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Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen Fixing T R E E S Message from the Coordinator WP 2.08.02 Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen Fixing T r e e s January 2004 Volume 7 No. 1 Wo rk in g P ar ty 2.08.02 Web page at: http://iufro.boku.ac.at/iufro/iufronet/d2/wu20802/nl20802.htm Message from the Coordinator Guide to the Identification of some WP 2.08.02 Acacia Species Indigenous to Namibia Khongsak Pinyopusarerk CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Wolf-Achim Roland PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia Spreestrasse 60 Tel: +61 2 6281 8247; Fax: +61 2 6281 8266 42697 Solingen, Germany Email: [email protected] Tel: +49 212 79790; Fax: +49 1800 060 334 96 028 Email: [email protected] This issue of the NFT News covers reports across diff e r e n t continents from Australia to Asia, Africa and South America. Introduction I thank all authors for sharing their experience and interesting Namibia is located in a south-western corner of Africa, and information. Due to limited space of this newsletter it was not has a dry climate with extremely variable and unpredictable feasible to include many other articles which we had received. rainfall. The average annual rainfall varies from less than 20 They are, however, on our list for the next issue. mm to more than 700 mm (Erkkila and Siiskonen 1992). The I wish to take this opportunity to inform members that after vegetation is subdivided into three main categories: eight enjoyable years serving as the Coordinator for this woodlands, savannas and deserts. A c a c i a species are the working party, I have decided to step down from this position predominant component in the local vegetation, especially in from 1 March 2004. It is an honour to be a part of the IUFRO the Namibia’s central region. They are widespread and well family and I always enjoy the association and correspondence adapted to marginal and harsh environments. Their wood is a with the many members of this NFT working party. source of fuelwood and poles while the trees are providing shade to people, domestic animals and wildlife. They are also It is a great pleasure to announce that Dr Antoine Kalinganire an important source of a delicious honey. Acacias are found has been elected as the new Coordinator. Please join me to along rivers, in the valleys and on hillsides. There are about welcome Dr Kalinganire and offer him our support. Dr Kalinganire has been associated with this working party 23 Acacia species found in Namibia but only a few of them for a number of years and is a co-editor for the NFT News. are endemic. Some exotic species (e.g. Acacia xanthophloea I am confident that he will do an excellent job in promoting Fever tree and A. burkei Black monkey thorn) are found the NFT species. mainly in the gardens and parks. Finally I thank you all for your strong support over the past many years. Your support has been an essential part for the growth and achievements of this working party. Please maintain your enthusiasm and support to make this working party grow further. Introducing the New WP Coordinator Dr Antoine Kalinganire is an Australian national currently working with the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Sahel Regional Programme at Bamako, Mali. Before joining ICRAF, he was a research scientist with CSIRO Forestry and Forest Projects, Australia. He has extensive experience in the domestication of tree crops and agroforestry systems management mainly with smallholder farmers in the third world. His main research focus is domestication and improvement of forest trees and shrubs for forestry and agroforestry plantings, including NFT species. You can contact Dr Kalinganire at: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Sahel Regional Programme c/o ICRISAT BP 320, Bamako, Mali Tel: +223 223375/227707; Fax: +223 228683 Email: [email protected] Figure 1. Acacia erioloba (Camel thorn) with nests of weavers in southern Namibia Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen Fixing Trees This article gives a brief description of the most popular branches emerging from thickets into the air like a radio acacia species in Namibia for a quick identification in the antenna. In the Kaokofeld, A. are n a r i a (Sand thorn), is field. Although there is no specific field guide for Namibian distinguished as a many stemmed shrub up to a height of vegetation, further information can be obtained from Carr about 3 m. It has white or pale pink flower heads and rather (1976), Craven and Marais (1986), Steyn (1994), van Wy k sparse foliage. and van Wyk (1997) and Smit (1999). A climber, Acacia ataxacantha (Flame thorn) grows in the Acacia erioloba (Camel thorn) with its typical big grey boat more humid micro-habitats of the Waterberg in