DOCSLIB.ORG

Stratificational Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stratificational Grammar n nCumr 0 . T R F M Y ED 023 082 AL 001 527 By -Algeo, John Stratifscational Grammar. Pub Date Mar 68 Note -4p. Journal Co -South Atlantic Bulletin; v33 n2 Mar 1968 EDRS Price MF -S025 HC -S030 Descriptors -*Descriptive Linguistics, Grammar, Linguistic Theory, *Models, Morphology(Languages), Phonology, Semantics. *Structural Analysis, *Structural Linguistics , Syntax Identifiers -*Stratifications, Grammar According to the author, most grammarians have been writingstratificational grammars without knowing it because theyhave dealt with units that are related to one another, but not simply as awhole to its parts, or as a class to itsmembers. The question, then, is not whether a grammar isstratified but whether itisexplicitly stratified. This paper discusses the model o f language that isbeing developed by Sydney Lamb and H. A. Gleason, Jr. It is explicitly stratified and recognizes sixstrata (hypersememic, sememic, lexemic, morphemic, phonemic, andhypophonemic) grouped into three malor structural components of two strata each:semology, grammar, and phonology respectively. Collectively, the strata are a system orcode for relating communicative content at the "top" to vocal expressionat the bottom." Each stratum consists of an inventory of its characteristic units or"ernes," and a Set of tactic rules that specify how the emes combine with one another on that stratum.Finally, strata are connected to oneanother by realization rules, which describe howthe emes of one stratum arelinked to those of another. Any text, for example a sentence, exists on all the strata simultaneously. On each stratum the textwill be a structure of ernes ordered by the appropriate tactic rules, but on each stratum itwill differ in structure. In effect, the strata furnish alternate ways o f looking at textsof a language.(DO) U.S. MAITRE Of RAM DAUM a WWI= OfFICE Of EDUCATION !THISDOCUMENT HAS KEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON 01 ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS ! - 410 STAIELILIOT NECESSAMLY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOf EDUCATION... i ...... 1 SouthI POSITIONOR Atlantic POUCY. Bulletin Vol. XXXIII, No. 2 SOUTH ATLANTIC MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION March, 1968 Stratificational Grammar Henry Adams seems to have beentheories because we have reachedas consisting of a limited number of at least partly right when, in Thefinal linguistic truth. We can lookstrata or, to speak unmetaphorically, Education of Henry Adams, he post-forward to the law of acceleration'ssubsystems. The stratlficational view ulated a law of acceleration in hu-continuing to operate in languagethus contrasts with a grammar that man life whereby scientific knowl-study for some time to come. tries to account for the whole of a edge increases in complexity at an However, talk about accelerationlanguage as a single system, with a ever increasing rate. At least recentand progress is misleading. It soundssingle basic unit combined into com- events in American linguistics lendtoo uniform, too well-directed, andplex structures. For example, an support to the idea of such a lawmuch too harmonious. In fact, aunstratified grammar might describe ofacceleration. N e w linguisticbetter metaphor for the presentmorphemes as composed directly of theory has been following new lin-state of linguistic theory would bephonemes. A stratified description guistic theory with dizzy speed. that of a battle. Bloomfieldian andinstead recognizes two different sub- However, our recent progress inTragerian Structuralism, whichsystems, each with its own char- linguistics differs from Adams' lawseemed firmlyensconced intheacteristic unit, morpheme and pho- of acceleration in one respect. Infortress of orthodoxy a scant tenneme. Morphemes are not composed 1905 Henry Adams thought thatyears ago, have been besieged byof phonemes, but are indirectly con- knowledge was increasing so rapidlythe armies of Transformationalisra.nected to them through a relation- that sometime between the 1930'sTagmemic chaplains have set upship that can be called realization. and the 1950's it would reach atheir tents in the exotic bush. ThereThe connection can be by way of zenith from which it would be pos-are rumors of an invasion by Fir-either allomorphs or morphopho- sible to predict the past and futurethian foreigners. Dashing across thenemes. course of human life as accuratelyempty plains from a distant Danish Althoughsome Bloomfieldians as a mathematician could plot thehorizon comes a new band, the troop(including Bloomfield himself) have path of a comet. Now there areof Stratificationalism. We need someat some times spoken as though they those who believe that the peri-modern Prudentius to describe thisheld an unstratified view, in fact no helion of linguistic