Buxton Pipeline Derbyshire

Archaeological Assessment

Prepared for: Alps Group

Prepared by: Archaeology & Planning Solutions

28th March 2011

Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

Contents

Non Technical Summary ...... 1

1 Introduction ...... 2

2 Methodology ...... 3

3 Planning Legislation and Guidance ...... 4

4 Known Heritage Assets ...... 6

5 Historic Mapping, Aerial Photography and Site Walkover ...... 8

6 Conclusions...... 11

7 References...... 15

Appendix 1: The Known Relevant Archaeological Resource (from the Derbyshire HER) ...... 16

Appendix 2: Consulted Historic Maps ...... 18

Appendix 3: Consulted NMR Aerial Photographs ...... 18

Figures 1-6

APS 11/256 This report is for the sole use of the client. No part of the report may be reproduced without the permission of APS

Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

Non Technical Summary

An archaeological desk-based assessment, in support of a planning application to lay a pipeline from The Crescent in the centre of Buxton to a proposed new bottling plant at Waterswallows Lane, has established that the pipeline crosses a landscape which has the potential to contain significant archaeological remains.

North of The Crescent, the pipeline crosses an area designated by High Peak Borough Council as an Area of Archaeological Interest. Archaeological mitigation here will be necessary and it is suggested that an archaeological watching brief be maintained during the excavation of the pipeline trench.

In addition, the route crosses the line of the Buxton to Glossop Roman road which is of high archaeological value. Archaeological mitigation will again be necessary and it is suggested that, where the pipeline crosses the Roman road, a small open area archaeological excavation be carried out prior to the excavation of the 5m wide working area and trench. If roadside structures are discovered it may be necessary to enlarge the excavation area to ensure that they are recorded prior to destruction. However, if the road (and any roadside structures) are found to be present it may be possible to run the pipeline underneath significant archaeological structures thus preserving the archaeology in-situ.

Elsewhere along the route, excluding areas outside of public highway and within an extensively quarried area adjacent to Waterswallows Road, an archaeological watching brief during excavation of the 5m wide working area and the pipeline trench could again be an appropriate way of recording any buried remains of Prehistoric and Roman date which, if present, could be of local to regional significance.

Early consultation with the Development Control Archaeologist of Derbyshire County Council is recommended in order to agree an appropriate archaeological strategy.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

1 Introduction

1.1 This report presents the results of an assessment of the potential archaeological resource along the route of a proposed pipeline which runs from The Crescent in Buxton (SK 0574 7350) to a proposed new bottling plant in Waterswallows Lane (SK 0804 7509; (Figure 1).

1.2 Starting from the west the pipeline emerges from The Crescent and proceeds within highway (Station Road, Charles Street, Lightwood Road and Hogshaw Villas Road) from where, after crossing the Hogshaw Brook, it turns northwards within a tarmaced trackway at the foot of the valley containing the Nun Brook (at around 305m AOD). After crossing the Nun Brook the route climbs the steep eastern valley slope within a narrow footpath and pasture field until it emerges just south of Nunsfield Farm at around 345m AOD. From here the route lies again within a trackway and a grassed area before turning east along another trackway which leads from Nunsfield Farm to the A6. From the A6 the route turns north-eastwards to run within the grassland of the golf course parallel with the road. It then turns south-eastwards (at around 345m AOD) under the A6 to run within a track leading to Barms Farm and then downslope within the grassland of the golf course before turning north-east to run parallel with Waterswallows Road. The pipeline then enters the Waterswallows Road highway (at around 325m AOD) north of the golf course until it reaches the location of the proposed bottling plant.

1.3 The geology of the western part of the pipeline route is recorded as the Bowland Shale Formation, crossing the Eyam Limestone Formation on the eastern slope of the valley containing the Nun Brook, and then the Bee Low Limestone Formation across Fairfield Common and Waterswallows Road (www.bgs.ac.uk). Indeed, the pipeline route lies towards the western boundary of a limestone plateau, known as the White Peak, which is characterised by long rolling ridges rising from shallow upland basins cut by deep dry valleys (Barnatt & Smith 2004, 3-4).

