M4 Smart Motorway Volume 6 Appendix G: Contamination Appendix H: Non-Aboriginal Heritage

March 2015

RMS 15.093 ISBN 978-1-925217-31-5

Appendix G Contamination

M4 Smart Motorway Appendix G Review of Environmental Factors

M4 MANAGED MOTORWAY - CONCEPT DESIGN & ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

DESKTOP CONTAMINATED SOILS INVESTIGATION REPORT NB11510-ESG-RP-0041

Revision B - Final 8 March 2013

Document history and status

Revision Date issued Reviewed by Approved by Date approved Revision type Rev A 28/2/2013 Michael Stacey Amanda Hunter 8/3/2013 Draft / M. Faust Rev B 19/3/2013 M. Faust M. Faust 19/3/2013 Final

Distribution of copies Revision Copy no Quantity Issued to A 1 1 RMS Project Manager B 1 1 RMS Project Manager

Printed: 3 February 2015

Last saved: 03/02/2015 11:55 File reference number NB11510-ESG-RP-0041 Author: Amanda Hunter

Project Manager: Matt Faust Name of organisation: Sinclair Knight Merz

Name of project: M4 Managed Motorway

Name of document: Desktop contaminated soils investigation report

Document revision: Final

Project number: NB11510

M4 Managed Motorway – Concept Design & Environmental Assessment

Contents

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the preliminary site investigation 1 1.2 Objectives of the preliminary site investigation 1 2. Site Information 2 2.1 Site identification 2 2.2 Site zoning and land use 2 2.3 Acid sulphate soils risk 2 2.4 Hydrogeology 2 2.5 Sensitive environments 4 3. Site History 6 3.1 Historical aerial photography 6 3.2 NSW OEH contaminated site register 7 3.3 Site history summary 10 3.4 Integrity assessment 11 4. Site Inspection 12 4.1 Potential areas of concern 13 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 15 5.1 Key findings of the assessment 15 5.2 Summary 16 5.3 Further assessment and investigations 16 6. References 17 7. Limitation Statement 18 Figures 19

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1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the preliminary site investigation Roads and Maritime Services (RMS) engaged Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd (SKM) under Professional Services Contract (PSC) number 09.2166.2109-0049 to develop the concept design and undertake a review of environmental factors (REF) of the M4 Managed Motorway Project between Strathfield and Lapstone. The project primarily involves the implementation of ITS infrastructure and systems including civil works, to manage the flow of traffic on the M4 Motorway.

This report has been prepared in accordance with Section 3.3 of the PSC and SKM’s proposal to provide a desktop contaminated soils investigation report at ramp and widening locations as part of the M4 Managed Motorways project (referred to herein as the site).

This report was prepared in parallel with the geotechnical background review to assess potential contamination issues at the site that may have arisen from past and/or present activities undertaken on/and or adjacent to the site which may represent a constraint to the design and construction of the respective project elements. The format for this report generally follows the guidelines as published in the following documents:

 NSW EPA (2000) Contaminated Sites: Guidelines for Consultants Reporting on Contaminated Sites (NSW EPA, 2000)

 National Environmental Protection Council (1999) National Environment Protection Measure (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999 (NEPC, 1999)

 Australian Standard AS 4482.1-2005 Guide to the investigation and sampling of sites with potentially contaminated soil. Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds (AS 4482.1- 2005). 1.2 Objectives of the preliminary site investigation Specifically, the objectives of this report are to:

 Identify past and present potentially contaminating activities

 Identify potential contamination types and location

 Discuss the site conditions

 Provide a preliminary assessment of site contamination

 Assess the need for further investigations

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2. Site Information

2.1 Site identification The site encompasses 16 interchanges. Each interchange comprises of eastbound and westbound on and off-ramps. The project site also includes three locations along the 42 kilometres of the motorway between Homebush Bay Drive, Homebush, and Russell Street, Emu Plains, NSW where lane widening is proposed to widen the M4 Motorway. The Australian Map Grid coordinates of the approximate centre of the site are 310339 m E, 6258436 m S. A site layout plan is shown in Figure 1.

2.2 Site zoning and land use The site travels through nine council areas, each with separate Local Environmental Plans (LEP). According to Penrith City Council (LEP 2010), Parramatta City Council (LEP 2011), Strathfield City Council (LEP 2012), Burwood City Council (LEP 2012), City of Canada Bay Council (LEP 2008), and Auburn City Council (LEP 2010) the site is classified as SP2 Infrastructure (classified road), according to Blue Mountains City Council the site is classified as Regional Transport Corridor (road), and according to Blacktown City Council (BLEP 1988) and Holroyd City Council (LEP 1991) the site is classified as 5B Special Uses (arterial road and arterial road widening).

2.3 Acid sulphate soils risk Acid Sulfate Soil (ASS) Risk Maps from the NSW Natural Resource Atlas database were reviewed to ascertain the presence of ASS on the site. Based on this information, areas of ASS risk could occur in the following area:

 A high probability of occurrence of ASS is present within the soils of the Duck River, approximately 130 metres downstream of the site. The Duck River runs underneath the M4 Motorway at Silverwater. The James Ruse Drive interchange is the closest interchange in relation to Duck Creek. Duck Creek is located approximately one kilometre east of the James Ruse Drive interchange.

2.4 Hydrogeology The direction of groundwater flow could not be definitively assessed based on current information, although the surrounding topography suggests that groundwater would flow towards the waterways flowing across and adjacent to the site i.e. Haslams Creek, Duck River, Parramatta River, Coopers Creek, Ropes Creek, Blaxland Creek, Finlaysons Creek, Pendle Creek, South Creek, Byrnes Creek, Girraween Creek, Blacktown Creek, Eastern Creek, Angus Creek, Claremont Creek, Surveyors Creek, Nepean River, School House Creek and Jamison Creek.

A search with the NSW Natural Resources Atlas database identified no registered groundwater wells within the site. Forty-seven wells were registered within an approximate 500m radius of the site. Information on the 47 wells is summarised in Table 1.

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Table 1 - Registered NRA Boreholes

Borehole ID. Licence No. Easting Northing Bore Usage

GW102644 10BL150044 320777.00 6251514.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102645 10BL150044 321082.00 6251735.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102646 10BL150044 320826.00 6251638.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102649 10BL150044 320958.00 6251456.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102650 10BL150044 320957.00 6251517.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102659 10BL150044 320908.00 6251424.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102652 10BL150044 320982.00 6251549.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102654 10BL150044 320880.00 6251547.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102656 10BL150044 320929.00 6251640.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102657 10BL150044 320881.00 6251485.00 Monitoring Bore

GW102660 10BL150044 320856.00 6251423.00 Monitoring Bore

GW100682 10BL156675 317571.00 6254064.00 Monitoring Bore

GW104955 10BL160497 317457.00 6254735.00 Monitoring Bore

GW104594 10BL160497 317448.00 6254936.00 Monitoring Bore

GW104953 10BL160497 317448.00 6254950.00 Monitoring Bore

GW105353 10BL161910 317071.00 6254914.00 Monitoring Bore

GW105354 10BL161910 317019.00 6254897.00 Monitoring Bore

GW105352 10BL161910 317032.00 6254860.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110398 10BL160282 315109.00 6254988.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110404 10BL160282 315010.00 6254993.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110399 10BL160282 315306.00 6255074.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110397 10BL160282 315067.00 6255015.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110403 10BL160282 315067.00 6255036.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110402 10BL160282 315149.00 6255077.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110396 10BL160282 315243.00 6255114.00 Monitoring Bore

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Borehole ID. Licence No. Easting Northing Bore Usage

GW110401 10BL160282 315241.00 6255134.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110400 10BL160282 315277.00 6255143.00 Monitoring Bore

GW111322 10BL601807 315874.00 6254859.00 Monitoring Bore

GW111323 10BL601807 315887.00 6254883.00 Monitoring Bore

GW111324 10BL601807 315863.00 6254886.00 Monitoring Bore

GW107832 10BL165697 308411.00 6256578.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110312 10BL602119 298563.00 6258108.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110314 10BL602119 298594.00 6258058.00 Monitoring Bore

GW028414 10BL02050 298648.00 6259670.00 Irrigation Bore

GW111099 10BL604059 293656.00 6260246.00 Monitoring Bore

GW111101 10BL604059 293674.00 6260255.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110460 10BL603104 293689.00 6259099.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110463 10BL603104 293697.00 6259081.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110461 10BL603104 293652.00 6259091.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110459 10BL603104 293666.00 6259094.00 Monitoring Bore

GW110462 10BL603104 293664.00 6259083.00 Monitoring Bore

Recreation GW108906 10WA109509 287656.00 6259328.00 (Groundwater)

Recreation GW108486 10WA109577 284119.00 6260164.00 (Groundwater)

GW110277 10WA112723 283490.00 6261975.00 Domestic Stock

GW110215 10BL152347 282640.00 6261310.00 Domestic Stock

GW075122 10CA117219 282492.00 6262071.00 Monitoring Bore

GW075123 10CA117219 282488.00 6262078.00 Monitoring Bore

2.5 Sensitive environments Based on the available information, sensitive environments which could be potentially impacted by contamination within the site (if present) are detailed below:

 Haslams Creek  Parramatta River

 Duck River  Coopers Creek

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 Ropes Creek  Angus Creek

 Blaxland Creek  Claremont Creek

 Finlaysons Creek  Surveyors Creek

 Pendle Creek  Nepean River

 South Creek  School house Creek

 Byrnes Creek  Prospect Reservoir

 Girraween Creek  Jamison Creek

 Blacktown Creek  Beneficial users of groundwater

 Eastern Creek

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3. Site History

Several sources were investigated to determine the history of land use at and adjacent to the site. The following details the sources of historical information reviewed and a summary of information provided by each of the respective sources:

 NSW Roads and Traffic Authority: Historical aerial photographs (1943)

 NSW Land and Property Management Authority, Land and Property Information Division (LPI): Historical aerial photographs (1956 to 1975)

 NSW Contaminated Sites Register. 3.1 Historical aerial photography Historical aerial photographs from the NSW Land and Property Management Authority, Land and Property Information Division were reviewed for the years: 1943, 1956, 1965 and 1975. The findings of the historical aerial photograph investigation are summarised in Table 2.

Table 2 - Historical Aerial Photography Review

Date of Aerial Subject Site Surrounding Area Photography

In 1943 the site was not yet The surrounding area is predominately rural residential constructed. The extent of the land use, peppered with industrial/commercial sites photo series is from Homebush close to the route of the M4 Motorway. As the route for Bay to Prospect Reservoir. the M4 Motorway moves further west the land use becomes increasingly rural and less residential, with subdivisions of land appearing to be used for agricultural purposes. At the eastern end of the route 1943 the land appears to be subdivided for residential uses. Throughout the route there is sparse tree cover with large areas of open space/vacant land. There appears to be a large quarry in Auburn adjacent to Duck River. Rosehill racecourse is also visible. The Great Western Highway is apparent throughout most of the imagery, which appears to be well established, with a railway parallel for most of the route. There is a large woodland in the Blacktown/Prospect area.

In 1956 the site was not yet From Emu Plains to Minchinbury the land is constructed. The extent of the predominately rural with signs of agricultural land use. photo series is from Homebush Pockets of residential areas also exist. Additionally in Bay to Emu Plains. this area there are large areas of forest and several dams. From Minchinbury to Parramatta the land is largely agricultural, with a large forest area around the 1956 Prospect Reservoir. To the east of the reservoir, south of the M4 route, there is a large land disturbance, potentially representing a landfill. Within Prospect and south through the site the area is high density residential land use with some pockets of agriculture. There is another large land disturbance of ground in Holroyd, south of the site, possibly indicating a landfill, industry or quarry. In Rosehill, the racecourse is

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Date of Aerial Subject Site Surrounding Area Photography

apparent with a large industrial site adjacent to the Duck River. East of Rosehill the land use is again high density residential which continues into Silverwater, Newington and Homebush West. Within this area there are also several quarries/ brick pits. The future Sydney Olympic Park (SOP) site is currently the Homebush Abattoirs (i.e. industry) with The Brick Pit to the north.

In 1965 the site was not yet A bridge has been constructed over the Nepean River constructed. The extent of the in Emu Plains, as part of the Great Western Highway, photo series is from Homebush which can be seen throughout the photo series. The Bay to Emu Plains. land use in the western end of the route has become increasingly residential; however rural land use and areas of forest remain dominant. A large area of land has been disturbed immediately south of the site, which appears to be a quarry. The large land disturbance east of Prospect Reservoir has increased in size; however the forest surround the reservoir remains intact. As the 1965 route moves east the land use continues to become more high density residential, with more industrial sites adjacent to the route. Moving east through Greystanes the route travels through a golf course. In Holroyd the land disturbance has become more established and is potentially a brick pit. The large industrial site north of the route has now extended south of Duck River near to the railway. At the future Sydney Olympic Park site the Brick Pit and abattoirs are still operational, with a large area of land north of the SOP site filled in to form an industrial site.

In 1975 the M4 Western Motorway At the western end of the M4, to the north of the route, (M4) had been constructed from the land use is medium density residential with large Russel Street, Emu Plains to the areas of agricultural land use. To the south of the M4 Prospect Highway, including a the land use is agricultural and forest. In Claremont bridge spanning the Nepean Meadows a large cleared area of land to the north of River. After the Prospect Highway the M4 indicates the presence of a landfill. 1975 the M4 connects to the existing Approximately 500 m to the south of the M4 in route of the Great Western Minchinbury a large quarry has been established. The Highway. The route appears to be forest to the north of Prospect Reservoir remains. North relatively well established. The of the Prospect Reservoir the M4 joins the Great extent of the photo series is from Western Highway and continues east to Sydney Silverwater to Emu Plains. through high density residential land use and industrial areas.

3.2 NSW OEH contaminated site register A search of the NSW OEH Contaminated Sites Register (under Section 58 of the Contaminated Land Management Act 1997) indicated that there are 38 sites within two kilometres either side of the site that are either regulated or have been notified. Table 3 describes these sites in relation to the subject site.

