RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - 215 nalist fraternity of of the 1950s of Mozambique and 1960s.nalist fraternity certain particularly her co-auOn examining alliances, - Luís Bernan- edition of of the first as illustrator thorship the Killed (We o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos Nós Honwana’s do Dog), Lopes’s 1964,Mangy redress and seek to I consider drove arguably which racism, of colonial tacit experience anti-colonialher unflinching militancy with a brush. In in figure a founding Lopesthis, I posit that be considered modernist achievement. of African genealogy a women’s | anti-colonialBertina Honwana Lopes Bernardo | Luís art modernisms | mozambican and independence artista da a memória Ber- recuperar procura ensaio Este 11 1924-Roma, 10 Fevereiro Julho tina Lopes (, e participação, indirecta, embora 2012) presença e a sua anos dos Moçambique de nacionalista fraternidade na a certas salientar Ao nomeadamente alianças, 50 e 60. dialogante, ilustradora de qualidade na colaboração, sua o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos Nós livro do edição na primeira This paper seeks to reclaim visual artist visual BertinaThis paper reclaim Lopes to seeks 2012) and her 11 1924 10 February July — , (Maputo, participation in the natio and indirect presence muted — Resumo — Keywords — Abstract Contemporary and Modern Art Perspectives Perspectives Art and Modern Contemporary Fellow — Africa Art Modern of The Museum [email protected] Bertina Lopes: trincha Bertina uma com munida NANCY ISABEL DANTAS Bertina Lopes:Bertina militant a a brush with NANCY ISABEL DANTAS RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - 216

1 Photograph Photograph 2

, 1964, see to waiting th published under fair use policy fair under published her husband being taken to to being taken her husband Mandela prison. On this day, life sentenced to was imprisonment. 1 Image — Winnie Mandela on June on June Winnie Mandela 12 (1964), de Luís Bernardo Honwana, procuro analisar a analisar procuro Honwana, Bernardo (1964),Luís de português, racial colonialismo do tácita experiência sua o impé a munir-se contra que a levou essa experiência que proponho modo, a artis Deste trincha. uma com rio de fundadoras figuras uma das como ta seja considerada modernista africana. uma genealogia modernismos| BertinaHonwana Lopes Bernardo Luís | anti-coloniais | arte e independentistas moçambicana Sourced from https://africa.cgtn.com/2017/09/04/faces-of-africa-09032017-winnie-mandela-black-saint-or- Sourced from sinner-part-1/ were “. . . I “. were 1323/69 Number Prisoner her memoir 491 Days: from extracted as words, exact Madikizela-Mandela’s tall. I am I must walk that father my mother and my by I had been taught home. tall in my up walking had grown to be. I am going me to taught father be my to who . . . I am going I must be blackness proud of my me; I am black; 2018, 16). (Msimang tall” walk

— Palavras-chave 2 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 1 I begin not with the memory of Bertina Lopes, but her peer, the late Winnie Madikize I begin of not with the memory Bertinalate the Lopes, her peer, but la-Mandela, who had grown up walking tall in her home, whose parents had taught her had taught whose parents tall in her home, up walking had grown who la-Mandela, 2018, 16). (Msimang be must she of proud her blackness and that Black was she RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198

6 - - -

3 217 5 (compulsory passage). Many illustrious visitors left their signatures on their signatures left illustrious visitors Many passage). (compulsory For Bertina, 1964 would be the year she would go into exile, choosing Rome as Rome choosing exile, Bertina, into go would she 1964 For be would the year 4 This was South Africa, but in neighbouring Mozambique, a mere seven-hour drive drive seven-hour mere a South was This neighbouringin but Africa, Mozambique, Historical prelude Historical in the 1960s, arena in the international condemned was colonization Whilst On June 12, his co-accused and life to sentenced June On 1964, were Mandela as Nelson , a 1933 Gilberto book Slaves Brazilian by the and Masters The from originates of Lusotropicalism The concept racial by characterized of the Portuguese living in the tropics, that had a special way suggested which Freyre, the Portuguese by later employed was The term of ideal. this lusotropical being the example mixing; Brazil 2014, (Cabecinhas 495) and justify colonization” of “sweet a myth and defend feed as a tool to regime dictatorial territories. and Asian permanence in African Portugal’s Lopes and Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela’s paths would eventually cross in 1998 cross of on the occasion her one-woman eventually would paths Mandela’s Rolihlahla Lopes and Nelson in Cape Verde. show In a text republished after her death, Paola Rolletta (2012) recalls how Lopes's home, with its view over Rome's Rome's over with its view home, Lopes's how (2012) recalls Rolletta Paola her death, after republished In a text the it was that time and again been told I have embassy.” became a “parallel and the Basilica domes arches, obrigatória” visit, to a “passagem place her walls. On the occasion of the signing of the General Peace Agreement between RENAMO and FRELIMO, in and FRELIMO, RENAMO between Agreement Peace of of On the occasion the signing the General her walls. from also and Lopes was It as an unofficial diplomat. in history, sealing its place her home, visited 1992, delegates of disclosed her home (information line the corridors would Lopes of send medicine that that would boxes here in a short in 2020). Silva interview Arlete by Since the late 1950s, the proverbial winds of change had been blowing over Africa. On 14 at over December 1960, had been blowing of winds change 1950s, the late the proverbial Since had understood as a principle been previously which “self-determination”, Assembly, the fifteenth UN General should be colonialism that a right. decided Furthermore, it was proclaimed was Charter, Nations in the United nations with 89 adopted was the resolution proposed 43 by countries, and African an end. Jointly Asian to brought Portuguesethe passed government, against was resolution a harsh assembly, the same At in favour. voting Classen (2012,As Funada colonies. in fact were territories” “overseas were claimed Portugal what that declaring politics.” in world had become mainstream “decolonisation this time, by notes, 209)

