Getting Acquainted with the Old Testament VOLUME I
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Getting Acquainted With the Old Testament VOLUME I By CHARLES A. PLEDGE Memphis, Tennessee 1970 A POPULAR INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT Copies of this book may be ordered from: Pledge Publications 4197 Parkchester Memphis, Tennessee 38118 Pledge Publications 7 W. Colorado Sheridan, WY. 82801 Copyright 1970 By CHARLES A. PLEDGE Memphis, Tennessee All rights in this book are reserved. No part may be reproduced In any manner without permission in writing from the publisher, except brief quotations used in connection with a review in a magazine or newspaper. To my wife Wanda, a devoted co-worker in the kingdom of Christ, whose encouragement has meant so much through our years together, and to our four sons; Gary, Michael, Mark and Timothy. "Forever, 0 Lord, thy word is · settled in heaven." Psalm 119:89 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following pub lishers and authors who graciously permitted quotes to be used from their works: The Bible Institute Colportage Association (W. Evans: The Book of Books); T. & T. Clark (K. F. Keil: lntroduc tU>n to the Old Testament); Columbia UDiversity Press (]. A. Bewer: The Literature of the Old Testament); Crea tion Research Society (R. H. Brown: Creation Research Society Quarterly); William B. Eerdmans Publishing Com pany ( K. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch: Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament; E. J. Young: Introduction to the QUI, Testament; C. Hodge: Systematic Theology); Gospel Ad vocate Company (]. W. McGarvey: Biblical Criticism); Kregel Publications (]osephus); The Methodist Publishing Company (Adult Bible Studies: June-July-August, 1970); Mission Journal Inc. (H. 0. Forshey: Mission); Moody Press ( L. Gaussen: The Plenary Inspiration of the Holy Scri11tures); Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Com pany ( 0. T. Allis: The Five Books of Moses; B. B. Warfield: The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible; E. J. Young: Studies in Genesis One); Fleming H. Revell Company ( J. H. Raven: Old Testament Introduction General and Spe cial); Charles Scribner>s Sons (M. Dods: The Bible Its Origin and Its Nature; M. R. Vincent: Word Studies in the New Testament); The Word-Bearer Press (H. S. Miller: General Biblical Introduction). FOREWORD This, the first of a two-volume introduction to the Old Testament, is a response to the requests of brethren in many places who have been acquainted in one way or another with the author's efforts in the Old Testament field. This volume is offered in hope that faith in God and con fidence in his word will be strengthened in the hearts of many. This book is written, not for the scholar but for the stu dent of God's word-not for the indifferent but for those who sincerely seek the spiritual treasures that are found in the Old Testament. No pretense to superior scholarship is assumed ·by the author but an intensely practical approach to the Bible is taken. I have consciously adopted the posi tion that it is not to the worldly wise that understanding is given but to him who recognizes that it is in God that we live and move and have our being, and that through and upon this relationship we must come in a study of his word. It is the conviction of the author of this book that the Bible is an all-sufficient book-it can stand alone without any human aid; therefore all understanding of the book must come from within its covers. Science, philosophy, human wisdom; all must be laid at the door of Bible study and be made subservient to the word of God. It is in humility and contriteness of heart that we must come to God and his word if we will receive his blessings. Although works on the Old Testament are numerous, truly conservative books are not nearly so available and many of them are entirely too technical to be of value to one whose prior training has not acquainted him with such phrases and terms generally used in books of an intro ductory nature. This volume represents an attempt to treat the technical matters in popular style and language. A glossary is included to aid the reader in dealing with some terms which were necessary to use but with which many might not be familiar. An index is also added and it is hoped that the reader will avail himseH of it often. There was a temptation to deal more with the negative critics and write less from a positive view but I resisted this temptation as much as possible. Countless volumes could be written answering the individual charges of the critics but it seemed sufficient to observe primarily the principles upon which their charges rest. If their basic premises are false, their conclusions based upon those premises must also be false. Material common to both general and special introduction is included in order that the Bible teacher and student alike might be encouraged