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Table 3 - Notices for land adjacent to the site

Suburb Notified Site Address Notified Activity Location

Approximately 0.9 km south- Auburn 1 Manchester Road Main Train Facility east of James Ruse Drive interchange

Approximately 1.2 km west of M4 Motorway Eastbound Caltex Service Station Eastern Creek Reservoir Road Ramp

Approximately 0.8 km west of M4 Motorway Westbound Caltex Service Station Eastern Creek Reservoir Road interchange

Approximately 1.95 km south- Eastern Creek Old Walgrove Road Pioneer Road Services west of M7 Motorway interchange

Approximately 1.7 km north of 126 Old Bathurst Road 7-Eleven Service Station Emu Heights Russel Street interchange

Woolworths Caltex Approximately 1.9 km north of 132 Old Bathurst Road Emu Heights Service Station Russel Street interchange

Woolworths Caltex Approximately 0.5 km north of 283 Great Western Highway Emu Plains Service Station Russel Street interchange

Approximately 0.6 km south- Granville 154-160 Parramatta Road 7-Eleven Service Station east of Church Street interchange

Approximately 0.5 km south- Granville 15-17 Berry Street Australand west of James Ruse Drive interchange

Approximately 0.7 km south- Granville 144 Parramatta Road Caltex Service Station east of Church Street interchange

Granville Approximately 1.3 km south of 2B Factory Street Evans Deacon Industry (regulated) James Ruse Drive interchange

Approximately 1.3 km south of Old Granville Depot Granville 23 Elizabeth Street Church Street interchange

Approximately 1.1 km south- Greystanes 73 Ettalong Road Mobil Service Station west of Cumberland Highway interchange

Approximately 0.2 km south- Homebush 334-336 Parramatta Road Caltex Service Station west of Homebush Bay Drive interchange

Homebush Bay Corner Pondage Link and WSN Auburn Waste and Approximately 1.0 km north-

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Suburb Notified Site Address Notified Activity Location

Hill Road Recycling Centre east of Hill Road interchange

Approximately 0.7 km south of Homebush West Mandemar Avenue Ford Landfill Homebush Bay Drive interchange

Approximately 1.0 km north- Jamisontown 92 Mulgoa Road 7-Eleven Service Station east of Mulgoa Road (regulated) interchange

Approximately 0.6 km north- BP Service Station Jamisontown 126 Mulgoa Road east Mulgoa Road interchange

Approximately 1.8 km south- Merrylands 295-197 Merrylands Road 7-Eleven Service Station west of Church Street interchange

Approximately 1.4 km south of Caltex Service Station Merrylands 148-150 Woodville Road Church Street interchange

Approximately 1.4 km south- Former Stockfeed west of Church Street Merrylands 1-7 & 9-11 Neil Street Manufacturing Site interchange

Approximately 1.7 km south- St Vincent De Paul east of Cumberland Highway Merrylands 11-19 Centenary Road Society (other petroleum) interchange

Approximately 1.9 km south- Former Mobil Service east of Cumberland Highway Merrylands West 3 Centenary Road Station interchange

Approximately 1.1 km north- Minchinbury 815 Great Western Highway Mobil Service Station west of M7 Motorway interchange

Approximately 1.5 km north- Coleman Oval Corner Pitt & Macquarie west of Church Street Parramatta Embankment Streets interchange

Approximately 1.7 km north- Pendle Hill 217 Wentworth Avenue 7-Eleven Service Station west of Cumberland Highway interchange

Approximately 1.0 km north- Penrith 229-231 Mulgoa Road Caltex Service Station east of Mulgoa Road interchange

Approximately 0.8 km north- Mobil Service Station Prospect 354 Flushcombe Road east of Reservoir Road Ramp

Approximately 1.7 km north of 9 Devon Street Shell Oil Refinery Rosehill James Ruse Drive and

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Suburb Notified Site Address Notified Activity Location

(regulated) Silverwater Road interchanges

Approximately 1.2 km north- James Hardie Building Rosehill west of James Ruse Drive Devon Street Products (regulated) interchange

Approximately 0.6 km north of Unspecified Industry Silverwater 103-105 Silverwater Road Silverwater Road interchange

Approximately 0.4 km north of Silverwater Landfill Silverwater Carnarvon Street the site

Approximately 0.7 km north- Aquatic Centre Carpark Sydney Olympic west of Homebush Bay Drive Shane Gould Avenue (Landfill) Park (regulated) interchange

Approximately 1.1 km north of Bicentennial Park Sydney Olympic Homebush Bay Drive Bicentennial Drive (Landfill) Park (regulated) interchange

Sydney Olympic Kronos Hill, Kevin Coombes Former Haslams Creek Approximately 1.6 km north- Park (regulated) Avenue Landfill east of Hill Road interchange

Approximately 0.6 km north of Former State Sports Sydney Olympic Homebush Bay Drive Sarah Durack Avenue Centre Landfill Park (regulated) interchange

Sydney Olympic Kronos Hill, Kevin Coombes Haslams Creek South Approximately 1.6 km north- Park (regulated) Avenue Area 3 Landfill east of Hill Road interchange

Approximately 0.3 km east of Wentworthville 2 Rawson Road Unspecified Industry Cumberland Highway interchange

3.3 Site history summary The historical aerial photography review indicated that construction of the site from Emu Plains to the Prospect Highway began in the 1970s. Since the 1940s the western end of the site and surrounding land has developed from agricultural and rural residential land use with large pockets of forest, to a low to medium density residential landscape. The eastern end of the site and surrounding land has remained as residential land use since the 1950s with increasing residential density and the development of industrial and commercial centres. Heavy industry has been dominant in the eastern end of the route near Homebush Bay since the 1950s.

Currently, there are 38 notices for land within the surrounding suburbs of the subject site; Auburn, Eastern Creek, Emu Plains, Granville, Greystanes, Homebush, Jamisontown, Merrylands, Minchinbury, Parramatta, Pendle Hill, Penrith, Prospect, Rosehill, Silverwater, Sydney Olympic

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Park, and Wentworthville. Seven of these sites present a moderate risk with respect to contamination, while the remaining sites present low risks with respect to contamination due to the proximity of the sites to the M4 Motorway, potential contamination types and migration pathways.

3.4 Integrity assessment Historical and site information was sourced from NSW Government departments with no known interest in the site. SKM have relied on the accuracy of the documentation provided and our experience in historical document interpretation. Whilst there is a small margin for error in interpretation, SKM consider the information presented in this assessment to be suitable for use.

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4. Site Inspection

The following site description is based on observations made during a site inspection conducted on 26 February 2013 by two SKM field engineers. The site inspection was undertaken to ground truth information gathered from the desktop review and targeted areas of potential concern (i.e. the seven moderate risk sites identified from the NSW OEH Contaminated Sites Register) and the aerial photograph review.

 The Australand industrial site is currently a “Toll In 2 Store” storage facility. The site includes a warehouse, office building, and carpark. The topography is generally flat with a slight decline towards the M4 Motorway.

 The Caltex Service Station at Homebush on Parramatta Road generally appeared to be in a good operational condition.

 Duck River is currently and has historically been surrounded by industrial sites. Considering the industrial history of the areas adjacent to Duck River and the lack of environmental controls associated with these historical operations, sediments within the river could contain elevated contaminant concentrations. With limited access at Rosehill, signs of fill and general rubbish were evident along the river banks. At the time of the site inspection the direction of the river flow was towards the M4 Motorway.

 Former Ford Landfill has been capped and is now gated as Ford Remediation Site. In the north-west corner of the Remediation Site there is a leachate treatment plant that services the former landfill. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the treatment plant is monitored weekly. The site appears to be in good condition with no obvious signs of leaching, staining or vegetation dieback. The site lies adjacent to a drainage channel which flows towards the M4 Motorway.

 The NSW EPA notified sites listed Silverwater landfill on Carnarvon Street, Silverwater, however during the site inspection there was no obvious location for this site. Carnarvon Street runs parallel to the M4 Motorway and drainage flows away from the site towards Parramatta River.

 The former landfill at the States Sports Centre in Sydney Olympic Park functions as a sporting complex and large parkland and appears to be in good condition and well maintained. No obvious signs of leaching, staining or vegetation dieback were evident. Topography slopes slightly towards the M4 Motorway.

 The unspecified industrial site on Rawson Road in Wentworthville appears to be a former carpark which is currently vacant land. The site is grassed with potential areas of fill at the back eastern corner of the site. General debris and rubbish litter the site. Topography of the area is gently sloping towards the M4 Motorway.

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 Access and visibility to Hanson Quarry was limited. Stockpiling of materials and several fuel storage facilities were visible in the entrance yard which is approximately 800m from the M4 corridor. Topography sloped gently both north and south.

The M4 road corridor of the site appeared to be in good condition with no obvious signs of contamination. However, there is the potential for localised point sources of contamination to exist along the road corridor associated with spills and leaks from vehicles and exhaust particulate deposition.

4.1 Potential areas of concern Table 4 outlines potential areas of concern as identified from the information review and site inspection. A risk rating has been allocated for these areas outlining anticipated levels of risk of contamination being present beneath the respective construction elements.

Table 4 - Potential Areas of Concern

Location Potentially Potential Potential Potential Area Risk Relative to Affected Contamination Contaminants of Concern Rating Site Ramp Sources of Concern

Chemical Australand 500 m south- James Ruse storage/useage Metals, Industrial Site– Low west Drive and on-site hydrocarbons Granville activities

Caltex Service Homebush Metals, Station – 200 m south Fuel storage Moderate Bay Drive hydrocarbons Homebush

Metals, Duck River – Underneath James Ruse Historical activities hydrocarbons, Moderate Silverwater the site Drive PCB, nutrients

Metals, hydrocarbons, Ford Landfill – Homebush Waste, leachate, pesticides, PCB, Homebush 700 m south Moderate Bay Drive gas asbestos, West nutrients, methane

Metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCB, asbestos, Landfill – Silverwater Waste, leachate, 400 m north nutrients, Low Silverwater Road gas methane

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Location Potentially Potential Potential Potential Area Risk Relative to Affected Contamination Contaminants of Concern Rating Site Ramp Sources of Concern

Metals, hydrocarbons, Former Landfill 300 m north- Homebush Waste, leachate, pesticides, PCB, – Sydney Low west Bay Drive gas asbestos, Olympic Park nutrients, methane

Chemical Industrial Site – Cumberland storage/useage Metals, 300 m east Low Wentworthville Highway and on-site hydrocarbons activities

Lane widening Fuel storage/ Hanson Quarry between Metals, 500 m south useage and on- Low – Eastern Creek Roper Rd and hydrocarbons site activities M7 Motorway

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5. Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Key findings of the assessment Following a review of the available historical and government records and a site inspection, the key findings of this desktop contaminated soils investigation include:

 Duck River has a high probability of being underlain by ASS. If the widening of the site involves excavation into these soils/sediments the presence/absence of these materials would need to be quantified and managed accordingly.

 Sensitive environments which could be potentially impacted by contamination within the site (if present) include all major rivers and waterways over which the site crosses.

 Since the 1940s the western end of the site and surrounding land has developed from agriculture and rural residential land use, to medium density residential landscape.

 The eastern end of the site and surrounding land has remained as residential land use since the 1940s with increasing residential density and the development of industrial and commercial premises.

 Heavy industry has been dominant at the eastern end of the route near Homebush Bay since the 1950s.

 Of the 39 sites identified across the project as potential areas of concern, only eight were considered to pose a moderate risk with respect to contamination. These eight sites were visually assessed during a site inspection.

 Hanson Quarry poses a low risk with regards to contamination due to the distance from the proposed lane widening, and the nature of the proposed construction activities (i.e. lane widening into existing median).

 The Ford Remediation Site poses a moderate risk with respect to contamination as it lies adjacent to a drainage channel flowing towards the site. This channel may represent a migration pathway for the migration of contaminated surface water and sediments from this site (if present) to the respective construction elements.

 The Caltex service station on Parramatta Road is considered a moderate risk with regards to contamination. The service station appears to be in good operational condition; however the current state of the underground storage tanks could not be visually assessed. Additionally, the service station is slightly up gradient of the site and is located in close proximity to the proposed upgrade of the Homebush Bay Drive on-ramp.

 Heavy industry lines the banks of Duck River which flows to and from Parramatta River underneath the motorway. The historical industrial land use adjacent to Duck River and the lack of environmental controls associated with these historical operations, sediments within the river could contain elevated levels of contaminants. Similarly, all sediment in waterways underneath the site could potentially represent a sink of contamination from contaminating activities within their respective catchments. If construction activities involves disturbance of

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the sediments of waterways, the risk of exposure to receptors (if contamination is present) could be increased if not managed appropriately.

 The road corridor of the site appeared to be in good condition with no obvious signs of contamination. However, there is the potential for localised point sources of contamination to exist along the road corridor associated with spills and leaks from vehicles and exhaust particulate deposition.

5.2 Summary In conclusion, despite the low to moderate rating of the potential areas of concern across the site, risk of contamination impacting upon construction activities will be increased if excavation works take place within these areas. Where excavation works are to be undertaken within moderate risk areas, the project Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) should detail contingency measures to manage potentially contaminated materials if suspected and/or encountered. At the time of the preparation of this report, it is not recommended that a detailed Stage 2 investigation be undertaken within the identified risk areas.

Based on the above information, SKM consider that contamination is unlikely to represent a significant constraint to the proposed construction elements (i.e. significant contamination is not present that would require construction elements to be relocated or redesigned). However, if contamination is present, it would need to be adequately managed to remove and/or reduce the risk to workers and receiving environments. 5.3 Further assessment and investigations At the time of the preparation of this report, it is not recommended that a detailed Stage 2 investigation be undertaken within the identified risk areas. However, once design concepts have been further developed, targeted investigations can be proposed, based on footprints and areas of disturbance and earthworks that are proposed.

Additionally, where excavation works are to be undertaken in areas of high ASS probability, testing should be undertaken during the detail design phase of the project to assess the presence/absence of ASS and if present, these soils will need to be managed in accordance with an ASS management plan.

SKM also recommends waste classification should be undertaken for any material which are excavated and removed from the site.