nial rule, and were not even close to decolonisation. In fact, as Sayaka Funada-Classen Funada-Classen In fact, as Sayaka decolonisation. to close not even and were nial rule, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique were still under Portuguese still under colo were and Mozambique Angola Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, from the bustling Highveld metropolis, similar things were happening as the anti-colo were things similar metropolis, the bustling Highveld from intimida arrests, acts of started form, surveillance, with covert take to nial insurgence the Portuguese by on victims If in neighbour security- police. tion and coercion, exacted the or English, in Mozambique, in Afrikaans uttered were ing South Africa, the threats of lusotropi- cloak the benevolent beneath Portuguese, hidden was idiom of oppression calism. imprisonment, Madikizela-Mandela was to become the subject of scrutiny — to use — to of scrutiny become the subject to was imprisonment, Madikizela-Mandela and Security Branch South — to Africa’s of interest” a “subject of time, the the parlance spoken Having 2018, 5). (Msimang apartheid number ofone racist the regime” “enemy begin to quick were the police defence, in her husband’s and magnetically eloquently - of and depar this moment loss At destabilization. and of harassment their campaign (Im- 2018, 37) (Msimang and the noise” and the tears of the singing in the “midst ture, again, see husband her never might she that idea with the overwhelming 1), coupled age your hissedcoldly “Remember and by the arm her grabbed infiltrate a Security Branch And thus 2018, 37). (Msimang 12 by o’clock’” in Johannesburg must be back permit! You and successive banning, of of torment, the history loss employment began vigilance, children. then her husband, her: her to those first most dear from bouts of separation NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 6 5 3 4 her preferred place of shelter and assembly. of shelter place her preferred RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - 218 .” I have drawn the translated the translated drawn have I .” to shoot. According to Michael Michael to shoot.to According to stamp out the rebellion, stamp out the rebellion, to picada and police from the administrative post in the administrative and police from (2015), we worked from five in the morning until five in the evening, in the in the morning until five five from worked we - national 36 9 and died, early people between where 8 To this effect, on 2 October 1960, the United Democratic Democratic United this effect, the on 2 October 1960, To 9 was held 16 June 1960 to negotiate the return to Mozambique of the Maconde of the Maconde Mozambique to the return 1960 negotiate 16 to June held was . According to this same website, PAF commanded civilians to civilians to commanded PAF website, this same to . According oppression was even harsher than ever. Cultural organisations had been banned organisations Cultural ever. than harsher even was oppression , of the cotton agents and their foremen, of and their foremen, the sipaios agents , of the cotton régulos 7 Netia. They didn’t let us rest, watching us always to keep us from leaving the leaving us from keep to us always usrest, watching let They didn’t Netia. (2001, 23). O’Laughlin Bridget from account first in our cotton field and then in the food fields. We worked under the constant constant headman under the supervision of our worked We and then in the foodfields. field cotton in our first and In her book, first published in 1991, and currently in its fourth edition, Ana Barradas includes several testimonies testimonies several in includes fourth1991,In her book, in its published and currently first Barradas edition, Ana described the forced Nampula from A farmhand Mozambique. in out on workers meted was that of the treatment the picada in 1953 “On in Netia labour as follows: , which I draw on in this section, Funada-Claasen I draw , which Mozambique in War of Origins of The of the time publication At Studies. a representative She was of Foreign University School of Tokyo Associate the Graduate Professorwas at Flood. Great in 2000 after the Mozambique established Support Mozambique NGO Network, of the Japanese to primary In addition since period, 1996. a fifteen-year over conducted was that book of research Her is the result than more she interviewed to produce this study. 350 people countries, in five research and archival sources This public meeting or banja meeting This public workers that had emigrated to then Tanganyika. According to Funada-Classen, the colonial administrator administrator Funada-Classen,to colonial the According then Tanganyika. to emigrated had that workers the veranda to moved were priest, and local chiefs Asians the Catholic groups: two into the attendants divided the administrator arrived, governor When the district left outside. were office and others of the administration tied were when two people refused and intervened the Portuguese The crowd salute flag. to the crowd ordered the police or sipaios ordered the administrator In response, away. up and driven context For event. complex a of account simplified is a This and 36 9 deaths. between 31),(1999, Cahen were there start with Cahen. the reader I suggest narrative, and a detailed

es, military expeditions, the provision of cheap labour to neighbouring to South labour African ofcheap provision the military expeditions, es, resortresist to to armed fields—they in the cotton would have labour and forced mines the Portuguese. against ance ists concluded that in order to be free from colonial rule, and its attendant exploitation, exploitation, its attendant and rule, colonial from be to free order in that ists concluded tax hut trading, as slave such practices about by and oppression—brought violence Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO) formed in Bulawayo, and in Nyasaland, migrant migrant and in Nyasaland, in Bulawayo, formed (UDENAMO) of Mozambique Union - In Mozambican for Union National the African formed District the Tete from workers northern from the Makonde by (formed with MANU Together (UNAMI). dependence proto-na they comprised Mozambique’s Kenya), and later in Tanzania Mozambique a “bru pursue - to (PAF) Portuguese Armed Forces directed regime the Salazar-Caetano mass entailed 2015), which Foundation Peace (World campaign” guerrilla tal counter tortureand extract of to civilians detainment routine the civilians, against atrocities arbitrary shocks), electric and whippings included (acts about FRELIMO information villages controlled of into peoples relocation the forced soldiers, individual by killings known as aldeamentos tionalist movement and the basis of FRELIMO, created in then Tanganyika in June of in June in then Tanganyika created of and the basis FRELIMO, tionalist movement congress, In its first of Mozambique. 1962 the liberation for as a “united movement” on 23 the effi- held Septemberto promote 1962, defined: were aims of the FRELIMO Libertação de Moçambique de or Frente FRELIMO of the struggle. cient organization War” the destabilize to in 1964,attack “People’s waging a guerrilla its first launched inde towards in the move Mozambicans and unite Portuguese government colonial Foundation Peace the World to According pendence. NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 9 8 7 notes, in 1955. After the 1958 presidential election in Portugal, even the vaguest remark that that remark in 1955. the vaguest even the 1958After Portugal, in election presidential - Follow could be detention. construed as anti-establishment or anti-colonial warranted 1960, of riot June Mueda ing the RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - 219 the short-lived literary journal that sought that journal literary the short-lived 12 Lopes too fell in love with and married a man and married with Lopes in love too fell , 10 , a left-wing newspaper at the time. the time. at newspaper , a left-wing Moçambique de A Voz and Between 1954 Between and 1961, Lemos married, and Lopeswhilst were 13 Notícias , Martinican philosopher Édouard Glissant argues that the entire world is world entire the that argues Glissant Édouard philosopher Martinican Tout-Monde, du Traité Together, husband and wife embraced multiplicity and diversity as inte and diversity multiplicity embraced and wife husband Together, 11 The making of a “militant” of making The Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Like The parallel stops short when one considers the disparate duration of the harassment endured by Madikizela- by endured of the harassment duration the disparate short stops one considers when The parallel in I 1964,exile. definitively Rome her home in Mozambique making abandoned and Lopes. The latter Mandela surveillance constant to submitted were women how with license, and recall, evoke the comparison to establish see Ndebele this state, understand better To ones. their loved from separated and harassment, and eventually 2003. do way no In multiplicity. and of hybridity ideal an in communed couple the how suggest to Lemosmention I here of trope “the-wife-of” Bertina perpetuate to or subject I wish and exasperating Lopes the subordinating to which rejected. have would she I am sure Named after the orchestral competitions of the Tsopi (Alpers 1983, (Alpers 168). of the Tsopi competitions the orchestral after Named 1997his In book, becoming an archipelago (Bongie 1999, 89) and insists that we distance ourselves from insular and continental and continental insular from ourselves distance we that and insists (Bongie 89) 1999, becoming an archipelago this does not and that change, we that others with contact it is through that of understand thinking to ways of the self. a loss imply necessarily

NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 11 12 13 10 abandon their homes and possessions within 5-15 days of notification. ofre notification. “Those and possessions homes their that 5-15 within abandon days fused were commonly labelled terrorists and killed” (World Peace Foundation 2015). Foundation Peace (World killed” and terrorists labelled commonly fusedwere to of war the course the over relocated people were one million 750 000 to Between - num The total plots. and farming sanitation without adequate camps poorly planned 30 between somewhere is placed of Independence War the during ber of civilian deaths 000 and 40 000. gral to identity. In his oeuvre, Lemos somewhat romantically muses on his own identity identity muses own his on romantically Lemos somewhat oeuvre, his In identity. to gral birth his own - recalling and deliv and north of traditions, eastern African as melange and his local midwives, by of Ibo, partery on the Island of archipelago, the Quirimbas the -Rio-Goa toured who (Secco 2015, triangle Portuguese seafarers ancestors, 15). In 1952, Lemos Msaho helped found to forge a Mozambican literature by figuratively plunging into the islands and simul- and the islands into plunging figuratively by literature a Mozambican forge to Mozambique embraced that proposal taneously escaping their insularity; a double profound their acknowledging whilst plurality, affirming its diversity, and its islands’ Lemos airborne isolation. as but seedid not ground, the in roots lying his geographic in the world, or set, out into sank neither but spread aéreas” These “raízes rhizomes. Glissant's anticipates 2011, 58). In this, he arguably (Moraes large writ of cultures search thinking. archipelagic of the resistance, Virgílio de Lemos, the initiator of a Mozambican poeticmodernity ofMozambican a Lemos,de the initiator Virgílio ofthe resistance, - ofthe Por desecration the for and jailed tried (Secco 2015, 15). Lemos arrested, too was tuguese flag. O Brado O with the journals Brado collaborating resistance, he participated in the Mozambican Africano, Tribuna RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - 220 Ber- 14 The daughter of Adelino Lopes, identified in the literature as a white Portuguese white as a Lopes, in the literature identified of Adelino The daughter Born in 1924, Africans multiracial Lopes part formed class of middle of a group Eugénio Adelino de Lemos, her only living son, narrates an episode Lemos, de of her only living son, Adelino narrates Eugénio Dentro, e por Fora por In his memoir Pretos the Scala Cinema in then refused entry to was or Indida, Cândida his grandmother, how recalling racism, blatant com confrontadas “Só se viram writes: sei a mãe e a tia, mulatas, que He que à entrada, eram Marques. Lourenço (1995, translation: 16). negra” não podia Author's porque era entrar porteiro, do minha avó que a senhora a nega entry because Black.” denied was she was grandmother my the entrance, at “What is that I know

