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Chapter 1 the Enigmatic Martin Wight 1 Notes Chapter 1 The Enigmatic Martin Wight 1. Throughout this book I have followed the convention that “International Relations” or “IR” refers to the academic field that concerns the study of the relations—political, economic, social, and so on—between states, sub-state actors, international institutions, and so on, and that “international relations” refers to their actual conduct. 2. Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), p. 47. 3. Michael Nicholson, “The Enigma of Martin Wight,” Review of International Studies 7:1 (1981): 15–22. 4. Wight, Power Politics, Looking Forward Pamphlet no. 8 (London: Royal Institute for International Affairs, 1946), p. 66. 5. Ibid., p. 68. 6. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1911–1918 (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1923–1931); George F. Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), p. 164. 7. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1939). 8. Leslie Paul, The Age of Terror (London: Faber & Faber, 1950); G. F. Hudson, The Hard and Bitter Peace: World Politics since 1945 (London: Pall Mall Press, 1966). 9. Denis Brogan, The Price of Revolution (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1951), p. vii. 10. Plato, The Republic, trans. Allan Bloom, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 361–362, pp. 38–40. 11. Wight, “Western Values in International Relations,” in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1966), p. 122. 12. Plato, Republic, trans. Bloom, 496c–d, p. 176. 13. Some will find this idea unsettling, but there is a parallel to be drawn between Wight and his near-contemporary, the political philosopher Leo Strauss. Both 162 ● Notes thought modern politics was in crisis, both thought Socrates’s remarks were rele- vant, and both were prone to convey their ideas in esoteric subtext. On Strauss and the “art of writing,” see Anne Norton, Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire (New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 95–108. 14. Wight, “Why Is There No International Theory?” in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations, p. 33. 15. Nicholson, “The Enigma of Martin Wight,” p. 15. 16. Kenneth W. Thompson, Masters of International Thought: Major Twentieth- Century Theorists and the World Crisis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), p. 60. 17. Wight, “Why Is There No International Theory?” in Butterfield and Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations, p. 20. 18. Hedley Bull, “Introduction: Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” in Wight, Systems of States, ed. Hedley Bull (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1977), pp. 1–20. 19. Thompson, “Martin Wight (1913–1972): The Values of Western Civilization,” in his Masters of International Thoughtt, pp. 44–61; Dunne, Inventing International Society, pp. 47–70; H. G. Pitt, “Wight (Robert James) Martin (1913–1972),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press), online at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/articles/38/38935article.html. (Accessed September 24, 2004). 20. Pitt, “Wight (Robert James) Martin (1913–1972),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition. 21. T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (London: Constable, 1933); English Art 1100–1216 (London: Clarendon, 1953); English Art 1800–1870 (London: Clarendon, 1959). 22. C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War 1914–1918 (London: Clarendon, 1934); A History of Peaceful Change in the Modern World (London: Oxford University Press, 1937). 23. Anon., “Cruttwell, Charles Robert Mowbray Fraser (1887–1941)”, in L. G. Wickham Legg (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography 1941–1950 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 190–191. 24. V. Cunningham, “Literary Culture,” in Brian Harrison (ed.), The History of the University of Oxfordd, VIII (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), p. 446. 25. Wight to Pitt, July 29, 1964, Wight MSS 233 7/9. 26. Wight to Toynbee, October 13, 1954, Toynbee MSS 86. 27. Brian Porter, “E. H. Carr—The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947,” in Michael Cox (ed.), E. H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004), p. 53. The successful applicant, favored by Carr, was Hugh Seton-Watson. 28. Bull, “Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” p. 3. 29. On Carr’s conversion from advocate of the League to its opponent in the wake of the Abyssinian crisis, see his correspondence with Gilbert Murray, especially Carr to Murray, December 8, 1936, Murray MSSS, 227/142–145. 30. Bull, “Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” p. 3. Ceadel notes that: “The Abyssinian affair enabled pacifism to discover a distinct and Notes ● 163 confident voice because its circumstances were so clear cut: collective security meant war; pacifism meant peace” (Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith (Oxford: Clarendon, 1980), p. 191). 