PCC Print Center Sylvania Campus Basics 12000 SW 49th Ave, CC116 Portland, OR 97216 A Brief Overview of Copyright Law pcc.edu/printcenter & Best Practices Phone: 971-722-4670 PCC Written, Illustrated & Produced by: PANTHER Email: [email protected] PRESS The PCC Print Center Greetings

Thank you for choosing the PCC Print Center for your print, design, and communication needs. We serve the PCC community and the greater Portland area. We are committed to the PCC mission and towards being good stewards of the taxpayer’s dollars.

In doing this work, we must maintain a delicate balance between protecting the rights of copyright holders, fair use practices, and ensuring the taxpayer, PCC, and the students are not impacted by mistakes that can be avoided. In this booklet we will discuss the basics of copyright, best practices, and how you can respect and protect your own and someone else’s intellectual properties.

Attention!!

These materials are not a comprehensive overview of copyright law. There are many factors that need to be examined to make a clear judgment; such as different US Codes, international law, litigation rulings, and active cases that create a constantly evolving legal landscape.

This is a reference guide to help identify Copyright concerns, offer best practices to avoid infringing on Copyrighted materials, as well as how to protect your own Intellectual Properties.

This booklet is not a replacement for legal council from a certified professional. Any serious questions should be discussed with a licensed attorney.

For more resources, information, questions about PCC’s copyright policy, or to report a copyright concern.

View the online guide or contact the Copyright Committee: https://guides.pcc.edu/copyright [email protected]

Table of Contents

Foreword: How Copyright Affects the Print Center Chapter 1: Overview 1 Quick Overview 3 Protections 4 Surprising Details 5 Copyright Free & 6 Fair Use 8 Transformative 9 Chapter 2: Educational Uses 11 Instructors 13 Students 14 Resources 15 Solutions 16 Rules Recap 17 Chapter 3: Releases & Licensing 19 Terms of Use 21 Understanding Licensing 22 Understanding Releases 23 Chapter 4: Frequently Asked Questions 25 Chapter 5: US Codes 31 17 USC § 102 33 Subject of Copyright: In general 17 USC § 106 34 Exclusive rights in copyrighted works 17 USC § 106A 35 Rights of certain authors to attributions & integrity 17 USC § 107 37 Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use 17 USC § 201 38 Ownership of copyright Glossary 39 Works Cited 45 Colophon 46

How Copyright Affects the Print Center

There may be a time when you come to the Print Center to have a few items copied for your classes or events. In your group of items are a few newspaper and magazine articles, a short story you found on an online literary magazine, and a few photographs or artwork you pulled from a Google image search. With much regret the Print Center tells you that they are unable to copy several of the items without a release from the copyright holders. We are not trying to make your job more difficult. We are trying to protect ourselves and the interests of the college.

The Print Center is considered a “for profit” venue, even if we are primarily funded by orders placed by the college community. Because of this, we are disqualified from being able to claim fair use for most projects, even if the items are being used for “educational purposes”. As a student or teacher, you may not be personally impacted for making copies. However, if the Print Center makes the copies, we can be sued for infringement, and the whole college could be negatively impacted. This kind of lawsuit would be directly damaging to PCC’s reputation and to students we serve, by diverting millions of dollars that could go toward student success.

Here are three cases of infringement. Brought against copy shops for making unauthorized copies of content.

The copies were requested by instructors, to be used for educational purposes:

University of Chicago Press v. BISI Inc. (2004)

Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services (1996)

Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko’s (1991)

https://www.copyright.com/Services/copyrightoncampus/basics/law_decisions.html

1 OVERVIEW Overview 2 OVERVIEW 3 OVERVIEW

) and the TEACH Act. ) and the TEACH see pg 37 107: fair use (

There are provisions in place that favor educational uses with favor educational that in place provisions are There US Code § not absolute and have limitations. these rights are However, act of infringement. If the infraction is considered criminal is considered If the infraction infringement. act of in fines and jail time. it can result infringement, copyright biography has less protections than a science fiction novel. than a science biography has less protections damages in court-ordered can result Copyright infringement each for fees, plus attorney’s $250 to $150,000, ranging from Creations with a higher level of creative content receive receive content creative with a higher level of Creations For example, an historical protections. levels of stronger Registry for a copyright is not mandatory. It is highly is not mandatory. a copyright for Registry to claim you wish if you have an infringement recommended your case stronger. possibly make pursue, as it could There is no such thing as a ‘‘poor man’s copyright’’. is no such thing as a ‘‘poor man’s There original works. for Copyright is granted automatically or song on the internet do not share or distribute that content content or distribute that or song on the internet do not share or commons absolutely positive it is creative unless you are . is public domain or creative commons. creative is public domain or pirated the most commonly two of and media are Textbooks of a textbook, movie, copy If you find a on the market. content but it could be under one of the others. one of be under but it could the item on the internet, does not mean that Just because it is within Intellectual Properties laws. They cover different types types different laws. They cover Properties within Intellectual laws, and term requirements, and have different creations of under one grouping, not be protected lengths. An item may Items with a utility purpose are not able to be copyrighted; not purpose are Items with a utility tools, and directories. (fonts), racks, typefaces such as bike groups different three are and Patents , Trademarks, Facts, recipes, processes, and non-tangible ideas are not are non-tangible ideas and processes, recipes, Facts, copyrightable. An item must have a modicum of originality to qualify for to qualify for originality of have a modicum An item must protection. copyright • • • • • • • • • • • Quick OverviewQuick

is described, explained, illustrated, illustrated, is described, explained, work or embodied in such a Faire Scenes generic to are Items that unoriginal specific genres- Ideas Non tangible Facts processes, Procedures, of systems, method operations a utility for Items created purpose principles, Concepts, & discoveries it in which the form of Regardless • • • • • • Not Protected