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6. References

Auburn City Council (2010) Auburn Local Environmental Plan, Auburn City Council, Sydney

Australian Standard AS 4482.1-2005 Guide to the investigation and sampling of sites with potentially contaminated soil. Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds (AS 4482.1-2005)

Blacktown City Council (1988) Blacktown Local Environmental Plan, Blacktown City Council, Sydney

Holroyd City Council (1991) Holroyd City Council Local Environmental Plan, Holroyd City Council, Sydney

National Environmental Protection Council (1999) National Environment Protection Measure (Assessment of Site Contamination), NEPC

NSW Land and Property Management Authority (2007), Historical aerial photographs, Land and Property Information Division, Australia

NSW Environmental Protection Agency (2000), Contaminated Sites: Guidelines for Consultants Reporting on Contaminated Sites, NSW EPA, Sydney

Parramatta City Council (2011), Parramatta Local Environmental Plan, Parramatta City Council, Sydney

Penrith City Council (2010) Penrith Local Environmental Plan, Penrith City Council, Sydney

Roads and Traffic Authority (2011) From the skies: Aerial photographs of Sydney in 1943, RTA, Sydney

Desktop contaminated soils investigation report March 2013 PAGE 17 M4 Managed Motorway – Concept Design & Environmental Assessment

7. Limitation Statement

The sole purpose of this report is to present the findings of a limited phase one environmental due diligence carried out by SKM for the Client in connection with the M4 Managed Motorway Project. This report was produced in accordance with and is limited to the scope of services set out in the contract between SKM and the Client. That scope of services, as described in this report, was developed with the Client. The scope of services was not intended to provide a definitive or quantitative investigation of the environmental impacts, performance and compliance of the subject sites. Environmental conditions may exist at the sites that are beyond the scope of our investigations and this report. The findings presented in this report are professional opinions based solely upon information and data provided or made available by the Client [or otherwise available in the public domain] including: a) visual observations of each site and its vicinity, b) documentation made available by RMS. SKM has relied upon and presumed that this data is accurate and representative of the environmental conditions at the sites. Except as otherwise stated in the report, SKM has not attempted to verify the accuracy or completeness of any such information. If the information is subsequently determined to be false, inaccurate or incomplete or if site conditions change beyond the above dates then it is possible that our conclusions as expressed this report may change. SKM has prepared this report in accordance with the usual care and thoroughness of the consulting profession and by reference to applicable auditing procedures and practice at the date of issue of this report. For the reasons outlined above, however, no other warranty or guarantee, whether expressed or implied, is made as to the data, observations and findings expressed in this report. Except as specifically stated in this report, SKM make no statement or representation of any kind concerning the suitability of the sites for any purpose or the permissibility of any use. Use of the site for any purpose may require planning and other approvals and, in some cases, EPA and accredited site auditor approvals. SKM offer no opinion as to the likelihood of obtaining any such approvals, or the conditions and obligations which such approvals may impose, which may include the requirement for additional environmental investigations and/or works. This report should be read in full and no excerpts are to be taken as representative of the findings. No responsibility is accepted by SKM for use of any part of this report in any other context. This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of the Client, and is subject to and issued in accordance with the contract between SKM and the Client. SKM accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party.

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Figures

Desktop contaminated soils investigation report March 2013 PAGE 19 Russell Street

Mulgoa Road Mamre Northern Road Road Roper Road M7 & Wallgrove Road Reservoir Road Prospect Highway

Cumberland Highway Coleman Street Burnett Street Church Street James Ruse Drive

Silverwater Road Hill Road Homebush Bay Drive

Proposed ramp modification works SCALE 1:110,000 A3 M4 control line 0 1 2 3 4 Kilometres SHEET COORDINATE SYS TEM GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56

TIT LE

PENRITH GL ENBRO O K ST MARYS BLACKTOWN Figure 1 - M4 Managed Motorway Project MINCHINBURY ORCHARD HILLS PROJECT PARRAMATTA

WE THE RILL PARK CONCORD M4 Managed Motorway

CLIE NT Roads and Maritime Services

DRAW N PROJECT # MA P # REV VER LW NB11510

CHECK DAT E JC 6/03/2013 NB11510_GIS_F004_r1v1 1 1

COPYRIG HT : The concepts and inform ation contained in this document are the intellectual property of Sinclair Knight Merz. Use or copying of the document in w hole or in part without written permission of Sinclair Knight Merz constitutes an infringement of copyright. DISCLAIMER : Sinclair Knight M erz does not warrant that this document is definitive nor free of error and does not accept liability for any loss caused or arising from reliance upon information provided herein. NSW SPATIAL - G IS MAP file : I:\NBIF\Projects\NB11510\Technical\Spatial\GIS\GIS_Directory\ArcMap\Figures\TechnicalReports\Geotech\NB11510_GIS_F004_r1v1.mxd

Appendix H Non-Aboriginal Heritage

M4 Smart Motorway Appendix H Review of Environmental Factors

M4 Smart Motorways Project

Non-Aboriginal Heritage Assessment and Statement of Heritage Impacts

Report to Jacobs on behalf of NSW Roads and Maritime Services November 2014

Artefact Heritage

ABN 73 144 973 526

Lvl 1/716 New South Head Rd Rose Bay 2029 PO BOX 772 Rose Bay NSW Australia 2029 +61 2 9025 3958 +61 2 9025 3990

[email protected] www.artefact.net.au

M4 Smart Motorways Project: Non-Aboriginal Heritage Assessment   

Document history and status

Revision Date issued Reviewed by Approved by Date approved Revision type Draft 13 October 2014 Nicole Cook Draft 27 November Nicole Cook

Printed: Last saved: 28 November 2014 09:29 AM

File name: M4 Smart Motorways Project Non-Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Author: Adele Anderson/Sandra Wallace Project manager: Sandra Wallace

Name of organisation: Artefact Heritage Name of project: M4 Smart Motorways Name of document: Non-Aboriginal Heritage Assessment and Statement of Heritage Impacts

Document version: Draft

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Executive summary

Artefact Heritage was commissioned by Jacobs, on behalf of NSW Roads and Maritime Services (Roads and Maritime), to prepare a preliminary non-Aboriginal heritage assessment for the M4 Smart Motorway Project (the proposal). This assessment will form part of the Review of Environmental Factors (REF) for the proposal.

The aims of this study were to assess the impacts of the proposal on items of heritage significance, outline opportunities and constraints on the proposed development regarding non-Aboriginal heritage, and recommend if further action is required to fulfil statutory heritage obligations.

The study area includes seven sections of the M4 Motorway (M4) corridor between Pitt Street, Parramatta and Lapstone (at the base of the Blue Mountains), including on and off ramps, and arterial road approaches and intersections adjacent to the ramps. These sections are shown in Figures 2-9.

The project involves the introduction of a Managed Motorway system to the existing M4 Motorway between the Pitt Street overpass at Mays Hill (just west of the Church Street interchange) and the Great Western Highway at Lapstone. A “Managed Motorway” is the term used to describe a system that brings together complementary technologies to create a fully managed road environment that maximises the performance of the road infrastructure. These technologies include communication systems and coordinated traffic management tools.

The project involves provision of a comprehensive Managed Motorway system in addition to some minor infrastructure upgrades. In summary, the project comprises:

 Installation and operation of traffic management and on-road traffic information systems, including ITS infrastructure and other supporting elements

 Minor infrastructure upgrades to support the new traffic management and on-road traffic information systems as follows:

 Improvements to entry ramps – Improvements to the motorway entry ramps for the following: Burnett Street (eastbound), Coleman Street (eastbound), Cumberland Highway (westbound and eastbound), Prospect Highway (westbound and eastbound), Reservoir Road (westbound and eastbound), M7 Westlink (westbound and eastbound), Wallgrove Road (westbound and eastbound), Roper Road (eastbound), Mamre Road (westbound and eastbound), The Northern Road (westbound and eastbound), Mulgoa Road (westbound and eastbound) and Russell Street (eastbound)

 Improvements to exit ramps – Improvements to the motorway exit ramps for the following roads: Coleman Street (westbound), Cumberland Highway (eastbound and westbound), Reservoir Road

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(eastbound and westbound), Mamre Road (eastbound), The Northern Road (westbound and eastbound), and Russell Street (westbound)

 Improvements to interchanges and arterial roads – Minor realignment of kerbs and extra road pavement at all interchanges and arterial road intersections

 Localised motorway widening – Provision of two additional lanes within the existing road median between the M7 Westlink and Roper Road interchanges

 Power and communications cabling and connections to support new Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) infrastructure, including Variable Message Signage (VMS), Variable Speed Limit Signage (VSLS) and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), vehicle detection systems and communications and power.

 Minor adjustments to services such as electricity, gas, water and wastewater

 Installation of temporary construction facilities, including construction compounds

Fifteen heritage listed items are located in the vicinity of the study area. The proposed works would generally be confined to the existing road corridors of the M4 Motorway and arterial roads and would have no physical and minor visual impact on the majority of the adjacent heritage items. Potential heritage impacts of the proposal are minor, as follows:

 The proposed VMS on Reservoir Road would have a minor visual impact on the bushland within the curtilage of Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area. However, this would have minimal impact on the heritage significance of the item and would be an acceptable impact.

Where works are proposed outside the existing road corridors they are largely limited to areas that have already been subject to significant disturbance through the construction of the motorway and adjacent arterial roads. Therefore, the proposal is unlikely to have any impacts on intact archaeological material.

On the basis of background research and a site inspection and adhering to all statutory obligations, the following recommendations have been made with regard to non-Aboriginal heritage.

 No other permits or approvals would be required for the proposed works.

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Contents

Executive summary ...... ii

Contents ...... iv

Figures ...... viii

Tables ...... x

1.0 Introduction ...... 1

1.1 Background ...... 1

1.2 The study area ...... 1

1.3 The proposed development ...... 1

1.4 Report authorship ...... 3

2.0 Legislative requirements ...... 5

2.1 Relevant legislation ...... 5

3.0 Methodology ...... 7

3.1 Statutory heritage listings ...... 9

3.1.1 World Heritage List ...... 9

3.1.2 National Heritage List ...... 9

3.1.3 The State Heritage Register ...... 9

3.1.4 Section s170 Registers ...... 9

3.1.5 Local planning instruments ...... 10

3.2 Non-statutory heritage listings ...... 13

3.3 Summary of heritage items ...... 13

4.0 Historical context ...... 24

4.1 Early European settlement ...... 24

4.2 The arrival of the railway and subsequent development ...... 26

4.3 The construction of the M4 ...... 28

5.0 Heritage listed items ...... 29

5.1 Rowing course, Nepean River ...... 29

5.1.1 History and description ...... 29

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5.1.2 Heritage significance ...... 29

5.1.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 29

5.1.4 Mitigation measures ...... 30

5.1.5 Summary ...... 30

5.2 ‘Mamre’ (Mamre Road intersection) ...... 31

5.2.1 History and description ...... 31

5.2.2 Heritage significance ...... 31

5.2.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 32

5.2.4 Mitigation measures ...... 34

5.2.5 Summary ...... 35

5.3 St Bartholomew’s Church and Cemetery (Prospect Highway intersection) ...... 35

5.3.1 History and description ...... 35

5.3.2 Heritage significance ...... 36

5.3.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 36

5.3.4 Mitigation measures ...... 38

5.3.5 Summary ...... 38

5.4 Former Prospect Post Office (Prospect Highway intersection) ...... 39

5.4.1 History and description ...... 39

5.4.2 Heritage significance ...... 40

5.4.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 40

5.4.4 Mitigation measures ...... 41

5.4.5 Summary ...... 41

5.5 ‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy (Prospect Highway and Reservoir Road intersection) ...... 42

5.5.1 History and description ...... 42

5.5.2 Heritage significance ...... 42

5.5.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 43

5.5.4 Mitigation measures ...... 43

5.1.5 Summary ...... 43

5.6 Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area (Reservoir Road intersection) ...... 44

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5.6.1 History and description ...... 44

5.6.2 Heritage significance ...... 44

5.6.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 45

5.6.4 Mitigation measures ...... 46

5.6.5 Summary ...... 46

5.7 ‘Essington’ (Burnett Street intersection) ...... 47

5.7.1 History and description ...... 47

5.7.2 Heritage significance ...... 48

5.7.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 48

5.7.4 Mitigation measures ...... 48

5.7.5 Summary ...... 48

5.8 ‘The Wattles’ (Burnett Street intersection) ...... 49

5.8.1 History and description ...... 49

5.8.2 Heritage significance ...... 50

5.8.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 50

5.8.4 Mitigation measures ...... 52

5.8.5 Summary ...... 52

5.9 Milestones between Parramatta and Greystanes (Cumberland Highway intersection and Burnett Street intersection) ...... 53

5.9.1 History and description ...... 53

5.9.2 Heritage significance ...... 53

5.9.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 53

5.9.4 Mitigation measures ...... 55

5.9.5 Summary ...... 55

5.10 Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s house (Burnett Street intersection)55

5.10.1 History and description ...... 55

5.10.2 Heritage significance ...... 55

5.10.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 56

5.10.4 Mitigation measures ...... 56

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5.10.5 Summary ...... 56

5.11 ‘Boori’ (Burnett Street intersection) ...... 57

5.11.1 History and description ...... 57

5.11.2 Heritage significance ...... 57

5.11.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 58

5.11.4 Mitigation measures ...... 59

5.11.5 Summary ...... 59

5.12 ‘Carrington’ (Burnett Street intersection) ...... 59

5.12.1 History and description ...... 59

5.12.2 Heritage significance ...... 60

5.12.3 Statement of heritage impact ...... 60

5.12.4 Mitigation measures ...... 61

5.12.5 Summary ...... 61

6.0 Archaeological potential ...... 62

6.1 Parramatta Historical Archaeological Landscape Management Study (PHALMS) ...... 62

6.1.1 AMUs within the study area ...... 62

6.2 Potential archaeological resources outside the PHALMS study area...... 63

7.0 Overall Statement of Heritage Impact ...... 65

8.0 Recommendations ...... 66

9.0 References ...... 67

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Figures

Figure 1: Study area ...... 4

Figure 2: Section one of the study area (Penrith) ...... 16

Figure 3: Section two of the study area (The Northern Road) ...... 17

Figure 4: Section three of the study area (Mamre Road)...... 18

Figure 5: Section four of the study area (Roper Road) ...... 19

Figure 6: Section five of the study area (M7 INterchange) ...... 20

Figure 7: Section six of the study area (Rservoir Road and Prospect HIghway) ...... 21