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

2 Methodology

2.1 This report has been produced in accordance with guidelines in the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment issued and subsequently revised by the Institute for Archaeologists (2001). It is also in accordance with a specification approved by the Development Control Archaeologist of Derbyshire County Council. The report included consultation of readily available archaeological and historical information from documentary, cartographic and aerial photographic sources. The major repositories of information comprised:

 Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER). This database was consulted for records of known archaeological sites and findspots within 250m of the proposed pipeline route. Details of relevant sites and artefact findspots within this area are listed in Appendix 1;  historic maps and documents held by Derbyshire Record Office. The consulted maps are listed in Appendix 2;  aerial photographs held by the National Monuments Record (NMR). These are listed in Appendix 3; and  records made during a site walkover of those parts of the route outside of public highway on 18th March 2011.

2.2 Section 3 of this report summarises relevant planning legislation and guidance. Section 4 summarises known relevant heritage assets close to the pipeline route, information which is also listed in Appendix 1. In this regard, known relevant archaeological and heritage features close to the pipeline route are marked on Figure 1. Section 5 summarises the results of cartographic analysis, an aerial photographic assessment and a site walkover and Section 6 summarises the conclusions of this report. Historic maps are shown in Figures 2-4 and selected site photographs in Figures 5-6.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

3 Planning Legislation and Guidance

3.1 A key piece of legislation relating to archaeology is the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979). However, this Act is most relevant to Scheduled Monuments of which there are none within or immediately adjacent to the pipeline route.

3.2 The most relevant national planning guidance concerning archaeology and other heritage assets is PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment (2010). This contains Policies HE1-12 and advises on appropriate planning procedures. It covers designated heritage assets (World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks & Gardens and Registered Battlefields) and non- designated heritage assets which are of heritage interest and therefore a material planning consideration. Policy HE6 states that local planning authorities should require an applicant to provide a description of the heritage assets affected by proposed development and the contribution of their setting to that significance and, if necessary, desk-based research should be accompanied by a field evaluation.

3.3 Archaeology is also protected by High Peak Borough Council Saved Local Plan Policy 25 which is as follows:

Saved Policy 25. BC10 – Archaeological and other Heritage Features

Planning Permission will not be granted for development which is likely to result in harm to a Scheduled Ancient Monument or other nationally important site, its setting or amenity value. Elsewhere, Planning Permission will be granted for development, provided that there will not be a significant adverse effect upon other known archaeological or heritage features, including Buxton's area of archaeological interest as defined on the proposals map. Where proposals will affect a feature or an area of archaeological interest, they will, where appropriate, include an archaeological evaluation of the site and a statement demonstrating how it is intended to satisfactorily accommodate or preserve the archaeological or heritage features. Where Planning Permission is granted, conditions will be imposed, and/or planning obligations sought, to ensure that: archaeological or heritage features are recorded and retained intact in situ; or where this is impractical, archaeological or heritage features are appropriately excavated and recorded, prior to destruction by development.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

3.4 This assessment represents the first phase in the site evaluation process and will inform consideration of the development proposals in accordance with PPS5 and saved policy 25 - BC10.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

4 Known Heritage Assets

4.1 North of The Crescent the proposed pipeline route crosses both the Buxton Area of Archaeological Interest (AAI) and the Buxton Conservation Area. The former has been designated as such by High Peak Borough Council because of the high potential for the survival of significant archaeological deposits dating back to the Roman period. The route also lies adjacent to the Grade II listed Registered Park and Garden of The Slopes (Figure 1, A) and the Grade II* listed Registered Park or Garden of Buxton Pavilion Garden (Figure 1, B) and also crosses the Fairfield Conservation Area (Figure 1). There are also several listed buildings close to the route notably the Grade I listed The Crescent where the pipeline originates. There will be no physical impact on any of the listed buildings.