knowledge wasGlossomachia. natural language can be described reached in 1933 or in 1957, thus In this paper I propose to discusswithin such a limited framework. verifying Adams' prediction, butstratificational theory, one of theConsequently in pactice linguistics linguistic theorists as a whole havenewer entries in the lists, in a gen-have used some variety of stratified gone on grinding out one neweral way, there being in fact hardlydescription, although often an in- theory after another as though inany other way in which it can beexplicit one. So it turns out that general linguistics as in Generaldiscussed at present. These remarksmost grammars are at least partly Electric, progress were our mostmight therefore be fittingly calledoratleastinformallystratified. important product. the prolegomena to a paper on stra-Their authors are thus in the posi- 711 fact, change in linguistic theorytificational theory. The theory itselftion of Moliere's bourgeois gentil- is 114 rapid that nowadays you haveis far from fully developed and therehomme, who discovered to his de- to specify not only whose theoryis as yet no extensive grammar oflight that he had been speaking you are talking about, but whatany language written in stratifica-prose all his life without knowing year's model you have in mind.tional terms. Nevertheless, Jamesit. Most grammarians have been Choinsky's Syntactic Structures ofSledd's trenchant observation thatwritingstratificationalgrammars 1957 is already being referred to asstratificationalgrammar "atthewithout knowing it because they "classical transformational theory,"moment is like posteritya gleamhave dealt with two or more kinds thus placing it in the same categoryin its father's eye" is something ofof units that are related to one an- as Oedipus Rex and the Phidianan exaggeration. Recent meetings ofother, but not simply as a whole to Jove. Acceleration could hardly bethe Linguistic Society have includedits parts, or as a class to its mem- greater. Moreover there are signspapers applying stratificational the-bers. The question, then,is not that Chomsky's 1985 Aspects of theory to various problems, and therewhether a grammar is stratified but Theory of Syntax may soon beis a small, but growing literaturewhether itis explicitly stratified. MI thought of as what the disc-jockeyson the subject. Althousi: still in aIf the stratification is explicit, the CO call a "Golden Oldie," because ex-formative stage, stratlficational the-following questions become rele- (=I tensive design changes are beingory has some interesting promises,vant: How many strata does the grammar recognize? What is the reNproposed in the theory. Apparentlyand if it lives up to those promises, we must get used to trading in ourit will be worth our attention. I willinternal structure of each stratum? CN.1 pammar along with our car eachreturn to the promises shortly; firstHow are the strata related to one year for a newer modeL But thoseI would like to consider what theanother? CI who regret the Detroit syndrome intheory PI ard I will begin by dis- The foregoing questions lead us C.1 grammar can at least take comforttinguisE I three senses in whichto the second sense in which the Us/in the thought that it keeps thethe term stratificational may beterm stratificational grammar may linguistic economy moving. In shortused. be used: namely, to designate a there seems to be no immediate In the most general sense, stratifi-model of language that is being de- Page Two SOUTH ATLANTIC BULLETIN March. 1968 and H. A. Gleason, Jr. It is an ex-chinashop,refer)whose internal South Atlantic Iulkin plicitlystratifiedgrammarthatstructure does not involve syntactic Tag SOUTH ATLANTIC SULLITIN,recognizes six strata grouped intorelations. established under the editorship of Sturgis E. Leavitt in 1935, is thethree major structural components The Lambian morpheme and pho- officialpublicationof the Southof two strata each: neme are units of the same size as Atlantic Modern Language Associa- Linguistic Strata the familiar neo-Bloomfleldian unib, tion. It is published at Chapel Hill, semology: but they differ from their familiar N. C.. in January, March, May and November and is circulated to all hypersememic namesakesinsignificantways. members of the Association. sememic Lamb's morpheme is approximately grammar: the equivalent of what has tradi- EDITOR lexemic tionally been called a morphemically Mum M. DUMP, University of morphemic conditioned allomorph such as wife North Carolina. phonology: and the wive- of wives or the noun ASSOCIATE EDITORS phonemic plural -s and the -en of oxen. Lamb's EDWARD W. BUTTON, University hypophonemic phoneme shares some of the char- of Tennessee. Collectively, the strata are a systemacteristics of the conventional mor- FRANCIS C. Ilsus, University ofor code for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Portugal's Colonized Colonialism