Figure 8: Section seven of the study area (western half) (Cumberland Highway) ...... 22

Figure 9: Section seven of the study area (eastern half) (Burnett Street and Pitt Street) ...... 23

Figure 10: Rowing course, Nepean River in relation to the proposal ...... 30

Figure 11: Mamre heritage curtilages in relation to the proposal...... 33

Figure 12: View from near the proposed location of the VMS toward Mamre Homestead (obscured by trees) (© Google Maps)...... 34

Figure 13: View from beside Mamre Road approach to M4 toward Mamre house...... 34

Figure 14: Trees that screen views from Mamre toward the M4...... 34

Figure 15: St Bartholomew’s Church ...... 36

Figure 16: St Bartholomew’s Church and Cemetery in relation to the proposal ...... 37

Figure 17: View from St Bartholomew’s cemetery toward M4 ...... 38

Figure 18: Former Prospect Post Office ...... 40

Figure 19: Former Propsect Post Office in relation to proposal...... 41

Figure 20: ‘Bridestowe’ (I 64) and Hicks’ Dairy (I 65) in relation to the proposal...... 43

Figure 21: The Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area heritage item in relation to the proposal ...... 47

Figure 22: Essington in relation to the study area ...... 49

Figure 23: ‘The Wattles’ in 2002 (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet) ...... 50

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Figure 24: ‘The Wattles’ in relation to the proposal...... 51

Figure 25: Thick shrubbery along eastern side of ‘The Wattles’ curtilage, between the house and the on- ramp...... 52

Figure 26: Milestone to the west of Bridge Road in relation to the proposal ...... 54

Figure 27: Milestone to west of Cumberland Highway in relation to proposal ...... 54

Figure 28: Parramatta West Public School (I 13) and Former Headmaster’ House (I 58) in relation to the proposal...... 57

Figure 29: ‘Boori’ (I 65) in relation to the proposal...... 58

Figure 30: Footpath between ‘Boori’ and M4 corridor, with brick wall and trees along the northern boundary of the item...... 59

Figure 31: ‘Carrington’ (I 85) in relation to the proposal...... 61

Figure 32: PHALMS map showing AMU 2889 in relation to the study area boundary ...... 64

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Tables

Table 1: NSW heritage assessment criteria ...... 9

Table 2: LEP details for heritage items in the vicinity of the study area ...... 12

Table 3: Summary of heritage items in the vicinity of the study area ...... 15

Table 4: Summary table for Rowing course, Nepean River ...... 30

Table 5: Summary table for Mamre ...... 35

Table 6: Summary table for St Bartholomew’s Chruch and Cemetery ...... 38

Table 7: Summary table for Former Prospect Post Office ...... 41

Table 8: Summary table for ‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy ...... 43

Table 9: Summary table for Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area ...... 46

Table 10: Summary table for Essington ...... 48

Table 11: Summary table for ‘The Wattles’ ...... 52

Table 12: Summary table for the milestones near the Cumberland Highway and Bridge Road, Westmead ...... 55

Table 13: Summary table for Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s House ...... 56

Table 14: Summary table for ‘Boori’ ...... 59

Table 15: Summary table for ‘Carrington’ ...... 61

Table 16: Details for AMU 2889 extracted from the State Heritage Inventory entry for the AMU ...... 63

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

Artefact Heritage was commissioned by Jacobs, on behalf of NSW Roads and Maritime Services (Roads and Maritime), to prepare a preliminary non-Aboriginal heritage assessment for the M4 Managed Motorway Project (the proposal). This assessment will form part of the Review of Environmental Factors (REF) for the proposal.

1.2 The study area

The study area falls within the local government areas (LGAs) of Holroyd, Blacktown, and Penrith.

1.3 The proposed development

The project involves provision of a comprehensive Managed Motorway system in addition to some minor infrastructure upgrades. In summary, the project comprises:

 Installation and operation of traffic management and on-road traffic information systems, including ITS infrastructure and other supporting elements

 Minor infrastructure upgrades to support the new traffic management and on-road traffic information systems as follows:

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 Improvements to exit ramps – Improvements to the motorway exit ramps for the following roads: Coleman Street (westbound), Cumberland Highway (eastbound and westbound), Reservoir Road (eastbound and westbound), Mamre Road (eastbound), The Northern Road (westbound and eastbound), and Russell Street (westbound)

 Improvements to interchanges and arterial roads – Minor realignment of kerbs and extra road pavement at all interchanges and arterial road intersections

 Localised motorway widening – Provision of two additional lanes within the existing road median between the M7 Westlink and Roper Road interchanges

o Variable Message Signage (VMS): Additional VMS would be installed to complement the existing VMS system. The locations and number of signs would vary along the M4 Motorway and would generally be dependent upon the need to provide motorists with information. A number of different types of VMS would be installed ranging from large six metre wide monochrome or colour VMS, to smaller VMS capable of displaying information using a range of colours.

o Variable Speed Limit Signage (VSLS): On the mainline M4 Motorway the VSLS would be installed on the Lane Use Management System (LUMS) above each lane. On the entry ramps the VSLS would be standalone structures.

o Closed Circuit Television (CCTV): The existing CCTV system would be augmented to provide enhanced coverage of the M4 Motorway. The location and number of CCTV cameras would depend upon line of sight distances and the type of CCTV technology deployed. The cameras may be installed on stand-alone poles or other infrastructure such as bridges or LUMS gantries.

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o Vehicle detections systems: Generally in-pavement vehicle detectors would be located at 500 metre intervals along the mainline motorway, although at known incident and bottleneck locations, such as downstream of a merge location (at an entry ramp or lane drop) the distance between in-pavement detectors would be less than this. These systems may also be installed in maintenance/emergency bays.

 Minor adjustments to services such as electricity, gas, water and wastewater

 Installation of temporary construction facilities, including construction compounds

1.4 Report authorship

Archaeologist Adele Anderson wrote this report with management input from Principal Archaeologist Dr Sandra Wallace. The project was directed by Dr Sandra Wallace and the site inspection undertaken by Adele Anderson and Sam Gibbins.

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Figure 1: Study area

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2.0 Legislative requirements

2.1 Relevant legislation

There are several items of State legislation that are relevant to the current study. A summary of these Acts and the implications for the proposed development follow.

The NSW Heritage Act 1977

The NSW Heritage Act 1977 (the Heritage Act) is the primary piece of State legislation affording protection to items of environmental heritage (natural and cultural) in NSW. Under the Heritage Act, ‘items of environmental heritage’ include places, buildings, works, relics, moveable objects and precincts identified as significant based on historical, scientific, cultural, social, archaeological, architectural, natural or aesthetic values. State significant items are listed on the NSW State Heritage Register (SHR) and are given automatic protection under the Heritage Act against any activities that may damage an item or affect its heritage significance.

The Heritage Act also protects 'relics', which can include archaeological material, features and deposits. Section 4(1) of the Heritage Act (as amended 2009) defines ‘relic’ as follows:

“relic means any deposit, artefact, object or material evidence that:

(a) relates to the settlement of the area that comprises New South Wales, not being Aboriginal settlement, and

(b) is of State or local heritage significance.”

Section 139(1) of the Heritage Act states that:

“A person must not disturb or excavate any land knowingly or having reasonable cause to suspect that the disturbance or excavation will or is likely to result in a relic being discovered, exposed, damaged or destroyed unless the disturbance or excavation is carried out in accordance with an excavation permit.”

Permits to disturb or excavate ‘relics’ are issued by the NSW Heritage Council or a Delegate of the NSW Heritage Council under Section 140 (for relics not protected by an SHR listing) or Section 60 (for relics protected by an SHR listing) of the Heritage Act. Exceptions or exemptions to these permits may be applicable under certain conditions.

The Heritage Act also requires all government agencies to identify and manage heritage assets in their ownership and control. Under Section 170 of the Heritage Act, government agencies must establish and

artefact.net.au Page 5 M4 Smart Motorways Project: Non-Aboriginal Heritage Assessment    keep a register which includes all items of environmental heritage listed on the SHR, an environmental planning instrument, or which may be subject to an interim heritage order that are owned, occupied or managed by that government body. Under Section 170A of the Heritage Act all government agencies must also ensure that items entered on its register are maintained with due diligence in accordance with State Owned Heritage Management Principles approved by the NSW Minister for Planning & Infrastructure on advice of the NSW Heritage Council.

The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (the EP&A Act) establishes the framework for cultural heritage values to be formally assessed in the land use planning and development consent process. The EP&A Act requires that environmental impacts are considered before land development; this includes impacts on cultural heritage items and places as well as archaeological sites and deposits.

State Environmental Planning Policy (Infrastructure) (ISEPP) 2007

In 2007, the ISEPP was introduced in order to streamline the development of infrastructure projects undertaken by state agencies, including Roads and Maritime. Generally, where there is conflict between the provisions of the ISEPP and other environmental planning instruments, the ISEPP prevails. Under the ISEPP, development for the purpose of a road or road infrastructure facilities may be carried out by a public authority without consent on any land. The ISEPP overrides the controls included in the LEPs and DCPs, and Roads and Maritime is required to consult with the relevant local councils only when development “is likely to have an impact that is not minor or inconsequential on a local heritage item (other than a local heritage item that is also a State heritage item) or a heritage conservation area”. When this is the case, Roads and Maritime must not carry out such development until it has:

 Had an assessment of the impact prepared.

 Given written notice of the intention to carry out the development, with a copy of the assessment, to the council for the area in which the heritage item or heritage conservation area (or the relevant part of such an area) is located.

 Taken into consideration any response to the notice that is received from the council within 21 days after the notice is given (ISEPP Clause 14).

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3.0 Methodology

Statutory registers provide legal protection for heritage items. In NSW the Heritage Act, and the EP&A Act give legal protection. The SHR, the s170 registers, and heritage schedules of LEPs are statutory listings. Places on the National Heritage List are protected under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. In addition, a number of the heritage items are also listed on non- statutory heritage registers. Listings on these registers do not have any statutory implications, but further demonstrate the recognised heritage value of the items.

Previously identified heritage items in the study area were located through a search of heritage registers. This search was undertaken on the 1 March 2013 and included the following heritage registers:

 World Heritage List – The World Heritage List is maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and includes items of international heritage significance.

 National Heritage List - The National Heritage List has been established to list places of outstanding heritage significance to Australia. It includes natural, historic and Indigenous places.

 State Heritage Register - The SHR is a list of places and objects of particular importance to the people of NSW and is administered by the Heritage Branch of the Department of Planning and Infrastructure. The register lists a diverse range of over 1500 items, in both private and public ownership. To be listed, an item must be deemed to be of heritage significance for the whole of NSW.

 Section 170 Registers – Section 170 (s170) Registers are created by government bodies and are registers of all heritage listed items that are owned, occupied or managed by those bodies.

 Penrith LEP 2010 – The Penrith LEP 2010 includes a schedule and maps of local heritage items within the LGA.

 Blacktown LEP 1988 / Draft LEP 2013 – The Blacktown LEP 1988 and Draft LEP 2013 each include a schedule of local heritage items within the LGA. The Draft LEP (currently on public exhibition) also includes maps of heritage items within the LGA.

 Holroyd LEP 2013 – The Holroyd LEP 2013 includes a schedule and maps of local heritage items within the LGA. The Draft LEP also includes maps of heritage items within the LGA.

 Register of the National Estate - The Register of the National Estate (RNE) is a list of natural, Indigenous and historic heritage places throughout Australia. It was originally established under the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975. Under that Act, the Australian Heritage Commission

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entered more than 13,000 places in the register. Following amendments to the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003, the RNE was frozen on 19 February 2007, and ceased to be a statutory register in February 2012. The RNE is now maintained on a non-statutory basis as a publicly available archive and educational resource.

 Register of the National Trust - The Register of the National Trust was established in 1949 and is maintained by the National Trust of Australia. It is a non-statutory register.

A site survey was conducted to ground truth the desktop assessment and to allow an accurate assessment of potential heritage impacts. The site survey was undertaken by Archaeologists Sam Gibbins and Adele Anderson (Artefact Heritage) on 28 March 2013. The survey included physical inspections of all heritage listed items located in close proximity to the study area. A photographic record was kept, with photographs taken of all heritage items and potential archaeological sites.

Where existing statements of heritage significance were not available for the heritage items, brief statements of significance have been prepared as part of this assessment, in accordance with the NSW Heritage Assessment Guidelines. These guidelines are included in the NSW Heritage Manual and are founded on the NSW heritage assessment criteria, which aim to minimise ambiguity and maintain consistency in the assessment process. The criteria encompass the four values identified in the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter: historical significance, aesthetic significance, scientific significance, and social significance. They also include consideration of rarity and representativeness values. The criteria are summarised in Table 1 below. The heritage assessment guidelines also include two thresholds (state or local) for assessing the relative level of significance of heritage items.

Criteria Description

A – Historical An item is important in the course or pattern of the local area’s cultural or Significance natural history.

B – Associative An item has strong or special associations with the life or works of a person, or Significance group of persons, of importance in the local area’s cultural or natural history.

C – Aesthetic An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high Significance degree of creative or technical achievement in the local area.

D – Social Significance An item has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in the local area for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

E – Research Potential An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the local area’s cultural or natural history.

F – Rarity An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the local area’s cultural or natural history.

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Criteria Description

G – Representative An item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSWs (or the local area’s):

- cultural or natural places; or - cultural or natural environments. Table 1: NSW heritage assessment criteria

3.1 Statutory heritage listings

3.1.1 World Heritage List

No sites in or near the study area are included on the World Heritage List.

3.1.2 National Heritage List

No sites in or near the study area are included on the National Heritage List.

3.1.3 The State Heritage Register

Five items in the vicinity of the study area are listed on the SHR, as follows:

 ‘Mamre’ – Mamre Road, St Marys.

 Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area – Reservoir Road, Prospect.

 St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church and Cemetery – Ponds Road, Prospect.

 Prospect Post Office (former) – 23 Tarlington Place, Prospect.

 ‘Essington’ – 2, 4, 6, 8 Bridge Road, Westmead.

Maps of the SHR curtilages of these five items are provided in Figures 4, 7 and 9.

