DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38002-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38002-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. •*• Canada GOLDEN PHEASANTS AND EASTERN KINGS: THE GERMAN DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN THE OCCUPIED SOVIET UNION, 1941-1944 by Stephen A. Connor Bachelor of Arts, University of Windsor, 1994 THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Wilfrid Laurier University 2007 ©Stephen A. Connor, 2007 CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii List of Maps v List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Part I: The German Civil Administration in Nazi Occupied Soviet Territory 27 2 Organisation And Guidelines 33 3 The Gebietskommissar: The Making of the "Ideal" National Socialist Administrator 45 Part II: Jewish Policy and Genocide in the Gebietskommissariats, 1941-1943 78 4 "Where War Lived": Case Studies in Genocide 89 5 "The Demands Of The Day"; Gebietskommissar as Perpetrator 134 Part III: "Kingdom Of The Blind": Management of the Unmanageable 158 6 "Every Single Thing Demands Decision": Taxes and Food Economics 167 7 "The Whole Thing Went Backwards": Labour Policy, Procurement and Partisans 209 8 Conclusion 235 Appendix 1. Biographies 254 2. The Case Of Gebietskommissariat Lida 274 3. The German Civil Administration In Weiliruthenien, 1941-1944 285 4. Departments Of The Gebietskommissariat In Weifiruthenien 286 5. The German Civil Administration In The Occupied East [Maps] 287 Bibliography 291 i Acknowledgements During the evolution of this dissertation I have accumulated many debts. I am grateful to many people for help, both direct and indirect, in writing this study. Unfortunately, only a proportion I have space to acknowledge here. First, I thank my supervisor, Erich Haberer, for his continuous support. Erich, my Doktorvater, was always ready to listen, to encourage, to give counsel and to provide much needed perspective. He treated me as an apprentice and challenged me to find my own voice. I am grateful that Erich believed in me and always tempered persistence with grace and compassion. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Lynne Taylor, Eric Reiche and Gary Bruce. These excellent scholars shared important insights with me and I am grateful for their support and perceptive advice. I am honoured that Doris Bergen joined the examination committee and I greatly benefited from the insights she graciously provided. I would like to acknowledge the debt I owe to the faculty and staff of the History Department at Wilfrid Laurier University, particularly George Urbaniak, Eva Plach, Len Friesen, David Monod and Michael Sibalis. I am greatly indebted to Terry Copp for assistance, guidance and support over my entire time at Laurier. I would also recognize the friendship, help and encouragement provided by Laurie Anne Whitcomb, Nata Tchemycheva, Hilary Earl, Marietta Forster-Haberer, Alexander Prusin, eff Neil, Kate Fitzpatrick, Bill Davidson and Bill Van Wycke. iii Research for the dissertation was made possible by the generous and gracious support from Zev Weiss and the Holocaust Educational Foundation. Zev's on-going mission to assist Holocaust scholarship is inspirational. Also, much of the documentary material in this study was made available by the support and resources of the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. I am grateful to the Center and Martin Dean, Tanja Penter, Jiirgen Matthaus, John Roth, Peter Black, Eric Errenreich, Nick Terry and Joseph White. To all the above individuals, and to colleagues whose names I cannot continue listing and who have assisted me one way or another, I am very much indebted. Thank you to my parents, Daniel and Darlene Connor. Their unconditional support and encouragement has long been a light to my path. To James Connor, my Poppa, thank you. I miss you. And to my brother, Chris, thank you for believing in me. Lastly, I acknowledge the love and support of my wife, Sheri and Hunter, my son. Together, as a family, we have crossed mountains. Thank you for carrying me through this journey and those to come. Invictus. Often while writing this dissertation I was reminded of James Joyce's words: "History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake." One day, I realized that they didn't really apply to the fact that I was writing a dissertation but rather what I was writiting about. So it goes. Without doubt there will be errors, omissions and over­ simplifications, for which I take absolute responsibility. SC, 2007 iv MAPS MAP Page 1. The German Administration in the Occupied East, 1941 287 2. The German Administration in the Occupied East, 1942 288 3. The German Administration in the Occupied East, 1943 289 4. Generalkommissariate Wei3ruthenien, 1942 290 V Abbreviations DAF: Deutsche Arbeitsfront GBA: Generalbevollmachtigte fur den Arbeitseinsatz Kd S: Kommandeur der SIPO und des SD NSDAP: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei OET: Occupied Eastern Territories OMi: Reichsministerium fur die besetzten Ostgebiete 01: Organization Todt RKO: Reichskommissariat Ostland RKU: Reichskommissariat Ukraine RmfdbO: Reichsministerium fur die besetzten Ostgebiete RMI: Reichsministerium des Inneren RSHA: Reichssicherheitshauptamt SA: Sturmabteilung SD: Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfuhrers-SS Sipo: Sicherheitspolizei SS: Schutzstaffeln SSPF: SS- und Polizeifuhrer SSPStOF: SS - und Polizeistandortfuhrer WiFuStabOst: Wirtschaftsfuhrungsstab Ost WiStabOst: Wirtschaftsstab Ost ZHO: Zentralhandelgesellschaft Ost vi Introduction The scope and nature of German occupation in the east far surpassed any west of the Rhine. In terms of both geographical size and population, the east outstripped any other occupied territory. The military presence exceeded three million, the bureaucracy supported some 30,000 administrators and functionaries, and the occupied populations topped fifty-five million at its maximum in 1942.1 Yet, even the extraordinary scope of the occupation paled in comparison to its nature. Beginning in June 1941, all historical precedents of a traditional occupation were rejected in favour of what one historian dubbed "Nazi Colonial Dreams," the racial and political restructuring of the east.2 The captured territories, already battered by the racially underpinned war of annihilation, experienced numerous efforts undertaken by the German occupiers at racial, political and economic reorganization. In short, in the east Nazi policies were most fully undertaken.3 Intention and feasibility converged like in no other area under the Nazi rule in the Occupied Eastern Territories (OET). Already in the wake of rapid German advances into the Soviet Union, Hitler ordered on 20 August 1941 the transfer of conquered areas from military to 1 Rolf-Dieter Muller and Gerd R. Oberschar, Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment (New York: Berghahn Books, 1997), 283. 2 Wendy Lower, "Nazi Colonial Dreams: German Policies in Ukrainian Society in Zhytomyr, 1941-1944" PhD thesis American University, 1999. Such a rejection also implied that the occupation differed fundamentally from the traditional German Drang nach Osten. Also see Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005). 3 Jonathan Steinberg, "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-1944," English Historical Review. 1995; ex: 624. 1 civil administration. Previously, among numerous directives, Hitler determined that a multitude of agencies would operate in the east, foremost Gbring's Four Year Plan, Alfred Rosenberg's Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories or Ostministerium (OMi), Himmler's
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alternate History – Alternate Memory: Counterfactual Literature in the Context of German Normalization
    ALTERNATE HISTORY – ALTERNATE MEMORY: COUNTERFACTUAL LITERATURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GERMAN NORMALIZATION by GUIDO SCHENKEL M.A., Freie Universität Berlin, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (German Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2012 © Guido Schenkel, 2012 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines a variety of Alternate Histories of the Third Reich from the perspective of memory theory. The term ‘Alternate History’ describes a genre of literature that presents fictional accounts of historical developments which deviate from the known course of hi story. These allohistorical narratives are inherently presentist, meaning that their central question of “What If?” can harness the repertoire of collective memory in order to act as both a reflection of and a commentary on contemporary social and political conditions. Moreover, Alternate Histories can act as a form of counter-memory insofar as the counterfactual mode can be used to highlight marginalized historical events. This study investigates a specific manifestation of this process. Contrasted with American and British examples, the primary focus is the analysis of the discursive functions of German-language counterfactual literature in the context of German normalization. The category of normalization connects a variety of commemorative trends in postwar Germany aimed at overcoming the legacy of National Socialism and re-formulating a positive German national identity. The central hypothesis is that Alternate Histories can perform a unique task in this particular discursive setting. In the context of German normalization, counterfactual stories of the history of the Third Reich are capable of functioning as alternate memories, meaning that they effectively replace the memory of real events with fantasies that are better suited to serve as exculpatory narratives for the German collective.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographical Essay