    JOÃO M. PaRaSKEVa1 PORTUgAL’S COLONiZED COLONiALiSM A Prospering Calibanian Paradoxal Identity2 A PaRadOxIcaL IdENtItY In this chapter attempts to challenge a lethal commonsensical commonsense set of discourses and practices constructed by António Salazar’s dictatorship regime that ‘Portugal will always be an African nation.’ It is an analysis over the way ideology underlies social, cultural and political discourse and racist actions. In so doing we were able, not only to demystify how such despotic claim is deeply rooted within the very marrow of Portuguese capitalist colonial and neo-colonial strategy which was (and still is) framed by what we might call a ‘paradox identity framework,’ but also to denounce how curriculum content—via textbooks—has judicial record perpetuating an intricate reracializing political scaffold that positively tries to crystallize and legitimize a particular kind of western hegemony. We end our analyses claiming for the need to work within the critical race theory platform as a way to debunk the endemic western ‘we.’ In one of his flamboyant and ostentatious remarks the Portuguese dictator António Salazar claimed that ‘Portugal will always be an African nation.’ Such a despotic statement requires cautious consideration of two things in particular. First, it is important to understand in depth the reasons why António Salazar and ‘his regime[s of truth]’ claimed such an identity and, second, in understanding these reasons, one has to analyze how schooling has perpetuated what one might call a bizarre reracializing policy. A good way to start this radical critical analysis is to clarify specific political particularities of the Portuguese dictatorship epoch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following Is the List of East Asian Linguistics-Related Publications (As
    The following is the list of East Asian linguistics-related publications (as of February 2016) by our seven DEALL “East Asian Linguistics” faculty members’ (Chan, Nakayama, Noda, C. Quinn, Unger (Emeritus), Xie, & Yuasa). It shows not only our faculty members’ expertise, but also which issues have been investigated by them. Please note that the list does not include any linguistic reviews, abstracts, and encyclopedia entries, non-EA linguistics-related articles, and Pedagogy publications. Also it does not include translated books as separate entries. Linguistics in general Nakayama, M. (editor-in-chief) (2007-12) Journal of Japanese Linguistics 22-28. Minami, M. & M. Nakayama. (editors) (2013) Journal of Japanese Linguistics 29. Xie, Z. & T. Tsui. (eds.) (2015) Buckeye East Asian Linguistics (vol. 1). Columbus, OH: The Knowledge Bank. (http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/73648) Yuasa, E, T. Bagchi, & K. Beals. (eds.) (2011) Pragmatics and Autolexical Grammar: In Honors of Jerry Sadock. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Inagaki, S., S. Arita, M. Hirakawa, Y. Hirakawa, H. Morikawa, M. Nakayama, J. Tsubaki, & H. Sirai (eds.) (2009) Studies in Language Science Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers. Chan, M. K. M., & H. Kang (eds.) (2008) Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). 2 Volumes. Columbus, OH: East Asian Studies Center, The Ohio State University. Nakayama, M., M. Minami, H. Morikawa, K. Nakamura, & H. Sirai (eds.) (2006) Studies in Language Science Vol. 5. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers. Minami, M., H. Kobayashi, M. Nakayama, & H. Sirai (eds.) (2005) Studies in Language Science Vol. 4. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers. Minami, M., H. Kobayashi, M. Nakayama, & H.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MALTESE and the ARABIC DIALECTS: an APPROACH from LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY by REINHOLD KONTZI
    This article is the translation and reVlszon of the paper 'Maltesisch: Sprachgeschichtliche und areallinguistische Aspekte' read in the 5th symposium on languages in contact in Europe, at Mannheim 1982 (published in: 'Die Leistung der Strataforschung und der Kreolistik: Typolog. Aspekte d. Sprachkontakte: Akten d. 5. Symposiums iiber Sprachkontakte in Europa'. Mannheim 1982/ed. by P. Sture Ureland - Tiibin­ gen: Niemeyer, 1982, p. 63-87) THE MALTESE AND THE ARABIC DIALECTS: AN APPROACH FROM LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY by REINHOLD KONTZI INTRODUCTION The subject of this article is Maltese as a language of different strata which have deposited themselves out of se­ veral groups of languages, respectively dialects. In the first part I will point out the hi storical events which caused formations of strata from different geographical zones. In the second part 1 will demonstrate that the superposition of strata with methods of linguistic geography and Bartoli' s space linguistics can be illustrated on maps. As far as I know there has been no space linguistic ap­ proach of the Maltese language - and thus necessarily of the entire area of the Arabic languages - which partly in­ cludes the area of the Romance (Italian) languages, that would take into account linguistic geography. 1. SHORT HISTORY OF THE MALTESE LANGUAGE Maltese came into existence by way of contact between the Arabic and Italian languages, and precisely this contact has created Maltese. In the following passages I will asso­ ciate the history of Malta with her linguistic development. Up to 1530 the history of Malta was identical with the history of Sicily. The rulers of Sicily were at the same time rulers of Malta.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodology for Ethiopia Survey