3.1.4 Section s170 Registers

Three items in the vicinity of the study area are listed on the s170 Registers of government agencies (Figures 4 and 7). These are as follows:

 Mamre (Department of Planning and Infrastructure)

 Prospect Reservoir – operational lands (Sydney Water)

 Prospect Post Office (former) (Department of Planning and Infrastructure)

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3.1.5 Local planning instruments

Thirteen items within or near the study area are listed on local planning instruments. Details for these listings are provided in Table 2 and maps of their curtilages are shown in Figures 2-9.

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Listing Suburb Item Address Lot/DP LEP item Significance number (according to LEP listing)

Penrith LEP 2010 Penrith Rowing course Nepean River n/a 2260148 Local

Penrith LEP 2010 Orchard Hills Mamre 181–275 Mamre Lot 1, DP 530579 2260228 State Road

Blacktown LEP Prospect Church & cemetery – St Ponds Road Lots 221 224, DP 812455 I63 (Draft LEP State 1988/Draft LEP 2013 Bartholomew’s and Lot 1, DP 325874 2013)

Blacktown LEP Prospect Old Post Office Cottage 23 Tarlington Lot 140, DP 1003460 I66 (Draft LEP State 1988/Draft LEP 2013 Place 2013)

Blacktown LEP Prospect House – Bridestowe 568 Reservoir Lot C, DP 374323 I64 (Draft LEP Local 1988/Draft LEP 2013 Road 2013)

Blacktown Draft LEP Prospect Hicks Dairy Reservoir Road Part Lot 19, DP 802753 I65 (Draft LEP Local 2013 2013)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Wentworthville “Essington”, late 2,4,6,8 Bridge Lot 57B, DP 357142, Lot 23 (LEP 1991) State Victorian/Federation Road 58 DP 33085 and Lot 1 I546 (Draft LEP residence, garden setting DP 34635 2012) and trees

Holroyd LEP 2013 South “The Wattles”, 245 Great Lot 100 DP 878926 67 (LEP 1991) Local Wentworthville Victorian/Georgian residence Western Highway I98 (Draft LEP 2012)

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Listing Suburb Item Address Lot/DP LEP item Significance number (according to LEP listing)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Greystanes Milestone group, Parramatta Great Western n/a 68 (LEP 1991) Local to Greystanes (one Highway I26 (Draft LEP milestone is located within 2012) study area, and one immediately outside it)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Granville Parramatta West Public Railway Street Lot 407, DP 729082 and 132 (LEP 1991) Local School, c. 1887 Lot 2, DP 1113697 I13 (Draft LEP 2012)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Mays Hill Former Headmaster’s House 59b Franklin Lot 1 DP 1113697 42 (LEP 1991) Local – Parramatta West Public Street I58 (Draft LEP School 2012)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Merrylands “Boori”, Victorian Italianate 20 Ledger Road Lot 10 DP 712035 94 (LEP 1991) Local residence and grounds I65 (Draft LEP 2012)

Holroyd LEP 2013 Parramatta “Carrington”, Victorian 8 Ledger Road Lot 1 DP 613256 93 (LEP 1991) Local Italianate residence and I85 (Draft LEP grounds 2012)

Table 2: LEP details for heritage items in the vicinity of the study area

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3.2 Non-statutory heritage listings

A number of items within the study area are included in the Register of the National Trust (RNT):

 ‘Mamre’ (Listing ID S8846)  Prospect Reservoir: Sydney Water Supply (Listing ID S11562)  Prospect Landscape Conservation Area (Listing ID S9361)  St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church (Listing ID S9796)  St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church Cemetery Conservation Area (Listing ID S9797)  ‘Boori’ (20 Ledger Road, Merrylands) (Listing ID S6809)  ‘Essington’ (Listing ID S7446)  House (8 Ledger Road, Merrylands) (Listing ID S8227)

Two items in the vicinity of the study area are included in the Register of the National Estate (RNE):

 Mamre and curtilage.  St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church (former)

3.3 Summary of heritage items

Table 3 summarises the heritage items located in the vicinity of the study area, including those listed on statutory and non-statutory registers.

Suburb Item Lot/DP Listings Within study area?

Penrith Rowing course, n/a Penrith LEP 2010 No Nepean River

Orchard Hills ‘Mamre’ Lot 1, DP 530579 SHR No

Penrith LEP 2010

Department of Planning and Infrastructure s170 Register

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Suburb Item Lot/DP Listings Within study area?

RNE

RNT

Prospect Church & cemetery – Lots 221 224, DP SHR Yes St Bartholomew’s 812455 and Lot 1, DP Blacktown LEP 325874 1988/Draft LEP 2013

RNE

RNT

Prospect Old Post Office Lot 140, DP 1003460 SHR No Cottage Blacktown LEP 1988/Draft LEP 2013

Department of Planning and Infrastructure s170 Register

Prospect House – Bridestowe Lot C, DP 374323 Blacktown LEP No 1988/Draft LEP 2013

Prospect Hicks Dairy Part Lot 19, DP 802753 Blacktown Draft LEP No 2013

Prospect Prospect Reservoir Lot 7 DP 1015294 SHR and surrounding area Part Lot 1 DP Sydney Water s170 1062094 Register Lot 2 DP 1062094 RNT Lot 304 DP 1122291

Lot 2 DP 218194

Part Lot 1 DP 270644

Part Lot 18 DP 270644

Part Lot 8 DP 270644

Lot 1 DP 832281

Lot 2 DP 832281

Lot 4 DP 832281

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Suburb Item Lot/DP Listings Within study area?

Lot 1 DP 845354

Lot 5 DP 861815

Prospect Prospect Landscape Reservoir Road (Part RNT Unknown (RNT Conservation Area Of Cumberland Plain listing does not Remnant Communities Landscape provide a Conservation Area) specific curtilage)

Wentworthville “Essington”, late Lot 57B, DP 357142, SHR No Victorian/Federation Lot 58 DP 33085 and Holroyd LEP 2013 residence, garden Lot 1 DP 34635 setting and trees RNT

South “The Wattles”, Lot 100 DP 878926 Holroyd LEP 2013 Yes Wentworthville Victorian/Georgian residence

Greystanes Milestone group, n/a Holroyd LEP 2013 Yes (one of the Parramatta to milestones in Greystanes (one the group) milestone is located within study area and one immediately outside it)

Granville Parramatta West Lot 407, DP 729082 Holroyd LEP 2013 No Public School, c. and Lot 2, DP 1113697 1887

Mays Hill Former Headmaster’s Lot 1 DP 1113697 Holroyd LEP 2013 No House – Parramatta West Public School

Merrylands “Boori”, Victorian Lot 10 DP 712035 Holroyd LEP 2013 No Italianate residence RNT and grounds

Parramatta “Carrington”, Victorian Lot 1 DP 613256 Holroyd LEP 2013 No Italianate residence RNT and grounds

Table 3: Summary of heritage items in the vicinity of the study area

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Figure 2: Section one of the study area (Penrith)

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Figure 3: Section two of the study area (The Northern Road)

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Figure 4: Section three of the study area (Mamre Road).

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Figure 5: Section four of the study area (Roper Road)

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Figure 6: Section five of the study area (M7 INterchange)

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Figure 7: Section six of the study area (Rservoir Road and Prospect HIghway)

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Figure 8: Section seven of the study area (western half) (Cumberland Highway)

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Figure 9: Section seven of the study area (eastern half) (Burnett Street and Pitt Street)

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4.0 Historical context

4.1 Early European settlement

Exploration to the west of Sydney Cove began soon after first settlement, as it was found that the sandstone soils of coastal Sydney were unsuited to cultivation and it was necessary to find more fertile land.

In 1788, a government farm was established on the banks of the Parramatta River at Parramatta (initially named Rose Hill). A government house was built near the farm, which prompted the development of the town of Parramatta, which was laid out in 1790. Initially the river was the main form of transport to and from Parramatta, but an overland track between Parramatta and Sydney was cleared through the bush between 1789 and 1791. This track formed the basis for ‘the road to Parramatta’, which was laid out in 1797. By the early 19th century, Parramatta Road was a major thoroughfare for the colony (Wotherspoon 2010a, 2010b).

A track leading west from Parramatta to the Nepean River was also developed during 1788 and 1789. In 1815, William Cox led the construction of the Great Western Road from the Nepean River through the Blue Mountains, with a ferry crossing of the river at Emu Plains. In December 1817, Cox also completed the construction of the section of the Great Western Road between Emu Plains and Parramatta, which was named the Great Western Highway in 1928.

During the early 19th century, scattered rural settlement developed at other locations along the route of the present-day M4. Small land grants were made to former convicts in areas with better soils, such as at Prospect and along creeks and rivers, in order to establish steady food supplies for the colony. These small farms initially cultivated grain and other crops. Larger grants further from the rivers and creeks were made to prominent and wealthy individuals such as military officers, officials and merchants, who used some of their land for farming but most for grazing (Kass 2005:18). Small villages began to develop along the main roads, including Parramatta Road and the Great Western Road.

Parramatta

Following that laying out of the town in 1790, Parramatta developed into a major centre and small farming settlements were established in several nearby areas at Prospect Hill, The Ponds and the Northern Boundary (North Parramatta) in 1791 and 1792 (Kass et al 1996:36).

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries a number of land grants were made in the area of Parramatta through which the M4 now passes. The earliest of these were grants made in 1793 to John Macarthur (Elizabeth Farm, Rosehill) and John Harris (Experiment Farm, Harris Park). Macarthur and

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Harris both built houses on their properties, which were actively farmed. In 1806 a large grant was made to a merchant, Garnham Blaxcell, to the south of Parramatta Road, between Woodville Road and Clyde Street. Blaxcell did not reside on or farm his land, but used it as collateral for his commercial enterprises. When Blaxcell’s finances began to fail he mortgaged the property to Sir John Jamieson, who took up ownership when Blaxcell fled the colony in 1817 (Dictionary of Sydney entries for ‘Rosehill’, ‘Granville’ and ‘Harris Park’).

Holroyd

Within the Holroyd LGA, the M4 passes through the suburbs of Westmead, Wentworthville and Greystanes.

The area that is now Westmead was first cleared in 1791 and was originally part of the Parramatta Government Farm. Small land grants were made in the area over the next decade, but these were resumed in 1810 to form part of the Government Domain.

The suburb of Wentworthville is named after D’Arcy Wentworth, who was a surgeon on a convict ship in the Second Fleet. Wentworth received a grant of land in 1810, to which he added further land in the following years, acquired a total of 2,750 acres.

The suburb of Greystanes is named after a historical home located on Prospect Hill, which was built c. 1840 by Nelson Lawson, the third child of Lieutenant William Lawson. The house was demolished on 1946. The land on which Greystanes was located was originally granted to Lieutenant William Cummings in 1799, before being acquired by William Lawson in approximately 1810. It was from this land that William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Charles Wentworth set out on their successful crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1813 and discovered the Bathurst Plains. The Lawson family crypt still exists at St. Bartholomew’s Church, Prospect (Holroyd Council website http://www.holroyd.nsw.gov.au/your- city/city/history/suburb/).

Blacktown

Within the Blacktown LGA, the M4 passes through the area of Prospect. Governor Phillip chose the site of Prospect Hill for a number of relatively small land grants in 1791 and 1792. The site of Prospect Reservoir was later included within the largest grants in the area, which were made to William Lawson (500 acres) and John Barbyn (1200 acres). William Lawson had a residence named Veteran Hall built on his grant during the early 19th century (demolished in 1929).

The settlement at Prospect Hill had a varied success, with only six of the original 20 settlers remaining in the area by 1798. By the 1820s, most of the land subject to the 1790s Grants had been cleared for agricultural purposes. This land was used for cereal cultivation for the next 50 years. By 1828 around 350 residents lived in the Prospect Hill area. However, with the collapse of cereal grain production across the Cumberland Plain in the 1860s, farming moved to the rearing of livestock in the 1870s. Most of the small

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Penrith

In Penrith, the early settlement pattern was shaped by small land grants to former convicts and free settlers who established small farms. A small number of larger estates were also established, mainly in the Mulgoa Valley south of Penrith and along South Creek to the east of Penrith.

In the mid-19th century, the town of Penrith was beginning to develop and St Mary’s was also evolving into a small economic centre. However, the population of the district remained low (Fox & Associates 1987).

4.2 The arrival of the railway and subsequent development

The arrival of the railway in the 1850s prompted more rapid subdivision and development in areas along the route of the railway line. Between Strathfield and Parramatta, the rail line roughly followed a similar route to Parramatta Road and encouraged increased development in the area around the road and railway line; while to the west of Parramatta the railway line was located up three kilometres to the north of the Great Western Road and stimulated the development of town centres to the north of the main road.

The Sydney to Parramatta railway was completed in 1855, with stations built at various locations along the line in the following years.

Parramatta

The Sydney to Parramatta railway initially terminated on Dog Trap Road (now Woodville Road) at a station named Parramatta Junction, before the railway was extended into Parramatta proper in 1860. The arrival of the railway encouraged subdivision and industrial development in the area around the present- day M4. In the 1860s the Jamieson estate began to be subdivided, while Harris Park was subdivided from 1870. In 1880, Elizabeth Farm was sold to Septimus A Stephen, who subdivided it under the name ‘Rosehill’.

In 1880, the name Granville was given to the area known as Parramatta Junction. Five years later, the Municipality of Granville was formed and included all or part of the present-day suburbs of Granville, South Granville, Rosehill, Camellia, Clyde, Harris Park and Guildford (from 1906). The municipality was subsumed in the enlarged City of Parramatta in 1949.

Granville grew quickly in the late 19th century as its road, water and rail access encouraged industrial expansion. Industries in the area included Hudson Brothers (later Clyde Engineering) who manufactured

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Following WWII, the Housing Commission built housing estates in the area to accommodate the rapid population growth resulting from the baby boom and immigration (Dictionary of Sydney entry for ‘Granville’).

Holroyd

The railway line between Parramatta Junction and Penrith was constructed between 1860 and 1863.