    Bibliographical Essay Below is a working bibliography of the most important books and artides that have been particularly useful to the editors and that complement the essays contained in the volume. Since we focused on the structural, i. e., economic, dass, and power dimensions that largely led to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the successful ascension to power of the Nazi party, most of the items listed reßect that ap- proach. Although not exhaustive, this list indudes some of the most significant works in the field and those which have shaped our thinking. For a discussion of the emergence of fascism and its relation to dass, economics, and political development, see: Nicos Poulantzas, Fascism and Dictatorship (London: NLB, 1974); Renzo De Felice, Fascism: An Informal Introduction to lts Theory and Practice (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); Stanley Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980); Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet, Jan Petter Myklebust, eds., Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism (Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1980); Peter Stachura, ed., The Shaping of the Nazi State (London: Croom Helm, 1978); Walter Laqueur, Fascism: A Readers Guide (London: Wildwood House, 1976); Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Ori- gins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Eugen Weber, Varieties of Fascism (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1964); Francis L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (London: Batsford, 1967); John Weiss, The Fascist Tradition (New York: Harper & Row, 1967); Hans Rogger and Eugen Weber, eds., The European Right (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965); George L.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Europe
    NAZI PLANS for EASTE RN EUR OPE A Study of Lebensraum Policies SECRET NAZI PLANS for EASTERN EUROPE A Study of Lebensraum Policies hy Ihor Kamenetsky ---- BOOKMAN ASSOCIATES :: New York Copyright © 1961 by Ihor Kamenetsky Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 61-9850 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY UNITED PRINTING SERVICES, INC. NEW HAVEN, CONN. TO MY PARENTS Preface The dawn of the twentieth century witnessed the climax of imperialistic competition in Europe among the Great Pow­ ers. Entrenched in two opposing camps, they glared at each other over mountainous stockpiles of weapons gathered in feverish armament races. In the one camp was situated the Triple Entente, in the other the Triple Alliance of the Central Powers under Germany's leadership. The final and tragic re­ sult of this rivalry was World War I, during which Germany attempted to realize her imperialistic conception of M itteleuropa with the Berlin-Baghdad-Basra railway project to the Near East. Thus there would have been established a transcontinental highway for German industrial and commercial expansion through the Persian Gull to the Asian market. The security of this highway required that the pressure of Russian imperi­ alism on the Middle East be eliminated by the fragmentation of the Russian colonial empire into its ethnic components. Germany· planned the formation of a belt of buffer states ( asso­ ciated with the Central Powers and Turkey) from Finland, Beloruthenia ( Belorussia), Lithuania, Poland to Ukraine, the Caucasus, and even to Turkestan. The outbreak and nature of the Russian Revolution in 1917 offered an opportunity for Imperial Germany to realize this plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Kontroverse Um Die „Wehrmachtsausstellung“
    Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Bachelorstudiengang Geschichte/Philosophie BACHELORARBEIT Titel: Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944. Rezeption und Reaktionen im Kontext von persönlicher Erfahrung und familiärer Erinnerung vorgelegt von: Marten Klose Artillerieweg 42a 26129 Oldenburg Betreuende Gutachterin: Dr. Sabine Moller Zweite Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Gunilla Budde Oldenburg, den 11. Juni 2007 Inhaltverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Eingrenzung des Themas .......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Primärerfahrung ................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Die öffentliche Erinnerungskultur ................................................................... 7 2.3 Fachwissenschaft ............................................................................................... 9 3. Der Mythos der „sauberen Wehrmacht“ ................................................................. 11 3.1 Das Fundament des Wehrmachtsmythos ......................................................... 11 3.2 Die „saubere Wehrmacht“ in Memoiren und Trivialliteratur .......................... 13 4. Vorstellung der Indikatoren: Leserbriefe, Besucherbücher und Interviews ........... 14 4.1 Reaktionen der Kriegsteilnehmergeneration ................................................... 15 4.1.1 Ablehnende Haltungen:
    [Show full text]
  • Oberst Carl Von Andrian Und Die Judenmorde Der 707