Motion pictures & audiovisual Motion pictures Sound recordings works Architectural Must have a tangible record Must have a tangible & sculpted Pictorial, graphic, Dramatic works Dramatic Includes accompanying Pantomimes & choreographic Literary works Musical works words Including accompanying Modicum of originality of Modicum by a human Created Must be tangible does not decide originality. members without a higher economic status or educational or educational status members without a higher economic Their job is only to determine originality and the background. or lack thereof, work in question. Talent the claims for fairness of regional area shared with the defenant. It does not mean the the defenant. with shared area regional It is not to the defendant. a similar background jury must share “good” qualifies as to determine what job to attempt the court’s art, writing, etc... Doing so would be elitist and disqualify jury A Jury’s Job is Not to Decide Talent within a citizens of one’s peers”, is an impartial group jury of “A not too similar to another author’s work. not too similar to another author’s another. Because this idea is the basis of many stories, on its own, Because this idea is the basis of another. an create it original, you must make To it cannot be copyrighted. their backstories, a story Defining unique characters, expression. so as long as it is originality, and a unique world. This creates arc, Ideas are not copyrightable. How an idea is expressed is. How an idea is expressed copyrightable. not Ideas are character loves someone who The main a familiar story. Here’s character is loved by doesn’t know they exist, but the main Idea vs. Expression • • • • • • • • • • Protected • Is it Protected or Not Protected Is it

4 OVERVIEW 5 OVERVIEW

life +70 years. Yes, even Mickey will one day be public domain. will one day be Mickey even Yes, +70 years. life Copyrights cannot be renewed after a set number of years. a set number of after Copyrights cannot be renewed then it falls into the public a license, is a time span for There the author’s of 1978 have a duration after domain. Items created www.usgs.gov/faqs/are-usgs-topographic-maps-copyrighted by copyright law. To this day, few maps (even though factual) maps (even though few this day, To law. by copyright public domain. are visit: about USGS public domain exclusions information For more Maps were among some of the first items to be protected the first items to be among some of Maps were Most federal documents are in the public domain. documents are Most federal level. Many state state always true at is not However,this work, which does not always contracted departments utilize their rights to the state. relinquishes the contractor mean that could be protected and copyrighted. be protected could ‘reproduction’, and would not on its own qualify for copyright. copyright. for and would not on its own qualify ‘reproduction’, create etc... if the camera angle, lighting, context, However, the original work, those elements enough originality to transform A photograph of an item in the public domain does not qualify in the public domain does not qualify an item A photograph of its own. A photograph of a copyright the photograph for a something in the public domain would be considered of include ownership clauses into their contracts and terms of use. and terms of clauses into their contracts include ownership if you have signed the contract. legal, This is completely You could lose or be forced to share your rights to your work your rights to your work to share lose or be forced could You record companies, Many self-publishing if you sign them away. to known are and social media platforms labels, employers, ALWAYS READ YOUR CONTRACT DETAILS CONTRACT READ YOUR ALWAYS may be in the public domain, but any footnotes, commentary, or commentary, but any footnotes, the public domain, may be in under copyright. be could the work accompanying additions find you will need to content, the public domain be able to use To public domain content. the to only contain piece or edit the If an item has fallen into the public domain, but has been public domain, has fallen into the If an item itself The item piece. or collective a collaborative in republished Some things that may surprise you may surprise that things Some

Dedicated to the public domain to the public Dedicated No derivatives or adaptations are permitted are or adaptations No derivatives Noncommercial uses only Noncommercial Adaptations must be shared under the same terms under must be shared Adaptations Credit must be given to the creator Credit SA: ND: NC: Zero: BY: Creative Commons Creative Public Domain Visit the creative commons information page for more information: more for page information commons creative the Visit https://creativecommons.org/ This is content that has been created for the purpose of sharing sharing of the purpose for created has been that This is content this content. for permissions levels of are with others. There commons: with creative you will see Symbols Creative Commons Creative public domain, it cannot be reversed. public domain, it is the 1978, after works created for US, in the Copyright duration + 70 years. author’s Life its allotted time under license, or the author of the content has the content of or the author time under license, its allotted public use. free to allow content their rights to the given up to the dedicated into or has been has fallen something Once Public Domain has either served the public domain has fallen into that Content Types of Copyright Free Content Free of Copyright Types

6 OVERVIEW 7 OVERVIEW

Attribute must be given. use. No Commercial All rights reserved Distribute, remix, adapt, & build on. Distribute, remix, Attribute must be given. If modified, under same must be shared materials use. terms. No Commercial Copy & distribute. or adaptations. No derivatives Attribute must be given. use okay. Commercial Copy & distribute. or adaptations. No derivatives Commercial use okay. Commercial adapt, & build on. Distribute, remix, Attribute must be given. If modified, under same must be shared materials use okay. terms. Commercial adapt, & build on. Distribute, remix, Attribute must be given. use. No Commercial Distribute, remix, adapt, & build on. adapt, & Distribute, remix, Attribute must be given. License Types From least to most restrictive least to most From Standard copyright Standard ©

& fiction. For profit Opposing work is used. Entertainment considered the considered Unpublished work, novels, plays, films, Publicly distributed, Publicly distributed, ‘‘Heart of the Work’’. the of ‘‘Heart other public location. Replaces the sale of a the sale of Replaces copies or repeated use. or repeated copies the market. Reasonable Reasonable the market. displayed, or performed displayed, or Creative work; art, music, Creative Making available online or copyrighted work. Impacts copyrighted licensing available. Multiple licensing Portion used is central to or used is central Portion Large or significant portion of portion or significant Large

Favoring Personal Use, Personal Attribution given Attribution Appropriate for the for Appropriate of the original work. of One or fewer copies copies One or fewer Small or insignificant made, one-time use. educational purpose. educational the market. Licensing Licensing the market. unavailable or limited. Nonprofit, Educational, Educational, Nonprofit, No significant effect on No significant effect portion of work is used. work is used. portion of Research/News, Parody Research/News, Published work, Factual, Published work, Factual, Important to educational Important to educational objective. Transformative. User lawfully owns a copy User lawfully owns a copy

Factor Amount Purpose Effect on Effect the Work Nature of Nature determinations, please visit the PCC Copyright Resources page: Resources Copyright please visit the PCC determinations, https://guides.pcc.edu/copyright/fairuse For a closer look at Fair Use and how to make the appropriate the appropriate Use and how to make Fair For a closer look at and white. There are no allowances for fair use when profit will fair use when profit for no allowances are and white. There It is best practice be gained without the author’s permissions. their an author if you intend to use permission from to request way. or in a commercial than once works more copyrighted be a gray matter. There are provisions in place that may allow that in place provisions are There be a gray matter. with them. However, and sharing rights for limited duplication copyright is black and bookstores, print shops venues, like profit For non-profit groups, educators, and libraries. Copyright can educators, groups, For non-profit the four favoring factors. If your use falls under the opposing side favoring factors. If your use falls under the the four the use will not is a higher chance factors, there with one or more be ruled as fair use. To determine fair use, your use should be able to apply to each of use should be able to apply to each of determine fair use, your To Fair Use Fair the Market & Character & Substantiality