Part of the Government Domain in the Parramatta area was subdivided between 1859 and 1889 and orchards were established on many of the subdivided allotments. The railway was constructed through Westmead in 1861, but a station was not built at the suburb until 1883. The presence of the railway would have made the area more desirable for orchardists and other farmers, by making it much easier to transport produce to markets in Sydney

A railway station was opened at Wentworthville in 1883 and was named Wentworthville in 1885. The construction of the station prompted the subdivision of the Wentworth Estate.

Blacktown

The railway line was located around 35 kilometres to the north of Prospect and therefore did not encourage an immediate increase in development. Instead the development of the Prospect area in the early 20th century was shaped by quarrying industries and the creation of Prospect Reservoir.

Prospect Reservoir was constructed in the late-19th century as part of the Upper Nepean Scheme to supply water from the Nepean River and its tributaries.

Modern quarrying is considered to have begun in the area in 1901, when the Emu and Prospect Gravel and Road Metal Company acquired a large portion of land to the east of the Reservoir site. Quarrying expansion continued further to the creation of the Prospect Reservoir, however many large estates, including Greystanes, also survived for some time. Greystanes was transferred in whole to the NSW Blue Metal Quarries in 1940. Part of the Prospect Hill area to the east of the Reservoir was owned by major quarrying companies until 1947, when it was acquired by the Commonwealth for the CSIRO. It seems that grazing was carried out continuously in the area until the CSIRO occupancy. The United States established a Military Camp at Prospect Hill in the closing years of WWII, apparently along the east of the Reservoir site boundary.

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Penrith

The railway arrived at Penrith in 1863, however, although this led to Penrith becoming a major railway service centre, it did not act as the catalyst for rapid change throughout the district. It was not until the 1880s that the majority of the rural estates in the district began to be subdivided.

Rapid urban growth and expansion did not occur until after WWII, when increased demand for housing and the introduction of planning schemes for the district saw many localities within the Penrith area become suburbanised (Fox & Associates 1987).

4.3 The construction of the M4

Following WWII there was a huge increase in motor traffic, which led to increasing congestion along Parramatta Road. Planning for a Western Expressway began in 1947 and a corridor for the road was reserved in 1951.

The first section of the M4 was located between Prospect and Penrith and was completed by the Department of Main Roads in the early 1970s. During the 1980s, the second section between Concord and Parramatta was constructed in various stages. Until 1992, there was a ‘missing link’ between the two sections.

In 1989, Statewide Roads Limited (SWR) won the right to finance, build and maintain the motorway, and by 1992 they had constructed the 10 kilometre long ‘missing link’ as well as widening and upgrading the 6 kilometre section between Homebush Bay Drive and James Ruse Drive.

Between 1996 and 1998, the motorway was upgraded and widened between Parramatta and Penrith.

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5.0 Heritage listed items

5.1 Rowing course, Nepean River

5.1.1 History and description

Rowing races have been held on the Nepean River at Penrith since the 1850s and in 1888 the Penrith Rowing Club and Nepean Rowing Club were founded. These clubs declined over the following years, and were replaced by the current Nepean Rowing Club in 1928. The club purchased two blocks of land fronting the river and built a boatshed and club house.

Between 1936 and 2000, the annual General Public Schools Regatta was held on the Nepean River, before it was replaced by the Sydney International Regatta Centre at Penrith Lakes at the time of the Sydney Olympic Games. In 1938, the river was the rowing venue for the Empire Games (predecessor to the Commonwealth Games) (Godden Mackay Logan 2011:37-38).

The heritage curtilage for the rowing course encompasses the entire section of the Nepean River between Victoria Bridge in the north and the bridge carrying the M4 western motorway to the south.

5.1.2 Heritage significance

The rowing course is of historical and social significance as a sporting venue established early in Penrith’s history, which gained international recognition. It demonstrates the role of the river as a place for organised water sports, since the late 19th century. However, the Penrith Heritage Study (Paul Davies Pty Ltd 2007: Vol 3 p. 89) recommended that the item should be removed from the LEP heritage list as the various sites of former activity are now difficult to discern.

5.1.3 Statement of heritage impact

Although the study area does overlap the Nepean River slightly on either side of the M4 bridge (Figure 10), no impacts are proposed within the curtilage of the rowing course. The proposal includes the addition of CCTV and a VMS on the western side of the river, however, these would have no impact on the views, setting, or heritage significance of the rowing course.

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Figure 10: Rowing course, Nepean River in relation to the proposal

5.1.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.1.5 Summary

Table 4 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Rowing course, Nepean River

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 4: Summary table for Rowing course, Nepean River

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5.2 ‘Mamre’ (Mamre Road intersection)

5.2.1 History and description

In 1798, the Reverend Samuel Marsden purchased 38 acres on South Creek, followed by another 200 acres the following year. He named the property Mamre and primarily produced wool there, including the first “weavable” wool to be sent to England from the colony in 1807.

The homestead was built between 1822 and 1832, with the house intended to provide basic accommodation for farm overseers, rather than a permanent residence. Following Samuel Marsden’s death in 1838, the house was used as a permanent residence by his son, Charles.

In 1840, the property was sold to Richard Rouse, a prominent public servant and grazier who lived at Rouse Hill estate. In 1841, Rouse gave the property to his daughter, Elizabeth Henrietta Rouse, as a wedding present. The property remained in the ownership of Elizabeth’s descendants for over a century.

In 1975, the farm was purchased by the (then) NSW Planning and Environment Commission. In 1984 the NSW Department of Planning made the property available to the Sisters of Mercy for use as a training centre for the unemployed and a function centre.

The property is largely intact and preserves a historical rural landscape that is largely intact. The homestead is a stow-storey brick building in the Colonial Georgian style, and is located 250 metres west of Mamre Road and around 570 metres south-west of the base of the ramp that carries Mamre Road over the M4. Some early farm outbuildings and remnant plantings remains around the house, as well as a number of modern brick buildings (SHR entry for ‘Mamre’).

5.2.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the SHR entry for Mamre is as follows:

“Mamre is significant for its potential to yield information on the pre-contact Aboriginal occupation of the South Creek catchment. Mamre is historically and socially significant as an important site in post-contact Aboriginal history, demonstrating Aboriginal survival and adaptation to non-traditional social, economic and political practices. Mamre is historically significant for its association with the early sheep breeding experiments of the Reverend Samuel Marsden, which contributed to the early development of the wool industry in NSW (and Australia). Mamre has historic and aesthetic significance as a rare, regional example of a fairly intact pre-1860 colonial landscape and homestead on the Cumberland Plain. The farmstead is archaeologically significant for its potential to yield information on early colonial farm landscapes, farmsteads and Georgian architecture. The Mamre farmhouse is an iconic feature in the St. Mary's region and immediate landscape. Mamre has a strong association

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with the early owners of the property, the Reverend Samuel Marsden and Richard Rouse, both influential early colonists. Samuel Marsden is an important figure in the early missionary history of New Zealand, with strong ties to settlement and missionary activities in Kerikeri and the Northland district in particular. The property has strong, continuing association with the Sisters of Mercy, Parramatta and the MAMRE PROJECT which has great regional social importance. The South Creek corridor is significant for its preservation of endangered ecological communities. It has potential to yield valuable information about the river-flat forests, wetlands and riparian habitats which are among the most threatened natural landscapes in Western Sydney. Mamre is recognised as a property of State significance, as a substantial Georgian homestead, and the former residence of the Rev. Samuel Marsden during the 1820s and 1830s. It was later the residence of Richard, then Henrietta Rouse and the Hon. Robert Fitzgerald, MLC, from the 1840s. The building is an important example of an early 19th century homestead in the Colonial Georgian style.”

5.2.3 Statement of heritage impact

The following modifications are proposed in the vicinity of Mamre:

 Widening lengthening and realigning the existing 1 lane entry ramps including;

o Eastbound entry ramp to provide 882 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line and lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

o Westbound entry ramp to provide 772 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line and lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

 Widening of the eastbound exit ramp.

 Installation of traffic signals, VMS, VSLS, CCTV, vehicle detection services, fixed signage on the entry ramps.

 Installation of VMS, vehicle detection devices, fixed signage on the arterial road.

 Cabling to provide power and communications.

All of the proposed modifications are located over 500 metres from the homestead complex itself, and at least 60 metres from the LEP/s170 Register curtilage of the item (Figure 11). Views from Mamre homestead toward the M4 are screened to the north by a thick band of vegetation to the south of the M4 corridor (between 50 and 110 metres wide). Views toward the proposed location of the VMS on Mamre Road are also screened by eucalypts within the property and the road reserve (Figure 12 to Figure 14).

There would be no physical impacts or visual impacts to the item.

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Figure 11: Mamre heritage curtilages in relation to the proposal.

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Figure 12: View from near the proposed location of the VMS toward Mamre Homestead (obscured by trees) (© Google Maps).

Figure 13: View from beside Mamre Road approach to M4 toward Mamre house.

Figure 14: Trees that screen views from Mamre toward the M4.

5.2.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

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5.2.5 Summary

Table 5 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Mamre Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

State None None n/a n/a Table 5: Summary table for Mamre

5.3 St Bartholomew’s Church and Cemetery (Prospect Highway intersection)

5.3.1 History and description

Tenders for the construction of St Bartholomew’s church were called in August 1838 and the contract was won by James Atkinson of Mulgoa, who was building three other churches at the same time (at Richmond, St Mary’s and Mulgoa). The church was funded partly by the Colonial Treasury and partly by money collected through private subscription.

The church and cemetery were consecrated in 1841. By 1891 over 360 burials had been recorded and from the turn of the century until 1941 there was a notable increase in the annual number of burials, reflecting the rising population of the district. Burials in the cemetery are now only permitted in previously purchased plots (which stopped being sold in 1992) and in existing graves where there is space.

The church is no longer used for services, with the last service held on Christmas Eve in 1967. In 1967 a group of local residents who wanted to preserve the church formed The Prospect Trust. In 1975, Blacktown Municipal Council obtained a 50 year lease over most of the property and in 1978 the National Estate Funds provided $20 000 for the restoration of the church. In 1982, a Permanent Conservation Order was placed on the site and between 2000 and 2001 the church was completely restored, following damage by a fire in 1989.

The church and cemetery are located on a hill overlooking the M4 (Figure 15), with the property bounded by Ponds Road to the north and the Prospect Highway to the west. A strip of land around 50 metres wide separates the property from the ramp between the Prospect Highway and the M4. Two large transmission towers are located within this strip of land (SHR entry for ‘St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church and Cemetery’).

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5.3.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the SHR entry for St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church and Cemetery is as follows:

“The St Bartholomew's site is closely linked with the development and history of the surrounding area and contains the graves of a considerable number of prominent families from the area since the 1840s. The church is unusually styled for its period and the graveyard is one of the earliest in western Sydney. St. Bartholomew's remains a dominant landmark in the surrounding landscape due to its prominent siting, striking design and mature tree plantings.”

Figure 15: St Bartholomew’s Church 5.3.3 Statement of heritage impact

No physical impacts would occur within the curtilage of the heritage item (Figure 16). The following changes are proposed in the vicinity of the item:

 Widening, lengthening and realigning the existing 2 lane entry ramps as follows;

o Eastbound entre ramp to provide 763 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line, and lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

o Westbound entry ramp to provide 663 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line, a freight bypass lane and lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

 Addition works on the entry ramp would include the installation of traffic signals, VMS, VSLS, CCTV, vehicle detection devices, fixed signage.

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 The arterial road would require the installation of VMS, vehicle detection devices, fixed signage.

 Cabling to provide power and communications.

 Potential compound site to the south.

Some views toward the on-ramp to the south of the item are available from the cemetery (Figure 17). However, the addition of the proposed new lane and maintenance bay would make only a minimal difference to the existing views and would not have a significant impact on the views or setting of the item.

The proposed VSLS on the on ramp would be located to the south of a band of trees, which would effectively screen views toward the sign from the church and cemetery.

The potential compound site would be located to the south of the heritage item. Any visual impacts associated with this compound site would be temporary, and there are limited views from the heritage item towards the compound site.

Figure 16: St Bartholomew’s Church and Cemetery in relation to the proposal

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Figure 17: View from St Bartholomew’s cemetery toward M4

5.3.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.3.5 Summary

Table 6 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

St Bartholomew’s Church and Cemetery

Significance Physical Visual impacts Recommendations Action impacts State None Acceptable None None

Table 6: Summary table for St Bartholomew’s Chruch and Cemetery

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5.4 Former Prospect Post Office (Prospect Highway intersection)

5.4.1 History and description

The Prospect Post Office (Figure 18) is thought to have operated on the site from as early as 1871, in an earlier timber building. The present building was constructed between 1880 and 1890 and includes two sections – one that was the residence of the post office keepers, and one that was the post office and general store,

The post office and general store were run by James Watts until his death in 1898, after which they were operated by his wife, Mary Ann until her death in 1909. A local builder George Henry then took over the business and lived in the residence with his wife and their four children. Henry also constructed a butcher’s shop in a separate timber building to the south of the house and a number of other structures.

The post office formed the nucleus for the development of the small village of Prospect, which reached its peak in around 1923.

The Prospect Post Office is believed to have operated from as early as 1871, in an earlier timber structure on the site. The present building was constructed between 1880 and 1890 and was clearly a more substantial structure with its separate shop and post office area, reflecting the growing prosperity of the Watts family. Watts' store and post office became the focus of the small village of Prospect that slowly developed with the gradual sub-division of Kennedy's 1799 grant. James Watt operated the general store and post office until his death in 1898 and was succeeded by his wife, Mary Ann who continued operating the business until her death in 1909 at which time a local builder, George Henry, took over the business and occupied the house with his wife and their 4 children. Shortly after he assumed control of the business, George added a butcher's shop housed in a separate timber structure to the south of the house. A number of other associated structures were also constructed around this time. The village of Prospect reached its peak of development around 1923.

The property was occupied by George Henry’s widow, Grace, from 1925 until her death in 1944. During this time her daughters ran the post office and shop. Following Grace’s death, the building was sold to Archibald White, who continued to run the store but did not keep up the operation of the post office.

In 1976, the property was purchased by the NSW Planning and Environment Commission as part of an open space corridor provision (SHR entry for ‘Prospect Post Office (former)’).

The property is triangular and fronts Tarlington Place. It includes the former shop, residence and post office as well as a garage and lean to, stables and foundations of various structures that have been removed. The house is located around 46 metres north of the M4 road corridor.

