Analyse Et Valorisation Des Actifs Contrats Joueurs Dans Le Football Professionnel

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Analyse Et Valorisation Des Actifs Contrats Joueurs Dans Le Football Professionnel Romain BLANCHARD ISFA 2010-2011 Mémoire d’actuaire : Analyse et Valorisation des actifs contrats joueurs dans le football professionnel Responsable en entreprise : Nicolas BLANC Associé ‐ Fondateur de SportValue Tuteur pédagogique : Pierre THEROND Maître de conférence associé à l’ISFA Analyse et Valorisation des actifs contrats jouueurs dans le football professionnel Remerciements ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1 Contexte ................................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Objectifs ................................................................................................................................................... 7 3 Bénéfices .................................................................................................................................................. 8 4 Plan de l’étude ......................................................................................................................................... 8 I Définition du marché des contrats joueurs ............................................................................................ 9 1 Théorie du marché des contrats joueurs ............................................................................................... 10 2 Historique du marché des contrats joueurs ........................................................................................... 15 II Réglementation et régulation du marché des contrats joueurs ......................................................... 25 1 Réglementations en vigueur .................................................................................................................. 25 2 Fair‐play financier : vers une régulation duu marché .............................................................................. 38 III Comptabilisation ................................................................................................................................ 47 1 Définition du type d’actif ....................................................................................................................... 48 2 Méthodes de comptabilisation d’un transfert à caractère définitif ...................................................... 50 3 Comptabilisation diverses ...................................................................................................................... 56 IV Valorisation ........................................................................................................................................ 59 1 Elaboration du modèle économétrique ................................................................................................. 61 2 Régression linéaire ................................................................................................................................. 90 3 Arbres de régression ............................................................................................................................ 111 4 Pour aller plus loin ............................................................................................................................... 125 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 127 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................................ 128 Glossaire ............................................................................................................................................... 130 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 132 1 Contrat de travail d’un joueur professionnel du championnat de France ........................................... 132 2 L’Equipe: ROBERTO le faux achat de Saragosse (18.08.2011) ............................................................. 133 3 Sportune.fr : MU, un deal en or pour le maillot d’entraînement (22.08.2011) ................................... 133 4 LeMonde.fr : La grève des footballeurs en Italie (24.08.2011) ............................................................ 133 5 FIFA.com : affaire MEXES, l’agent du joueur suspendu six mois (25.09.006) ...................................... 134 6 POPnSPORT.com : à qui appartient Carlos TTEVEZ ? ............................................................................. 134 7 Mode de calcul du coefficient UEFA .................................................................................................... 136 8 Mode de calcul du coefficient FIFA ...................................................................................................... 137 9 Construction d’un arbre de régression binaire (www.math.univ‐toulouse.fr) .................................... 138 Romain BLANCHARD, ISFA 2010‐2011 Page 1 Analyse et Valorisation des actifs contrats jouueurs dans le football professionnel Résumé : En raison des importantes sommees d’argent générées par l’industrie du football; le club de football professionnel est désormais géré comme une entreprise commerciale, voire multinationale, dont le patrimoine est majoritairement composé des joueurs sous contrats avec le club et des installations sportives possédées. La valorisation des contrats joueur est donc un élément crucial pour l’estimation financière de ces entités sportives professionnelles, ainsi que dans la tarification des contrats d’assurance (santé) contractés pour ces mêmes actifs. Toutefois, malgré la métamorphose libéraliste du marché des contrats joueurs au cours des vingt dernières années, la comptabilisation de ce type d’actifs n’a pas été moderniséee : la valeur bilancielle d’un contrat joueur étant actuellement égale au coût historique de ce dernier (montant du dernier transfert du contrat joueur équi‐amortie ssur la durée du contrat). La struccture rigide de cette méthode entraine des écarts significatifs entre la valeur réelle et la valeur comptable des contrats joueurs, actifs pourtant volatiles à court‐termes. Dans une volonté de proposer une méthode comptable mieux adaptée à ces contrats joueurs, ce mémoire propose une étude de marché approfondie et un état des lieux dess normes comptables g applicables, aboutissant à une proposition de valorisation mark‐to‐model . Cette dernière repose sur un modèle économétrique de réévaluation des contrats joueurs basé sur les facteurs déterministes de la théorie de la valeur des joueurs, et utilisant les données de marché de ces dernières années. Le plan de l’étude est décrit ci‐après : Après avoir présenté les principes de base du marché des contrats joueurs, la première partie de ce mémoire met l’accent sur les différentes évolutions de ce marché, de sa création à la fin du XIXème siècle, à son fonctionnement actuel. Nous détaillons ensuite sur les différents aspects contractuels qui entourennt ces actifs, afin de visualiser les spécificités existantes en vue de la modélisation. Nous trouvons également dans cette seconde partie la description de l’environnement réglementaire du marché des contrats joueurs et l’analyse des futures régulations pouvant impacter cette activité. La problématique est mise en perspective dans la troisième partie à travers l’expposé des instructions comptables actuelles dont nous démontrons les limites. L’alternative comptable de la juste valeur sera ensuite présentée ainsi que les conditions nécessaires à son application, en introduisant l’adaptabilité d’un modèle mathématique d’éévaluation (mark‐to‐model). Dans la quatrième partie, nous mettons en application les éléments théoriquues afin d’élaborer le modèle. D’abord par la constitution d’une base d’analyse exploitable; puiis avec une analyse exhaustive des variables explicatives, les facteurs, a priori déterministes, sont sélectionnés pour le modèle. A partir de ces derniers, nous dégageons un modèle que nous faisons évvoluer afin de valider les hypothèses de modélisation et de remplir les critères de parcimonie. Pour valider le modèle, nous utilisons des observations post étude, dans le but de tester la qualité du modèle.. Enfin, nous explorons la méthode des arbres de régressions sur ces mêmes données, afin notamment de comparer les facteurs explicatifs retenus à ceux utilisés dans notre modèle économétrique. Mots Clefs : comptabilité, IFRS, actifs conttrats joueurs, juste valeur, mark‐to‐model, analyse de données, tests d’indépendance, régression linéaire multiple, backtesting, arbre de régression Romain BLANCHARD, ISFA 2010‐2011 Page 2 Analyse et Valorisation des actifs contrats jouueurs dans le football professionnel Abstract : The huge amounts and increasing turnover generated by the football industrry have transformed professional football clubs, now managed as business companies. The football pllayers under contract and the club facilities are the main components of the balance sheet. Therefore,, the valuation of the players’ contracts’ has become a major issue in the valorization of football clubs, but also in the pricing of the players’ accident & health insuurance policies. However, in spite of the metamorphosis of the football
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