    Methodology for Ethiopia Survey The first phase consisted of a national survey of the adult population of Ethiopia. The sample was designed to be representative of the adult population of Ethiopia. Researchers from Bendixen & Amandi (B&A) coordinated and oversaw all aspects of the sampling and interviewing process. A team of local field experts was hired in Ethiopia to conduct the actual interviews. All interviewers were professionally trained and supervised by B&A research personnel. In this phase of the research 2002 Ethiopian adults were interviewed in July and August of 2010. All interviews were conducted in person using traditional Paper and Pencil Interviewing (PAPI) and were administered in Amharic. The survey consisted of 12 questions. The margin of error is approximately ±2 percentage points and the 95 percent level of confidence. The total sample was compiled utilizing multi‐stage stratified random sampling through respondent selection. This sampling method enabled B&A to ensure that a representative random sample of Ethiopian adults was collected. There are three stages to this type of sampling methodology. First, after stratifying the Ethiopian population by region and population density, sampling points (SPs)1 were determined. SPs were then randomly selected within each stratum. In the second stage, using the random route method, dwellings were selected within each SP. The random route method involves selecting an address in each SP at random as a starting point. Each interviewer was given instructions to identify additional dwellings by taking alternate left and right turns and stopping at every Nth dwelling. The third and final stage involved selecting actual participants – for each selected dwelling, individual respondents were chosen using a Kish grid2.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Effects of Entrepreneurship Edutainment in Egypt
    Evaluating the Effects of Entrepreneurship Edutainment in Egypt Ghada Barsoum American University of Cairo Bruno Crépon CREST, J-PAL & IZA Drew Gardiner International Labour Organization Bastien Michel* Aarhus University & TrygFonden’s Center for Child Research William Parienté UC Louvain Acknowledgements: Funding for this study was provided by the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and Silatech. In particular, we would like to thank 3ie for technical review and support throughout the study. The draft was not reviewed by 3ie, the ILO, or Silatech, and only represents the views of the authors. We also thank J-PAL Europe for its support, as well as seminar participants at Aarhus University, INSEAD, the University of Wageningen, ERF 2017 conference, and at the ASSA 2017 annual meeting for their helpful comments. Ibrahim Kamel, Nihal Said, Rana Khazbak, Sarah Samaha, and Todor Tochev provided excellent research assistance. The study received IRB approval from the Paris School of Economics (reference number CE/2013-008). This study was registered in AEA Social Science Registry under number AEARCTR-0000370. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 1 Abstract We measure the impact of an edutainment program broadcast on a popular Egyptian television channel and specifically designed to promote entrepreneurship among young adult viewers. We implemented a randomized controlled trial following a non-symmetric encouragement design to measure the impact of the intervention on viewers’ attitudes towards self-employment, knowledge of the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem, professional aspirations, and professional choices. Our design allows us to identify the importance of peer effects within groups of friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Contact Phonology: Richness of the Stimulus, Poverty of the Base*