    PETER LIEB TÄTER AUS ÜBERZEUGUNG? OBERST CARL VON ANDRIAN UND DIE JUDENMORDE DER 707. INFANTERIEDIVISION 1941/42 Das Tagebuch eines Regimentskommandeurs: Ein neuer Zugang zu einer berüchtigten Wehrmachtsdivision1 In der langen, erbitterten und nach wie vor andauernden Diskussion über die Wehr­ macht und ihre Verbrechen ist immer wieder auf einen einzelnen Verband verwiesen worden, so als ob es sich bei ihm um eine durchschnittliche Division der Wehrmacht gehandelt habe: Die 707. Infanteriedivision. In der ersten Wanderausstellung „Ver­ nichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944" des Hamburger Instituts für Sozialforschung bildete sie ein Hauptthema, um die Beteiligung der Wehrmacht am Vernichtungskrieg gegen die Sowjetunion zu belegen2. In der neu konzipierten Ausstellung „Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944" erhielt diese Division gar ein eigenes Kapitel3. Auch in anderen Darstel­ lungen taucht gerade die 707. Infanteriedivision deutlich häufiger auf als jede andere Division der Wehrmacht4. Schon das verlangt nach einer Erklärung. Die 707. Infan­ teriedivision war in der Tat während ihrer Besatzungszeit in Weißrußland 1941/42 eine Art Bindeglied zwischen der Wehrmacht und den Einsatzgruppen der Sicher­ heitspolizei und des SD und hat sich durch Massenerschießungen aktiv am Holo­ caust beteiligt. Neben einigen Einheiten in Serbien ist sie der einzige nachgewiesene Wehrmachtsverband, der „selbständig und systematisch große Massaker an Juden 1 Der Verfasser bereitet momentan eine ausführliche Edition des Tagebuchs des Obersten Carl von Andrian aus der Zeit von 1941 bis 1945 vor. Diese soll im Rahmen des Projekts „Wehrmacht in der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur" am Institut für Zeitgeschichte München erscheinen. 2 Vgl. Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (Hrsg.), Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehr­ macht 1941 bis 1944.
    [Show full text]
  • Walter Manoschek
    Walter Manoschek Institut für Staatswissenschaft Universität Wien, Rooseveltplatz 1/3, 1090 Wien geboren: 21. 8. 1957 in Wien Kontakt: 01 4277 49707 (Institut) [email protected] CURRICULUM VITAE geboren am 21. August 1957 in Wien StuStuStudiumStu dium und universitäre Laufbahn 2004 – 2006: Vorstand des Instituts für Staatswissenschaft an der Universität Wien Seit Oktober 2001: Ao. Univ. Prof. für Politikwissenschaft am Institut für Staatswissenschaft der Universität Wien Mai 2001: venia docendi für Politikwissenschaft April 1996 – Mai 2001: Universitätsassistent am Institut für Staatswissenschaft an der Universität Wien Jänner 1992 – März 1996: Vertragsassistent am Institut für Staats- und Politikwissenschaft an der Universität Wien Dezember 1990: Promotion zum Dr. phil. 1975 – 1980: Lehramtsstudium bzw. sozialwissenschaftliche Fächerkombination, dann Politikwissenschaft/ Soziologie; 1981 – 1990 Studium der Politikwissenschaft an der Universität Wien Berufliche Tätigkeiten (außerhalb der Universität Wien) Juni 2013: Von Judenrettern und Geretteten. Der Distrikt Zhitomir 1941 – 1944. Gestalter der Videoausstellung bei der Firma Eurogold, Zhitomir (Ukraine) August 2006:2-wöchiger Unterricht an der University of Vienna Sommerhochschule in Strobl/St.Wolfgang zum Thema „Politics of the Past“ 1994 – 1999: Mitarbeiter des Hamburger Instituts für Sozialforschung 1995 – 1996:Wissenschaftlicher Konsulent des Dokumentarfilms „Jenseits des Krieges. Ehemalige Wehrmachtssoldaten erinnern sich“ von Ruth Beckermann 1993 – 1999: Mitautor, Mitgestalter
    [Show full text]
  • Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest
    Evading the Hangman’s Noose: Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest Ernest 2 Contents Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program 3 Background and Historiography 10 Chapter 1: Investigations into Other Trials Erode the United States’ Resolve 17 Chapter 2: The Onset of Trial Fatigue Due to Public Outcry 25 Chapter 3: High Commissioner McCloy Authorizes Sentence Reviews 38 Chapter 4: McCloy and the United States Set the War Criminals Free 45 Conclusion: A Lesson to be Learned 52 Chart: A Complicated Timeline Simplified 57 Bibliography 58 Ernest 3 Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program “There is a supervening affirmative duty to prosecute the doers of serious offenses that falls on those who are empowered to do so on behalf of a civilized community. This duty corresponds to our fundamental rights as citizens and as persons to receive and give respect to each other in view of our possession of such rights.” Such duty, outlined by contemporary philosopher Alan S. Rosenbaum, was no better exemplified than in the case of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II. Even before the floundering Axis powers of Germany and Japan declared their respective official surrenders in 1945, the leaders of the Allies prepared possible courses of action for the surviving criminals in the inevitable collapse of the Nazi regime. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented a policy of waging a war so barbaric in its execution that the total numbers of casualties rivaled whole populations of countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Poles and Jews: the Quest for Self-Determination 1919- 1934
    Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919- 1934 By Feigue Cieplinski Poland became an independent nation against all odds in the interwar period and retained her sovereignty from 1919 to 1939; hence the concept “interwar Poland.” The vicissitudes of her existence earned her the name of “God’s Playground.” [1] The Jews within her borders shared her history since 1240 C.E. Their freedoms during this period, unequaled in other places of Western Europe, earned Poland the Biblical allusion of “New Canaan.” [2] In contrast, some scholars have described Poland’s Jewry in the interwar Republic as being “On the Edge Of Destruction.” [3] That Polish Jewry was in distress is attested by the urgent visit of Mr. Neville Laski, a member of the British Joint Foreign Committee closely associated with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the Joint Distribution Committee, in 1934. [4] His August visit fell between two historical events framing Polish Jewry’s status: seven months before, in January of that year, Poland and Germany signed a bilateral non- aggression declaration and in September Colonel Josef Beck, as Foreign Minister, announced in Geneva, his country’s unilateral abrogation of the Minorities Treaty in force since 1919. The scholars listed below have studied separately either the birth of Poland and the imposition of the Minorities Protection Treaty, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, or the situation of the Jews in Poland. However, they have paid scant attention to the nexus between the rise of Hitler, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, the demise of the Minorities Protection Treaty, and the consequent worsening situation of Polish Jewry.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation 1005 in Belorussia: Commonalities and Unique Features, 1942–1944
    DOI:10.17951/k.2017.24.1.155 ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA LUBLIN – POLONIA VOL. XXIV, 1 SECTIO K 2017 Tel Aviv University, Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center LEONID SMILOVITSKY Operation 1005 in Belorussia: Commonalities and Unique Features, 1942–1944 ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the little-studied topic of concealing the traces of Nazi mass crimes on the territory of Belarus, in the period from the spring of 1942 to the liberation of the Republic in the summer of 1944. “Operation 1005” is the code name of a top-secret large-scale operation, carried out by Nazi Germany in order to hide the traces of mass killings committed in Europe during World War II. Citing numerous examples of the cities, regions and areas of Belarus, the author reveals the mechanism used by the Nazis for concealing the consequences of mass murders, names the initiators of these crimes, the executioners and their accomplices. The article has been written on the basis of documentary materials found in various archives, which have been supplemented by the testimony of witnesses of those events, that allowed the author to show the general and the particular, and to draw the necessary conclusions. Key words: “Operation 1005”, Belarus, Jews, Holocaust, genocide, Belarus Jewry, WW2, Nazi crimes INTRODUCTION During the Second World War, in the region of Belorussia (in the territory of modern-day Belarus), the Nazis established over 260 SS and SD forced-labor and internment camps, prisons, penal colonies, and transit camps and colonies for women and children [Mikhnuk 1995: 295]. The Jewish population of Belorussia was cut off and doomed to die in over 300 small and large ghettos throughout the country.
    [Show full text]
  • English Style, from the Late 18Th Century)
    WHC-99/CONF.204/INF.7 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION BUREAU OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE 23rd session (5 - 10 July 1999) Paris (France) EVALUATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Prepared by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) The IUCN and ICOMOS evaluations are made available to members of the Bureau and the World Heritage Committee. A small number of additional copies are also available from the secretariat. Thank you. 1999 Mountains and down to the valley floors. Both rock art and Greater Blue Mountains (Australia) tracks are intact and authentic. The exceptional circumstances of the Greater Blue Mountains are the scale, intensity, and longevity of the No 917 cultural association. It is a place where ancient custodianship over the million hectares of dissected plateaux has been replaced by another, more recent, form of custodianship, significant nonetheless. The intense inter-relationship of nature and people over tens of thousands of years make the Greater Blue Mountains a Identification classic example of the nature-culture continuum, which has exercised the minds of the World Heritage Committee over Nomination The Greater Blue Mountains Area recent years and was given expression in its Global Strategy meeting of March 1998. Cultural criterion vi Location State of New South Wales State Party Australia Category of property Date 30 June 1998 In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a site. Note This property is nominated under both natural and History and Description cultural criteria as a mixed site. In this evaluation only that History information from the dossier relating to nomination under the cultural criteria are taken into account.
