Le Basi Derivanti Russe Al Polo Nord

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Le Basi Derivanti Russe Al Polo Nord Le Basi Derivanti Russe al Polo Nord Claudio Ernesto Manzati Una conquista dell’umanità raccontata attraverso la ricerca e lo studio di documenti d’epoca che hanno permesso di creare una collezione di Storia Postale 1. Pionieri alla deriva Il prossimo anno si celebrerà il 50° anniversario della conquista della luna, considerata da molti una delle maggiori conquiste da parte dell’umanità nel XX° secolo. Ma poco più di quaranta anni prima, più precisamente alle ore 1.30 del 12 Maggio 1926, un’altra grande impresa aveva scosso il mondo intero: il primo uomo trasvolava il Polo Nord. Il comandante Umberto Nobile, a bordo del dirigibile Norge, aveva sorvolato il polo nord geografico, lasciando cadere sulla banchisa una bandiera Norvegese, una Italiana ed una Statunitense. I successi della prima missione procurarono una grande fama a Nobile che decise di ripetere due anni dopo il viaggio con una missione totalmente italiana con il dirigibile Italia, ma ironia della sorte nel viaggio di ritorno il dirigibile precipitava sulla banchisa polare, pagando un alto tributo in vite umane alla sfida che l’uomo aveva ingaggiato con la natura. Cartolina commemorativa russa che raffigura il salvataggio di Nobile e dei superstiti da parte del rompighiaccio Krassin Non tutti sanno che la gara tra Russia ed America per la conquista e supremazia nello spazio, trae origine proprio dalla sfida tra le due nazioni nel teatro artico. Occorsero altri 9 anni, da quei tragici eventi, che vengono a noi tutti ricordati dall’immagine della “Tenda Rossa” sul pack, prima che l’uomo si avventurasse nuovamente al polo nord. Fu una missione segreta russa, denominata successivamente NP 1 (North Pole 1), realizzata da 4 uomini dotati di un’attrezzatura minima: una tenda ed una radio trasmittente. Rimasero su un blocco di ghiaccio alla deriva per 8 mesi, dal 21 Maggio 1937 al 18 Febbraio 1938. A sinistra la mappa della deriva della base NP1, a destra una articolo apparso sui giornali dell'epoca. L’impresa fu possibile grazie alla supremazia tecnologica dell’aviazione russa che era in grado di atterrare e decollare sul pack, condizione indispensabile affinché gli uomini della missione avessero la possibilità di ricevere i rifornimenti necessari alla loro sopravvivenza. La missione aveva anche un carattere scientifico (meteorologico e medico) ma era soprattutto militare, volendosi verificare il comportamento psicofisico dell’uomo in condizioni estreme, e per poter sperimentare nuovi materiali e tecnologie d’avanguardia, oltre ad effettuare prove tecniche sulle trasmissioni radio. Tutto questo risultò propedeutico alla soluzione delle problematiche che da li a poco si sarebbero dovute affrontare, per l’organizzazione dei primi voli spaziali dei sovietici, che fino ai primi anni ’60, mostrarono la loro netta supremazia tecnologica sugli americani. 2. La prima missione, gli eroi polari. La prima missione fu sostenuta politicamente da Otto Schmidt e fu comandata da Ivan Papanin che con E.T. Krenkel, E.K. Fjodorov e R.P. Shirshov sarebbero diventati eroi di tutte le Russie o meglio i “Poljarnye Ljudi” ovvero gli “Uomini Polari”. I festeggiamenti per il ritorno degli "Eroi polari". Nell'immagine il Comandante Papanin saluta la folla in festa. Di questa prima missione non sono ci sono giunti documenti postali, ma solo alcuni radiogrammi e delle buste commemorative realizzate dalle Poste Sovietiche, a ricordo dell’impresa. Le buste (Fig 2) furono affrancate con la serie di quattro valori denominata “Spedizione aerea al Polo Nord”, commemorativa della base NP1 (Yvert 617-620), ma anche con la serie di quattro valori, emessa il 21 Giugno 1938, denominata “Salvataggio della Missione Polare Papanin” (Yvert 647-650) in quanto i quattro esploratori polari, vennero tratti in salvo dal rompighiaccio Krassin quando il lastrone di ghiaccio su cui poggiava la base si stava oramai frantumando. Busta commemorativa della NP1, affrancata con la serie "Spedizione aerea al Polo Nord" Questa seconda serie fu molto utilizzata per la corrispondenza inoltrata dalle successive missioni, che dalla base NP4 in avanti, ebbero un proprio Ufficio Postale, di norma diretto dal responsabile delle trasmissioni radio. Le missioni Russe al polo nord si sono succedute con regolarità sino alla NP31, chiusa il 25 Luglio 1991 per mancanza di fondi, in pieno disfacimento politico economico dell’impero sovietico, per riprendere nel 2003 con la NP32. Le basi al polo nord, sotto l’egida dell’AARI l’Istituto Russodi Studi Artici ed Antartici si sono chiuse per il momento nel 2015 con la Base Polare NP41 che è stata denominata North Pole 2015. Nel corso del 2016 si è svolta una missione di sopravvivenza presso la stazione Barneo da parte di truppe Russe d’elitte. Solo