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Figure 18: Former Prospect Post Office 5.4.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the SHR listing for the item is as follows:

“The former Prospect Post Office is of high local significance as the last surviving building of the former Prospect Village and as the site of the Post Office for over 100 years. It has social, historical, aesthetic and scientific value related to its function, its occupants and its role in the development of the district. The building and site have State significance related to the themes of early development of the Sydney region, commercial development and service. It is a representative building typifying small village development from the last century and retains elements of its setting and relationship to the former Western Road.”

5.4.3 Statement of heritage impact

Although the study area boundary runs along the southern side of the item’s curtilage (Figure 19), no impacts are proposed within the curtilage of the item. A new pavement on ramp is proposed to the south of the item, however, the item is elevated above the M4 and views toward the proposed changes would be screened by the slope and by trees within the M4 corridor. The proposal would have no impact on the Former Prospect Post Office.

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Figure 19: Former Propsect Post Office in relation to proposal.

5.4.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.4.5 Summary

Table 7 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Former Prospect Post Office

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

State None None n/a n/a

Table 7: Summary table for Former Prospect Post Office

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5.5 ‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy (Prospect Highway and Reservoir Road intersection)

5.5.1 History and description

In 1884, William Edward Goodwin sold various parcels of land to the south of the Great Western Highway to James Hicks, a farmer from Ryde. Hicks died in 1903 and left the property to his son, Joseph, who later stated that the buildings on the land, which consisted of weatherboard buildings with iron roofs, had been built about 1889 by his father. The property was known as ‘Bridestowe’ and was operated as a combined dairy farm and orchard, while barley, oats and maize were also grown there.

When the Valuer-General valued this land in December 1922, there was a 6-roomed weatherboard cottage with an iron roof named “Bridestowe” on the property, along with a dairy, hay shed, milking sheds and a stable. An aerial photograph dating to 1930 shows Bridestowe at the front of the property with a group of farm buildings to the rear. Some of these outbuildings were still visible in a 1943 aerial photograph.

In 1942, the Hicks Brothers were still operating a dairy whilst living in the house at “Bridestowe”. The brothers owned 188 acres and leased a further 170 acres of land owned by the Water Board and 99 acres from adjacent owners. They ran a total of 90 to 95 cows on the land (Draft Blacktown Heritage Inventory 2009 entry for Hick’s Dairy).

The original house on the property is still standing and is known as ‘Bridestowe’. It is a single-storey late Victorian weatherboard house fronting Reservoir Road, and is listed on the Blacktown LEP 1988 and Draft LEP 2013. Some of the early dairy buildings still stand at the site, to the east of the house, and these are listed as a heritage item named ‘Hicks’ Dairy’ on the Draft Blacktown LEP 2013.

5.5.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the State Heritage Inventory listing for ‘Bridestowe’ house is as follows:

“An excellent example of residential development in the Victorian era in Prospect.”

The statement of significance included in the Draft Blacktown Heritage Inventory 2009 listing for ‘Hicks’ Dairy’ is as follows:

“A collection of farm buildings which is an excellent example of development of the Victorian era in Prospect.”

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5.5.3 Statement of heritage impact

‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy are located over 70 metres from the study area and views between the items and the study area are screened by vegetation (Figure 20). The proposal would have no impact on the heritage significance of the items.

Figure 20: ‘Bridestowe’ (I 64) and Hicks’ Dairy (I 65) in relation to the proposal.

5.5.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.1.5 Summary

Table 8 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 8: Summary table for ‘Bridestowe’ and Hicks’ Dairy

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5.6 Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area (Reservoir Road intersection)

5.6.1 History and description

Prospect Hill Reservoir was constructed as part of the original Upper Nepean Scheme, as proposed by the 1867 Commission that recommended the scheme. This scheme was based on the provision of water from the River Nepean and its tributaries Avon, Cataract and Cordeaux. The Upper Canal incorporated a system of tunnels, canals and aqueducts that directed water towards Prospect Reservoir from where it was taken via the Lower Canal to Pipehead Basin located near Guildford. The Upper Nepean Scheme became partly effective in 1886 and was officially approved in 1888. Expansion resulted from the creation of supplementary dams, including the Upper Nepean Dams between 1907 and 1935, Warragamba Dam in 1960 and Tallowa Dam in 1977. Elements of the scheme, including Prospect Reservoir, major parts of the Upper Canal and some of the mains laid in the 1880s are still in use today. The Lower Canal has been decommissioned and is presently in use as a cycleway. Prospect Reservoir is used as a back-up supply only (Sydney Water Corporation 2005:20-21).

The reservoir is a zoned earth embankment dam, 26 metres high and approximately 2.2 kilometres long. The heritage listing encompasses the reservoir, landscape elements and all associated structures within the property boundary, including examples of 1920s and 30s pumping stations, a residence, the archaeological site of Veteran Hall and the 72 inch main, constructed between the Upper Canal and Pipe Head in 1937. Later items associated with the Warragamba Supply Scheme and more modern developments include several more recent pumping stations, screening and boosting plants on the eastern and southern sides of the Reservoir, and the 84 inch water main from Prospect, to Pipe Head, completed in 1958. The immediate catchment area of the reservoir is almost entirely vegetated. This vegetation, cleared during settlement, has recovered to be one of the finest examples of the native bushland left in the western suburbs of Sydney and is of natural heritage significance.

5.6.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the SHR listing for the item is as follows:

“Prospect Reservoir is historically significant at the state level as it is a central element of the Sydney water supply system. As a part of the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Reservoir has continued to supply water to Sydney for over 120 years, and generally still operates in the same way as it was originally constructed. That it has continued to be used since its construction reflects the inventive and progressive way in which the reservoir was designed and built, and this contributes to its significance greatly. The Reservoir reflects three significant changes in municipal life during the late 19th century; the development of water and general public utility services; the importance of ensuring an adequate and dependable centralised water supply; and the collective bureaucratic response to the delivery of capital

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works of this nature. Built between 1882 and 1888, it was an outstanding achievement in civil engineering technology at the time, using innovative design and construction methods. It has a high level of historical engineering significance. Prospect Reservoir is strongly associated with the Harbours and Rivers Branch of the NSW Public Works Department, particularly Edward Orpen Moriarty, Head of the branch at the time of the Reservoir's construction, and later with the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage (later the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board) and most recently, with the Sydney Catchment Authority. The Reservoir area is aesthetically significant, as a picturesque site with a large expanse of water, parklands, landscaping and bush. The place is valuable for its recreational amenity for passive recreation, punctuating the monotony of the surrounding urban landscape. It has been used for recreation by the community for generations. It continues to regulate the release of water from Prospect Reservoir to the Lower Canal and the Sydney Distribution system. The place also contains examples of functional colonial architecture. The listing includes Prospect Reservoir, landscape elements and all associated structures, including pumping stations, to the property boundary. The environs of the reservoir and hence this listing also include a wide range of items, which relate to later amplification of water supply. These include examples of 1920s and 30s pumping stations, a residence, and the 72" (1,800 mm) main, constructed between the Upper Canal and Pipe Head in 1937. Later items associated with the Warragamba Supply Scheme and more modern developments include several more recent pumping stations, screening and boosting plants on the eastern and southern sides of the Reservoir, and the 84 inch (2,100 mm) water main from Prospect, to Pipe Head, completed in 1958.”

5.6.3 Statement of heritage impact

The proposed changes in the vicinity of the Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area heritage item are focused around Reservoir Road (Figure 21) and include:

 Widening, lengthening and realigning the existing 1 lane entry ramps, including;

o Eastbound entry ramp to [provide 609 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line an d lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

o Westbound entry ramp to provide 728 metres of storage, 3 lanes at the stop line and lengthening downstream of the stop line to provide safe merging onto the M4 Motorway.

 Upgrading of the eastbound and westbound exit ramps through the installation of signalling, and any civil works required.

 Installation of traffic signals, VMS, VSLS, CCTV vehicle detection devices and fixed signage on the proposed entry ramp.

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 Installation of VMS, vehicle detection devices and fixed signage to the arterial road (Reservoir Road).

 Cabling to provide power and communications.

The addition of a paved shoulder on the eastern side of Reservoir Road would not have a negative impact on the setting of the remnant bushland preserved in the item. The proposed new VMS in the western road reserve of the road would have a minor impact on views of the bushland along Reservoir Road. However, the VMS would only be visible from a relatively small section of the road and would be located beside a portion of the heritage item that is dominated by regrowth, rather than mature native forest. The VMS would therefore have a minimal impact on the heritage significance of the item, particularly as it is within the context of an existing road corridor, and this impact is considered to be acceptable.

The proposed VSLS and ramp signalling on the on-ramp to the north of the item would not involve any physical impacts to the item and would not affect its views and setting.

Potential compound sites may be located to the east and north of the heritage item. Any visual impacts associated with the compound sites would be temporary, and would not impact on the views and setting of the heritage item in the long term.

5.6.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.6.5 Summary

Table 9 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

State None Acceptable. n/a n/a

Table 9: Summary table for Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area

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Figure 21: The Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area heritage item in relation to the proposal

5.7 ‘Essington’ (Burnett Street intersection)

5.7.1 History and description

Essington was built in the 1880s as the second residence of one of Holroyd’s prominent early settlers, William Fullager. Fullagar was the son of convicts and was a butcher and public turned stock agent. In 1849, Fullagar purchased a 30 acre property to the south of Essington, where he built his first residence ‘The Wattles’ (still extant adjacent to Essington). From ‘The Wattles’ he continued to acquire land throughout the area. It is believed that Essington was built as a gentleman’s villa in a prominent location to reflect Fullagar’s wealth and importance.

Fullagar died in 1894 and the property subsequently passed through various hands. The Four Square Gospel Church, Parramatta, purchased the property in 1980 and it is now used as a school.

Essington is a large two storey house (now run as a school), located on the north-western corner of Bridge Road and the Great Western Highway. Its location on elevated land at the intersection of major roads gives the building local prominence. The house is surrounded to the east and south by the school

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5.7.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the SHR entry for the item is as follows:

“Essington has historic significance primarily through its association with the Fullagars who were one of the prominent families in the early settlement of Holroyd. The site comprises part of the former government domain purchased by William Fullagar c .1860 and the residence built by another Family member Willard John Fullagar sometime later. The residence and grounds also provide evidence of the presence and character of the relatively substantial gentlemen’s residences erected in the Holroyd area during the 19th and early 20th century period though its aesthetic significance as a representative example of a particular period and style has been somewhat compromised by later additions and alterations.”

5.7.3 Statement of heritage impact

Essington is located between 13 and 20 metres away from the study area boundary (Figure 22). The nearest proposed change is located 50 metres from the item and would be new pavement along part of the M4 on-ramp to the south. Views toward the on-ramp from Essington are screened by vegetation and the proposal would involve no physical or visual impacts to the heritage significance of the item.

5.7.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.7.5 Summary

Table 10 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Essington

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

State None None n/a n/a

Table 10: Summary table for Essington

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Figure 22: Essington in relation to the study area

5.8 ‘The Wattles’ (Burnett Street intersection)

5.8.1 History and description

‘The Wattles’ was constructed c. 1851-1875 as the residence of William Fullagar, a prominent local landholder who later had the adjacent building, Essington, built. ‘The Wattles’ was originally known as Willow Cottage.

The house is a single-storey early Victorian residence in simple rectangular form with hipped-gable roof containing attic rooms (Figure 23). The property is bounded by the Great Western Highway to the north, the M4 corridor to the south, and the M4 ramp off the Great Western Highway to the east. This vegetation screens views toward the house from the roads (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘The Wattles’).

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Figure 23: ‘The Wattles’ in 2002 (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet)

5.8.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘The Wattles’ is as follows:

“Willow cottage [later The Wattles] has local historic significance primarily through its associations with William Fullagar, one of Holroyd's prominent pioneer settlers and developers. It is also possibly one of the oldest houses in Holroyd and a rare example in the City of its particular (early Victorian) architectural style. The historic and aesthetic significance of the residence has, however, been compromised to some degree by later alterations and removal of original fabric.”

5.8.3 Statement of heritage impact

The addition of an eastbound entry ramp is proposed in the vicinity of ‘The Wattles.’ This work would include the widening, lengthening and realignment of the eastbound entry ramp and arterial road (Coleman Street) (Figure 24). Proposed works would also include the installation of traffic signal, VMS, VSLS, CCTV, vehicle detection services and fixed signage on the entry ramp, and VMW, fixed signage and vehicle detection devices on Coleman Street.

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The proposed section of new pavement would be located on the northern side of the ramp and would begin adjacent to the north-eastern corner of ‘The Wattles’ curtilage. Views from ‘The Wattles’ toward the on-ramp are screened by thick shrubbery (Figure 25) and the new pavement would have no impacts on the views or setting of the item.

Views from the house toward the Great Western Highway are screened by vegetation around the house. The setting of the property has already been severely impacted by upgrades to the Great Western Highway and associate signage and traffic lights. The proposed addition of a new VMS on the far side of the highway from the item would not have any further impact on the views or setting of the item.

Figure 24: ‘The Wattles’ in relation to the proposal.

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Figure 25: Thick shrubbery along eastern side of ‘The Wattles’ curtilage, between the house and the on-ramp.

5.8.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.8.5 Summary

Table 11 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

‘The Wattles’

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 11: Summary table for ‘The Wattles’

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5.9 Milestones between Parramatta and Greystanes (Cumberland Highway intersection and Burnett Street intersection)

5.9.1 History and description

Between 1810 and 1825, milestones were erected along the Great Western Highway under instruction from Governor Macquarie. There are sixteen sandstone milestones located along the southern side of the Great Western Highway from Parramatta to Penrith, and two of these are located in the vicinity of the study area (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for the ‘Parramatta to Greystanes Milestones’).

One of the milestones is located within the study are on the south-west corner of the intersection of the Great Western Highway and the M4 ramp, around 108 metres west of Bridge Road, Westmead. The other is located outside the study area, around 60 metres west of the Cumberland Highway.

5.9.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for the ‘Parramatta to Greystanes Milestones’ is as follows:

“One of five milestones recorded within the borders of Holroyd which line the road between Parramatta and Penrith. This road was originally surveyed and constructed under Governor Macquarie.”