settler, and Cândida Mauwasi Vicente do Rosário, her indigenous Ronga mother, Ronga her indigenous Rosário, do Vicente Mauwasi and Cândida settler, who worked in the 1950s and 1960s, writing, painting and teaching towards an imagined an in the 1950s towards and 1960s, worked writing,who painting and teaching Noémia luminaries Mozambican included that of intellectuals a group future; liberated collaborated she with whom Honwana, Bernardo and Luís Sousa,de Craveirinha José Dog, the Mangy 1964) Killed with a series (We o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos on the book Nós modern educated, of the self-styled, in Indian ink. Lopes an example was of drawings gression and self-imagining, but also of selfless work to uplifted. see her people work but also and self-imagining, of selfless gression - Ol António modern woman. Under a cosmopolitan bi-racial was 2) tina Lopes (Image and anti-colonial transgressor a cultural arguably was she patriarchy, Salazar's iveira society with her an- and normative prescriptive a conservative, defying legionnaire, of a story trans work, at narrative border is a Hers ti-colonial and alliances. allegiance 14 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS — 2 Image portrait of BertinaUndated Lopes beret, taken in a red and close collector her by Image Brito. de Manuel friend, permission with the reproduced Silva. of Arlete RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198

- 16 ) 221 and which identified identified which Like the writers writers the Like or passbook) in urban in urban or passbook) 15 Salazar had successfully Salazar (non-indigenous) O Brado Africano, began O Brado things Until then, Until forced labour system, otherwise known system, labour forced social order in which women would no longer no longer would women social in which order . newspapers , não-indígena não-indígena , (indigenous) African subject to become a Portuguese citizen if she assimilated to a European a European to become to a Portuguese subject citizenAfrican assimilated if she served as mouthpieces and disseminators in the fight against Africano against in the fight O and disseminators Brado as mouthpieces served which had long denigrated her people, dreaming of an anticolonial of anticolonial an dreaming her people, denigrated had long which 17 also functioned as an identity card (the equivalent of a South dompas African equivalent (the card also functioned as an identity Writers like Vera da Costa and Noémia de Sousa began to define the modern woman, much to the woman,modernmuch the define Sousa de to began Costa and Noémia da Vera like Writers , which paid little to nothing in mostly agricultural work and state (and sometimes private) industries. industries. private) sometimes (and and state work nothing in mostly agricultural to paid little , which alvará alvará According to the racialized system of the time, 1950s of society the time, was Mozambican system the racialized to According chibalo indígena the indígena enabled “Assimilation 52). 2019, This meant (Havstad a “better life” of accessing as a way notes, seen, was It as Havstad of life. way . job opportunities, education salaried better a better to being promoted their families, for provide to being able de isenção the alvará called ‘exemption,’ of with a certificate came the status how notes Havstad indigenato indigenato the tax and from hut from as exempt Africans the assimilated as The I labourers, of South African the lives these affected passbooks on how more For of Marques. Lourenço spaces . at Metropolitan Muriel 1987 brilliant novel Tlali's Miriam suggest discriminatory and racist laws of exception (the assimilation laws) in the1920s. For more, see Neves 2009. see Neves more, in the1920s. For laws) assimilation (the of exception laws and racist discriminatory The Grémio Africano of Lourenço Marques was established in 1908 by a multiracial elite that pivoted around around pivoted that elite in 1908 a multiracial by established was of Marques Lourenço Africano The Grémio where group a pressure became all. In 1938, the Associação for was of education Africana. It the Grémio the idea Party. a Nativist for plan and possibly the draft Cultural,” the “Acção emerged, of intellectuals group a young from and O Africano The newspapers promoted a nuclear family ideal that was rooted in Catholic ideology of women’s subservience to men as wives wives as men to subservience of women’s ideology Catholic in rooted was that ideal family nuclear a promoted of emergence the with But life. public in activities women’s limiting mothers, and . change to socially-minded and contributors and citizens; respectable workers mothers, wives, of men, as educated chagrin ‘understood she that meant the which in her time’ ‘integrated lived “the modern girl Vale, do For society. to She 127). 2019, (Havstad the future” for them with an eye address and sought to of and needs her time,’ problems (128). and workers them as comrades but also heralded central, remained and wives mothers maintained that a new become creating to modern meant that believed “Do Vale the advancement, or ‘progress’ towards men in working alongside serve and instead, of man’ pleasure at ‘behave Page) (Women’s a Mulher para of modern society” Sousa, de of the Página (129). Noémia took up the reigns who heritage, their African and embrace “recognize to her readers vision, encouraging Vale’s in 1949, continued do colonial in lives women’s of the strictures “challenged together (134). it” These figures suppressing stop and to (141). home” the and inside “outside of and work citizenship, education, in areas Marques Lourenço After World War II, the “modern girl” became an important yet controversial figure in Lourenço Marques, Marques, in figure Lourenço became an important controversial II, the “modern girl” yet War After World in local pages ofwomen’s emergence with the especially

Vera da Costa and Noémia de Sousa, whom she is likely to have encountered at the at encountered have to Sousa, de likely is she Costa and Noémia whom da Vera Africano the Grémio known as Association, formerly (African Africana” “Associação tionist ideology Lopes, following Sousa’s stead, came to embrace her own Blackness and what it meant it meant and what Blackness own her embrace to came stead, Sousa’s Lopes, following influences. other Asian Indian and of European, African, a mélange beto Mozambican: assimila the colonialist Sousa, de Costa and Noémia too she challenged da Vera Like NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 17 16 15 Mozambican woman Lilly Havstad (2019) writes about in her thesis. in about writes (2019) Havstad Lilly woman Mozambican divided into categories of indígena categories into divided future and an egalitarian Mozambique whilst portraying colonial discontent. colonial portraying whilst Mozambique and an egalitarian future RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 222 —the outside the outside She is likely She is likely 19 ” writes Allen Isaacman, adding the recollections of recollections the adding Isaacman, Allen ” writes given that she was under the tutelage of a tutelage the under was she that given civilizado or African labor. The presence of black and brown Portuguese citizens and brown also of black The presence labor. African não-indígena, não-indígena, In the eyes of colonial society, Lopes was born into a system Lopes born a system into was society, of colonial eyes In the