    [Show full text]
  • Wehrmacht Security Regiments in the Soviet Partisan War, 1943
    Ben Shepherd Wehrmacht Security Regiments in the Soviet Partisan War, 1943 Historians generally agree that, as an institution, the German Wehrmacht identified strongly with National Socialism and embroiled itself in the Third Reich’s criminality through a mix- ture of ideological agreement, military ruthlessness, calculation and careerism.1 Less certain is how far this picture extends to the Wehrmacht’s lower levels — individual units and jurisdictions, middle-ranking and junior officers, NCOs and rank-and-file sol- diers. For the German Army of the East (Ostheer), which fought in the ideologically coloured eastern campaign (Ostfeldzug) of extermination, subjugation and plunder against the Soviet Union, the scale of complicity, of the resulting killing and of the manpower involved make lower-level investigation especially pertinent. The picture emerging from a detailed, albeit still embryonic, case study treatment of units of the Ostheer’s middle level (mitt- lere Schicht) — a picture which, thanks to the nature of the sources available, is significantly fuller than that of its rank and file — is one in which motivation and conduct, whilst unde- niably very often ruthless and brutal, were nonetheless multi- faceted in origin and varied in form and extent.2 This article argues that, if the dynamics behind mittlere Schicht brutality are to be understood more fully and their effects quantified more comprehensively, the mittlere Schicht itself needs breaking down and examining in terms of the different levels — divisions, regi- ments, battalions and others — that comprised it. The setting is the Ostheer’s anti-partisan campaign in the central sector of the German-occupied Soviet Union, namely Byelorussia and the areas of greater Russia to the east of it, during the spring and summer of 1943.
    [Show full text]
  • Begin Block Quote
    8 April-M-IL-1 & 2 -1- Arminger (Int. Lea) Court II Case IX [Begin block quote] Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Otto Ohlendorf, et al, defendants, sitting at Nuernberg, Germany, on 8 April 1948, 0930-1630, Justice Musmanno presiding. [end block quote] THE MARSHAL: The Honorables, the Judges of Military Tribunal II. Military Tribunal is now in session. God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal. There will be order in the court. THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal hands to the Secretary General the Opinion and Judgment in Case No. 9. This document shall be the official opinion and judgment in the case. Any questions regarding translation and transcripts shall be resolved by consultation with this document. In the reading of the judgment any omissions for time-saving [sic] or for any other reason will not affect the authenticity and authority of the official copy of the opinion and judgment filed with the Secretary General. Mr. Secretary General. (The President handed to the Secretary General the Official Opinion and Judgment.) 6646 8 April-M-IL-1 & 2 -2- Arminger (Int. Lea) Court II Case IX [begin block quote] THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - VS - OTTO OHLENDORF, HEINZ JOST, ERICH NAUMAN [sic],: OTTO RASCH, cancelled, ERWIN SCHULZ, FRANZ SIX, PAUL: BLOBEL, WALTER BLUME, MARTIN SANDBERG [sic],: OPINION AND JUDGMENT WILLY SEIBERT, EUGEN STEIMLE, ERNST BIBER-: STEIN, WERNER BRAUNE, WALTER HAENSCH, : GUSTAV NOSSKE, ADOLF OTT, EDUARD STRAUCH : WOLDEMAR KLINGELHOEFER, LOTHAR FENDLER : Case No. 9 WALDEMAR VON RADETSKY, FELIZ RUEHL, HEINZ : SCHUBERT, and MATHIAS GRAF, Defendants : [end block quote] The indictment filed in this case on July 25, 1947, charged the twenty-four defendants enumerated therein with crimes against humanity, war crimes and membership in criminal organizations.
    [Show full text]