to obtain more background material relative to a fuller appreciation and understanding of the text itseH. The bibliography contains many out-of-print books that have proved very helpful to this author. Books of a later date have been used extensively but this author does not subscribe to the fallacious theory that "modem scholars" are the only ones who can speak with authority. Truth can be found in antiquity as well as in the present hour. This writer occupies a position relative to the days of the creation of Genesis one that is the object of scorn and con tempt from many of those who aspire to "higher scholar ship" but he asks no consideration from any save a thorough investigation of all the available data regarding this posi tion. If it be the truth all hell can but assail it in vain. If the position is contrary to truth then it deserves oblivion at best. This author has confidence in the great fellowship of those who are in the Lord's church that a fair, impartial and complete study will lead them to accept the truth on this as well as any other position, for we esteem the truth above all else. A work of this type places its author deeply in debt to many people. Many ideas have been born while listening to a lecture or a sermon or while reading a book. For the inspiration of these I have ever been grateful but as time blends and ideas are fused it becomes impossible to give credit to whom credit is due for such. However, in this effort I must give special credit to two of my former Bible teachers at Freed-Hardeman College who now rest on the other side of life after a life of outstanding service here; H. A. Dixon and Frank Van Dyke. There are also three princely preachers who still labor in the kingdom whose sermons and lectures have provided me with many fresh insights into the Bible and who, unknowingly, have given me the key to many a closed scripture: Gus Nichols of Jasper, Alabama; Franklin Camp of Birmingham, Alabama; and Guy N. Woods of Memphis, Tennessee. These men deal with great, eternal themes much of the time and their sermons reflect their rich scholarship. May the Lord raise up many more like them, to his glory. Invaluable service in the reading of the manuscripts was rendered by Dr. James McGill, of Freed-Hardeman col lege; a faithful preacher of the gospel and a diligent stu dent of the word. His patient work with this neophyte writer is deeply appreciated and his suggestions were most helpful. Without the efficient and faithful secretarial serv ice of Miss Judy Barlow, the material would never have left the dictaphone however. Her patience during the diffi cult moments encouraged the author at many discouraging points. To all of these and a host of others whose infiuence may be seen in my life and my works, I express my profound gratitude and trust that our fusion of energy will abound to the glory of God and his kingdom. Memphis, Tennessee November 3, 1970 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Title · Page 1 Preliminary Considerations . 11 2 The Bible ........................ ·. .. 20 3 Studyfug the Old Testament . 28 4 The Inspiration of the Old Testament . 45 5 The Canon of the Old Testament ........ 81 6 The Apocrypha ........................ 100 7 Archaeology and the Old Testament .... ·.. 105 8 Biblical Criticism . 111 9 Who Wrote the Pentateuch? ............ 137 10 Genesis ( 1) . 154 11 Genesis (2) ........................... 181 12 Exodus ................................ 207 13 Leviticus ............................. 241 14 Numbers ............................. 262 15 Deuteronomy ......................... 27 4 Glossary .............................. 303 Weights and Measures .................. 310 Bibliography . 312 Index ................................ 315 Chapter One PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS To call ours a hypercritical age is an understatement. However, this attitude which seems to delight in finding fault for the sake of finding should not shake our faith in the right. Each generation has had to face problems which seemed to assume a new form but in reality had the same old substance of infidelity, shrouded in different color cloth perhaps, but was nonetheless the same old man of sin. It is only. when a generation cuts itself off from all of the learn ing of the past and desires to launch out solely upon its own wisdom that it finds itself in serious difficulty. To believe that the only truly great scholar is the one who now lives; that the past wisdom and experiences of man is wholly unnecessary in solving the day to day problems is the height of vanity and self-delusion. Yet, respecting the Bible and spiritual matters, there are many religious leaders today who assume the position that men like William Henry Green, John William McGarvey, Robert Dick Wilson and a host of other greats who combated negative, destructive criticism in their generation in such a magnificent way have no value in our studies today.