4.2 However, there are also significant non-designated heritage assets recorded within and close to the pipeline route on the HER. These are considered in more detail below with their locations marked on Figure 1. However, it is critically important to emphasise that the HER is an incomplete record that is constantly being updated and that this database should not be interpreted as a definitive list of all surviving archaeological remains.

4.3 The Roman spa settlement of Buxton is known as Aquae Arnemetiae and antiquarian references exist to the discovery of baths and associated structures in and around The Crescent (Figure 1, no. 1; Stroud 2002). For example, a lead bath of probable Roman date was found while driving a sough in 1695, somewhere in front of The Crescent. A hoard of several hundred Roman coins was also found in 1975 in the Natural Baths along with a large number of 17th century bronze pins and other 17th/18th century material. An archaeological evaluation at The Crescent in 2009 found that to accommodate The Crescent and adjacent buildings a large level terrace was excavated to the natural shale. In the process of these 18th century groundworks, the site of what is thought to have been a Roman bath house was disturbed and the debris utilised in the footings of the building. In addition, the location of a Medieval well described by antiquarians and thought to be on an earlier Roman structure was also identified. There is still a high potential for significant remains to survive in and around The Crescent and it is important to emphasise that further deposits associated with the Roman settlement could survive outside of the AAI designation. A Roman building was also found during the construction of Holker Road approximately 200m south of the pipeline route in 1903 (Figure 1, no. 2).

4.4 The route of the Roman road from Buxton (Aquae Arnemetiae) to Glossop (Melandra) runs north eastwards past Fairfield Church and Nunsfield Farm to run along the

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

western boundary of the Buxton & High Peak Golf Club (Figure 1, no. 3). Indeed the route of the road was traced across Fairfield Common by archaeological fieldwork and excavation in 1959-1960 (Bellhouse, 1975). The camber is visible as a hump in a paddock south of Nunsfield Farm close to the point where the proposed pipeline crosses the road and the road is also preserved as a minor road running alongside Fairfield Church. The wall bounding the western side of the golf course also closely follows the line of the road. The archaeological excavations, which took the form of trenches between Nunsfield Farm and Brook House, identified the 5-6m wide road at a depth of about 12 inches (30.5cm) below ground level.

4.5 A Roman milestone adjacent to the Roman road is also recorded near Brook House (Figure 1, no. 4) and a further potential road and milestone have been identified approximately 340m to the south of the proposed pipeline (Figure 1, no. 5). A Roman coin has also been recovered from Fairfield Common although the exact findspot location is not known (Figure 1, no. 6).

4.6 The Medieval church of St. Peters underlies the existing Grade II listed 19th century church approximately 170m to the south of the proposed pipeline (Figure 1, no. 7). In addition, the Buxton to Sheffield turnpike road follows Waterswallows Road (Figure 1, no. 8) and 19th century railway housing survives along Hogshaw Villas Road (Figure 1, no. 9).

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

5 Historic Mapping, Aerial Photography and Site Walkover

5.1 The most informative source of information for the 19th century and later development of the area comes from historic maps and, from the mid 20th century onwards, aerial photographs. In this regard, the earliest consulted detailed map was the Fairfield Enclosure map of 1772. From the west the route (drawn very approximately on Figure 2) crosses a series of numbered fields which were all under allotments and two watercourses, now known as the Hogshaw Brook and the Nun Brook, before crossing Fairfield Common which was then known as Barms Pasture. The common contained the north-east to south-west aligned trackway which survives today through the golf course, enclosures A and B which are described as stone quarries, a pool known as Russia Mere and also Pells Dam and Pells Well which may be further pools or flooded quarries. The proposed route appears to avoid all of these quarries and pools.

