Insects 2015, 6, 112-121; doi:10.3390/insects6010112 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Article Do Offspring of Insects Feeding on Defoliation-Resistant Trees Have Better Biological Performance When Exposed to Nutritionally-Imbalanced Food? Roberto Quezada-Garcia 1,*, Alvaro Fuentealba 1,2, Ngoc Nguyen 3 and Éric Bauce 1 1 Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de Géomatique Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; E-Mails:
[email protected] (A.F.);
[email protected] (E.B.) 2 Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada 3 Direction de l’aménagement et de l’environnement forestiers Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 5700, 4e Av. Ouest, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; E-Mail:
[email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-418-656-2131 (ext. 4063). Academic Editor: Brian T. Forschler Received: 3 October 2014 / Accepted: 7 January 2015 / Published: 12 January 2015 Abstract: White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees that are resistant or susceptible to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) attack were identified in a southern Quebec plantation. Due to high mortality-induced selective pressures imposed by resistant trees on spruce budworm larvae, insects that survive on resistant trees exhibited greater biological performance than those on susceptible trees. We tested the hypothesis that this better biological performance is maintained across generations when progeny were subjected to nutritional stress.