8 OVERVIEW 9 OVERVIEW Universal Studios v Sony Corp. (1984) Cariou v Prince (2013) Cariou v Prince (2019) v Goldsmith Foundation Andy Warhol Campbell v Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Campbell v Acuff-Rose (1996) Pictures v Paramount Leibovitz Authors’ Guild v Hathitrust (2013) Authors’ Guild v Hathitrust Righthaven LLC v JAMA (2011) v JAMA Righthaven LLC Religious Technology Center v Pagliarina (1995) Technology Religious Oracle v Google (ongoing) Authors’ Guild v Google (2015) Authors’ Guild v Google Inc. (2014) News v TVEYES, Fox • • • • • • • • • • • Art cases are involved and in many of the cases the verdict is not favorable for the is not favorable for the cases the verdict involved and in many of Art cases are years afterward. for disputed in litigation are lesser known artist. Many outcomes this when choosing to use another artist’s work. the fairness of Please consider Documenting history logos and cultural artifacts in a world full of Recording television at home to watch later home to watch Recording television at Using old art to make new art* Using old art to make Making fun of culture, current events, and people as parodies events, and people current culture, Making fun of Making books and materials available to people with disabilities available to people Making books and materials Quoting and reprinting to report the news to report Quoting and reprinting Copying a computer program to make new programs to make Copying a computer program These defenses have been presented in court and have been found found been have and court in presented been have defenses These fair use: enough to be considered transformative searchable information make to databases Creating Transformation is not simply throwing the content into a different into a different the content is not simply throwing Transformation a new, creates in a way that content media, but using the the original piece. from separate or unique version improved, use. Fair use exists to give us the ability to take existing works existing us the ability to take use exists to give use. Fair humanity’s better ways to further in new and and use them universe. the of and understanding culture, knowledge, Transformation, or how different the use of the work is in its is in its of the work use the how different or Transformation, when is also very important to the original, compared new form fair a goal of can be seen Transformation copyright. considering Transformative Uses Transformative

Notes:

OVERVIEW 10 EDUCATIONAL USES 11 Educational Uses Educational

EDUCATIONAL USES 12 EDUCATIONAL USES 13

[email protected] contact disabilities services: disabilities services: contact instructors and students to modify or reproduce copyrighted copyrighted instructors and students to modify or reproduce needs. individuals with specific learning for content educational and grants, with these programs or assistance For information ADA Accessibility ADA for grants and programs The US government has provided the author may still intend to republish their content at any time. at their content the author may still intend to republish you may out to these authors, If possible, it’s always best to reach be surprised by their response. that the content may be reprinted repeatedly, large scale, or to be large repeatedly, may be reprinted the content that you make permission. Before sold to anyone without the author’s that please consider reading, print book your required an out of A publication may be out of print by a publisher, but an author but an author print by a publisher, may be out of A publication might be able to still have active rights to the work. You could this does not mean as fair use. However, copies claim a couple Out of Print Publications Out of print book is public domain. an out of Never assume that if you intend to share it later. A student has the right to refuse the A student has the right to refuse it later. if you intend to share their work with others outside or sharing of posting, performance, in. enrolled the class they are of their creations outside the class. A student under 18 must also class. A student under 18 must also outside the their creations should be open with your You approval. have parent/guardian or posted publicly, creations students if you intend to have their public area, or sharing a student’s work without their consent is work without their consent or sharing a student’s public area, authorship rights, but also a violation their of not only a violation you can use must ask a student before You their privacy. of Student Work: Copyright & FERPA Copyright Work: Student assignment a student turns in any creative Did you know that in a posting Reproducing, under copyright? be protected could consuming. As a teacher you do have fair use rights and the you do have fair use rights and As a teacher consuming. not absolute and doesn’t mean act, but these rights are TEACH releases. without the appropriate everything you can copy that respecting copyright can be a delicate balancing act. You want act. You balancing can be a delicate copyright respecting requiring an of class, instead handouts in to offer to be able is very time content custom textbook, but creating expensive The Balancing Act The Balancing while also students for accessible are that Having materials Copyright for Instructors Copyright

potentially affecting the original author and how you would feel if the original author and how you would potentially affecting in their place. you were protections.* Remember, transformation is important. transformation Remember, protections.* creativity, is originality, copyright goal for the main Remember, Consider how you are culture. of and the advancement that not all fan art, fan fiction, remastered movies, or music using remastered not all fan art, fan fiction, that infringement copyright from safe completely audio are clips of their own copyright qualify for suits, nor do they automatically originality of the “modified” piece and copyright law only covers copyright law only and the “modified” piece originality of sufficient new must contain The new content the new content. the original. Understand clearly sets it apart from that expression copyrightable element of a preexisting piece. An author has the piece. a preexisting element of copyrightable their original works. of the derivatives right to control based on the is completely a derivative of The copyrightability Derivatives include a major that creations expressive works are Derivative Never assume that no one will ever know. Because you will… no one will ever know. Never assume that Can you live with that? source is lying and is wrong. This can affect your future career career your future This can affect is lying and is wrong. source the original author as a student. It also affects and your reputation use. you any and all sources and everyone you lied to. Attribute Plagiarism is defined as taking an original work of another and as taking an original work Plagiarism is defined than rather This is an ethical concern it as your own. presenting Purposefully copyrighted. are plagiarized legal, as not all things attributing the as your own without anyone’s work passing off content if you are not intending to ask for the right to use the right to ask for not intending if you are content someone else’s creation. is reproduced, displayed, performed, or what derivatives can derivatives or what displayed, performed, is reproduced, or in fines can result these rights to respect Failure be created. Use until It is impossible to determine Fair possible jail time. own your best to create a judge. It is always of in front you are author has for their creation. These are constitutional rights constitutional are These their creation. for author has original, a moderately of the creation upon automatic and are how their creation control protections These tangible product. Plagiarism vs Copyright Infringement Plagiarism an the rights that of violation is the infringement Copyright Copyright for Students: Copyright Original characters with their back stories and characteristics, music scores with Original characters with their back stories and characteristics, music scores 106A under U.S.C. all protected are their lyrics, artwork, writing, and visual recordings (Visual Artists Rights Act). (see pg 35) & VARA

