Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Justicia Gendarussa Burm F. - Review

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K. Kavitha et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(7),990-997 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Justicia gendarussa Burm f. - review

K. Kavitha*, K.S. Sridevi sangeetha, K. Sujatha, S. Umamaheswari Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai-116 ,Tamil Nadu,India.

Received on:17-05-2014; Revised on: 21-06-2014; Accepted on:18-07-2014

ABSTRACT Justicia gendarussa Burm f. (family Acanthaceae) known as Willow-leaved justicia in English, it is native to china. It is commonly found throughout the greater part of India and Andaman islands. Justicia gendarussa Burm f. is one of the important herbal being used in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Mostly the leaves are used for the medical purposes. A wide variety of biologically active constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates are present in this plant. The leaves also contain friedelin, lupeol, ß-sitosterol and aromatic amines. This plant exhibits anticancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anthelmintic and antiangiogenic activities. This review will focus on the phytochemical constituents isolated from the plants and phytopharmacological properties of different parts of Justicia gendarussa.

KEY WORDS: Justicia gendarussa, Acanthaceae, Willow-leaved Justicia, Pharmacological activities, Traditional uses.

1. INTRODUCTION: Among the innumerable gift of nature belong the fascinating variet- is shrubs and herbs distributed in the tropical regions of the world. It ies of natural in some guise have been inseparable parts of mankind comprises about 300 species in all over the world among them nearly history, since they fulfill many of our basic requirements. Some of the 50 species were recorded in India. Some of the species belongs to plants are used as food while others showed beneficial effect against genus Justicia are Justicia betonia L. Justicia diffusa Willd, Justicia various human suffering such as injuries and ailment. The drugs were glabra J.Koenig ex Roxb, Justicia glauca Rottler, Justicia micrantha isolated either from the whole plant or from different parts of the plant Wallich ex C.B. Clarke, Justicia procumbens L, Justicia prostrate like leaves, stem, bark, root, flower and seed. Some drugs are pre- (C.B.Clarke) Gamble, Justicia simplex D. Don, Justicia pared from excretory plant products such as gums, resins and latex.1 tranquebariensis L.f, Justicia betonica, Justicia beddomei (Clarke) Plants have formed on the basis of sophisticated traditional medicine Bennett, Justicia spicigera.4,5 The recently reported pharmacological systems among which are Ayurvedic, Unani, and Chinese. These activities of some species were shown in table 1. systems of medicine have given rise to some important drugs which are still in Table 1: Pharmacological activity reported for other species use. Natural products derived from plants Species Reported studies Study Extract Part Reference have historically played an essential role in the discovery of novel new pharma- Justicia tranquebariensis L.f Antiarthritic Methanol Aerial part 6 Antioxidant Ethanol Leaf 7 ceuticals.2 The plant kingdom still holds Cardioprotective Aqueous Leaf 8 various species of medicinal plants con- Justicia procumbens Anti inflammatory Petroleum ether, Whole plant 9 Chloroform, Alcohol, taining materials of medicinal value which Water have yet to be discovered.3 Justicia prostrata Anti inflammatory 10 Antiulcer Alcohol, Aqueous Whole plant 11 Atinoconceptive 12 The genus Justicia Linn (acanthaceae) Justicia betonica Anti plasmodium Ether Leaf 13 Justicia simplex D. Don Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory Methanol Whole plant 14 *Corresponding author. Antibacterial Hydro alcohol Whole plant 15 K. Kavitha Justicia spicigera Schltdl Antihypertensive effect Hexane, Chloroform, Research scholar Methanol, Water Aerial part 16 Antitumor, Antidiabetic Ethanol Whole plant 17,18 Faculty of Pharmacy Justicia beddomei (Clarke) Bennett Cytotoxic Ethyl acetate Leaf 19 Sri Ramachandra University Hepatoprotective Methanol Aerial part 20 Porur, Chennai -600 116 Antioxidant Petroleum ether, Aerial part 21 Tamil Nadu,India. Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Water Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.8 Issue 7.July 2014 990-997 K. Kavitha et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(7),990-997

2. JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA BURM .F. DESCRIPTION: gendarussa leaves are used as a contraceptive agent in male and Justicia gendarussa Burm f. Syn: Gendarussa vulgaris (figure.1) is female. Chewing of leaves in male reduces the sperm count and in an erect undershrub, 0.6 to 1.2 m in height with subterete branches. female it postpone pregnancy. 25 Leaves are simple, lanceolate or linear – lanceolate, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, glabrous, short- petioled, pale green beneath and dark violet Root extract obtained from Justicia gendarussa is mostly prescribed green above, 8 pairs of main nerves, mid rib and main nerves promi- for constipation, laxative action helps in normal bowel movement. nent on the under surface. Stems and branches are dark violet. Flow- ers are 5-12.5 cm long from the uppermost leaf -axils; white coloured, 4.SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: spotted with purple and clustered in the interrupted spikes. Fruits Kingdom: Plantae glabrous capsules. Calyx 3.8-5mm; with nearly glabrous linear seg- Division: Magnoliophyta ments. The leaves and roots are acrid, febrifuge, thermogenic, emetic, Class: Magnoliopsida 22,23 anodyne, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, insecticidal and antipyretic. Order: Scrophulariales Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Justicia Species: gendarussa

5. LOCAL NAMES OF THE PLANT: Burma: Bavanet, Bawanet Bombay: Kalaadulsa Sanskrit: Krishnanirgundi, Nilanirgundi, Indrani English: Black vasa, Black Malabar nut Hindi: Nilinargandi, Udasanbhalu Bengal: Jagatmadan, Jogmodon Deccan: Kalishanbali Chinese: Ch’in ch’iu Marathi: Bakas, Kalaadulsa Kannada: Karinekki Telugu: Addasarambu, Nallavavili, Figure 1: Justicia gendarussa Malayalam: Vatankolli, Vatankutti, Karinochil Tamil: Vadaikkutti, Karunochi 3. TRADITIONAL USES: In Ayurveda, the plant is useful for the treatment of inflammation, 6. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: bronchitis, vaginal discharges, eye diseases, dyspepsia and fever. The quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents of leaves of Justicia The decoction of the leaves and tender shoots are diaphoretic and gendarussa shows the presence of alkaloids (1.62±0.081%w/w), fla- they are given in chronic rheumatism. Oil prepared from the leaves is vonoids (2.03±0.105%w/w), triterpenoids (0.199±0.009%w/w), caro- useful in eczema, and the mixture of leaves is given internally for tenoids (7.88±0.394%w/w), phenolic compounds (2.21±0.11%w/w), hemiplegia, cephalalgia and facial paralysis. sugar (8.74±0.435%w/w) and starch (5.85±0.292%w/w).26 Some simple 0-distributed aromatic amine like 2-(2'-amino-benzylamino) benzyl al- The juice of the fresh leaves is dropped into the ear for earache and cohol and their respective 0-methyl ethers, 2-amino benzyl alco- 27 28 into the corresponding nostril on the side of the head affected with hol(1), stigmasterol(2), lupeol (3), 16-hydroxylupeol, ß-sito- 29 hemicrania.24 sterol(4), aromadendrin (5), ß -Sitosterol- ß -D-glycoside(6), and male antifertility compound like gendarusin A and gendarusin B30 In Madagascar, the decoction of the root boiled with milk is used in were also isolated from the plant. The leaves also contain beta- rheumatism, dysentery and jaundice. The decoction of the flower sitosterol, lupeol, an alkaloid, friedelin and aromatic amines. Chemical tops is generally used for the purpose of fumigation. Justicia structures of some compounds are given in figure.2

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.8 Issue 7.July 2014 990-997 K. Kavitha et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(7),990-997

7.PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS: Justicia gendarussa plant exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective,

anthelmintic, anti inflammatory, antiarthritic, antiangiogenic, antimi- 3 crobial, analgesic and antianxiety activities. The pharmacological actions of Justicia gendarussa are given in figure.3.

7.1. Antioxidant activity: Justicia gendarussa extract was investigated for the antioxidant ac- (1)2-amino benzyl (2) Stigmasterol tivity using DPPH, free radical scavenging activity, reduction of ferric alcohol ion in presence and absence of EDTA and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The stem extract of the plant with various solvents like methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol were studied for the antioxidant activities using in-vitro models. The methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity than other fraction. It is due to the presence of high phenolic and flavonoid content which was determined by folin-ciocalteu’s method and aluminium chloride calorimetric assay. 3]

The antioxidant activity of the callus extracts of J. gendarussa was (3) Lupeol studied by using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay method. The leaf and stem derived callus were har- vested and separately extracted with methanol, ethanol and ether. The methanol extract of stem derived callus cultured on solid medium showed highest reducing capacity(136.66±2.88mg) and scavenging activity(145.00±5.00µg/ml) than other extracts.3]