5.9.3 Statement of heritage impact

The milestone within the study area to the west of Bridge Road would not be physically or visually impacted by the proposed development (Figure 26). Although the milestone is located within the study area, no modifications are proposed in the vicinity of the item.

The milestone to the west of the Cumberland Highway is located around 20 metres south of the study area (Figure 27). A new VMS is proposed to be located about 35 metres north-east of the milestone, within the island between the two sides of the Great Western Highway. The setting of the milestone has already been significantly impacted by surrounding development and upgrades to the Great Western Highway. Therefore the addition of the proposed VMS would not have a negative impact on the heritage significance of the item.

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Figure 26: Milestone to the west of Bridge Road in relation to the proposal

Figure 27: Milestone to west of Cumberland Highway in relation to proposal

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5.9.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.9.5 Summary

Table 12 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Milestones near the Cumberland Highway and Bridge Road, Westmead

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 12: Summary table for the milestones near the Cumberland Highway and Bridge Road, Westmead

5.10 Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s house (Burnett Street intersection)

5.10.1 History and description

Parramatta West Public School is located on former government land that was surveyed for subdivision in 1857, before being resumed for the creation of “Pitt Row” Public School, which opened in 1888. The name of the school was changed to Parramatta West in 1937.

The school includes the original single-storeyed building which fronts Railway Street, as well as 20th century additions along Railway Street and to the rear of the original building.

The former headmaster’s house is located at 59B Franklin Street and was constructed c. 1876-1900, possibly as part of the early subdivision that preceded the construction of the school. The house is a rectangular single-storey brick cottage with a hipped roof (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheets for Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s house).

5.10.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for Parramatta West Public School is as follows:

“Parramatta West Public School has local and regional historic and social significance arising from its role as one of the early schools in the area. Having served the local community as a public school since 1887 the school provides direct evidence of contemporary population settlement patterns, demographic makeup and government

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education policies. It also serves as a reminder of the strong developmental relationship, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, between the north-eastern areas of Holroyd and the adjacent early settlement of Parramatta. The largely intact original building, together with its early additions, also has historic and aesthetic significance as a good, if modest, representative example of a Late Victorian suburban school.”

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for the Former Headmaster’s House of Parramatta West Public School is as follows:

“59b Franklin Street has local historic significance from being located on part of one of the earliest subdivisions in Holroyd, the original government "Police Paddock" surveyed for subdivision in 1857. Though of somewhat later date, the residence is important as a good representative example of the more substantial houses erected in Holroyd in the late 19th century period. This significance is enhanced by the degree to which the building has retained much of its original fabric and detail. Both site and house also provide, through their architectural character and location, evidence of the strong early links of this north-eastern corner of Holroyd with the important settlement of Parramatta immediately adjacent.”

5.10.3 Statement of heritage impact

Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s House are located 20 metres to the north of the study area (Figure 28). Views toward the M4 from Auburn Street to the rear of the school are blocked by a strip of vegetation in the Auburn Street road reserve and a tall wall/noise barrier along the M4 corridor. The proposal would have no physical or visual impacts on the heritage items.

5.10.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.10.5 Summary

Table 13 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s House

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 13: Summary table for Parramatta West Public School and Former Headmaster’s House

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Figure 28: Parramatta West Public School (I 13) and Former Headmaster’ House (I 58) in relation to the proposal.

5.11 ‘Boori’ (Burnett Street intersection)

5.11.1 History and description

‘Boori’ is a Mid-Victorian Italianate house that was constructed in 1865 on land that was originally part of ‘Denham Farm’ and granted to Richard Atkins in 1793. The house was built by Alexander Campbell, a prominent Sydney merchant, as a wedding gift for his daughter, Rachel (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘Boori’).

The house is a single-storey building with a symmetrical front elevation and projecting wings at both ends. The lot is surrounded by a modern brick wall.

5.11.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘Boori’ is as follows:

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“’Boori’ has both local and statewide historic and aesthetic significance as one of Holroyd's small group of major early homesteads. Built by Alexander Campbell, a prominent early merchant, on Richard Atkins' 1793 grant "Denham Farm", the site has been associated with families of local and regional importance throughout its life. Though somewhat altered, the building retains important original features and fabric - including a sizeable curtilage with important early plantings - such that it remains an important representative example of a "gentlemen's" residence as erected in Holroyd in the second half of the 19th century and one of the earliest amongst this group.”

5.11.3 Statement of heritage impact

‘Boori’ is separated from the M4 corridor by a footpath and views toward the M4 are screened by a brick wall and trees around the boundary of the property (Figure 29 and Figure 30). The property is also elevated above the M4 and further screening is provided by vegetation in the M4 corridor. No modifications are proposed in the vicinity of ‘Boori’ and the proposal would have no physical or visual impacts on the item.

Figure 29: ‘Boori’ (I 65) in relation to the proposal.

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Figure 30: Footpath between ‘Boori’ and M4 corridor, with brick wall and trees along the northern boundary of the item.

5.11.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.11.5 Summary

Table 14 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

‘Boori’

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 14: Summary table for ‘Boori’

5.12 ‘Carrington’ (Burnett Street intersection)

5.12.1 History and description

‘Carrington’ is a house built between 1876 and 1900 on land that was originally part of two grants made to Richard Atkins in 1793 and 1798. The house was built for Robert H. Rickard, who was the brother of Sir Arthur Rickard of Arthur Rickard and Co. Auctioneers and Realty Specialists. Arthur Rickard and Co.

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The property was inherited by Richard H. Rickard in 1914, at which time it was 12 acres in size. In 1923, the property passed to Joseph Crawley and was leased back to Richard H. Rickard until 1926, at which time it was further subdivided. The property subsequently passed through several hands and was further subdivided in 1960 and 1980 to form the present boundaries.

The house is a single-storey brick structure with a U-shaped plan and a hipped roof. Plantings within the property and along the road reserve partially obscure views to and from the house (Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘Carrington’).

5.12.2 Heritage significance

The statement of significance included in the Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheet for ‘Carrington’ is as follows:

“The building at 8 Ledger Road is a fine and largely intact example of an early residence in the Holroyd district and is located on a prominent corner site. The building has historic, aesthetic and social significance for its association with prominent residents of the district and for the quality and intact nature of its style and detailing. The house has social significance as an example of the social standing of its owner, Robert Heath Rickard. It has aesthetic significance for the quality of the building and the remaining curtilage which still retains important early mature trees and plantings. The visual quality of the property maintains its earlier importance as a Gentleman's residence and as one of the small group of major early homesteads in the district. The building holds scientific significance for both archaeological and education potential.”

5.12.3 Statement of heritage impact

‘Carrington’ is location 10 metres to the south of the M4 corridor, on the southern side of Ledger Road (Figure 31). The property is elevated above the M4, and views toward the M4 corridor are screened by vegetation with the property, the road reserve of Ledger Road, and the M4 corridor. No modifications are proposed in the vicinity of ‘Carrington’ and the proposal would have no physical or visual impacts on the item.

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Figure 31: ‘Carrington’ (I 85) in relation to the proposal.

5.12.4 Mitigation measures

No mitigation measures are required.

5.12.5 Summary

Table 15 summarises the significance of the item, the potential impacts of the proposal, recommendations, and necessary actions.

‘Carrington’

Significance Physical impacts Visual impacts Recommendations Action

Local None None n/a n/a

Table 15: Summary table for ‘Carrington’

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6.0 Archaeological potential

6.1 Parramatta Historical Archaeological Landscape Management Study (PHALMS)

The PHALMS (GML 2001) was commissioned to update and replace the previous Archaeological Zoning Plan for Parramatta. The PHALMS is not a statutory list, but the DCP states that the PHALMS must be considered and its recommendations followed for developments that involve excavation.

The PHALMS divides its study area into Archaeological Management Units (AMUs) based on historical research and land disturbance. The AMUs are designated as having a low, moderate, high or exceptional archaeological potential. They are also provided with a low, moderate or high significance rating. Management recommendations for the AMUs are therefore based on the archaeological potential and significance of an area.

6.1.1 AMUs within the study area

One of the identified AMUs falls partly within the study area. This is AMU 2889, which the PHALMS assessed to be of moderate archaeological research potential and local significance (Table 16). The study area encroaches slightly into this AMU for a short distance along Burnett Street and along the south-western boundary of Freame Park (Figure 32).

The PHALMS notes that as this area did not undergo substantial development in the 19th or 20th centuries, it is most likely to retain deposits relating to agricultural use, the pre-European landscape, and possibly Aboriginal occupation during the contact period. Furthermore any European archaeological deposits that survive from the 19th and 20th centuries are likely to be of low significance. Therefore, it is unlikely that the portion of the study area that falls within the AMU would contain significant non- Aboriginal archaeological material.

AMU Location Archaeological Statement of significance research potential

2889 This AMU comprises Moderate This area was used for farming in the 1790s, first by the sports fields and reserves Government in part of Jones Park and then by Hassall in within Mays Hill: Jones Freame Park. These parks, which formerly had an Park, Freame Park and the extensive creek running through them, have remained adjacent reserve. Jones largely undeveloped throughout the twentieth century. Park is located between This area was probably used by Aboriginal groups prior to Burnett, Banks, Pitt and European occupation of the area and evidence of this Landsdowne Streets. pre-European use of the land may survive. The physical Freame Park includes the archaeological evidence within this area may include reserve adjacent to the ecological samples, open deposits and scatters and Great Western Motorway, individual artefacts which have potential to yield

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AMU Location Archaeological Statement of significance research potential and is bounded by Burnett, information about the pre-European landscape relating to Rees and Margaret Streets major historic themes including Environment, Aboriginal and allotments along Pre-Contact, Pastoralism and Agriculture. Archaeological Peggy Street and Belinda evidence at this site is likely to be largely intact, but Place. subject to minor disturbance in some areas. This AMU has Local archaeological significance. Table 16: Details for AMU 2889 extracted from the State Heritage Inventory entry for the AMU

6.2 Potential archaeological resources outside the PHALMS study area

Generally, the proposed works are confined to the existing road corridors of the M4 and adjacent arterial roads, with some additional ramp lanes, maintenance bays and utilities proposed to be located in narrow areas immediately outside the existing road.

Where works are proposed outside the existing road corridors they are largely confined to areas that have already been subject to significant disturbance through the construction of the motorway. For areas that appear to have been subject to less disturbance, aerial photographs dating to 1943 and historical plans were consulted in order to identify any former structures that were present prior to the construction of the M4. No sites of archaeological potential that are likely to be impacted by the proposed works were identified.

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Figure 32: PHALMS map showing AMU 2889 in relation to the study area boundary

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7.0 Overall Statement of Heritage Impact

The potential heritage impact of the proposal on the study area as a whole is assessed below using the guidelines provided in the NSW Heritage Manual document Statements of Heritage Impact.

What aspects of the development proposal respect or enhance the heritage significance of the study area?

The proposed works would generally be confined to the existing M4 corridor and would therefore have no physical impacts, and acceptable, temporary visual impacts, on the majority of the adjacent heritage items.

Where works are proposed outside the existing road area they are largely limited to areas that have already been subject to significant disturbance through the construction of the motorway. The proposal is unlikely to have any impacts on intact archaeological material.

What aspects of the proposal could have a detrimental impact on the heritage significance of the study area?

The proposed VMS on Reservoir Road would have a minor visual impact on the bushland within the curtilage of Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area. However, this would have minimal impact on the heritage significance of the item a, particularly within the wider context of a functioning road corridor, and would be an acceptable impact.

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8.0 Recommendations

On the basis of background research and a site inspection and adhering to all statutory obligations, the following recommendations have been made with regard to non-Aboriginal heritage.

 No permits or approvals would be required for the proposed works.

 If any unanticipated archaeological deposits are identified within the study area during construction the Roads and Maritime Unexpected Archaeological Finds Procedure 2012 would be followed.

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9.0 References

Dictionary of Sydney (2008) entries for:

- ‘Granville’: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/granville?zoom_highlight=granville. Accessed 10 April 2013.

- ‘Rosehill’: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/rosehill?zoom_highlight=rosehill. Accessed 10 April 2013.

- ‘Harris Park’: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/harris_park?zoom_highlight=harris+park. Accessed 10 April 2013.

Draft Blacktown Heritage Inventory 2009 listing for ‘Hicks’ Dairy’

Fox & Associates (1987) Heritage Study of the City of Penrith. Report to Penrith City Council.

Godden Mackay Logan (2001) The Parramatta Historical Archaeological Landscape Management Study. Report to Parramatta City Council.

Godden Mackay Logan (2011) Penrith Great River Walk: Interpretation Plan. Report to Penrith City Council.

Holroyd Council website: Accessed on 5 April 2013 at http://www.holroyd.nsw.gov.au/your- city/city/history/suburb/.

Holroyd City Council Heritage Item Inventory Sheets for:

- The Wattles

- Parramatta to Greystanes Milestones

- Parramatta West Public School

- Former Headmaster’s house, Parramatta West Public School

- Boori

- Carrington

Kass, T., C. Liston and John McClymont (1996) Parramatta: A Past Revealed. Parramatta City Council, Parramatta.

Kass, T. (2005) Western Sydney Thematic History: State Heritage Register Project. NSW Heritage Office.

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NSW Heritage Office (2001) ‘Assessing Heritage Significance’ from the NSW Heritage Manual.

Paul Davies Pty Ltd (2007) Penrith Heritage Study: Locality Profiles. Report to Penrith City Council.

Roads and Maritime (2012) Unexpected Archaeological Finds Procedure. (http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/environment/downloads/unexpected_archaeological_finds_procedure. pdf).

SHR entries for:

- Mamre. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045752

- St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church and Cemetery. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045521

- Prospect Post Office (former). Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045747

- Prospect Reservoir and surrounding area. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045336

- Essington. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045170

State Heritage Inventory listings for:

- Bridestowe. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=1140066

Sydney Water Corporation (2005) Prospect Reservoir Site Conservation Management Plan. Sydney Water.

Wotherspoon, G. (2010a) ‘The road west’, in the Dictionary of Sydney. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_road_west.

Wotherspoon, G. (2010b) ‘Roads’, in the Dictionary of Sydney. Accessed on 5 April 2013 at: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_road_west.

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