18 . (assimilated) could apply to becomecould apply to an assimilado In 1950, approximately 5 000 out of an estimated population of 5 650 000 were regarded as assimilados population of 5 650 regarded 5 000 out of an estimated 000 were In 1950, approximately To gain a certificate, the Black community had to undergo a “degrading scrutiny of their lifestyle” (Isaacman (Isaacman lifestyle” their of scrutiny “degrading a undergo to had community Black the certificate, a gain To With a certificate of assimilation, holders could legally register their children’s births and have access to access births and have children’s their register couldlegally holders Withof assimilation, a certificate , Lopes was one of the few Mozambican children to benefit to from children Mozambican , Lopes of one the few was As a não-indígena mestiço mestiço (Isaacman 1988,(Isaacman 68). Another important distinction, the miniscule besides population of assimilados 1988, 70), in addition to patience and perseverance in the face of mounting Portuguese colonial bureaucracy. of mounting Portuguese bureaucracy. colonial in the face and perseverance patience to in addition 1988, 70), how recounts this effect,Isaacman To time. given any at could be the status revoked assimilation, After acquiring weed out those assimilados to investigation Affairs systematic “undertooka Native Office of in 1948, the Central (1998, 71). requirements” stringent more new, did not meet or who ‘back-sliding’ were who the “twin with myths” together pointsideal, this is how to emphatically one percent—that Isaacman proverbial regime. capitalist a colonial promote to combined mission” and the Portugueseof “civilizing multi-racialism the co-optand legitimate potential insurgents, solidarity, non-white weaken to intended “These were concepts non-assimilado of cheap exploitation society unique among all the European was a multi-racial to its commitment that proclaim to Lisbon enabled debunking and begs still holds as the “twin to 1988, myths” (Isaacman refers 71). Isaacman powers” What colonial Portuguese societyin contemporary today. courts. As previously mentioned, holders were also freed from obligatory hut tax and conscription into the forced the forced tax and conscription into hut obligatory from also freed were courts. mentioned, holders As previously without permission. Assimilados system. and travel labour jobs higher paying to also had access Raul Honwana, Luís Bernardo's father, to this: “Africans who wanted to be considered “civilized” had to pass had to “civilized” be to considered wanted who this: “Africans to father, Bernardo's Raul Luís Honwana, see to how their homes to go to certain the committee allowing questions and by answering by an examination they only had one wife. shoes, and if did, ofthey wore as Whites a table at eat to how they knew and if they lived of assimilation” the “certificate a document called given they were passedWhen Africans these examinations, (1988, 70). or its equivalent” they paid half a pound sterling which for This important 1919 in founded school was in Lithographic as an applied arts her course school. Lopes completed arts an applied model an industrial from to in 1931, model transitioning was the school Drawing a time when at and constitutes telling is in itself rather 2016).(Santos of this school, which is known about the demographic Little pursue. to scholars encourage I would which avenue, research a rich For clarity, the assimilated were at the top of the racial hierarchy, immediately below whites. This artificial whites. below immediately hierarchy, of the top the racial at were the assimilated clarity, For African [Black] any “Theoretically, whitening”. “cultural the Portuguese by promote to implemented was pyramid or

that officially classified her as her classified officially that a Portuguese education. Aged 12 1985,a Portuguese Aged education. study (Sá Nogueira to 32), left Mozambique she Arts Applied School (Lopes 1981), in Lisbon boarding school artat Lisbon’s at later and in honour of Artística its benefactor). Arroio named Escola António (later white parent. But this does not mean that she was not seen as an assimilada was she that this does not mean parent. But white of eyes in the that argue . One might home of family her and nurturing walls protective suscepti and been - tenuous, weak have might status racial her authorities, colonial the law. side of the on the wrong find herself should she review to ble NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 19 18 assimilado to have been one of, if not the only Black student on campus, which made her extremely her extremely made student which on campus, if not the only Black been one of, have to been aware Lopes have would on the other. lonely and terribly on the one hand, visible in 1981 interview in an (Lopesof 1981)her fortune, acknowledging have would she how Mozambican rare the the time, tertiary from At education. otherwise been precluded or bi-racial and Mozambicans, white choices: ofone had two matriculated studentwho there). (provided could study in Portugal they had relatives Mozambicans, multiracial RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - 223 After António Arroio, where where Arroio, António After 20 Olhos Brancos de Farinha Farinha de (1963) Brancos and Olhos regime, hoisting a banner with the banner with the hoisting a regime, populated with emaciated groups of- unac groups with emaciated populated 21 According to Mozambican art historian Alda art Alda historian Mozambican to According (fascist art damages the eyes) at an event in 1974. in 1974. event an at the eyes) art(fascist damages (1961), (House for the Students of the Empire), created in 1944/5 to receive stu- receive to in 1944/5 created Students(House the for of the Empire), After completing her schooling in fine arts, Lopes returned to Mozambiqueto arts, her schooling in fine to returned After completing Lopes It seems rather unsurprising then that Pancho Guedes, a settler architect and pa architect a settler Guedes, Pancho unsurprising then that seemsIt rather , published in Maputo in Maputo , published 23 Homenagem on page of the book Lopes: side by Bertina side reproduced are These works in 2012. A case in point is Eduardo Mondlane who on completing his primary education found he could not attend he could not attend found education his primary on completing who Mondlane A case in point is Eduardo Episcopalian Methodist the American Through restrictions. Portuguese school under secondary regulatory Laing Smit Secondary School in Lemana, the Douglas South attend to Africa. able he was in Khambane, Mission Mondlane After matriculating, School of Social Hofmeyer Work. study the Jan on to at he went After graduating, open universities one of the few of the Witwatersrand, of Social the faculty in the University Sciences at enrolled Studentthe on them represent to students white) (mostly fellow by elected Wits, was he students. At Black to in 1948, and the election After the general Student Conference. Council and the National Representative of appeals In spite withdrawn. permit was apartheid Mondlane’s policies, of Malan’s subsequent implementation was my people man and liberate white fight the to “The desire the country. from expelled he was and protests, said (Shore 1992, he 41). in from 1949,” South Africa expelled was I after intensified

she studied under Lino António and Celestino Alves, Lopes enrolled in Lisbon’s Fine in Lisbon’s Lopes enrolled Alves, and Celestino António studied Lino she under Marce Botelho, Jorge Cargaleiro, peers Manuel with mingled she Here Arts Academy. . Comercial Escola the at drawing lecture dents from the colonies. Here, African students mingled, had meals, practiced sports practiced had meals, students mingled, African Here, the colonies. from dents socio-political defied] as [and such issues They also “discussed and studied together. they encountered of racism manifestations the in Portuguese living conditions society, 148). 2020, (Passos motherlands” their own to assigned status and the subaltern lino Vespeira, Júlio Resende and Nuno Sampaio (Sá Nogueira 1985). Vespeira was a was 1985). (Sá Nogueira Sampaio Vespeira and Nuno Resende Júlio lino Vespeira, of Estado critic the and surrealist Novo well-known mal à vista” arte faz fascista “a words Lopes. I have for Although been one of political awakening have to This period is likely Estudantes dos the Casa frequented have may she literature, in the no evidence found Império do she noticed time, the first For her eyes. had beenfrom lifted the veils Costa (2012, 7), and the discrepancy between Mozambique colonial characterized that the inequities of those conditions living the outskirtsthe on colo vertical the and horizontalin slums paradigm, the colonial against question and push back slowly to She began nial centre. Se as like Criançasproducing(If the children) works Eyes) Meal Mealie (White Milho de xima; or xima; meal but mealie eat and nothing to wear nothing to with children, companied de a piercing with the canvas punctuating of eyes their wide of the whites the intensity . Machado General 1953 Between Técnica and 1962, the Escola spondency. at taught she departurethe and originality by marked was students, her her classroom to According a libertarian 2012). was she (Angius biases. their words, In colonial from punctuating Honwana, Bernardo up with Luís her teamed of the arts,tron have would the express that of drawings , with fragments o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos Nós the latter’s of twin boys A mother herself, dwellers. urban of impoverished and curiosity life bitter of the plight to nine then, Lopes aged drawn was Adelino, and Eugénio Bruno Virgílio 21 20 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS “Indigenes” could study could neighbouringin South Africa. “Indigenes” RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 224 but also her difficult 23 that characterizes her oeuvre, and on the other, the cause that led her to a work a work her to led the cause that on the other, and her oeuvre, characterizes that 22 Nós Nós in Portuguese to embossed in 1964, published and white First cover the black This later work is a significant departure from the earlier oil on canvas, dated 1961. Whereas the early piece is piece early 1961. the dated Whereas canvas, on oil earlier departure the from is a significant work This later right upperwho the expectant mother occupies half of an the figure of the by painting, dominated a textured her around cascade who children hungry her four bosom, by her left to her growing with is surrounded and canvas Lopes Honwana the produced for work the 1965 of the stark life-giving continuation is a piece body, exhausted sky. to the in the raise their hands book, their kin included like canvas, on this book.portrayed figures The four body of work. symbol in the artist’s an evolving a bird, holds notably One of the boys As I understand it, constellational modernism, coined by art historian Alex Dika Saggerman, refers to the to refers Saggerman, modernism, Dika art by coined Alex it, historian As I understand constellational of art. stretched a modernist work viewing when decode I have to is asked the viewer that of styles blending production. an artist’s and appreciate read we inflect how that poets and writers include to concept Saggerman’s

