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The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? a Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa

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The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? a Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? A Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa Edited by Guy Ben-Porat The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-i 9780230_507098_01_prex Also by Guy Ben-Porat GLOBAL LIBERALISM, LOCAL POPULISM: Globalization, Peace and Resistance in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland ISRAEL SINCE 1980 (Co-authored with Shlomo Mizrachi, Arye Naor, and Erez Tzfadia) 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-ii 9780230_507098_01_prex The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? A Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa Edited by Guy Ben-Porat Department of Public Policy and Administration Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-iii 9780230_507098_01_prex © The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute 2008 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–0–230–50709–8 hardback ISBN-10: 0–230–50709–3 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-iv 9780230_507098_01_prex Contents NotesontheContributorsvii Introduction:ImplementingPeaceAgreements1 GuyBen-Porat 1IsraeliFlagsFlyingAlongsideBelfast’sApartheidWalls: ANewEraofComparisonsandConnections19 AdrianGuelke PartIStructuralExplanations 2TheState-to-NationBalance:AKeytoExplaining DifficultiesinImplementingPeace–TheIsraeli–Palestinian Case39 BenjaminMiller 3ConsociationalTheoryandPeaceAgreementsin Pluri-NationalPlaces:NorthernIrelandandOtherCases70 JohnMcGarryandBrendanO’Leary 4EndingApartheid:TheRelevanceofConsociationalism97 RupertTaylor 5Realism,Liberalism,andtheCollapseoftheOsloProcess: InherentlyFlawedorFlawedImplementation?111 JonathanRynhold PartIITheDynamicsofPeace 6SponsorsorSpoilers:DiasporasandPeaceProcessesinthe Homeland135 RavivSchwartz 7People’sDiplomacyandPeople’sVigilantism:Israeli GrassrootsActivism1993–2003155 TamarHermann v 1stFebruary20089:39MAC/TFPPage-v9780230_507098_01_prex vi Contents 8 Passive Reconciliation in the Context of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict 178 Rafi Nets-Zehngut 9 Identity Shift in Settlement Processes: The Northern Ireland Case 195 Jennifer Todd Part III Success and Failure 10 Who Was Afraid of Decolonization? 219 Yoav Peled 11 Mandela in Palestine: Peacemaking in Divided Societies 236 Heribert Adam Conclusion: Implementing Peace Agreements 259 Guy Ben-Porat Author Index 266 Subject Index 271 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-vi 9780230_507098_01_prex Notes on the Contributors Heribert Adam is a political sociologist at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and annually affiliated with the University of Cape Town. His most recent book, co-authored with Kogila Moodley, is Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking between Israelis and Palestinians (Temple University Press). Adam was awarded the 1998 Konrad Adenauer Prize of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Guy Ben-Porat is a lecturer at the department of public policy and administration, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. He is the author of Global Liberalism, Local Populism; Peace and Conflict in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland (Syracuse University Press, 2006) and a co-author of Israel Since 1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2008). Adrian Guelke is Professor of Comparative Politics in the School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy at Queen’s University, Belfast. He is the director of the School’s Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict. Recent publications include Terrorism and Global Disorder (IBTauris, 2006) and Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). He is the chair of the International Political Science Association’s research committee on politics and ethnicity. Tamar S. Hermann is a political scientist. Presently, she is the Dean of Academic Studies at the Open University of Israel and a Senior Fellow at the Israel Democracy Institute. Between 1994 and 2006 she was the Director of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research at Tel Aviv University. Professor Herman’s main academic fields of interest are grassroots politics, political protest, peace activism, public opinion and foreign policymaking, Israeli politics. Her latest book on the Israeli peace movement and the Oslo Process will be published by Cambridge University Press in 2008. John McGarry is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Nationalism and Democracy in the Department of Political Studies at Queen’s University (Kingston, Ontario). He has edited, co-edited, and co-authored 12 books on ethnic conflict, nationalism, and the politics of Northern Ireland, vii 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-vii 9780230_507098_01_prex viii Notes on the Contributors the latest of which are European Integration and the Nationalities Ques- tion (Routledge, 2006); The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005); and The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consoci- ational Engagements (Oxford University Press, 2004). He is a member of the editorial board of Ethnopolitics, the Journal of Conflict Studies, Irish Political Studies, the Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE), and Peace and Conflict Studies, and a member of the advisory board of The European Centre for Minority Issues. Benjamin Miller is a member of the Department of International Rela- tions, School of Political Sciences at the University of Haifa. He was the President of the Israeli Association for International Studies, 2003–7. Among his publications: When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Univer- sity of Michigan Press, 2nd edn, 2002) and States, Nations and Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Rafi Nets-Zehngut is a Ph.D. candidate (final year) in the Political Science Department at Tel Aviv University, last year a fellow at Yale University and currently a fellow at Columbia University. His research interests focus on conflicts: mostly collective memory of conflicts and also reconciliation and healing. He has been and is involved in various local and international activities and research projects that deal with peace and co-existence. He has authored or edited about 15 publications. Brendan O’Leary was born in Cork, Ireland. He was brought up in Nigeria, Sudan, and Northern Ireland and educated at Oxford and the LSE, where he was a professor and chaired its Government Department. He is now Lauder Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, where he directs the Penn Program in Ethnic Conflict (http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/ppec/PPEC.html). He is the author, co-author, editor, and co-editor of 16 books and collec- tions, and over 100 articles and chapters in books mostly devoted to national and ethnic conflict – and its regulation. His current research is on Kurdistan in Iraq and on Nepal, as well as on a long term project with John McGarry. Yoav Peled is Professor of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. He received his PhD in political science from UCLA in 1982. His work has dealt with citizenship and ethnic politics in Israel and with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. His book, Being Israeli: The Dynamics 1st February 2008 9:39 MAC/TFP Page-viii 9780230_507098_01_prex Notes on the Contributors ix of Multiple Citizenship, co-authored with Gershon Shafir (Cambridge University Press, 2002), won the Albert Hourani Prize of the Middle East Studies Association of North America for the best book in Middle East studies in 2002. The book was published in Hebrew by Tel Aviv University Press in 2005 under the title Mihu Yisraeli. Jonathan Rynhold is a senior lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and a Research Associate at the BESA Center for Strategic Studies. His recent publications
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