31. Wight, “Christian Pacifism,” Theology 33:193 (July 1936): 12–21. 32. Bull, “Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” p. 3. 33. Bull (Ibid.) dates Wight’s employment at Chatham House from 1936 to 1938. Wight’s correspondence with Toynbee (Wight to Toynbee, October 13, 1954, Toynbee MSS 86), however, states that Wight joined Chatham House in the spring of 1937. 34. See Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1934–1960). 35. Wight to Toynbee, October 13, 1954, Toynbee MSS 86. 36. Toynbee, Study of History, VII, p. 396, note 3, p. 415, note 5, p. 428, note 2, pp. 456–457, note 3, p. 460, notes 1 and 4, p. 464, note 1, p. 488, note 2, p. 489, note 3, p. 505, note 2, p. 543, note 1, pp. 711–715. See also Wight’s “The Crux for an Historian Brought up in the Christian Tradition,” pp. 737–748. 37. See The Republic of South Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1937) and The Political and Strategic Interests of the United Kingdom (London: Oxford University Press, 1938). 38. See H. V. Hodson (ed.), The British Empire: A Report on its Structure and Problems (London: Oxford University Press, 1937). I am grateful to Mrs Mary Bone, Librarian at Chatham House, for the information regarding Wight’s work on “Ocean Routes.” Hedley Bull, in “Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” states that during this period, Wight also worked on the Surveys, and contributed to Toynbee’s Study. This is almost certainly wrong. It is more likelyy that Wight’s involvement with both projects was confined to his second term at Chatham House (1946–1949). 39. Laski to Wight, December 26, 1938, Wight MSS 233 3/9. 40. Pitt (1923–2000) spent most of his career as a Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. Mack-Smith (1920– ) is an historian of modern Italy and a Fellow of All Souls. 41. Pitt to Bull, April 2, 1974, Wight MSS 250. 42. Bull, “Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations,” p. 4. An abstract from his application is included in Dunne, Inventing International Society, p. 65, note 23. 43. Pitt, “Wight (Robert James) Martin (1913–1972),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online version. 44. Bull to Butterfield, March 19, 1976, Butterfield MSS 531(i)/ B191. Wight had known Perham since his school-days: he had been at Bradfield with Perham’s nephew and the two of them had gone up to Oxford together in 1932. He later recalled that, as a boy, he had thought of Perham as “an Aunt-figure out of P. G. Wodehouse, whirling her nephew and his friends off to the river, or to an evening at Stratford, always pointing to the Higher Life”(Wight to Ferris, November 16, 1961, Wight MSS 233 8/9). 164 ● Notes 45. Wight, The Development of the Legislative Council 1606–1945 vol. I (London: Faber & Faber, 1946); The Gold Coast Legislative Council (London: Faber & Faber, 1947); British Colonial Constitutions (London: Clarendon, 1952). Perham had intended that the introduction to the latter be even longer, stretching to 250 pages, something which Wight was later “shocked” to discover (Draft of Wight to Perham, April 3, 1947, Wight MSS 209). 46. See Vidler to Wight, June 26, 1942, Wight MSS 45. 47. Wight to Perham, May 11, 1945, Wight MSS 209. Wight’s relationship with Perham seems never to have been good. Some six months earlier, he had written to protest that “after four years of obscure activity and of worrying officials and the Colonial Office, Nuffield has still produced nothing to justify its existence and secondlyy,...it gives no cause for confidence that it has academic standards” (Wight to Perham, November 21, 1944, Wight MSS 209). Despite his criticisms, Wight retained a certain affection for Perham, later recalling her “impeccable political judgment” and observing that “I doubt there is a single public political issue on which the opinion of posterity will show him as having been erratic. She was anti-appeasement, anti-Munich, coolly objective about Soviet atrocities... at the height of the “heroic Soviet ally” feeling in 1942–1944, anti-Suez” (Wight to Ferris, November 16, 1961, Wight MSS 233 8/9). 48. At this time it seems that Charles Manning made an unsuccessful bid to bring Wight to the LSE. Manning was unable, however, to persuade the institution to create a new Readership in his Department. See Manning to Bull, April 11, 1974, Wight MSS 250. 49. Power Politics Looking Forward Pamphlet no. 8 (London: RIIA, 1946). 50. Richard Cockett, David Astor and the Observer (London: André Deutsch, 1991), p. 148. 51. Ibid., p. 185. 52. The Times announced his appointment, to the Survey department, on February 28, 1947 (Wight MSS 20). 53. W. Arthur Lewis, Michael Scott, Colin Legum, and Martin Wight, Attitude to Africa (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951).
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