of 1965 Milho de Farinha de in, Brancos Olhos pride took great she (Image 3) gave tactility and life to the group of mangled figures; of figures; mangled the group to tactility and life 3) gave (Image o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos departure from Mozambique, having fallen, due to her association with Honwana, un- due her association to Honwana, with fallen, having Mozambique, departure from radar. PIDE’s der NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 22 23 — 3 Image art BertinaCover by Lopes. ink on paper. Indian Photography: Studio. Marzia Carlos the city’s minors. To my mind, the experience of working with Honwana on this suite of suite on this with Honwana of working the experience mind, my To minors. the city’s (Saggerman, modernism” one hand of on the the “constellational is indicative drawings 2019) RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - 225 His in- 26 is a story of is a story oppres

25

24 , the auto diegetic narrator in the story assumes the assumes in the story narrator diegetic , the auto The first drawing to appear inside the to appear- was juxtaposed How book inside Guedes with by drawing The first The second of Lopes’s drawings appears alongside another of Honwana’s short sto another of Honwana’s alongside appears drawings The second of Lopes’s Briefly, as a BildungsromanBriefly, This is Dorothea Guedes, Pacho Guedes’s wife’s translation from 1969. from translation wife’s Guedes’s Pacho Guedes, This is Dorothea Madala meaning old man in isiZulu and isiXhosa. This is arguably a nickname used to enforce anonymity and the used anonymity enforce a nickname to and isiXhosa. This is arguably man in isiZulu old meaning Madala exploitation. and trauma of rape, prevalence Subsequent editions, including the English translation, were rearranged and no longer include Lopes's drawings drawings Lopes's include and no longer rearranged were translation, the English Subsequent editions, including Collection and Amâncio Guedes in the Dori exist A number of arrangement. these drawings sensitive and Guedes’s on pages Guedes), of Pancho (The Africas Guedes Pancho de Áfricas been in the 2010 book reproduced As and have 52x (65 dimensions same the and cm) have all would drawings vertical the that assume I 236237and respectively. 1963 identified 52 and are book dated in the aforementioned are x 65the horizontal drawings cm. The drawing thesebut manager, part the collection’s contact my on to made were attempts Several paper. on ink Indian as these view drawings to unable I was posed COVID, by Compounded the constraints unsuccessful. by proved further could potentially shed that further this on light holds material archive ascertainand Guedes the whether collaboration.

sion on many levels. It is the harrowing tale of Madala, an old man who manually extracts extracts manually man who an old of Madala, tale is the harrowing It levels. on many sion daughter. rapes his overseer colonial white the whilst the cornfields from weeds The image presents the outline presents The image o Cão-Tinhoso. Matamos Nós opening short story, ana’s pitch- on a figures and indissociably emasculated entwined, embraced starkly of two These figure. male possibly the taller, shorter embraces The figure background. black academic and visibly realist earlier the artist’s a departure from are works brut-inspired - hand con quick of form, almost free the artist’s impulsive, and Immediate repertoire. her subjects’ communicating reality, to and a connectedness emotion raw urgency, veys Honwa lives. of pang their harsh and unrelenting and the joylessness eyes, downcast description an anthropomorphising with haunting and begins precisely narrative na’s in and versioned Lopes translated adopted, which of dog, the mangy eyes of the eyes sculpture:and painting in blue had “Mangy-dog oeuvre expansive and extensive her tears with filled enormous, and always all, but they were in them at with no shine eyes so big, those eyes, me, at looking and frightened They muzzle. his down trickled that it.” say to without wanting something someone for asking me like sents a “sick and decadent colonial system that must be destroyed in order to make way way make to order in bemust destroyed that system colonial decadent and sents“sick a and racism.” of discrimination free of existence, reality a new for lower the in together huddled children, of five cluster a presents image The “Dina”. ries, their seem hold that to the lines us, peer piercing at eyes Their round half of the page. on the tips of their toes, peering, out what the group One imagines make trying to heads. Dina the line. above keep to or perhaps the line, is happening above point of view of a child. The boy undergoes a violent transformation from innocence from transformation a violent The boy undergoes point of of a child. view - ofkilling event—the distemperthe leish and group adulthood. young traumatic The to it is, and what what for see to the world narrator the young dog—brings ridden maniosis (2014), repre the dog Ranga Mutaire 2018, Lovemore 322). For happen to needs (Topa ability to respond, his dissociation from what is happening, has been pinned to hysterical is happening, what his dissociation has been from respond, hysterical to pinned to ability 25 26 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 24 their scruffy hair, all-seeing eyes and spindly arms. The arrangement was decided by decided was arrangement The arms. spindly and all-seeing eyes scruffy their hair, designer. on the book acted graphic as the who Guedes, RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - 226 Honwana, - In the fourth draw — 4 Image handprint. Lopes’s Photography: Studio. Marzia Carlos of Blacks) the (The Hands . Woman) (The Old (Papa, Snake & I), a crowd of faces and of faces I), a crowd & Snake (Papa, Critically, the inclusion of Lopes’s handprint can also be taken as an allusion to to also allusion an as be can handprint taken of Lopes’s inclusion the Critically, NANCY ISABEL DANTAS curious eyes appears through a gridded fence. The figures are abstracted again, but one is again, abstracted are figures The fence. a gridded through appears eyes curious Ratherpro than hair. and unkempt eyes round mouths, gaping discern to multiple able amnesia (Marques 2008), a condition Honwana seems to posit as affecting the colonial colonial seems the posit affecting as to Honwana condition a 2008), (Marques amnesia They appear amplified, together. huddle painting, In the third oppressed. the children Velhota” “A the story alongside further abstracted and fin- anthropometry (photography, technologies visual between the relationship upon- enacted col subjugation and violence the and governance gerprinting),colonial practice These of acts of tools administrative measuring. onized in degrading peoples type “producing an image the body, and record trace to governors used colonial by were veracity” and indexical classification, archival scientific to analysis, amenable was that (2016) of moments these were Rai states, 24). As art Waits Mira 2016, historian (Waits on taking administrator, colonial The subjugation. and obedience inspired that imaging assumed He body. the subject’s “appropriated” it on a contract, and placing a handprint be would no es there an image with such “confronted that adds it. over Waits control e Eu” Cobra “Papá, alongside appears ing, which Pretos” dos Mão “A story the for viding a drawing of the palm of Lopes’s a Xerox included poignantly, and and LopesGuedes pointedly, to responding hers, over hand my place to compelled immediately was I 4). (Image hand a moment Lopes - was identi there ever If as I see call, her it,and solidarity. connection for mark. with this indexical was here, it anti-colonialclear solidarity, express to Black as fied 8). (2016, obligations” legal honouring cape from RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - -

227 28

27 is a southerly Honwana remains Honwana In her drawing, a lone child, child, a lone In her drawing, . “Nhinguitimo” besides appears drawing last Lopes’s Now Nhinguitimo comes. Now and cross the slopes, down loose the Libombo roll mountains, break from clouds Heavy of the depths the bush on the other to and retreats The dust wind ceases the valley. over thorn naked the the insects The air is motionless, seek their burrows, of river. the side sky. the grey sharply into pierce trees fills up the dust that and instantly sucks the valley through Suddenly Nhinguitimo bursts “A Mão dos Pretos” is narrated by a child who remains nameless throughout. The nameless remains who child a by narrated is Pretos” dos Mão “A For the mother’s full response, and to understand the bias, see Honwana 1969, 111. I have intentionally refrained refrained intentionally 111.1969, seebias, the have I Honwana understand to and full response, mother’s the For content. this triggering repeating from Two years after its formation in Tanzania in 1962, Frelimo launched a guerrilla war against the Portuguese the against war a guerrilla in 1962, launched Frelimo in Tanzania after its formation years Two to limited action was guerrilla the start (guerra This was war libertação). of Initially, colonialists. liberation da particularly in the north retreat, of the military posts with immediate against assaults and targeted ambushes (Portuguese weapons strategies: two adopted He the revolt. contain to attempting by responded Salazar country. addition In perception. public change to works public of programme a and fighters), the sent chase to were troops 2002). (Franco dam Bassa on the Cahora work began the Portuguese and hospitals, Government schools roads, to announcements, public and brochures slick by accompanied was project the (2017), Walker Charlie to According the benefitslauding of the $515farming, further of expansion European settlement,dam, an namely million flooding for reduced production the and energy of communications, mining, for capacity improved greater emphasize to here mention the dam I be South the to government). to sold exportwas African ofall energy (82% play. at were that interests the international

perhaps an infant, fills the page. He suckles on what looks like a pacifier. Are his raisedAre his a pacifier. looks like what on suckles He an infant,perhaps the page. fills In his text, be nurtured? to raised, lifted, he wishes that sign a arms conditions the living of the major- to disclose and fiction reality blending true his style, to 1998, 34), Lopes, of time (Franco his like a chronicler is If Honwana ity of Mozambicans. (1936-2011), its portraitist. was Ngwenya alle The story Valente her peer Malangantana The Nhinguitimo government. of colonial of speaks overthrow the gorically - storm. of In Hon an incoming Libombo, in the southern signalling region blows wind that of expedition: a guerrilla poetic representation this wind is an allegorical, tale, wana’s che (Franco 1998, 5) for a wider discussion and acknowledgement of a structural prob of a structural discussion 1998, a wider and acknowledgement for 5) (Franco che society at and colonial churches schools, pervaded one that society, in Mozambican lem and assimila segregation both through via colonialism (implemented racialism large: of the is indicative responses and denigrating damaging of insidiously The range tion). happiest is as the norm. child The posits unconscious whiteness that collective racist bias. For with racial tainted it too is heavily though even response, with his mother’s is only the work men do what God that the palms of “to the same made man show her, of — hands people who, the same are that hands by is done men do what of men . . . That men.” they are else everything before sense, know that would if they had any - of Mozam representatives several interrogates curiosity, telling in his endearingly boy, he and everyone anyone owner, a shop a distributor, society—abican priest,teacher, a of the palms are the question, response to why encounters—looking a satisfactory for as a synecdo Honwana by employed are Hands light? palms my are why people, Black NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 27 28 RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - 228 In ac- 29 Il a plutôt cherché à employer à employer cherché a plutôt ”: “Il —manifests across Lopes’s Lopes’s —manifests across on the outskirts of then Lourenço Marques). outskirtson the Marques). ofthen Lourenço caniço (Topa 2018, 320). Writing for the latter, Virgílio de Lemos, had de who Virgílio the latter, for 2018, 320). Writing (Topa - Bal Rui Nogar, Rui Craveirinha, time Lopes with José met Each 30 She eventually departed for Europe, abandoning her post as a teacher. After her post as a teacher. abandoning departed Europe, for She eventually 31 Présence Africaine and Présence newspaper According to Eugénio de Lemos's memoires (Lopes 1995, 39), Bertina's parents lived on Avenida 24 de 24 de on Avenida lived parents (Lopes memoires 1995, Bertina's 39), Lemos's de Eugénio to According According to Francisco Topa, “[Honwana’s] work did not attract much attention attention much did not attract work “[Honwana’s] Topa, Francisco to According Like Honwana, Lopes represents the new life that is stirring around her, and in her, around is stirring that life the new Lopes represents Honwana, Like the air. Swiftly it sweeps through the lands, batters the corn stalks, and bows the thorn the thorn and bows stalks, the corn batters lands, the through sweeps it Swiftly the air. 55). 1969, (Honwana in anguish moan which trees, un langage littéraire, cultivé, libre des obstacles très souvent intraduisible que sont certaines expressions locales et dont locales expressions sont que certaines intraduisible souvent très obstacles des libre cultivé, littéraire, langage un de l’art à totalement pas s’identifie ne que son style Bien donnée. région d’une habitant les par que compris n’est sens le des alliée la virilité rappellent passages que certains et bien il appartient auquel bantou groupe du particulier conter et un type choses les animaux les hommes, les juger de façon sa dans révèle l’auteur et Faulkner, de Steinbeck de oeuvres lui pour autant sans bantous, d’histoires conteurs des à celui identique et subtile profonde, et d’analyse d’observation ressembler” (Lemos 1965, 211-212) fled to Paris two years earlier, saw in Honwana the first writer of “mozambicainité the first Honwana in saw earlier, years two Paris to fled Despite its censorship, the book did receive early favourable reviews by Urbano Tavares Rodrigues in the Tavares Urbano by reviews favourable early the book its censorship, did receive Despite República Julho, next to a bus stop in the Alto Maé neighbourhood. The family home was close to the Associação to Africana close home was neighbourhood. The family Maé a bus in the Alto to stop next Julho, 7 bus the no. which as a boy observed Eugénio that Maé home in Alto the family from was 2013). It (Domingos or informalsettlement Xipamanine (an to workers took Black the when ourselves express to hard was “It In his words, the censorship. Sumbana recalls Fernando Painter or our speak about our problems to no freedom was There or detention. of arrest fear for here, Portuguese were the was alsobut because It to, because to. painted had I I wanted I law. the against was be Frelimo for To poverty. 1983, seeing” I was thinking, (Alpers I was what 175). what express to only way Lopes, “Sinto nostalgia da minha terra.” minha terra.” Lopes, da nostalgia “Sinto It was also from this point that he would catch a different bus to the Diário de Moçambique, where he would visit he where Moçambique, de Diário busto the a different catch this point he would also from that was It Lemos him as a tall, good describes looking, heavy Honwana. bespectacled, Bernardo Luís idol, his childhood read he would how Lopes recalls eyes. elongated two his glasses, Behind voice. lipped warm man with a dense, poetry him (Lopes to 1995, 40).