5.2 The Fairfield Tithe Map of 1842 was also examined (Figure 3). From the west upon leaving The Crescent the route crosses pasture field 251 (Lions Mouth Close with piggeries, 257 (Garden and Drying Ground), 259 (Angel Meadow), 270 (buildings, yard etc.) and meadows 268 (Cockshert) and 269 (Bridge Field). It then proceeds north-westwards along or close to a road before turning north across pasture fields 126 and 125 (Hogshaw), separated by the Hogshaw Brook, and pasture fields 121 and 119 (Brown Edge). The route then crosses the Nun Brook before proceeding east along the boundary between meadow fields 116 (Lower Close) & 117 (Barn Close and meadow) with arable field 118 (Nun Field) before passing plot 85, which contains what is now Nunsfield Farmhouse, into Fairfield Barms/Common (no. 97 under pasture). The route then turns south-eastwards passing Barms Farm. After leaving the Common the route then proceeds along or close to Waterswallows Road adjacent to pasture fields 41 (Kiln Field) and 39 (barns and field) and meadows 406 & 407 (Waterswallows). Clearly field 39 is of interest as it refers to the presence or former presence of kilns (presumably lime kilns).

5.3 Elsewhere in the accompanying tithe apportionment Russia Mere (100) is again present as are Pells Dam and Pells Well (98 and 99) and also quarries (97a and 97b). In addition the following fields are also described close to the pipeline route:

 86 Croft (meadow);  48 Nun Slack (pasture);  47 Croft and garden (pasture);  45 House, buildings, yard and garden (Barms Farm);

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

 44 Nearer Pingle (meadow);  42 Clover Close (meadow);

5.4 Also of note is field 92 to the west which is called Kiln Close and field 89 which is called Stand Close which refers to the presence of a Race Stand. This was for a race course which is shown on the 1842 First Series Ordnance Survey map (not illustrated) as a circular track within the Common with the stand to the west. The rubble remains of the stand were still visible in 1959-1960 (Bellhouse 1975, 108).

5.5 By the Ordnance Survey map of 1853 the route within Buxton had changed considerably and crosses a railway building, tracks and sidings directly north-east of the Crescent, along with buildings marked as a Slaughter House before following Hogshaw Lane. North of Hogshaw Lane the route passes railway worker housing before crossing the Hogshaw Brook and proceeding across fields and the Nun Brook. The route then proceeds upslope and eastwards before passing Nuns Farm and proceeding across Fairfield Common. It then turns south-eastwards past Barms Farm past former quarries and a limekiln and along Waterswallows Road. The racetrack was no longer in existence. The Buxton & High Peak Golf Club was founded in 1887 and the course had clearly been laid out by aerial photographs dating to 1948 (not illustrated) where the extent of the quarrying at the northern end of the course adjacent to Waterswallows Road is shown to be quite marked.

5.6 That part of the pipeline between Hogshaw Villas Road and Waterswallows Road was walked as part of this assessment. From Hogshaw Villas Road and the Hogshaw Brook to the Nun Brook the route lies within a rough tarmaced trackway with mostly scrubland to either side but also with some sheds and a playing field (see Figure 1 for photograph locations and Figure 5, Plates 1-5). The route crosses the Nun Brook close to a footbridge, the two supports of which are constructed of well dressed stone with at least one architectural fragment of unknown date. These stones were presumably re-used from a former building (Figure 5, Plate 6).

5.7 From here the route climbs the steep eastern valley slope following a narrow footpath and also extending into a pasture field (Figure 5, Plates 7-8). The route then crosses the line of the Roman road just south of Nunsfield Farm where the Roman road is followed by a stone boundary wall which continues into a paddock directly south of the farm. There is no clear above ground trace of the road within the footprint of the pipeline

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

route although it clearly survives as a modern track built into the slope between Fairfield Church and housing just to the south (Figure 5, Plate 9). From here the route crosses a short stretch of grassland before following the access track between Nunsfield Farm and the A6 (Figure 6, Plates 10-11). The route then turns to the north-east to lie within the golf course within Fairfield Common, adjacent to the A6 (Figure 6, Plates 12-13).