    Language contact phonology: Richness of the stimulus, poverty of the base* Ellen Broselow Stony Brook University (State University of New York at Stony Brook) 1. The Problem: Learnability of interlanguage rankings The goals of Optimality Theory are not only to model the speaker’s grammar but also to model the process whereby one aspect of that grammar, the language-specific rankings of constraints, is acquired. The framework forces us to ask not only what constraint rankings describe the data of a language, but also how those rankings could have been learned. The focus of this paper is cases in which the second question is not so easily answered. Language contact situations confront speakers with types of structures that are not found in their native language, and in these situations we often find systematic adaptation patterns that are fairly consistent across speakers of the same native language. The analysis of such patterns may require fairly intricate webs of constraint rankings, and often, neither the data of the native or the foreign language provide sufficient motivation for these rankings. One possible explanation of such apparently unmotivated rankings is that they reflect the universal default. If this is the case, we should expect the same rankings to emerge in all situations where evidence to the contrary is lacking. But as Peperkamp (2003) has argued, there appears to be cross-linguistic variation in adaptation patterns that cannot be attributed to the data of either of languages in contact. This leaves us with a puzzle: if we find interlanguage rankings that are a product neither of universal grammar nor of input data, what is their source?.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAMAIC-LIKE FEATURES in the PENTATEUCH Gary A. Rendsburg As Is Well Known, a Major Trend Has Been Noticeable in the Field of Bi
    ARAMAIC-LIKE FEATURES IN THE PENTATEUCH Gary A. Rendsburg Rutgers University The term “Aramaic-like features” is to be distinguished from the term “Aramaisms.” The former refers to linguistic traits found in pre-exilic texts, whose presence can be explained by one of two reasons: either the texts are northern in origin, or the settings of the texts have an Aramean flavor. The lat- ter refers to those features, found primarily in the post-exilic corpus, which re- flect clear Aramaic influence over Hebrew. Aramaic-like features occur with a significant concentration in five sections of the Torah: Genesis 24, Genesis 30–31, Numbers 22–24, Genesis 49, and Deuteronomy 33. Style-switching explains the first three texts, since the first two are narratives geographically set in Aram, while the third portrays a prophet from Aram in the plains of Moab. Regional dialectology explains the remaining two sections: the sayings about the individual tribes must originate in those specific locations, which is why one finds words like MOwrD;d, MRrR…g, and so forth, in the blessings to Issachar, Naphtali, Joseph, and Gad. If the Pentateuch were the product of Persian- period Jewish scribes, as claimed by some scholars during the last several decades, one would expect Aramaisms or Aramaic-like features to appear throughout its 187 chapters in significant concentrations, and not, as per the main conclusion of this essay, in select chapters for specific purposes. As is well known, a major trend has been noticeable in the field of bibli- cal studies during the past twenty years or so.
    [Show full text]
  • The Census Bureau's Spanish Forms Availability Test 1
    RESULTS FROM TELEPHONE DEBRIEFING INTERVIEWS: THE CENSUS BUREAU'S SPANISH FORMS AVAILABILITY TEST 1 Peter Wobus, Manuel de la Puente, Bureau of the Census Peter Wobus, SRD/CSMR, Room 3125 FOB 4, Washington, DC 20233-9150 KEY WORDS: Split-panel experiments, Telephone In all about 3,400 (or 28 percent) completed debriefing interviews, Minority populations telephone debriefing interviews were conducted. Excluded from this study were people in households INTRODUCTION that received a census form who did not respond. An In 1993 the Census Bureau implemented the unknown number of nonrespondents could have opted Spanish Forms Availability Test (SFAT). The SFAT not to fill out and return the census form because they was part of a research and development program by the were annoyed at receiving a Spanish language census Census Bureau designed to assist in formulating policy form in the mail. Our findings are based on these and design options for the Year 2000 Census of relatively small number of completed debriefing Population and Housing. The purpose of the test was to interviews. This constitutes a limitation of this study. determine the effect of the availability of mailing The SFAT had three panels. Panel one, the control, Spanish forms to targeted areas with high concentrations was an English language census form. The second, dual of persons who speak Spanish and who do not speak forms panel, consisted of separate English and Spanish English well or at all. Specifically, the test sought to language census forms. The third, bilingual forms determine whether making Spanish forms available panel, had English questions on one side and Spanish would increase response rates in target areas, assess the ones on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Moroccan Arabic Jeffrey Heath University of Michigan