at the time on the part on the one hand, the de only understood: at reasons of for critics, oeuvre as a metaphor for the past in the present; the radial lines which keep appearing keep which lines past in the present; the radial the for as a metaphor oeuvre this moment in how to stand as a testament energy, with a restless charged in her work, generation. Lopes’s and marked affected history of the time; context colonial short of and the anthology effect of the stories nunciatory of 1964 on year same in that arrested of himself, the author the situation on the other, (2018, 319). Swaziland” from material subversive brought of having the charge - of this stirring, this vor The representation and destination. its destiny for reaching her, of change—the emotions and and whirlwind Nhinguitimotex tazar, João Ferreira, Ricardo Rangel and Luís Bernardo Honwana, a PIDE informant a PIDE Honwana, Bernardo and Luís Rangel Ricardo Ferreira, João tazar, there. was six months in Lisbon, supported by a bursary to study ceramics under Querubim under Lapa, study supported to months in Lisbon, ceramics six a bursary by 31 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 30 29 was apprehended by the authorities in September the authorities by apprehended was o Cão-Tinhoso Matámos tual fact, Nós only was 1964(Lemos Not 1965, impossible. 211, its circulation rendering footnote 1), According change. her life but Lopes too saw arrested, the book and Honwana censored of her own, with ideas Lopes mulatto, irreverent pretty a “young Nogueira, Sá Teresa to 1985, leave to (Sá Nogueira 33) obliged and was attention” PIDE’s up attracting ended to the Associação that and ties Africana teaching was her it words, In Lopes’s in a flurry. exile. her into forced

RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 229 By then, al- had she By 32 — 5 Image Bertina Lopes, Mafalala (1969-70), oil on Masonite. with reproduced Image Angela the permission of Mary Schroth, Consultant, Bertina Lopes Archive. Her return to Mozambique at Independence marks a new phase in her work, where she began producing work on producing work began she where phase a new in her work, marks Independence at Mozambique to return Her 1985, (Sá Nogueira 33). declared she people” of my paint the joy to “I need space canvases. large-scaled

32 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS she left to start a new life in Italy, only to return on independence. on return to only start to left Italy, in she life new a ready remarried and established herself within the Italian artto her within the Italian giving flight scene, herself and established remarried ready and of communion place that abandoning never whilst and imagination, abstraction Mafalala. dream, RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 230 that best encapsulates best encapsulates that

33 (an informal settlement) that an entire generation met. generation entire an informal that settlement) (an Looking at Lopes’ painting from 1969 (Image 5), multiple spectral figures dance dance figures spectral multiple 1969 5), Looking Lopes’ painting from (Image at I have come from all the parts from come I have be. to yet of a Nation I am! here and come I have alone born as myself I wasn’t else… or anyone you neither were but as a Brother. But the clench-handed. to give to love to I have I am beingLove what and nothing else. And heart in my I have not only mine are which screams be. to a Country yet because from come I I am Ah! being what all. to give to Love I have I! man Every be. to yet a citizen of a Nation It was here, in this caniço in this here, was It Translated by Luís Rafael and Stephen Gray. See Luís Rafael, Stephen Gray and José Craveirinha, “Seven Poems “Seven Poems Craveirinha, and José Gray Stephen SeeRafael, Luís and Stephen Gray. Rafael Luís by Translated 12 (1996), Studies 204, Portuguese 206. Craveirinha”, José by

before our eyes, licked by the flames of this metaphorical, eternal fire. Three children children Three fire. eternal metaphorical, this of flames the by licked eyes, our before appear hudDog suite - the Mangy I seeextension or a ghostly as belonging what from abdomens, caps, kufi in distended with some front,the in elders with together dled the under Lopes that the seed sewed here of her identity, was It the background. present describes she wood and dwelling metal the corrugated besides tree, cashew provident (1985). Sá Nogueira And it is Mafalala with Teresa in an interview For Lopes, Noémia de Sousa and José Craveirinha, Mafalala became and signifier a Mafalala Craveirinha, Sousa Lopes, de and José Noémia For 2016), that particularflame a for (Mendonça time and and space firepit metaphor the penned Poema Craveirinha José too that here was It call. clarion nationalist the warmed Citizen): of a Future (Poem Cidadão Futuro do 33 NANCY ISABEL DANTAS RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 231 that she shared with those that stayed, and those, like like those, and stayed, those with that shared she that 34 , a newspaper with ties to the Associação. In 1951, due to persecution by Portugal's security police, she she the Associação. security to police, ties In 1951, with , a newspaper due persecution Portugal's to by Funding supported and Modern has been Contemporary the by generously This research who were forced to leave. to forced were who 35 I am referring here to Noémia de Sousa (born Carolina Noémia Abranched de Sousa). Like Lopes, Sousa Like Sousa). de attended Sousa Abranched de Noémia (born Noémia to here Carolina I am referring her poems She published in O and writing Brado of a life-long friend Craveirinha. the Associação and was Africana Africano Pinto Andrade. de with Mário in contact was she and in 1964, Lisbon, where for Paris, Marques for left Lourenço worked having translator, Sousa an accomplished was a poet in 1975. and writer, Besides Portugal to She returned 162). 2020, (Passos Colonialisme sur le Discours of Aime Césaire's on the Portuguese translation First coined by Benedict Anderson, the concept of “long-distance nationalism” refers to the role exiles and exiles the role to refers of Benedict “long-distance by Anderson, the concept coined First nationalism” This is a type in nationalism. of keeping is a product of transnationalism, that of nationalism have immigrants JoséMiguel As who stayed. and those migrated thosewho have between of field socialrelations a transnational remained and those have who and their descendants immigrants together it binds has noted, (2018) Sobral a sense share and a continued of “peoplehood” stayed and those who Immigrants citizenry. in a transborder the nation-state. to commitment