EDUCATIONAL USES 14 EDUCATIONAL USES 15

https://librivox.org/ and Sheet Music Public Domain Music Recordings https://musopen.org/ Gutenberg Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/ Public Domain Audio Books Public Domain Art Archives https://artvee.com/ https://www.si.edu/openaccess Art Gallery of National https://www.nga.gov/education.html Internet Library https://archive.org/ Smithsonian Library of Congress Library of https://www.loc.gov/ If a subscription is required, many college libraries already offer offer libraries already many college required, If a subscription is to the students. if it’s a benefit to be asked or simply need access, specifically identified as public domain or creative commons creative as public domain or specifically identified in their only be available to be shared Some items may sources. to access. an account Some sites may require online format. These sites are for literature, music, art, and sound recordings. art, and sound music, literature, for are These sites unless they are with online resources, discretion Use your Here are some sources that offer access to public domain, to public domain, access offer that some sources are Here materials. or other research/educational commons, creative Resources:

https://lumenlearning.com/ Library Open Textbook https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/ OpenStax https://openstax.org/ External Low Cost Solutions Dover Publications https://store.doverpublications.com/ Lumen Learning Open Educational Resources Open Educational https://www.pcc.edu/library/oer/ Disabilities Services https://www.pcc.edu/library/oer/ PCC Solutions & Help PCC Copyright Committee PCC https://guides.pcc.edu/copyright with the intention to sell them in the bookstore. Save yourself to sell them in the bookstore. with the intention the author first. from a release some time and request may have quantity or time limits. releases Written have educational access already, they may be able to add it. they may already, access have educational in your class materials content If you must have copyrighted Please do not share pirated ebooks or content. ebooks pirated share Please do not to see if your library a subscription, check requires If content If they do not to allow you access. has an active membership If you have a lot of copyrighted materials for your classes, offer offer your classes, for materials copyrighted If you have a lot of this content. to routes access your students digital piracy. an ebook is considered for license Sharing a single user Request one or more copies to be on reserve at the Library. at reserve to be on copies one or more Request for an content copyrighted to specific needing access If you are services. Contact disabilities with special needs. individual Create a digital format of your syllabus/assignments with links with your syllabus/assignments of format a digital Create and other readings. images, articles, to videos,

• • • • • •

Solutions

EDUCATIONAL USES 16 EDUCATIONAL USES 17

Would you like someone to copy, to copy, someone like you Would Put yourself in the author’s position. in the author’s yourself Put distribute, modify, or claim something claim something or modify, distribute, that you created without your permission? your without created you that Please contact the Copyright Committee at: Please contact [email protected] For assistance with determining fair use, questions about with determining fair use, questions For assistance sharing, or to report content solutions for derivatives, a potential concern. Items created after 1978, have a copyright duration of the the of duration have a copyright 1978, after Items created +70 years. author’s life subject. and confusing Copyright is a robust The more creative a piece is, the more protection they have. they protection is, the more a piece creative The more does not mean it is public domain. print book, An out of you are a teacher or student. you are news articles, maps, and not copyrightable; Straight facts are items can be, always double check. many other factual Don’t be afraid to ask the author for permission. the author for to ask Don’t be afraid immunity if allow you absolute infringement use does not Fair Always verify, cite, and attribute your sources. and attribute cite, Always verify, record photograph, choreograph, doubt write, draw, When in and materials. creations your own Never assume something is public domain or Fair Use, just or Fair is public domain something Never assume it is on the internet. because • • • • • • • • • • General Rules Recap Rules General

Notes:

EDUCATIONAL USES 18 RELEASES & LICENSING 19 Releases & Licensing & Releases

RELEASES & LICENSING 20 RELEASES & LICENSING 21

Sorry, no refunds. Sorry, using their own licensing agreements. agreements. licensing using their own these agreements do not usually favor the end user. favor not usually do these agreements are subject to the Terms of Use from the third-party, the third-party, from Use of to the Terms are subject Many digital licenses are distributed by third-parties by third-parties are distributed licenses digital Many chooses to no longer be hosted by the service, it could could it be hosted by the service, chooses to no longer these do not grant absolute ownership. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, ownership. absolute not grant these do also deactivate your access. Because these licenses are these licenses access. Because your deactivate also This means that if their license runs out or if the author if the author or runs out if their license This means that not directly from the owner of the copyright, your rights rights your the copyright, of the owner from not directly Ebooks - textbooks, literature, magazines Ebooks - textbooks, literature, & Apps Computer Programs Commons items Creative Digital Media - games, movies, music • • • • publicly screen or perform the piece, or to modify the product or to modify the product the piece, or perform publicly screen Use. of your Terms read without the author’s permissions. Please The main point here, is that even though you have a license even though you have a license is that The main point here, you have full rights to it does not mean that to use a product, of the product, copies distribute license, of that money off make Here are some common licenses that have Terms of Use: of have Terms that licenses some common are Here of Use. These terms may have performance or display limits, or may have performance Use. These terms of the availability of for distribution guidelines, or limited liabilities product. to the copyrighted access and license to license. Owning a license does not equal a license Owning to license. and license of or distribution performance, unlimited access, 100-percent by Terms is accompanied license Each piece. a copyrighted Terms & Conditions of a License & Conditions of Terms to product, person to person, product from differ Licenses individual from legal liability for a particular activity. Releases Releases a particular activity. legal liability for individual from to involving an individuals right used to avoid lawsuits often are claims of against It may also protect publicity. privacy or right of defamation. These permissions generally come with a preset of rules for the for rules of a preset with come generally These permissions or service. product, piece, copyrighted the use of an releases by which someone agreement is an A release A license is a set of permissions granted by a copyright holder by a copyright permissions granted a set of is A license intellectial properties. to use their parties interested allowing Releases & Licenses Releases - If you have purchased a copy of a of a copy - If you have purchased - This covers the public display and the public - This covers - As we discussed in the section about - As we discussed in the section about