    Chapter 10 Moroccan Arabic Jeffrey Heath University of Michigan Morocco, even if the disputed Western Sahara is excluded, is rivaled only by Yemen in its variety of Arabic dialects. Latin/Romance sub- and ad-strata have played crucial roles in this, especially 1. when Arabized Berbers first encountered Romans; 2. during the Muslim and Jewish expulsions from Iberia beginning in 1492; and 3. during the colonial and post-colonial periods. 1 History and current state 1.1 History Moroccan Arabic (MA) initially took shape when Arab-led troops, probably Ara- bized Berbers from the central Maghreb who spoke a contact variety of Arabic, settled precariously in a triangle of Roman cities/towns consisting of Tangier, Salé, and Volubilis, starting around 698 AD. Mid-seventh-century tombstones from Volubilis, inscribed in Latin, confirm that Roman Christians were present, though in small numbers, when the Arabs arrived. Shortly thereafter, in 710– 711, an Arab-led army from Morocco began the conquest of southern Spain, a richer and more secure prize that drew away most of the Arab elite. In Morocco, turnover of the few Arabs and of their Arabized Berber troops was high; they were massacred or put to flight in the Kharijite revolt of 740. The eighth and ninth centuries had perfect conditions for the development of a home-grown Arabic in the Roman triangle in Morocco, and in the emerging Andalus, with a strong Latinate substratum. The first true Arab city, Fes, was not founded until approximately 798, acen- tury after the first occupation of Morocco, and its population did not bulkupun- til immigration from Andalus and the central Maghreb began around 817.
    [Show full text]
  • (HINTS 4) FDA Cycle Methodology Report
    Health Information National Trends Survey 4 (HINTS 4) HINTS-FDA Methodology Report December 2015 Prepared for National Cancer Institute 9609 Medical Center Drive Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 Prepared by Westat 1600 Research Boulevard Rockville, MD 20850 HINTS-FDA Methodology Report 1 Table of Contents Chapters Page 1 HINTS - FDA Overview .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Oversampling for Smokers .................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifying Potentially Spanish-speaking Households ..................... 2 2 Sample Selection ................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Sampling Frame ..................................................................................... 2 2.2 Stratification ........................................................................................... 3 2.3 Selection of Address Sample ............................................................... 4 2.4 Within-Household Sample Selection ................................................. 4 3 Data Collection ................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Mailing Protocol .................................................................................... 5 3.2 Spanish Language Households ........................................................... 7 3.3 In-bound Telephone Calls ................................................................... 7 3.4 Incoming Questionnaires
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 1 List of Member States by WHO Region and Mortality Stratum
    annexes 183 Annex 1 List of Member States by WHO region and mortality stratum To aid in cause of death and burden of disease analyses, the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) have been divided into fi ve mortality strata on the basis of their levels of mortality of children under fi ve years of age (5q0) and of males 15–59 years old (45q15). The classifi cation of WHO Member States into mortality strata was carried out using population es- timates for 1999 (from the United Nations Population Division, 1998) and estimates of 5q0 and 45q15 based on WHO analyses of mortality rates for 1999. Quintiles of the distribution of 5q0 (both sexes combined) were used to defi ne a very low child mortality group (1st quintile), a low child mortality group (2nd and 3rd quintiles) and a high child mortality group (4th and 5th quintiles). Adult mortality 45q15 was regressed on 5q0 and the regression line used to divide countries with high child mortality into high adult mortality (stratum D) and very high adult mortality (stratum E). Stratum E includes the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV/AIDS has had a very substantial impact. The following table summarizes the fi ve mortality strata. When these mortality strata are applied to the six WHO regions, they produce 14 subregions, which are used throughout this docu- ment and its Annexes to present results. The mortality strata to which WHO Member States are classifi ed are listed below. This classifi cation has no offi cial status and is for analytical purposes only.
    [Show full text]