Northeastern shaped pods (Figs 1 and 2) is found all over Namibia from the Namibia. Its prickles are seen scattered along the stem and has south-western border of the Namib to the north of the Etosha branches resembling to roses. In spring the long white flowers pan. It is a splendid tree among the acacias and can live to cover the whole plant. Another common species is 1000 years. A. mellifera (Black thorn), which is easily distinguished by pinna consisting of one pair of large leaflets. The species is The highlands around the capital city Windhoek are also invasive, forming thick thickets with numerous sharp hooks. home to A. hebeclada (Candle thorn) which is easily recognised by its big pods that stand erect from the twigs It is difficult to differentiate between A. eru b e s c e n s ( B l u e (Fig. 3). It has short thons, which are strongly curved, while thorn), and A. fleckii (Plate thorn). Acacia fleckii is larger thorns are mostly straight with only the tips curved. distinguished from A. erubescens by its many small pinnules (leaflets) per pinna. Other characteristics for A. fleckii are bigger flower spikes, a rougher bark and a later blooming period but this depends mainly on rainfall. Acacia fleckii blooms after the new leaves have developed, while A. erubescens starts flowering before the new leaves appear. Acacia erubescens is widespread in northern Namibia and its name refers to the yellow papery layers of bark that peel off showing brighter white layers underneath. During hot day conditions its leaves appear from some distance like hanging flower stalks. Both A. erubescens and A. fleckii look similar to A. herero e n s i s (Mountain thorn). The main difference is the light coloured bark of A. eru b e s c e n s and A. fleckii while A. hereroensis has the brownish-grey bark which is coarsely longitudinally fissured. Other important acacias indigenous to Namibia are A. nebrownii ( Water thorn) and A. senegal v a r. ro s t r a t a Figure 2. Boat shaped pods of Figure 3. Pods of Acacia (Three-hook thorn), known for their gum which is chewed Acacia erioloba hebeclada like sweets. Acacia senegal is easily recognised by its triple black hook thorns and the whitish new growth of the twigs, The widespread A. karroo (Sweet thorn) features long white and flat and broad pods. The popular Faidherbia albida (Ana spines in pairs, small leaves and the beautiful bright yellow tree), syn. Acacia albida, is also indigenous to Namibia. clusters of flowering heads. Pods are sickle shaped or linear and come in various sizes. The European visitor will be References reminded of the mimosa trees in Mediterranean countries. C a r r, J.D. 1976. The South African Acacias. Conservation Press, Johannesburg, South Africa. Acacia nilotica (Scented thorn) has similar thorns, flowers and bark to A. karro o, the best distinguishing features are Craven, P. and Marais, C. 1986. Damaraland Flora. Gamsberg mainly the pods. Green pods of A. nilotica resemble fresh Macmillan Publishers, Windhoek, Namibia. peas. Erkkila, A. and Siiskonen, H. 1992. Forestry in Namibia 1850-1990. It is difficult to distinguish between A. luderitzii (Belly thorn) Silva Carelica Series no. 20. University of Joensuu, Joensuu, and A. reficiens. Both species display long thorns as well as Finland. short hooks, white flowers and reddish bark. However A. re f i c i e n s tends to colonize drier sites than A. luderitzii. Steyn, M. 1994. South African Acacias: Identification Guide. Acacia re f i c i e n s has fewer and smaller leaves and grows Promedia, Markus Street, Waltloo, South Africa. shorter than A. luderitzii, and has also small branchlets and finely velvety short hairs. Smit, N .1999. Acacias of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. It is much easier to recognise A. tortilis (Umbrella thorn) from the landscape. The trees elegantly stretch out their crown Van Wyk, B. and Van Wyk, P. 1997. Field Guide to Trees of across the African savannas. It is one of the few acacias that Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa carry straight as well as curved thorns. However, the most [Editors Notes: To date no single, comprehensive botanical distinctive characteristic is the shape of the pods, which are description of all acacias of the world has been produced. It is twisted into a tight circle or into a helix-like coil spring. suggested that botanical information and keys to local species Some acacias are endemic in the dry western parts of Namibia be referred from country or regional floras. Moreover, as in the Damaraland and the Kaokoveld. The Brandberg Nature discussed by Turnbull in the present NFT News, currently the Reserve is home to A. montis-usti (Brandberg thorn), looking genus A c a c i a containing about 1350 species is underg o i n g like a reversed broom.
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