Art Perspectives (C-MAP) Program of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York York New Art of of the Museum Modern (MoMA), Program (C-MAP) Art Perspectives 2020). (October, programme Visiting Scholar and the Gulbenkian Foundation’s NANCY ISABEL DANTAS 35 34 the “long-distance nationalism” her, RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 . 232 . . . . . 55: 211-213. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24348366 . (blog), 12, december 2012. https://delagoabayword.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/bertina- edited by Maria Manuel Baptista and Sara Vidal Maia, Maia, Vidal and Sara Baptista Manuel Maria by edited Studies, Cultural in Congress International th Présence Africaine Présence galeux).” chien le 5-11. Maputo: Banco de Moçambique. de 5-11. Banco Maputo: 26: Africanos Estudos de Cadernos Conceição.” da Rosário Hilário com uma entrevista Metrópole: 225-245. https://doi.org/10.4000/cea.1169 Lisboa. de ISCTE, Universitário Instituto MA thesis, Artística Arroio.” Escola António Minds. African Somerset West: of Georgia. University MA thesis, o Cão -Tinhoso.” Matamos Short of Nós Stories Boston University. Moçambique. de Imprensa Books. Educational 59-88. 28(109): africaines https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1988_ d’etudes Cahiers num_28_109_2152 https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840801933957 127-147. 6(2): Identities African and incites.” 494-500. Minho and Aveiro: Universidade do Minho and Universidade de Aveiro. http://hdl.handle. Aveiro. de and Universidade Minho do Universidade 494-500.and Aveiro: Minho net/1822/43345. 2: 29-46. http://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/1_Africana_2/issue/view/502 Studia Africana Progress.” . https://doi.org/10.5070/F7123017143 Review lopes-pintora-e-escultora-mocambicana-1924-2012/#comments. doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002587 Colonialisms, Post-colonialisms and Lusophonies — Proceedings of the the of — Proceedings Lusophonies and Post-colonialisms In Colonialisms, of Thought.” Decolonisation 4 , organized by Margarida Calafate Ribeiro and Walter Rossa Rossa Ribeiro and Walter Calafate Margarida by , organized um lugar de e espaços Memórias Mafalala: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26- Coimbra. , 33-51. de Universidade da Imprensa Coimbra: 1220-1_3. 18: 52-59. Ensaios Série http://periodicos.pucminas. CESPUC Pesquisa, de Cadernos moçambicana.” br/index.php/cadernoscespuc/article/view/2428 Lisboa: Acontecimento. Lisboa: Dentro. e por Fora por 1995. Pretos Lemos, Eugénio. tué avons (Nous o Cao-Tinhoso”. Matamos “Nos Mozambique. work: 1965.Lemos, Virgílio. “Reviewed , Homenagem Lopes: In Bertina Costa, 2012. Alda. “Bertina ou a Arte Bertina: de e Permanecer.” Mudar da Campos aos Futebol de Colonial Marques Lourenço da 2013. “Dos Subúrbios Nuno. Domingos, da e Percepções Práticas Escolar: Artístico “Ensino no Contexto 2016. Carvalho. Cristiano Dos Santos, . Division and Unity of A History Mozambique: in War of Origins 2013. The Funada-Classen, Sayaka. in Three use of Speech of Figures The Political in Revolution: Milhomem. 2002. “Words André Franco, thesis, PhD Class.” Middle of a Mozambican The Making life’: a better live “’To 2019. Lilly. Havstad, Sociedade de Marques: Lourenço o Cão-Tinhoso! 1964. Matámos Bernardo. Luís Nós Honwana, . London: Heinemann stories & other Mangy-Dog Killed 1969. We Bernardo. Luís Honwana, of History Raúl View: The Life an Inside Honwana.” Mozambique, Allen. 1988.Isaacman, “Colonial 2, 1981. August Tempo, 1981. minha terra”. Lopes, da nostalgia Arlindo. “Sinto accuses that short the ‘eye’ stories: in Honwana’s trauma “The of colonial 2008. mirror Irene. Marques, Cahen, Michael. 1999. “The Mueda Case and Maconde Political Ethnicity: Some Notes on a Work in on a Work Ethnicity: Some Notes Political Case “The 1999. Maconde and Mueda Cahen, Michael. NANCY ISABEL DANTAS — Bibliography XII(3): 143-90. Ufahamu 1983. of Mozambique.” Alpers, Edward. in the Liberation of “TheCulture Role Dalgoa Bay The “Bertina 1924-2012”, Moçambicana, Lopes,Escultora e Angius, Fernanda. Pintora Antígona. Lisboa: Portuguesa. Expansão da Negro Livro Noite: da Ministros Ana. 2019. Barradas, 89-95. https:// 73 (1/2): Guide Indian West New the Archipelago.” Reading “Review: 1999. Chris. Bongie, Cabecinhas, Rosa. 2014. “Who Wants to be Erased? Social Representations of World History and History Social 2014.Cabecinhas, Rosa. of be World to Erased? Representations “Who Wants Mendonça, Fátima. 2016. “Noémia de Sousa e José Craveirinha nos Trilhos Poéticos da Mafalala.” In Mafalala.” da Poéticos nos Trilhos Craveirinha Sousa de e José “Noémia 2016. Fátima. Mendonça, na poesia 2011. e tradição “Virgílio Lemos diálogos de Msaho: poética e a proposta de I.L.T. Moraes, RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 233 . 34(2): 148-166. 34(2): https://doi.org/10.21814/ . . . Visual Culture in Britain 17(1): 18-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14714787.2016.1147978 Britain in Culture Visual India.” diacritica.515 . https://ma-schamba.blogs.sapo.pt/tag/bertina+lopes 3(1). 10.223322/mav.coll.2019.1. Journal MAVCOR Art.” Modern Global Brito-Semedo, Manuel by edited Elias J. Portuguesa, Língua de Africanas e Culturals Literaturas em and Roberto Samartim, AIL. 15-20. Raquel Coimbra: Vázquez Bello Feijó, Torres 35-52. 39 (1/2): https://www.jstor.org/stable/4186802. 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Documenting Declines . atrocityendings/2015/08/07/mozambique-war-of-independence/ NANCY ISABEL DANTAS Waits, Mira Rai. 2016. “The Indexical Trace: A Visual Trace of the History of Fingerprinting in Colonial in Colonial of of Fingerprinting the History Visual Trace A Rai. Trace: “The Mira 2016. Indexical Waits, Rolletta, Paula. 2012. “Bertina Lopes por Paula Rolletta,” ma-schamba (blog), fevereiro, 10, 2012. 10, (blog), fevereiro, ma-schamba 2012. Paula. “BertinaRolletta, Rolletta,” Lopes por Paula to approach A New Modernism: Art in Egypt “Modern and Constelational 2019. Dika. Alex Saggerman, 21,, July 1985. Tempo 1985. zangada”. muito fiquei mesmo “Hoje Teresa. Sá Nogueira, AIL da In Estudos Reinventada.” 2015. “Virgílio Tindó. Secco, Carmen Lucia Lemos: de a Insularidade Robert. Shore, of Eduardo and 1992.Life Legacy on the Reflections Eduardo: “Remembering 2018. “Long-distance of racism experience and the Manuel. boundaries nationalism, José Sobral, . Essex: Longman. at Metropolitan Muriel 1987. Tlali, Miriam. the to the Mockingbird kill, from kill and not to and Harper Lee: To 2018. “Honwana Francisco. Topa, Proletarianisation, Agency and Changing Rural Livelihoods: Forced Labour and and Labour Forced Livelihoods: Rural Changing and Agency 2001. Proletarianisation, Bridget. O’Loughlin, from Poets Women “The African the Students House 2020. for (CEI), of Joana. the Empire Passos, The Herald, Herald, The killed?”. Dog was Mangy the Ranga.why 2014. Lovemore wondered Mutaire, “Ever Publishing. Clarke Ayebinka Oxfordshire: Mandela. Winnie of Cry The 2003. Njabulo. Ndebele, em Moçambique. Africano Associativo Movimento “O 2009. LopesSerrão Iglésias. Maria Olga Neves, Walker, Charlie. 2017. “Hydroelectricity and Development: The Cahora Bassa Dam.” http://large. Dam.” Bassa The Cahora and Development: “Hydroelectricity 2017. Charlie. Walker, Endings: Atrocity Mass of Independence.” War 2015. “Mozambique: Foundation. Peace World RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 234 Aceite: 2021-02-22 Aceite: Accepted Accepted — iD ORCID 0000-0003-0715-4304 — address Institutional Fellow Africa C-MAP Art of Modern The Museum 53 Street 11 West NY 10019 York, New of America. States United Recebido: 2020-12-17 Recebido: https://doi.org/10.34619/vay8-8tpa — Received — DOI NANCY ISABEL DANTAS — note Biographical Artand Modern Contemporary Inaugural the at Fellow Africa (C-MAP) Perspectives She received Art, of Modern Museum York. New in in art Rhodesher PhD from University history rethinking on pivot interests 2021. research Her within the decolonial archives and reengaging to with how present. concerned is broadly She countless speak and the silences history’s make in the field figures unknown or lesser-known on centers work current Her seen and heard. articulations of modernism with transnational and women on pan-africanism, an emphasis institutional histories.