5.8 From here the route turns to the south-east to run parallel with the northern boundary of the golf course (Figure 6, plates 14-15) before turning to the north-east to follow the boundary between the golf course and Waterswallows Road where extensive quarry earthworks can be seen (Figure 6, plate 16). North of the golf course the route then follows Waterswallows Road until reaching the proposed new bottling plant.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

6 Conclusions

Construction Details

6.1 It is currently proposed that the pipeline trench will be 1.5 - 2m deep and 1.5 - 2m wide. The working area outside of highway will be in the region of 5m.

Prehistory

6.2 No significant archaeology of Prehistoric date is recorded within close vicinity of the proposed pipeline route on the HER. However, this cannot be taken as evidence of its absence as significant Prehistoric archaeology is well attested within the limestone plateau upon which the site is located including the higher ground surrounding the site, notably the Peak District National Park, and also from Buxton itself. Indeed, Prehistoric burials accompanied by grave goods have been found in the Holker Road area of Buxton and a round barrow has also been identified at Fairfield Low approximately 1km to the east (Stroud 2002, 3-4).

6.3 In Prehistory the limestone plateau upon which the application site is located would have had a mixture of ash dominated woodlands with broad sweeps of open pasture, the latter found most commonly where the soils were thinner on higher land and where forest clearance had taken place (Barnatt & Smith, 2004, 4-5). Prehistoric archaeology associated with settlement and ritual is well attested on the limestone plateau and, although the archaeological landscape within the limestone plateau to the east of Buxton and in the Fairfield area has been the subject of little detailed research, it is highly likely that the area was utilised in Prehistory. The nearest watercourses today are the Hogshaw Brook and the Nun Brook both of which are crossed by the pipeline route and which converge to form a tributary to the River Wye. Indeed the application site lies within (or very close to) a theoretical main Prehistoric settlement zone around the river valleys or dales, specifically Ashwood Dale which contains the River Wye and Cunning Dale and Woo Dale, which feed the River Wye (Barnatt and Smith, 2004, 6).

6.4 In summary, given the lack of archaeological investigation in the area it is not known whether evidence of Prehistoric agriculture and settlement could be present within the pipeline route. However, the general topographical and geological location of the route

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

suggest that it lies within an area which could have been conducive to such agriculture and settlement.

Romano-British

6.5 During the Roman period Buxton was one of only two settlements developed primarily due to their natural supply of thermal mineral water in Britain. Indeed, Aquae Arnemetiae grew up as a religious centre and settlement around the springs in the area of The Crescent. The town was also located on a major road junction and probably also had an early fort. The full extent of the Roman settlement is however unknown and apart from limited areas there has been very little modern archaeological investigation. Although the Buxton Area of Archaeological Interest designation reflects the postulated extent of the Roman settlement it is possible that further associated archaeology may also be present outside of this designation.

6.6 It is clear that the proposed pipeline route partly follows and crosses the Buxton to Glossop Roman road and that construction of the pipeline could potentially damage a section through the road. It is also quite possible that unrecorded Roman archaeology adjacent to the road exists and this could again extend into the pipeline corridor. Indeed, numerous Romano-British farmsteads have been found on the limestone plateau (Barnatt & Smith 2004, 51) and the possibility of further Roman archaeology being present within the pipeline route cannot be discounted.

The Crescent to Hogshaw Villas Road

6.7 It is clear from historic map evidence that any archaeology between The Crescent and Hogshaw Villas Road is unlikely to have survived 19th and 20th century truncation caused by highway construction, railway construction and residential and other development. Nevertheless, part of the route north of The Crescent lies in a designated Area of Archaeological Interest and if any archaeology does survive here it is likely to be highly significant.

Hogshaw Villas Road to Nun Brook

6.8 The route between Hogshaw Villas Road to the Nun Brook lies within a rough tarmaced trackway of varying width. Indeed, it is likely that any archaeology here will

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have been damaged by construction of the trackway. However, it cannot be said for certain that archaeology does not survive here under the tarmac.