- This is an agreement with the author to allow - This is an agreement

important to understand what rights an author reserves with items rights an author reserves important to understand what Commons. If something says non-commercial in the Creative monetary gain. the item cannot be used for (NC), this means that Creative Commons, there are varying levels to Creative varying levels to Creative are Commons, there Creative not allow modification Commons rights. Some authors may use, others may be 100% public domain. It is or commercial will allow commercial use, as long as they receive a percentage a percentage use, as long as they receive will allow commercial the proceeds. of Commons Creative Commercial Uses Commercial Many authors their property. distribution of the monetary gain for transfer of your license to other users. Proper transfer of a digital of transfer to other users. Proper license your of transfer your user from the license of the removal would require license the and distributing outside of duplicating If you are account. and is illegal. piracy, rights, this is considered agreed This does not mean that you can make multiple duplications multiple duplications you can make This does not mean that or friends. the item to sell or distribute to your classmates of rights and may not allow the Digital versions have hosting service You have personal ownership rights to your copy. This means have personal ownership rights to your copy. You your own personal print portions for you can modify your copy, else. to someone all rights to your copy use, or sell and relinquish Duplication & Distribution Duplication it is digital or physical. book, game, movie, song, etc... whether choreography. If a copyrighted piece is being used outside of outside of is being used piece If a copyrighted choreography. For example, a public display. considered use, it is personal/private a or screening college, a at area common playing music in a the public. open for is that movie as an event Performance & Display cinema, plays, and multimedia, art, music, of performance authors are happy to allow the use of their creations, they just their creations, use of happy to allow the authors are first. need to be asked for the copyright owner. You must understand that as a copyright as a copyright that must understand You owner. copyright the for the distribution, to control have the right they alone holder, creation. their protected of use and performance, modification, some purchase, do not always require agreements Licensing Licensing agreements are not a list of items telling you what you you what items telling you a list of not are agreements Licensing and consumer, you as the use for is an agreed A license can’t do. Types of Licensing Types

RELEASES & LICENSING 22 RELEASES & LICENSING 23

:

: Charlie became famous by using the dance in a viral video. Due to Charlie became famous by using the dance as Jalaiah sought attribution rulings on choreography*, court current a social media campaign. through moves the dance of the creator the dance. of as the creator attribution She was eventually rewarded through social media about the use of her image for monetary gain monetary her image for social media about the use of through to. had aggreed than activism she rather Dance’ v Jalaiah Harmon Charlie D’Amelio ‘Renegade Fairey ‘We the People’ series ‘We Fairey the activist campaign, but was not aware for The model agreed concern She expressed commercial. would become the pieces that Pink Floyd ‘The Wall’ v Islington Green School student choir Pink Floyd ‘The v Islington Green Wall’ (2009) Press Hope’ Poster v Associated ‘Obama Fairey In public spaces where the focus is not on anyone in particular. is not on anyone the focus where In public spaces accepted that photos may be used for later publications. later used for photos may be that accepted public. the or general assembly for is a political Event Photograph is taken in a public event where it is generally it is generally in a public event where Photograph is taken If the finished piece may be controversal be may If the finished piece If the main subject of the piece is an individual the piece subject of If the main piece with the finished stream revenue to create If you intend • • • • • • • • • • Epic Games v. multiple parties - For the use of several famous dances within the several famous dances - For the use of multiple parties Epic Games v. to the original dancers. without attribution purchase, game Fortnite, available for Some situations may arise where an individual cannot persue may arise where Some situations to use social media. legal means, instead they may choose copy. Here are some cases where this has happened. this some cases where are Here copy. were unaware that the piece would be used for monetary gain. would be used for the piece that unaware were of case with the potential be an extensive court could The results the master to destroy or an order royalties, for fines, settlements If there is no release created by an author for a piece there could could there a piece an author for by created is no release If there their right If an individual believes that outcomes. be a number of the image or quote provided that privacy has been violated, of they that or reputation, damaging to their has somehow become unproductive and distracting to obtain a release from everyone from to obtain a release and distracting unproductive involved. Not everything involving another person, place, or thing another person, place, Not everything involving it would be where some instances are There a release. requires As an a creator, whether it is photography, painting, or writing, or painting, it is photography, whether a creator, As an when they are and releases familiar with to become you need examples. a few are Here important. Understanding Releases Understanding

Notes:

RELEASES & LICENSING 24 FAQS 25 Questions Frequently Asked Frequently

FAQS 26 FAQS 27

* Copyright FAQs have been provided by: https://www.copyright.gov/ have been provided Copyright FAQs sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision is no provision There sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” and it protection, any such type of law regarding in the copyright registration. is not a substitute for I have heard about a “poor man’s copyright.” What is it? copyright.” What I have heard about a “poor man’s yourself is your own work to of sending a copy of The practice No. In general, registration is voluntary. Copyright exists from the Copyright exists from is voluntary. No. In general, registration if however, will have to register, You moment the work is created. work. a U.S. of infringement you wish to bring a lawsuit for Do I have to register with the copyright office to be with the copyright office Do I have to register protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created the moment it is created protection work is under copyright Your or either directly it is perceptible form that in a tangible and fixed a machine or device. with the aid of of others. of When is my work protected? are expressed may be. A trademark protects words, phrases, words, may be. A trademark protects expressed are or the goods of source symbols, or designs identifying the those them from one party and distinguishing of services Copyright protects original works of authorship, while a patent authorship, while a patent original works of Copyright protects not are Ideas and discoveries inventions or discoveries. protects the way in which they although law, by the copyright protected ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect although it may protect operation, methods of ideas, systems, or expressed. are the way these things or a trademark? patent a from different How is a copyright works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and dramatic, including literary, authorship works of movies, songs, computer novels, as poetry, artistic works, such facts, not protect Copyright does and architecture. software, What does copyright protect? What original protects law, intellectual property of Copyright, a form Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship authorship original works of law for and granted by Constitution both covers Copyright of expression. medium in a tangible fixed works. and unpublished published What is copyright? What U.S. in the grounded protection of is a form Copyright Copyright FAQs Copyright

