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Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems André Duarte B. L. Ferreira Masters Dissertation FEUP Supervisor: Prof. Dr. António Torres Marques Integrated Masters in Mechanical Engineering July, 2015 Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems iii Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in ac- cordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: ANDRÉ, FERREIRA Signature_______________________________________ iv Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Abstract An increase in system-level efficiency and polyvalence of products and components is one of the main advantages of the use of some novel polyvalent materials and structures. This polyva- lence or multifunctionality is currently a hot topic in science and engineering circles and is gathering increasingly more attention. Presently this multifunctionality can be achieved by stimuli responsive materials such as temperature, stress and light, by using shape memory ma- terials, by using surface structures with anti-biofouling and drag reduction capabilities, among many others. In this dissertation, an overview is presented of the topic, including state-of-the- art review, challenges, suggestions and proposed methods to overcome them and to increase innovation in developing both these materials and structures and the products that contain them. v Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Adotando Sistemas de Materiais Multifunctionais Resumo Um aumento da eficiência total dos sistemas e a polivalência de produtos e componentes é uma das principais vantagens do uso dos novos materiais e estruturas com funcionalidades múltiplas. Esta polivalência ou multifuncionalidade está cada vez mais a ganhar mais atenção nos círculos científicos e de engenharia em todo o mundo. Atualmente esta multifuncionalidade pode ser conseguida pelo uso de materiais sensíveis a estímulos, tais como temperatura, tensão e luz, pelo uso de materiais com memória de forma, pelo uso de estruturas superficiais com capaci- dades antibacterianas e de redução de arrasto, entre muitos outros. Nesta dissertação é apresen- tada uma visão geral do tópico, incluindo o estado da arte, desafios a vencer, sugestões e méto- dos para os ultrapassar e para aumentar a inovação na criação de novos materiais ou estruturas multifuncionais e produtos que os contenham. vi Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Acknowledgements To Dr. António Torres Marques, supervisor of this thesis, I thank very much for the support given throughout the elaboration of this dissertation. I had the good fortune of having a super- visor with whom I share similar futuristic visions. To Dr. António Augusto Fernandes and Dr. António Barbedo de Magalhães as two great Por- tuguese teachers and engineers whose focus on innovation and out of the box thinking have also been a personal inspiration. To Elon Musk for being an inspirational engineer, for showing the world – in a few years the reader will fully understand – what it’s like to do good for the sake of humanity and not just for the sake of one-self. To my dear family and dear friends who understood and sometimes endured my dedication to learning. To the many scientists and engineers whose work I got the opportunity to take knowledge of and, from which I understood, also have a great driving passion to improve our world. vii Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of this dissertation ........................................................................................ 4 2 An Overview of Multifunctional Material Systems ............................................................ 5 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Types of Multifunctional Materials ........................................................................... 12 2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials ............................................................................................... 13 2.4 Functionally Graded Materials .................................................................................. 21 2.5 Piezoelectric ............................................................................................................... 23 2.5.1 Actuation ............................................................................................................ 25 2.5.2 Sensing ............................................................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Energy harvesting/generation ............................................................................. 28 2.6 Shape Memory Materials ........................................................................................... 32 2.6.1 SMA specific ...................................................................................................... 33 2.6.2 SMP specific ....................................................................................................... 36 2.7 Other .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.7.1 Aptamer based .................................................................................................... 40 2.7.2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites for Energy Storage and Sensing ............ 40 2.7.3 Cement-based and conducting elastomer ........................................................... 43 2.7.4 Commercial 3D Printing Materials .................................................................... 43 2.7.5 Copper Nano-ink ................................................................................................ 43 2.7.6 Foams ................................................................................................................. 44 2.7.7 Glass Fiber .......................................................................................................... 44 2.7.8 Kevlar Composites for CLAS ............................................................................ 44 2.7.9 Kevlar Fibers Coated With Polymers ................................................................. 44 2.7.10 NiF2 on PET ....................................................................................................... 45 2.7.11 Materials with Sandwich Structures for Increased Thermal Properties ............. 45 2.7.12 Metallic-Intermetallic Laminate Composites ..................................................... 45 2.7.13 Polyaniline .......................................................................................................... 46 2.7.14 Porous Silicon ..................................................................................................... 46 2.7.15 Silver-Silica-Silver Material System .................................................................. 46 2.7.16 Zinc Oxide .......................................................................................................... 47 2.8 By functions ............................................................................................................... 47 2.8.1 Energy related ..................................................................................................... 47 viii Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems 2.8.2 Clothing .............................................................................................................. 49 2.8.3 Self-Cleaning coatings ........................................................................................ 50 2.8.4 Self-Healing materials ........................................................................................ 51 3 Challenges in Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems .............................................. 58 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 58 3.2 Manufacturing ............................................................................................................ 58 3.3 Innovative Material Systems Development and Integration in Products .................. 59 3.3.1 Idea generation ................................................................................................... 59 3.3.2 Needs of MFMS and their Performance ............................................................. 60 3.3.3 Multidisciplinarity .............................................................................................. 61 3.3.4 Recyclability, Biodegradability, Sustainability and the Environment ............... 61 4 Sensible Adoption and Innovation of Multifunctional Material Systems and their Products 66 4.1 On the Idea Generation Process ................................................................................. 66 4.1.1 General Tools that Foster Creativity .................................................................. 66
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