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The Description of Zapatella Davisae, New Species, (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) a Pest Gallwasp of Black Oak (Quercus Velutina) in New England, USA

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The Description of Zapatella Davisae, New Species, (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) a Pest Gallwasp of Black Oak (Quercus Velutina) in New England, USA The Description of Zapatella davisae, New Species, (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) a Pest Gallwasp of Black Oak (Quercus velutina) in New England, USA. Author(s): Matthew L. Buffington , George Melika , Monica Davis , and Joseph S. Elkinton Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 118(1):14-26. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.118.1.14 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797.118.1.14 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 118(1), 2016, pp. 14–26 THE DESCRIPTION OF ZAPATELLA DAVISAE, NEW SPECIES, (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) A PEST GALL WASP OF BLACK OAK (QUERCUS VELUTINA) IN NEW ENGLAND, USA. MATTHEW L. BUFFINGTON,GEORGE MELIKA,MONICA DAVIS, AND JOSEPH S. ELKINTON urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C3906382-DC1D-4D30-B527-F072108FA204 (MLB) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,10th & Constitution Ave NW, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:603275DE-9AE3-40C6-8AD7- 6A2AF7485F35; (GM) Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agrienvironment, Budao¨rsi str. 141-145, Budapest 1118, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A6FEF774-3A77-4058- 94E5-E670D880ED69; (MD & JSE) Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 MD: urn:lsid:zoobank.org: author:2AA1D888-3287-409B-B8FF-C185FF987E86 JE: urn:lsid:zoobank.org: author:F9C03B49-E783-4C8B-A44F-F167E03D01CF Abstract.— Many species of gall wasp (Cynipidae) essentially co-exist with their host oak tree species. Occasionally, the association becomes destructive to the tree, as is the case with Zapatella davisae, new species. This species is a twig galler, and as such, in the cases of heavy infestation, cause flagging, leaf clumping, and dieback of branches and twigs. Historical records of other species of Zapatella suggest that members of this genus have a checkered record with respect to damaging their host plants in North America, and these data are summarized here. Key Words: Cape Cod, Long Island, Martha’s Vineyard, oak pest DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.118.1.14 INTRODUCTION Significant damage was not reported for several years and, in some cases, it In the early summer of 2013, MLB was was incorrectly attributed to the invasive contacted by JE regarding the identifica- winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. tion of a gall wasp species (Hymenoptera: (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and fall can- Cynipidae) that was inducing gall damage kerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris) on black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) on (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Over the last Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard, MA. three years, damage has become widespread The first record of what is here described on Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard, war- as a new species (previously identified as ranting research to understand this species. Callirhytis ceropteroides Bassett) was Through correspondence between MLB recorded on Martha’s Vineyard in 2007. and GM, molecular sequencing data, VOLUME 118, NUMBER 1 15 comparison with additional specimens sculpture; the pronotum, laterally, is in the National Insect Collection (NIC; delicately reticulate; the metascutellum National Museum of Natural History, is rugoso-reticulate; the metanotal trough Smithsonian Institution), consultation and the lateral area of the propodeum has of the Hopkin’s plant-insect catalogue dense white setae. In Callirhytis, a dis- (NIC) and additional collections from tinct malar sulcus is present; the meso- MA, the wasps submitted appeared to soma is less arched, and is always at least represent a new species of Zapatella slightly longer than high in lateral view; Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2012; herein we the transversely orientated rugae on the describe Zapatella davisae Buffington mesoscutum are much stronger, with and Melika, new species. Furthermore, much fewer anastomoses between them; records in the NIC indicate that other the pronotum has distinctly strong