created as part of their jobs, not work for hire. their jobs, not work for as part of created raised in the Restriction Statements). Remember to credit your to credit Remember Statements). raised in the Restriction Please note this applies government materials. even for sources, and only content only to Federal Government, not always State, Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1940, 1936-1940, Project, the Federal Writers’ Manuscripts from with in American Memory without being concerned materials may be (other legal concerns on someone’s copyright infringing Work created by employees of the federal government as a the federal employees of by created Work by their job is in the public domain, i.e., not protected part of Histories: This is why you may use American Life copyright. When can I assume that there is no copyright protection is no copyright protection there When can I assume that for a work? moment of creation in a tangible fixed form, which is generally in a tangible fixed creation moment of to is not required A notice form. to include electronic considered copyright. protect copyright? is there does not mean that notice a copyright of The absence the from exists automatically Copyright protection no copyright. since AI and animal creations are becoming more common. more becoming are AI and animal creations since no is mean there is no copyright notice, does that If there Who can claim a copyright? Who can claim a only humans can claim that US Code states Currently, communities being discussed by legal This is currently copyright. we honor each other’s citizens’ copyrights. However, the However, copyrights. citizens’ we honor each other’s with relationships such copyright does not have United States every country. Is my copyright good in other countries? Is my copyright with most countries relations has copyright The United States agreements, these of as a result the world, and throughout registration occurs within five years of publication, it is considered considered it is publication, of within five years occurs registration law. of court in a prima facie evidence facts of their copyright on the public record and have a certificate and have a certificate record on the public copyright their facts of statutory for works may be eligible Registered registration. of if Finally, litigation. in successful fees and attorney’s damages automatic? Many reasons. of a number for is recommended Registration the they wish to have works because their register choose to Why should I register my work if copyright protection is is protection if copyright my work I register should Why

FAQS 28 FAQS 29 complex. You should read the U.S. Copyright Office’s circular circular Copyright Office’s the U.S. should read You complex. duration about calculating Copyright’ to learn more of ‘Duration in general. copyright of each collection notes that copyright protection has expired. protection copyright that notes each collection plus 70 years. the author, of the life for last In general, copyrights are duration calculating rules for the In some works, however, other uses. Copyright is also limited by duration and, under limited by duration Copyright is also other uses. do eventually copyrights use. As to duration, by fair law, American accompanying Statement Restriction possible, the Where expire. Although copyright is an exclusive right - a sort of restricted restricted a sort of right - exclusive is an copyright Although only control Authors various respects. - it is limited in monopoly control and may not copyright law under the rights specified Does copyright give the owner an absolute monopoly? absolute an the owner give copyright Does

Notes:

FAQS 30 U.S. CODES 31 US Codes

U.S. CODES 32 U.S. CODES 33 7. Sound recordings Sound 7. works Architectural 8. 5. Pictorial, graphic, and sculpted works 5. works and other audiovisual Motion pictures 6. 2. Musical works, including any accompanying words including any accompanying 2. Musical works, music any accompanying works, including Dramatic 3. works Pantomimes and choreographic 4. 1. Literary works embodied in such work. In no case does copyright protection for an original work of an original work of for protection In no case does copyright system, process, authorship extend to any idea, procedure, regardless principle, or discovery, concept, operation, method of or it is described, explained, illustrated, in which the form of Works of authorship include the following categories: the following authorship include of Works expression, now known or later developed, from which they can which from developed, known or later now expression, either communicated, or otherwise reproduced, be perceived, machine or device. a the aid of or with directly Subject of copyright: In General of copyright: Subject with this title, subsists, in accordance protection A. Copyright of tangible medium in any authorship fixed works of in original 17 U.S.C. § 102 17 U.S.C. including the individual images of a motion picture or other or other a motion picture including the individual images of work publicly; and audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted the copyrighted to perform sound recordings, case of In the 6. a digital audio transmission. work publicly by means of rental, lease, or lending; rental, and choreographic musical, dramatic, literary, In the case of 4. and other audiovisual and motion pictures works, pantomimes, publicly; work the copyrighted works, to perform and choreographic musical, dramatic literary, In the case of 5. or sculptural works, works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, 1. To reproduce the copyrighted works based upon the based upon works the copyrighted reproduce 1. To work; copyrighted works based upon the copyrighted derivative preparer 2. To work; the copyrighted of or phonorecords copies distribute To 3. or by ownership, of by sale or other transfer work to the public

following: Exclusive rights in copyrighted works in copyrighted rights Exclusive under copyright the the owner of sections 107 – 122, Subject to the any of do and to authorize rights to the exclusive this title has 17 U.S.C. § 106 17 U.S.C.