a partire dalla missione North Pole 4, il radiotelegrafista addetto alle comunicazioni, venne incaricato della distribuzione della posta che arrivava con i voli di rifornimento e contemporaneamente dell’inoltro della corrispondenza di servizio e quella personale dei membri della base alle famiglie, che veniva inoltrata a destino con il volo di ritorno. La base era fornita di francobolli e la posta veniva regolarmente affrancata e annullata con un timbro tipo Guller, ovvero a cerchi con lunette e data al centro, che ebbe un’impronta sempre uguale per tutte le missioni, differenziata solo dal numero progressivo della base dalla NP4 alla NP21. Dalla base NP22 in avanti, furono invece realizzati timbri figurati e personalizzati per ogni nuova missione, nella tabella in calce sono elencati i dati postali significativi delle missioni sin qui realizzate. 3. Il problema del materiale mancante: un telegramma storico Per gli studiosi ed i collezionisti di storia postale delle basi derivanti Russe al Polo Nord, l’assenza di corrispondenza con segni postali specifici, relativi alle prime tre missioni, è un problema sistematico, perché di fatto non permette di documentare postalmente l’avvenimento e di organizzare uno studio cronologico completo. Avvicinatomi a queste affascinante ed avventuroso ambito storico postale circa vent’anni fa, ho faticato non poco per riuscire ad inserire uno dopo l’altro documenti originali, relativi alle prime dieci basi ad esclusione della PN1 e della NP2, le cui missioni, come ricordato, erano avvenuta in condizioni estreme, protette dal segreto di Stato e sotto il controllo dei Servizi segreti del KGB. Recuperare un documento postale relativo a queste prime basi era qualcosa di impensabile ma…....... Nel Giugno del 2007 si sarebbe tenuta a San Pietroburgo una esposizione mondiale di filatelia ed il caro e prezioso amico Giovanni Riggi di Numana aveva da tempo espresso l’intenzione di partecipare, avendo inviato la sua collezione sul “Segreto Epistolare”, che partecipava a concorso. La collezione, incentrata sulla chiusura delle lettere antiche ottenne un Oro grande. Caso volle che ci trovassimo sullo stesso aereo e nello stesso albergo, con le rispettive consorti, e casualità ancor più fortunata che a Malpensa trovassimo un altro caro amico filatelista, il Presidente dell’AIDA Costantino Gironi, accompagnato anch’egli dalla consorte. Fu quindi naturale concordare di trascorrere insieme le quattro giornate di permanenza a San Pietroburgo, condividendo la guida che Riggi aveva contattato in precedenza. Il viaggio iniziava sotto un buon auspicio e sarebbe andato anche oltre ogni aspettativa e non solo per la parte culturale. Era stato Giovanni Riggi, nell’ambito di uno dei suoi famosi “salotti filatelici” del CIFO a Torino, a presentarmi Franco Giardini, esploratore Polare e Presidente dell’Associazione Grande Nord. La conoscenza con Giardini fu determinante, infatti i contatti procuratimi, per il tramite delle sue amicizie presso l’AARI, l’Istituto per le Ricerche in Artide e Antartide di San Pietroburgo, mi permisero di iniziare a raccogliere i primi documenti postali relativi alle basi derivanti. E fu proprio la pubblicazione del libro “Isole di ghiaccio alla deriva” di Giardini, Garrou e Masnari, ha permettermi di organizzare sistematicamente il materiale raccolto. L’esposizione mondiale “Russia 2007” si teneva in uno dei palazzi storici di fine ottocento, che ricordavano i fasti dell’epoca zarista, quando San Pietroburgo era una delle capitali europee della cultura e dell’arte. La manifestazione era ricca sotto il profilo delle collezioni esposte, ma era invero deludente dal punto di vista commerciale. Non erano presenti più che di una quindicina di operatori commerciali con pochissimo materiale italiano di Regno a di Repubblica. Girovagando con Giovanni Riggi tra i quadri espositivi della mostra, grazie alla conoscenza della lingua inglese e alla mia tendenza ad “attaccare bottone”, conobbi casualmente un collezionista americano. Una parola tira l’altra e ben presto dichiarai il mio interesse per la la posta delle basi al Polo Nord. L’americano mi indicò una terza persona, poco distante da noi, che poco dopo mi mostrò due telegrammi inoltrati dalla NP1 a firma di Ivan Papanin e di Krenkel! Dopo vent’anni, avevo insperatamente tra le mani due documenti postali che rappresentavano uno dei momenti storici del XX secolo: la conquista del grande Nord. La trattativa fu lunga ed estenuante, ma si concluse con reciproca soddisfazione: per il venditore che probabilmente realizzò molto di più di quanto immaginasse e per me, che avevo finalmente trovato l’anello mancante. Il prezioso telegramma inviato da Papanin Il telegramma era stato inviato da Papanin, capo della Missione, alla moglie di Krenkel presso Radio Mosca, col seguente testo:
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