rugae species of Zapatella may be considered laterally; the metascutellum is rugose, to be pests of oak-dominated ecosystems never reticulate; and, the metanotal in the northeastern USA. trough and the lateral area of the propo- Zapatella was established for two deum either lack or have very few setae. newly described Neotropical species, Z. The most striking characters that dif- nievesaldreyi Melika & Pujade-Villar ferentiate Zapatella from Callirhytis, (from Colombia) and Z. grahami Pujade- Bassettia and Plagiotrochus (the three Villar & Melika (from Costa Rica); genera most morphologically similar to both species are known to induce stem Zapatella) are the long, prominent part of swelling galls (Pujade-Villar et al. 2012). the ventral spine of the hypopygium, be- PartoftheresearchonwhichZapatella ing 6.0x–8.5x longer than broad; and the was originally described included the ex- hind coxae with dense white setae on the amination of additional Nearctic species of dorso-posterior surface. In the other three gallwasps, particularly those in Callirhytis mentioned genera, the prominent part of Foerster; this research indicated that five the ventral spine of the hypopygium is Nearctic species of Callirhytis belong to very short, at most 2–3 times longer than Zapatella: Z. cryptica (Weld), Z. herberti broad, and hind coxae lack dense setae. (Weld), Z. oblata (Weld), Z. quercusmedullae Aside from the new species described (Ashmead), and Z. quercusphellos (Osten here, several other species of oak gall- Sacken). Phylogenetically, Zapatella is wasps have been reported as harmful to a core member of Cynipini, or the oak the oak trees on which they develop. gall wasps, the most speciose lineage of Plagiotrochus amenti Kieffer, 1901 can Cynipidae with a host preference for be a serious pest of Q. suber L. in the Quercus spp. (M.L. Buffington and Mediterranean area (Benia et al. 2009, G. Melika, pers. obsv.). Garbin et al. 2005), as well as in North Members of Zapatella most closely and South America, where Q. suber has resemble those in Callirhytis. However, been introduced to provide cork for the in Zapatella, the malar sulcus is absent; wine industry (Bailey & Stange 1966, the mesosoma is strongly arched, short, Zuparko 1996, Dı´az 1973). Disholcaspis and as long as high in lateral view; the cinerosa (Bassett, 1881) induces stem mesoscutum has numerous fine, short, galls in Texas, sometimes severely dam- interrupted transverse striae with several aging urban ornamental live oak trees longitudinal anastomosis connecting (Frankie et al. 1992); D. quercusmamma transverse striae, and together, forming has been reported as a street pest of native a net-like, delicately reticulate, irregular Quercus spp. planted as ornamentals in 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Colorado (Eckberg and Cranshaw, 1994). prunings. This may be an effective Severe outbreaks of Andricus quercus- method of control at low densities, how- laurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009 ever on Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard, cause the death of thousands of trees in gall wasp populations are much too ex- natural stands of Q. laurina Humb. & tensive and densities are too high to Bonpl. Tree decline and mortality are eradicate using a pruning method. associated with twig and stem swellings caused by asexual galls (Melika et al. 2009). Andricus breviramuli Pujade-Villar, MATERIALS AND METHODS 2014. was reported as a serious pest of Repositories.—USNM: National Museum Quercus laeta Liebm. (section Quercus); of Natural History, Smithsonian Insti- in this case, the gall wasps kill and distort tution, Washington DC. branches of individual stressed trees. PHMB: Plant Health and Molecular After emergence of the adult wasp, the Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety galled tissues (twigs and branches) die, Office, Budapest, Hungary. but the basal part of the twig is alive and Description.—Specimens were examined produces new sprouts. However, repeated using a Leica 205cÒ™ microscope attacks may kill branches and distort and with fluorescent lighting. Photographs reduce growth of an entire tree (Pujade- were captured with a LeicaÒ™ DMRB Villar et al. 2014). compound microscope with a GT-VisionÒ™ Specimens housed in the NIC suggest Lw11057C-SCI digital camera attached. species of Zapatella have been either Lighting was achieved using techniques a nuisance or a pest of Quercus species summarized in Buffington et al. (2005), for decades. In particular, specimens of Z. Kerr et al. (2009) and Buffington and quercusmedullae
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