U.S. CODES 34 U.S. CODES 35 – Subject to section 107 and– Subject – Only the author of a work of– Only the author of – of that work is a violation of that right. that of work is a violation that of other modification of that work which would be prejudicial to prejudicial be would which work that of modification other and any intentional distortion, his or her honor or reputation of is a violation work of that or modification manipulation, right, and that recognized a work of of any destruction prevent d. To negligent destruction and any intentional or grossly stature, c. To prevent any intentional distortion, manipulation, or any intentional distortion, manipulation, prevent c. To a. To claim authorship of that work, and that authorship of claim a. To any of his or her name as the author the use of prevent b. To he or she did not create; visual art which work of and placement, of the work is not a destruction, distortion, of and placement, described in subsection (A.3), or other modification mutilation, negligence. gross is caused by unless the modification subsection (A.3.a). ofresult is the of visual art which of a work 2. The modification lighting including the public presentation, or of conservation, 1. The modification of a work of visual art which is not a result of visual art which is not a of a work 1. The modification is the materials of nature time or the inherent the passage of of described in or other modification not a distortion, mutilation, prejudicial to his or her honor or reputation; and honor or reputation; to his or her prejudicial 113(d), shall have in section forth set Subject to the limitations 3. the right- 2. Shall have the right to prevent the use of his or her name as the use of to prevent 2. Shall have the right a distortion, visual art in the event of of the work the author of beof the work which would modification or other manipulation, 1. Shall have the right-1. Shall have Exceptions. Exceptions. Rights of Attribution and Integrity and Integrity Attribution Rights of Scope and Exercise of Rights. of Scope and Exercise D. The rights described in paragraphs (1) & (2) of subsection (A) shall (2) of The rights described in paragraphs (1) & D. depiction, portrayal, or other use not apply to any reproduction, subsection (A) in that work.subsection (A) in that C. B. work, by subsection (A) in that visual art has the rights conferred The authors of owner. whether or not the author is the copyright by conferred the rights of co-owners visual art are a joint work of author of a work of visual art – work of a author of Rights of certain authors to attribution and integrity to attribution authors of certain Rights A. the 106, in section provided rights the exclusive of independent 17 U.S.C. § 106A 17 U.S.C. – – right under a copyright, shall not constitute a waiver of the rights a waiver of shall not constitute right under a copyright, as may otherwise be agreed by subsection (A). Except conferred a by the author in a written instrument signed by the author, to a by subsection (A) with respect the rights conferred waiver of of ownership of a transfer visual art shall not constitute work of any or of a copyright ownership of work, or of that of any copy work. that of right under a copyright exclusive all such authors. by subsection (A) with the rights conferred 2. Ownership of the ownership of visual art is distinct from to a work of respect right or any exclusive a copyright work, or of that of any copy any ownership of of work. Transfer in that under a copyright or any exclusive a copyright visual art, or of a work of of copy such waiver in a written instrument signed by the author. Such signed by the author. such waiver in a written instrument of that the work, and uses instrument shall specifically identify the waiver shall applywork, to which the waiver applies, and of a joint In the case only to the work and uses so identified. rights under authors, a waiver of by two or more work prepared waives such rights forthis paragraph made by one such author consisting of the life of the last surviving author. of the life of consisting subsection a) run to the by rights conferred the All terms of 4. they would otherwise expire. the calendar year in which end of by subsection (A) may not be transferred, 1. The rights conferred to agrees author expressly but those rights may be waived if the Act of 1990, but title has not, as of such effective date, been date, such effective not, as of but title has 1990, Act of by subsection the rights conferred the author, from transferred the same time as, at with, and shall expire (A) shall coextensive by section 106. the rights conferred authors, two or more by prepared a joint work In the case of 3. a term for by subsection (A) shall endure the rights conferred 1. With respect to works of visual art created on or after the on or after created visual art to works of 1. With respect of the Visual Artists in section 610(a) forth set date effective (A) shall by subsection rights conferred the 1990, Rights Act of the author. of the life of a term consisting for endure the effective before visual art created of to works 2. With respect Visual Artists Rights the in section 610(a) of set forth date Duration of Rights. of Duration Transfer and Waiver. and Waiver. Transfer

F. E. in subparagraph A or B or the definition of “work of visual art” in visual art” of of “work or the definition A or B in subparagraph or depiction, mutilation, and any such reproduction, section 101, of subsection (A). in paragraph (3) described other modification of a work in, upon, or in any connection with any item described any item with any connection or in in, upon, a work of

U.S. CODES 36 U.S. CODES 37 to the copyrighted work as a whole; and to the copyrighted for or value of the use upon the potential market The effect 4. work. the copyrighted of 2. The nature of the copyrighted work; the copyrighted of 2. The nature portion used in relation the of The amount and substantiality 3. 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether character of 1. The purpose and educational nonprofit or is for nature such use is a commercial purposes; The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding a work is unpublished shall not The fact that of all the consideration fair use if such finding is made upon of above factors. scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. of infringement is not an scholarship, or research, a work in any particular the use made of In determining whether shall include: factors to be considered case is a fair use the in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by any other means or by phonorecords or in copies news as criticism, comment, purposes such for section, that use), classroom for copies (including multiple teaching reporting, Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Fair rights: exclusive on Limitations fair and 106A, the sections 106 of the provisions Notwithstanding such use by reproduction work, including a copyrighted use of 17 U.S.C. § 107 § 17 U.S.C. - Copyright in each separate separate - Copyright in each When an individual author’s ownership When an individual author’s ownership - In the case of a work made for hire, the hire, work made for a of - In the case Copyright in a work protected under this under in a work protected Copyright and remedies accorded to the copyright owner by this title. to the copyright accorded and remedies property by the applicable laws of interstate succession. interstate by the applicable laws of property in a copyright, rights comprised the exclusive 2. Any of by the rights specified any of including any subdivision of by clause (1) and as provided may be transferred section 106, right any particular exclusive owner of The owned separately. the protection right, to all of that is entitled, to the extent of 1. The ownership of a copyright may be transferred in whole may be transferred a copyright 1. The ownership of of or by operation conveyance or in part by any means of by will or pass as personal bequeathed and may be the law, Contributions to Collective Works Contributions to Transfer Ownership- Transfer Works Made for Hire for Made Works Involuntary Transfer- Initial Ownership-

title, except as provided under title 11. as provided title, except organization purporting to seize, expropriate, transfer, or exercise or exercise transfer, expropriate, to seize, purporting organization the of or any to the copyright, ownership with respect rights of under this shall be given effect rights under a copyright, exclusive of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright, copyright, rights under a the exclusive any of or of a copyright, of individual voluntarily by that been transferred has not previously or no action by any governmental body or other official author, E. D. and distributing the contribution as part of that particular that as part of contribution and distributing the work, and any later the collective of work, any revision collective work in the same series. collective contribution. In absence of an express transfer of the copyright or the copyright of transfer an express of In absence contribution. work in the collective copyright the owner of any rights under it, reproducing of only the privilege to have acquired is presumed C. in the copyright work is distinct from to a collective contribution the of whole, and vests initially in the author work as a collective considered the author for the purpose of this title, and, unless the this title, and, the purpose of the author for considered in a written instrument otherwise agreed parties have expressly in the copyright. the rights comprised all of signed by them, owns of a “joint work” are co-owners of copyright in the work. in the copyright of co-owners work” are a “joint of B. is was prepared whom the work for or other person employer Ownership of Copyright of Ownership A. work. The authors the or authors of initially in the author title vests 17 U.S.C. § 201 § 17 U.S.C.