7.2.Anti arthritic activity: (4) ß-sitosterol The anti arthritic activity of the ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa was investigated using collagen induced arthritis and Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats using aspirin as standard drug. The treated rats showed significant reduction in the paw volume of 43% and 47% in Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritic model and collagen induced arthritis respectively in comparison with the standard (aspirin) showed 26% and 38%.33 (5) Aromadendrin The ethanolic extract of leaves of Justicia gendarussa showed potent anti arthritic activity in Freund’s complete adjuvant and bovine type II collagen methods. In plant treated rats the increased levels of WBC count and C-reactive protein (levels rise dramatically during inflammatory) level was significantly suppressed and showed a potent recovery from anemia.34

7.3. Anthelmintic activity: Methanolic extracts of leaves and stems showed significant anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma.35 Various concentrations (6) ß -Sitosterol- ß -D-glycoside of stem and leaf extract (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml) were applied to Figure 2: Chemical structures of some isolated compound different petri dishes containing earth worms. The paralysis time and

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.8 Issue 7.July 2014 990-997 K. Kavitha et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(7),990-997

Antioxidant activity

Anti-inflammatory activity Anti arthritic activity

Anti-anxiety activity Pharmacological activities Anthelmintic activity

Heaptoprotective activity Antifungal activity

Hyperurecimia Anticancer activity Antiangiogenic activity

Figure 3: Pharmacological action of Justicia gendarussa Burm .f. death time were observed and compared with the standard drug showed inhibition of neovascularization at dose dependent manner. Albendazole. At the concentration 50 mg/ml the leaf and stem extracts showed paralysis at 35.33 min and 41. 33 min respectively and 7.6. Analgesic activity: they showed death at 70.67 min and 89.33 min respectively in com- The ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa showed significant an- parison with reference drug showed paralysis at 17 min and death at algesic activity, this was studied using hot plate method and acetic 48 min at 10 mg/ml concentration. acid induced writhing test.38 Ethanolic extract of the plant at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg given orally to male Wistar albino rat showed 7.4.Antifungal activity: increase in latency of response in hot plate method and decreased in The in vitro antifungal property of different extracts of Justicia the number of writhing in mice in acetic acid induced writhing. The gendarussa were evaluated by agar cup diffusion technique against result was compared with positive control aspirin. dermatophytic species.36 The chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of whole plant were tested against Trichophyton 7..7. Anti-anxiety activity: mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum and The ethanolic extract of the aerial part of the plant was investigated Microsporum fulvum. The antifungal activity of different solvent ex- for anti-anxiety activity in Swiss albino mice by light dark test and tracts of Justicia gendarussa in term of inhibition zone diameter in elevated plus maze test.39 The ethanolic extract of plant at concentra- decreasing order can be concluded as chloroform> methanol> water. tion of 200 – 500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 21 days. Elevated plus maze test method showed that the ethanolic ex- 7.5. Antiangiogenic activity: tract have lengthened the time spent in the open arms and number of The leaves of the plant showed significant antiangiogenic acivity. 37 entries into open arms. The extract also boost the time in light area in Angiogenesis or neovascularisation is a process involves the activa- light dark test model. The result was compared with standard drug tion, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells from preexisting diazepam. This study suggested that ethanolic extract of plant pos- blood vessels. It plays a major role in wound healing. Antiangiogenic sess significant (p<0.01) anti anxiety activity. potential of leaves of Justicia gendarussa was studied by Chrio 7.8. Anti-inflammatory activity: Allontoic Membrane assay (CAM) method. Acute toxicity of ethanol The ethanolic and methanolic extract of the plant Justicia gendarussa and aqueous extracts was studied by brine shrimp lethality bio assay 40 and showed the LC50 values for both the extracts were more than showed significant anti inflammatory activity. The aerial part of the 1000 ppm. ß-1,4 galactan sulphate was used as reference. At low plant extract was studied for anti-inflammatory activity on rats by concentration (below 10µg/ml) both extracts did not showed any using cotton pellet granuloma method and carrageenan induced rat effect. In the concentration ranging from 10-100 µg/ml both extracts paw oedema. Acute oral toxicity of ethanol extract was determined as