Nun Brook to the A6

6.9 This part of the route climbs the eastern valley slope which is quite steep and follows a footpath and the pasture field to the north. Construction of the path is unlikely to have involved a great deal of soil removal and it is possible for buried archaeology, perhaps in the form of agricultural boundary ditches, to survive here. Where the pipeline veers towards Nunsfield Farm it partly follows and crosses the Buxton to Glossop Roman road. Here the line of the Roman road is followed by a stone boundary wall which continues into a paddock directly south of the farm. There is no clear above ground trace of the road within the footprint of the pipeline route although it clearly survives as a modern track built into the slope between Fairfield Church and housing just to the south. From Nunsfield Farm the route crosses a short stretch of grassland before following an access track between Nunsfield Farm and the A6. The archaeological potential of this part of the route is very high and given the results of previous archaeological investigations to the north over the road it is likely to survive in relatively good condition.

A6 to Waterswallows Road (Fairfield Common)

6.10 Until the foundation of the golf club in 1887 Fairfield Common was common unenclosed land probably utilised for pasture as well as quarrying. Indeed, should significant archaeology be present it is clear that it will have been disturbed by Post Medieval quarries, several examples of which are still present on the golf course. A backfilled quarry is also located within the pipeline corridor west of Barms Farm and several are shown in the field east of Barms Farm adjacent to Waterswallows Road. Lime kilns are also recorded within the vicinity. These kilns provided lime to improve the quality of the acid soils covering the limestone bedrock and were a common feature on the limestone plateau, normally having an adjacent small quarry. The extent to which these quarries, which in themselves are of limited archaeological interest, have truncated any Prehistoric, Roman or later archaeology is unclear although this truncation could be quite extensive. The laying out of the golf course will also inevitably have led to a certain amount of earth moving which would have had a negative effect on any archaeology and no archaeology is likely to survive within the footprint of the A6. Nevertheless there was nothing in the walkover to suggest the presence of any quarries within the pipeline corridor with the exception of the boundary between the golf course and Waterswallows Road.

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Buxton Pipeline, Derbyshire Archaeological Assessment

That part of the route which lies within Waterswallows Road is unlikely to be of archaeological interest as any archaeology will have been damaged or destroyed by highway construction.

Summary

6.11 In summary, the assessment has established that the proposed pipeline has implications for the survival of buried archaeology in two specific locations:

 north of The Crescent, the pipeline crosses an area designated by High Peak Borough Council as an Area of Archaeological Interest. Archaeological mitigation here will be necessary and it is suggested that an archaeological watching brief be maintained during the excavation of the pipeline trench; and

 south of Nunsfield Farm the pipeline crosses the line of the Buxton to Glossop Roman road which is of high archaeological value. Archaeological mitigation will again be necessary and it is suggested that, where the pipeline crosses the Roman road, a small open area archaeological excavation be carried out prior to the excavation of the 5m wide working area and trench. If roadside structures are found to be present it may be necessary to enlarge the excavation area to ensure that they are recorded prior to destruction. However, if the road and any roadside structures are found to be present it may be possible to run the pipeline underneath significant archaeological structures thus preserving the archaeology in-situ.

6.12 Elsewhere along the route, excluding areas outside of public highway and within an extensively quarried area adjacent to Waterswallows Road, an archaeological watching brief during excavation of the 5m wide working area and the pipeline trench could again be an appropriate way of recording any buried remains of Prehistoric and Roman date which, if present, could be of local to regional significance.

6.13 Early consultation with the Development Control Archaeologist of Derbyshire County Council is recommended in order to agree an appropriate archaeological strategy.

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7 References

Barnatt J & Smith K 2004 The Peak District. Landscapes Through Time. Windgather Press. Bellhouse MA 1975 A Roman Road in Derbyshire. In Derbyshire Miscellany, Vol.7, p108-110). Stroud G 2002 Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey. Archaeological Assessment Report. Buxton.

