silva et al. 2013). The clinical findings may include The following parameters were analyzed: red blood cell anemia, jaundice, fever, splenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent bleeding of the tips of and white blood cell (WBC) count. DNA from whole blood ears, nose and oral cavity, and even death (Loretti and samples were extracted using the Invitrogen PureLink Barros 2002; Martins et al. 2016). Genomic DNA kit according to the manufacturer’sprotocol. Previous studies with captive animals and carcasses of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for R. vitalii detection was C. thous have revealed R. vitalii infection in this species performed using the primers BAB143-167 (5′-CCGT (Soares et al. 2014). While some authors have proposed that GCTAATTGTAGGGCTAATACA-3′) and BAB649-667 (5′- wild canids could show clinical findings associated with GCTTGAAACACTCTARTTTTCTCAAAG-3′), targeting a rangeliosis, there is also a suspicion that they could be natural 500-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene specific to the carriers. To date, there is no available data concerning poten- Babesiidae family, according to Soares et al. (2011). Briefly, tial hematological abnormalities associated with the infection for the amplification, initial denaturation was performed at in foxes. The suggestion of a neotropical carnivore as a natural 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at host of R. vitalii is reinforced by the fact that canine 95 °C for 30 s. Annealing occurred at 63 °C for 1 min, and rangeliosis has only been reported in South America to date. extension at 72 °C for 1 min. The final extension was per- Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the occur- formed at 72 °C for 7 min. The PCR products were submitted rence of R. vitalli in free-ranging wild canids from the Pampa to electrophoresis and purified for sequencing. The DNA of biome to support the hypothesis that C. thous and Babesia canis,kindlyprovidedbyDr.MarceloLabruna L. gymnocercus could act as asymptomatic natural carriers (USP), was used as a positive control in all PCR reactions. of R. vitalii. For this purpose, we investigated the presence Ultrapure water was used as a negative control. PCR targeting of R. vitalii DNA in blood samples from free-ranging wild the mammalian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase canids and its relationship with body conditions and clinical (gapdh) gene (Maciel et al. 2018) was performed to confirm pathology parameters. that all potential negative results were not due to the presence of DNA inhibitors or a lack of DNA in the sample. All posi- tive samples of the expected sizes were purified using a com- Material and methods mercial kit (Purelink Quick Gel Extraction and Purification Combo Kit; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania) This study comprised six different municipalities of the and sequenced using an automatic sequencer (Applied Brazilian Pampa, located in Southern Brazil in the state of Biosystems/Perkin Elmer, CA, USA). The sequences obtain- Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Two of them are protected areas: ed were submitted to BLASTanalysis to confirm their identity APA (Environmental Protection Area) do Ibirapuitã (munici- with other R. vitalii sequences deposited in GenBank. pality of Santana do Livramento; 30°25′53.1″S55°28′09.9″ Statistical analysis (P value calculation for comparison tests, W), and Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos values of mean, standard deviation, median, frequency, and its (RVSBP, municipality of Viamão; 30°05′32.0″S50°51′00.0″ 95% confidence interval, 95%CI) were performed at W). The others comprise unprotected regions of natural re- GraphPad Prism. maining vegetation, located within rural areas of the munici- palities of Triunfo (29°51′58.1″S 51°21′54.5″W), Candiota (31°28′59.8″S53°48′44.1″W), Arroio Grande (32°19′55.2″S Results and discussion 52°54′05.8″W), and Alegrete (30°04′00.0″S55°31′00.0″W). The foxes were captured between April 2014 and A total of 44 wild canids were captured, including 27 C. thous August 2016 with Tomahawk live traps baited with meat, and 17 L. gymnocercus. Eight animals (18%) were positive for bacon, and sardines. After capture, the animals were anes- R. vitalii DNA. A higher frequency of infection was observed thetized using a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg) and in C. thous, with 25% (95%CI, 13–44%) of the specimens xylazine (1 mg/kg), and underwent a physical examination being positive (7/27) compared with only 5% (95%CI, 1– by a veterinarian. Blood samples were collected by a single 26%) of L. gymnocercus (1/17). Positive C. thous individuals jugular vein puncture. After full recovery from anesthesia, were sampled from APA do Ibirapuitã (n =5),RVSBP(n =1), the animals were released at the same site of capture. All and Triunfo (n = 1), while the positive L. gymnocercus was procedures were authorized by the Brazilian authorities from Candiota (Fig. 1). All sequences of positive samples Parasitol Res (2019) 118:1337–1342 1339 were identical to each other and showed 100% identity with drawback of our study was the low number of R. vitalii isolate 108 (GenBank accession number KT323931), L. gymnocercus foxes sampled in the studied area. previously identified in a dog with rangeliosis in the munici- Although C. thous and L.
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