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.8 Issue 7.July 2014 990-997 K. Kavitha et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(7),990-997 per OECD 423 guidelines. The ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) 7.10. Hepatoprotective of plant showed significant reduction (P<0.001) of paw oedema at The methanolic extract of the plant Justicia gendarussa showed sig- dose dependent manner. At 500mg/ kg concentration the plant extract nificant hepatoprotective effect activity against carbon tetra chloride 45 showed maximum inhibition (52%) in comparison with standard drug induced hepatic damage in invitro and invivo models. aceclofenac (58%). In cotton pellet granuloma method the maximum inhibition of 52% was observed at a dose of 500 mg/kg. The maximum The invitro hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Justicia inhibition of 45% was observed in wet and dry granuloma formation. gendarussa Burm was studied using primary rat hepatocytes, carbon The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Justicia tetra chloride was used as hepatotoxin. The isolated primary rat gendarussa leaves was evaluated in Freund’s complete adjuvant in- hepatocytes were incubated with CCl4 (10 mM), and various concen- duced arthritic in rats by measuring the paw volume and its ability to trations of plant extract (10, 50and 100µg/ml) and silymarin (100µg/ stabilize lipid peroxide level in experimental animal. The drug was ml). Cell viability was measured by Trypan blue exclusion assay. The administered at a dose 300mg/kg orally for 14 days on experimental transaminase enzymes in cell suspension were measured. Methanolic animals. After the administration of methanolic leaf extract in rats the extract produced significant moderate hepatoprotective effect. paw volume and lipid peroxide level of hemolysate was significantly reduced to near normal level and also the low levels of enzymatic and Hepatoprotective action of methanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa non enzymatic antioxidant levels were increased to normal level. This against Carbon tetra chloride induced hepatic damage by acute oxi- study results suggest the possible mechanism for this effect may be dative damage was studied in albino rats. The extract showed marked through its stabilizing action on lipid peroxide, increase antioxidant reduction in liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT) and with increase in levels and its free radical scavenging activity. antioxidant enzymes. The effect was observed to be significant at the dose of 300 mg/kg. 7.9. Antibacterial Activity: The plant showed significant antibacterial activity against gram posi- 7.11. Anticancer tive and gram negative bacteria in various extract. The antibacterial Methanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa showed significant cyto- 46,47 activity of leaves and stem extract of Justicia gendarussa tested toxic activity. against human pathogens by the disc diffusion method and broth dilution methods.41 The aqueous extract of stem and leaves showed Leaf and root extracts of the plant with various solvents like hexane, more antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract. The order of inhi- methanol and water were investigated for cytotoxicity of the plant bition of aqueous extracts of stem and leaves are Staphylococcus using a brine shrimp lethality test. Methotrexate was used as the aureus (26.33mm), Shigella flexneri (26.20mm), Proleus mirabilis control drug. The test substances in different concentration (1-1000 (24.50mm), Escherchia coli (21.40mm), Bacillus subtilis (20.25mm), µg/ml) were examined in triplicate using a brine shrimp lethality bioas- Salmonella paratypi A (19.50mm), and Salmonella typhimusium say. The methanolic extract showed the highest cytotoxicity. LD 50 (17.20mm). value was found to be 25.44 µg/ml. Methanolic leaf extract of the plant was studied for cytotoxicty in human cancer cell lines HT-29, The chloroform extract of Justicia gendarussa showed significant HeLa and BxPC-3) by using MTT assay. The results showed that the (p<0.005) antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methanolic leaf extract were effective against BxPC-3 and HeLa cells. The IC values are found to be 16 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml, respectively. It Pseudomonas aeroginosa at 20 µl/ml than Echerichia coli, Proteus 50 mirabilis and Vibrio chlorea.42 The ethanol and ethyl acetate ex- is suggested that J. gendarussa leaf extract have potential cytotoxic tracts of leaves of Justicia gendarussa exhibited potent antibacterial activity on human cancer cell lines particularly BxPC-3 cells. activity at a 1000 µg/ml concentration against gram positive and gram negative strains.43 7.12. Hyperurecemia Ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa leaves significantly decreases The phytochemical extracts like alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoid and uric acid level in plasma; this was studied in oxonate-induced 48 glycoside extract of Justicia gendarussa also showed considerable hyperurecemia in rats. The test substance was given in doses of 1.3 antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative strains. g/kg bw, 2.6 g/kg bw, 5.2 g/kg bw, can decrease serum uric acid levels This study showed that the alkaloid extract was found to be more in hyperuricemic rats. The extract showed maximum activity at the significant inhibitor in both gram negative and gram positive bacteria dose of 5.2 g/kg bw. than all other extracts.44