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Appendix 1: The Known Relevant Archaeological Resource (from the Derbyshire HER)

Site no. HER no. Date Description 1 31116 - MDR317 Roman An archaeological evaluation at the Grade 2834 - MDR335 I listed The Crescent (built by 1788) found 2836 - MDR336 that to accommodate The Crescent and 2837 - MDR337 adjacent buildings a large level terrace was 2869 - MDR358 excavated to the natural shale. In the process of these 18th century groundworks the site of what is thought to have been a bath of possible Roman date, which was first uncovered in the 1690s, was disturbed and the debris utilised in the footings of the building. In addition, the location of a Medieval well described by antiquarians and thought to be on an earlier Roman structure was identified. There is still potential for significant remains to survive in these locations. In addition a lead bath, probably Roman, was found while driving a sough in 1695, somewhere in the area that is now in front of The Crescent. A hoard of several hundred Roman coins was also found in 1975 in the Natural Baths along with a large number of 17th century bronze pins and other 17th/18th century material. 2 2832 - MDR320 Roman The construction of Holker Road in 1903 uncovered structural remains over an area of 30 by 30 feet, floored with undressed local limestone, some tiles and bricks indicative of a building not far off, and three gritstone hearths about 5ft in diameter. A great deal of artefactual evidence was also found. 3 6506 - MDR230 Roman Section of the Roman road from Buxton to 2844 - MDR343 Glossop (Aquae Arnemetiae to Melandra). 99028 - MDR11199 The Roman road north out of Buxton has been traced across Fairfield Common by fieldwork and excavation in 1959-1960. The camber is visible at SK 0668 7433, south of Nunsfield Farm. The course of the Roman road in the built-up part of Buxton is unknown at present, but one certain point is the Bulls Head Inn at the southern end of an alignment from the north. Stones relating to the road were reported to have been uncovered in the past. To the north of the Bulls Head there are houses on the line before the alignment is overlaid by a road running towards Nun Farm. A conspicuous hump can be seen in a paddock to the south of Nun Farm over the wall on the west side of this road. This wall closely follows the road, here now flanked on the east by a golf course. Several partial sections were dug along here by archaeologists revealing a well-made road. Little can be seen until the line drops down to cross a gully beyond

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which is Brook House. The ground is raised on the approach to the gully, which is crossed at right-angles by a lane to Turner Lodge. Past the gully the road climbs towards Brook House as a raised embankment, becoming a terrace cut into the flank of the hill. Brook House is built on the alignment and the road continues onwards through the fields towards Tomthorn, being well preserved as a raised agger all the way. Evidence from the archaeological trenches across the road indicated that it had a usable width of between 17ft (5.2m) and 22ft (6.7m) and was surfaced with river gravel over a sand foundation. This reflects the proximity of the river to seven out of eight of the trenches. 4 31124 - MDR215 Roman A Roman milestone once reputedly stood near the bull-grazing field at Brook House. 5 2846-MDR165 Roman Around 1878 a pitched road was discovered 31119 - MDR292 at the side of the garden of 147 Fairfield Road opposite the Bull's Head Inn and the stones re-used. Amongst them was a Roman milestone which was built into the foundation walls of stables in Spring Gardens, Buxton. 6 31106 - MDR396 Roman Roman coin reportedly found on Fairfield Common. The exact location of the findspot is unknown. 7 2874 - MDR360 Medieval Grade II listed St Peter's Church, Fairfield. DDR6595 The church was rebuilt in 1839 on the site of 6521 - MDR289 an earlier chapel, probably originally early 13th century but rebuilt at the end of the 16th century. To the west of the church tower at Fairfield is the shaft of an old churchyard cross, possibly a preaching cross. 8 99019 - MDR10622 Post Medieval Sheffield (Ringinglow) to Buxton turnpike road which dates from 1758. 9 2889 - MDR9029 Post Medieval Railway housing, Hogshaw Villas Road.

