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Tesis Joaquín Farina Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DOCTORADO EN ECONOMIBA Y EMPRESA TESIS DOCTORAL LA TASA DE EXPLOTACIÓN COMO MEDIDA DE DESIGUALDAD GLOBAL (1973-2012) D. Joaquín Farina Dirigido por: Dr. D. Eladio Febrero Paños Dr. D. Matías Gámez Martínez Albacete, 2017 Agradecimientos Especialmente a mis directores Eladio Febrero Paños, Matías Gámez Martínez y sus familias A mi familia que fueron un respaldo indispensable. A Luca cuya sonrisa permanente despierta la creatividad del más oscuro ratón de biblioteca. Inicialmente esta dedicatoria decía "A mi hijo Luca ("el bebé que no llora") y a su madre.". Pero ahora llora. A mis padres especialmente, los prestamistas de última instancia en tan costosa empresa. Anticipadamente a los jurados evaluadores por los comentarios que seguramente enriquecerán mi trabajo. A pesar de nuestros enfrentamientos teóricos no siempre en los mejores términos a Juan Ignacio Palacio Morena por sus comentarios iniciales a mi protoproyecto de tesis. A Diego Guerrero Jiménez (UCM) quien fue el primero en impulsarme en este método de medición. Gonzalo Ralón fue tal vez el mejor alumno que pisó mis aulas. Bien vale el plural porque cursó varias asignaturas a mi cargo obteniendo siempre la máxima calificación. Pero el premiado fui yo, ya que hoy cuento con su amistad incondicional. Fue coautor en varios de los trabajos que son insumo de esta tesis. Sus comentarios contribuyeron a mejorar este trabajo sobre todo en lo metodológico y me mejoraron en lo personal. Los aportes de Marín Trombetta, mi econometrista de cabecera, son imposible de mensurar, al menos cuantitativamente como a él le hubiera gustado. A Rubén Berenblum que siempre confió en mí. A Daniel "Ñato" Camina por la elaboración del sistema soft de la base de datos, que aún está inconclusa, pero es prometedora. A los miembros de mi grupo de investigaciones UBACyT. Mis estudiantes que enriquecen mis puntos de vista con sus intervenciones. Al Centro de Estudios de Marxismo Cuantitativo que dirijo en la FCE-UBA. A Antonio Rosselló por su generoso apoyo permanente. i La tasa de explotación como medida de desigualdad global (1973-2012) Pablo Rieznik murió recientemente y durante su vida me marcó desde lo intelectual. Principalmente al enseñarme la importancia de las preguntas en la docencia y la investigación. Rodolfo Rieznik (UPC) generosamente me recibió en Madrid y planteó futuras soluciones a problemas no resueltos, por no estar contemplados, en esta tesis sobre la movilidad internacional de la plusvalía. Al Secretario de Investigaciones de la FCE-UBA Adrián Ramos y su antecesor Eduardo Scarano. Los comentarios de Graciela Molle resultaron acertadamente útiles. Es innegable el aporte de las charlas de los miércoles a la mañana en sala de profesores con Juan Iñigo Carrera. Juan Kornblihtt oportunamente hizo un comentario informal que contribuyó a la depuración de la fórmula de cálculo. Además, contribuyó a evacuar frecuentes e incómodas dudas. La dureza y justeza de las críticas agudas recibidas de Xabier Arristazabalo Montoro (UCM) me obligaron a mejorar el producto. Creí que nunca iba a convencerlo con mi idea de medición. A Giorgio Gattei por su invitación a discutir sobre trabajo productivo e improductivo en su claustro en Bologna. A Juan Graña, sus cometarios y correcciones en lo que respecta a distribución funcional del ingreso y cuentas nacionales. Pablo Bortz y su predisposición a comentar temas sensibles de esta tesis colaboraron con su refinamiento. Las charlas sobre el problema de la transformación que tenemos habitualmente con Bruno Canuto y Alejandro Ramos han influenciado indudablemente estas líneas. Así como los comentarios a la sección correspondiente. ii Ibndice de contenidos Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................... i Capítulo 0 Resumen ejecutiVo .................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 Introducción .............................................................................................. 5 1.1 ConteXto .................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 MotiVación ................................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Hipótesis de trabajo ............................................................................................... 11 1.4 ObjetiVos ................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.1 Objetivos específicos .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.2 Preguntas de investigación .................................................................................... 20 1.4.3 Coherencia interna. ................................................................................................. 21 Capítulo 2 Metodología, marco teórico y estado del arte ...................................... 25 2.1 Fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos para la medición de la tasa de explotación desde el marXismo cuantitativo .................................................................. 25 2.1.1 Perspectivas ............................................................................................................ 25 2.1.2 Análisis del dato y su estructura desde una perspectiva dialéctica .................... 26 2.1.3 Título del apartado ................................................................................................. 31 2.2 Antecedentes .......................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Marco teórico .......................................................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Encuadre .................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.2 ¿Cómo se genera la riqueza? .................................................................................. 41 2.3.3 Trabajo, valor, capital y plusvalía .......................................................................... 49 2.3.4 Trabajo productivo e improductivo y la pereza ................................................... 52 2.3.5 De la distribución funcional del ingreso a la tasa de explotación ........................ 58 2.3.6 El problema de la transformación de valores en precios de producción ............ 61 2.3.7 El aumento de la participación de los ingresos financieros y crediticios en el ingreso total de las familias ................................................................................................... 74 2.3.8 De los ámbitos nacionales al mundo capitalista ................................................... 77 2.3.9 Metodología usada para estimar datos faltantes .................................................. 78 2.3.10 Mediaciones entre niveles de análisis y estrategias de cuantificación y cualificación ............................................................................................................................ 81 2.3.11 Cierre metodológico ............................................................................................... 84 Capítulo 3 La distribución funcional del ingreso como insumo principal ........... 87 3.1 ¿Qué es lo que se mide en la distribución funcional del ingreso? ..................... 87 3.2 Un debate distributiVo típicamente argentino: el “Fifty-Fifty” peronista y su pertinencia como meta ..................................................................................................... 89 3.3 El cuentapropismo, los trabajadores por cuenta propia, las rentas mixtas ..... 96 3.4 Tópicos relacionados con la distribución funcional del ingreso ....................... 97 Capítulo 4 Críticas recibidas por los intentos preVios a la medición de la tasa de eXplotación. ¿En qué medida han sido contempladas? ....................................... 111 iii La tasa de explotación como medida de desigualdad global (1973-2012) Capítulo 5 Relación entre la caída de la tasa de ganancia, la composición orgánica del capital y la tasa de eXplotación. ....................................................... 115 5.1 La mercancía, el valor y el trabajo ...................................................................... 115 5.1.1 Trabajo, fuerza de trabajo, capital y producción de plusvalía ........................ 122 5.2 La mercancía, el Valor y el trabajo ...................................................................... 124 5.3 La sexta causa contrarrestante como la "Financiarización" del enfoque post- Keynesiano ....................................................................................................................... 131 Capítulo 6 La eVolución de la tasa de ganancia global ......................................... 135 6.1 Antecedentes de estudios del grupo de inVestigación en la eVolución de la tasa de ganancia ...................................................................................................................... 135 6.2 El método de Maito en la medición de la tasa de ganancia .............................. 140 6.3 Posible relación entre la tasa de ganancia y la tasa de explotación ................ 143 6.4 Otras mediciones de la tasa de ganancia ........................................................... 146 Capítulo 7 El cálculo propio de la eVolución de la tasa de eXplotación
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