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8. CONCLUSION: 9. B. H. M Mruthyunjaya swamy, K Rudresh, H. K. S Swamy, S. Herbal medicine plays a major role in the development of modern M Badami, S. P Hiremath, Antiinflammatory Activity of Al- civilization. Justicia gendarussa is an interesting example of plant cohol extract of Justicia Procumbens (Acanthaceae) Indian having traditional medicinal value for many years and have been journal of pharmaceutical sciences; 2010; 60 (3): 173-176. proved by many research works. 10. Sanmugapriya E, Shanmugasundaram P, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia prostrate gamble in This review article briefly explains the traditional uses, phytochemi- acute and sub-acute models of inflammation. Inflammo phar- cal and pharmacological actions of Justicia gendarussa. The plant macology. 2005; 13(5-6): 493-500. was found to have broad spectrum of activities due to the presence 11. E Sanmugapriya, P Shanmuga sundaram and S Venkataraman, of active constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, Antiulcerogenic effect of Justicia prostrata Gamble, Indian steroids, carbohydrate, carotenoids and terpenoids. The plant have Journal of Experimental Biology, 2005; 43181-186. repored to have variety of pharmacological actions like antioxidant, 12. Sanmugapriya, E.; Shanmugasundaram, P.; Venkataraman, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antiangiogenic, antiarthritic, S., Antinociceptive effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts hepatoprotective, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and anthelm- of Justicia prostrata Gamble. Biomedicine 2003; 23(1/2): 113- intic. The mechanism of action for each pharmacological action has 117. to be studied. 13. Godfrey S. Bbosa, David B. Kyegombe, Aloysius Lubega, Nathan Musisi, Jasper Ogwal-Okeng and Olwa Odyek, Anti- From the current review, we conclude that the plant Justicia Plasmodium falciparum activity of Aloe dawei and Justicia gendarussa could be useful for the development of commercial drugs. betonica, Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 2013; 7(31): 2258-2263. 14. P. Mail kumaran, M. Jesupillai, G. Buela priyanka, V. REFERENCES: Mangayarkarasi, S. Bhagyalakshmi1 Analgesic and Anti- 1. Sridevi Sangeetha Kothandaraman Sivapraksam, Kavitha inflammatory activity of Justicia simplex D. Don Interna- Karunakaran, Umamaheswari Subburaya, Sujatha tional Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and life Sci- Kuppusamy, Subashini TS, A Review on Phytochemical and ences. 2013; 1(1): 88 -93. Pharmacological Profile of Hedyotis corymbosa Linn. Int. J. 15. Sathya Bama S, Sankaranarayanan S, Bama P, Ramachandran Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2014; 26(1): 320-324. J, Bhuvaneswari N and Jayasurya Kingsley S, Antibacterial 2. Mukherjee Pulok K. Quality control of herbal drugs. Busi- activity of medicinal plants used as ethnomedicine by the ness Horizons publication. New Delhi. 2002; 2: 2-24. traditional healers of Musiri Thaluk, Trichy District, 3. Evance WC. Saunders. Text book of Pharmacognosy. Tamilnadu, India, J. Med. Plants Res.. 2013; 7(20): 1452-1460. th 14 ed. Singapore; Horcourt Brase Asia.1997; 298-9. 16. Esquivel-Gutiérrez, E.R.; Noriega-Cisneros, R.; Arellano- 4. The Wealth of India, CSIR, New Delhi, India, 2001; Volume V: Plaza, M.; Ibarra-Barajas, M.; Salgado-Garciglia, R. Saavedra- pp.312-313. Molina, A. Antihypertensive effect of Justicia spicigera in 5. K. M. Matthew, An Excursion Flora of Central Tamilnadu, L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, Pharmacologyonline India. CRC Press, 1995; pp. 379-381. 2013; 2: 120 – 127. 6. R. Senthamari, S. Akilandeswari and R. Valarmathi Anti Ar- 17. Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro, Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez , thritic activity of Cissus quadrangularis and Justicia Fabiola Domínguez , Victor Arana-Argáez , Maria del Carmen tranquebariensis in the treatment of Rheumatism Interna- Juárez-Vázquez , Marco Chávez, Candy Carranza-Álvarez , tional Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical sciences, 2013; , 2 (3): 1435-1440. Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez, Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes Gabriela López-Toledo, Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade, Alejandro García- 7. M., Suriyavathana; M., Jeevitha; J., Aranganathan In vitro Carrancá, Antitumor and immunomodulatory effects antioxidant profile of Justicia tranquebariensis, Journal of of Justicia spicigera Schltdl (Acanthaceae). J Pharmacy Research, 2011; 4 (11): 4259. Ethnopharmacol, 2012; 141(3): 888–894. 8. Radhika J, Sathya Surya, Jothi G, Japasheba JL, 18. Ortiz-Andrade R, Cabañas-Wuan A, Arana-Argáez Cardioprotective role of Justicia traquebareinsis linn. Leaf VE, Alonso-Castro AJ, Zapata-Bustos R, Salazar-Olivo extract in Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in al- LA, Domínguez F, Chávez M, Carranza-Álvarez C,García- bino rats, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2013; Carrancá A. Antidiabetic effects of Justicia spicigera Schltdl 3 (04): 124-128. (Acanthaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 143(2): 455-62.

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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.8 Issue 7.July 2014 990-997