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Appendix 2: Consulted Historic Maps

1772 Fairfield Enclosure Map 1842 Fairfield Tithe Map 1842 First Series Ordnance Survey 1880 Ordnance Survey 1897 Ordnance Survey 1922 Ordnance Survey

Appendix 3: Consulted NMR Aerial Photographs

16.4.1948 RAF/CPE/UK/2598 17.3.1955 RAF/540/1559 2.4.1995 OS/95503 28.4.1971 OS/71098

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2

N 2 2

Proposed pipeline (approximate)

1 Known archaeological A6 sites (from the HER)

4 Conservation Areas Registered Park and Garden

Area of Archaeological Interest (AAI)

Barms P1 3 Plate no. P13 Farm P14

P16

2 P15

Nunsfield Farm 6 Fairfield Conservation P11 Area Nun Brook P12 P6 P10 P9 P5 P7 P8 P4 8

P3 7

9 P2 P1 5

Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] 1 www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk Buxton Conservation Area

PROJECT 9 2 Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, B A AAAAAIAIA Derbyshire

TITLE Figure 1: Known heritage assets (from the HER)

SCALEDATE PROJECT NO APPROVED 1:10,000 at A3Mar 2011 APS 11_256 AT c Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd. Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majestys’ Stationery Office. Licence Number 100044337. Crown Copyright reserved. N

Nun Brook

Hogshaw Brook

Photograph provided by Derbyshire Record Office

PROJECT

Proposed pipeline Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, (very approximate) Derbyshire

TITLE

Figure 2: Extract from the 1772 Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd Fairfield Enclosure map Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] SCALE DATE PROJECT NO APPROVED w www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk NTSMar 2011 APS 11_256 AT N

407 Proposed pipeline (approximate) 406 48

47 39

45 41 44 42 92

89

97b 97

97a

86

85 118 100 99 119 98

116 117

121

125

126

263 266 267

268

270 269 251 Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd 259 Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk 257

PROJECT Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, Derbyshire

TITLE Figure 3: Extract from the 1842 Fairfield Tithe Map

SCALEDATE PROJECT NO APPROVED NTSMar 2011 APS 11_256 AT N

Proposed pipeline (approximate)

Barms Farm

Quarry

Nuns Farm

Hogshaw Lane

Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk

PROJECT Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, Derbyshire

TITLE Figure 4: Extract from the 1853 Ordnance Survey Map

SCALEDATE PROJECT NO APPROVED NTSMarch 2011 APS 11_256 AT Plate 1: Hogshaw Villas Road loking south-west Plate 2: Track from Hogshaw Villas Road loking north-west Plate 3: Trackway looking north-east with playing field to the right

Plate 4: Trackway looking north-east Plate 5: Trackway looking north-east Plate 6: Footbridge over the Nun Brook looking west

Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk

PROJECT Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, Derbyshire

TITLE Plate 7: Footpath looking east Plate 8: Footpath looking east Plate 9: Point where pipeline crosses the Roman road looking south-west with Fairfield Church behind trees on Figure 5: Site photographs the left

SCALE DATE PROJECT NO APPROVED NTSMar 2011 APS 11_256 AT Plate 10: View looking south-west from Nunsfield Farm Plate 11: Nunsfield Farm access track looking east to the A6 Plate 12: Golf course adjacent to the A6 looking north access track

Plate 13: Golf course adjacent to the A6 looking south Plate 14: Golf course adjacent to Barms Farmhouse Plate 15: North boundary of golf course looking west looking east

Archaeology & Planning Solutions Ltd Hillview, 31 Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 f 01285 642944 m 07913 918953 e [email protected] www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk

PROJECT Buxton Pipeline, Buxton, Derbyshire

TITLE Plate 16: Waterswallows Road and golf course (with quarries) looking north-east Figure 6: Site photographs

SCALE DATE PROJECT NO APPROVED NTSMar 2011 APS 11_256 AT ARCHAEOLOGY & PLANNING s o l u t i o n s

ARCHAEOLOGY & PLANNING SOLUTIONS, HILLVIEW, 31 CHESTERTON LANE, CIRENCESTER GL7 1XQ t 01285 641713 [email protected] www.archaeologyplanning.co.uk