U.S. CODES 38 GLOSSARY 39 Glossary

GLOSSARY 40 GLOSSARY 41

See Copyright. A set of various licenses that allow people to that various licenses A set of See Joint Author. See Joint - - The act of working with someone to produce with someone working of - The act - A collaborative piece where two or more two or more where piece - A collaborative - The act of breaking the terms of law or an the terms of breaking - The act of - Making or intending to make a profit. to make - Making or intending something, producing of - The action or process See Attribution. - The act of giving credit for a work to an author, artist, artist, author, a work to an for credit giving of - The act - The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an given to an originator legal right, - The exclusive - A creation originating from, based upon, or influenced based upon, or influenced from, originating - A creation - The act of giving an item to multiple parties. - The act of - The act of creating additional copies of an original of additional copies creating - The act of - An organization that operates to make a profit. to make operates that - An organization - A prominent display of an object, performance, or event an object, performance, display of - A prominent - The originator or creator of a tangible product qualifying qualifying a tangible product of or creator - The originator these agreements and the percentage of ownership allotted for ownership allotted for of and the percentage these agreements each contribution. Joint-Author Joint-Author Courts will often piece. in a copyrighted individuals have a share to establish in order written contract a pre-collaboration require Infringement an individual’s rights. of A violation agreement. product. For Profit See Commercial. Distribute Duplicate by another’s copyrighted work. by another’s copyrighted Display an item can be observed publicly. where attribution. attribution. Derivative Creative Commons Creative upon, etc., edited, built work to be copied, their copyrighted share Often requiring to the original work. the copyright while retaining Copyright artistic, literary, record film, or publish, perform, assignee to print, do the same. others to to authorize and or musical material, Compilation assembling information by or report, especially a list, book, other sources. from collected or create something. or create Commercial Author protections. copyright for Collaboration Attribution or person. Terms and Definitions Terms

- Not directly involved in the acts or involved - Not directly - The act of services performed by in-house by in-house performed services of - The act - individual knowingly contributed, contributed, - individual knowingly - Elements of genres that are not protected are that genres - Elements of - Content that has run its copyright duration duration has run its copyright - Content that - had the ability to supervise and stop the - had the ability to - A display or event involving items of music, video, of - A display or event involving items - The act of passing someone else’s creations as your passing someone else’s creations - The act of - A clear and definite product, cannot just be a thought. - A clear and definite product, - An agreement by which and individual releases another by which and individual releases - An agreement - A set of permissions granted by a copyright holder, holder, by a copyright permissions granted - A set of - The responsibly placed on a party for the actions the actions for on a party placed responsibly - The - An imitation of the style of a writer, artist, or genre with artist, or genre a writer, of the style of - An imitation - A license conferring a right or title for a set period, a set a right or title for conferring - A license - The act of unlawful duplication and distribution of of and distribution unlawful duplication - The act of Contributory in the infringement. or materially constructively, Vicarious to do so. Individual may have but failed infringement benefited monetarily. employees or an individual personally (direct infringement). personally (direct or an individual employees Liabilities Secondary into two levels; Is split performed. being services Primary Liability

a rough draft of a novel, an audio recording. of draft a rough Tangible move, a sketch, a dance or writeup of a video recording E.G. Scenes-a-Faire law due to their generic and expected place under copyright genre. in that subject to copyright restrictions. subject to copyright Release upon activity. an agreed legal liabilities for from own without appropriate attribution. own without appropriate Public Domain Is no longer to public access. period or has been dedicated copyrighted content, with or without monetary gain. with or without content, copyrighted Plagiarism choreography, drama, or other potentially copyrighted content. content. drama, or other potentially copyrighted choreography, See Display. Piracy especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or others from especially the sole right to exclude selling an invention. Performance Parody effect. comic for exaggeration deliberate Patent allowing an interested party to use a copyrighted piece. Usually piece. use a copyrighted party to allowing an interested use. terms of rules, upon set of with an agreed License performed by themselves or by another with or without their or without with by another or by themselves performed knowledge. Liability

GLOSSARY 42 GLOSSARY 43

- A measurable change in use or design of a piece piece a use or design of change in - A measurable - A contracted agreement between and employer between agreement - A contracted - A separate entity or organization acting as acting organization entity or - A separate - A symbol, word, or words legally registered legally or words word, - A symbol, and a creator that determines whether a creation is the full a creation determines whether that and a creator has created or the employee that the employer of property the work. copyright for the newer portion of the content. the newer portion of for copyright Work-for-hire or established by use as representing a company or product. a company by use as representing or established Transformative its own for enough to qualify be original potentially could that a distributor, vendor, or agent between an originator of a product a product of an originator between or agent vendor, a distributor, as a customer. such party, and an interested Trademark Third-Party

Notes:

GLOSSARY 44 Works Cited

“About Copyright.” Copyright Clearance Center, https://www.copyright.com/learn/about-copyright/ “Are USGS Topographic Maps Copyrighted?” U.S. Geological Society, https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/are-usgs-topographic-maps-copyrighted “A Simple Guide to Fair Use: How to Apply Fair Use to Your Copyright Scenarios.” Copyrightlaws.com, 30 Jan. 2020. https://www.copyrightlaws.com/simple-guide-fair-use/ Bailey, Johnathan. “The Difference Between Copyright Infringement and Plagiarism.” Plagiarism Today, 7 Oct. 2013. https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2013/10/07/ difference-copyright-infringement-plagiarism/ “Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright.” U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html “Copyright and Primary Sources.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/copyright.html Copyright Committee. Portland Community College, 17 Feb. 2017, https://www.pcc.edu/copyright/. Accessed May 2020. “Copyright Courses & Education in Plain English.” Copyrightlaw.com, https://www.copyrightlaws.com/ “Copyright for Students.” Rutgers University Libraries, https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/copyright/copyright-for-students “Copyright in Teaching.” Rutgers University Libraries, https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/copyright/copyright-in-teaching “Copyright Resources.” PCC Copyright Committee, 9 Dec. 2020, https://guides.pcc.edu/copyright Creative Commons. https://creativecommons.org/ Crews, Kenneth D. “Fair Use Checklist.” Columbia University Libraries, 14 May. 2008, https://copyright.columbia.edu/content/dam/copyright/Precedent%20Docs/ fairusechecklist.pdf “Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).” U.S. Department of Education, 15 Dec. 2020. https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html “Frequently Asked Questions on Copyright.” Rutgers University Libraries, https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/copyright/faq#14 “Libraries: Policy and Principles on Fair Use.” University of Minnesota, Feb. 2004, https://www.lib.umn.edu/copyright/fairpolicy “U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index.”U.S. Copyright Office, Jan. 2021, https://copyright.gov/fair-use/ U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/ “What Can’t be Copyrighted?” New Media Rights, 28 Jun. 2017. https://www.newmediarights.org/business_models/artist/what_can’t_be_ copyrighted “What is a Copyright.” Plagiarism Today, https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/stopping-internet-plagiarism/your-copyrights- online/1-what-is-a-copyright/ Colophon

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