Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT

LAND AT SPRING GARDENS SHOPPING CENTRE BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE

LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY: HIGH PEAK BOROUGH COUNCIL

SITE CENTRED AT: NGR SK 0601 7379

J FORBES MARSDEN BA, MA, Cert Arch, MIFA & M BENNETT-SAMUELS MA (Cantab), Dip LD, MLI, MA

SEPTEMBER 2007

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment Spring Gardens Shopping Centre, Buxton, Derbyshire

CONTENTS

1.0 Summary 2.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 3.0 Planning Background and Development Plan Framework 4.0 Geology and Topography 5.0 Archaeological and Historical Background 6.0 Site Conditions and the Proposed Development 7.0 Conclusions 8.0 Bibliography

APPENDIX 1: Gazetteer of SMR Entries

Figure 1 Location Plan 1:25000 Figure 2 Site Plan (not to scale) Figure 3 SMR Data 1:12500 Figure 4 Burdett’s map, 1791 Figure 5 Ordnance Survey 1˝ map, 1839 Figure 6 Buxton Gas Works, plan of land to be taken, 1869 Figure 7 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 map, 1879 Figure 8 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 map, 1890 Figure 9 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1922 Figure 10 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1967 Figure 11 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1977

Plate 1 Air Photograph from the South-West

© CgMs Ltd No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent. Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however CgMs limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report. © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the Controller of HM Stationary Office Licence Number AL100014723

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1.0 Summary

A desk-based archaeological assessment has been carried out by CgMs on land at Spring Gardens, Buxton, on behalf of Threadneedle Property Investments. The site is centred on NGR SK 0601 7379, and covers an area of approximately 2.77ha. It lies on a series of terraces, and comprises part of the Spring Gardens Shopping Centre, a sub-station, car parking and service areas.

Although there is evidence of prehistoric activity in the area, Buxton came to prominence during the Roman period, as a spa. Remains related to the spa have been found close to the site of St Anne’s Well, approximately 200m south-west of the site. The remains of the Roman town, as evidenced by the location of recorded finds, lie generally to the east and south of St Anne’s Well, and the existence of a fort is postulated approximately 400m south-east of the site, although to date no evidence of its location has been found. There is no indication that the small Roman town survived beyond the end of the Roman period, and there are no records of Saxon remains in the vicinity. Nor is Buxton recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, the earliest documentary reference dating from 1108. There are no records of medieval remains in the vicinity, and the site lay well outside the estimated extent of the medieval settlement.

In 1572-3 the Earl of Shrewsbury built New Hall, to provide lodgings for persons of rank taking the waters at St Anne’s Well and visiting the thermal bath adjoining the Hall. Buxton continued to develop as a spa through the seventeenth century, although it remained a very small settlement, with a population of about 80 in 1672. The town grew extensively from towards the end of the eighteenth century, although the OS 1˝ map of 1839 shows that the site remained largely undeveloped at that time. The Midland Railway occupied the northern portion of the site by 1863, and by 1879 the site contained a hotel, a gas works and a number of smaller buildings. Piecemeal development continued in the early twentieth century, and in the late 1960s and 1970s the site was comprehensively redeveloped with the construction of Station Road, New Wye Street and the Spring Gardens shopping centre.

Although a relatively large number of dated archaeological finds are recorded in the study area, most of which relate to the Roman and Industrial periods, the site lies outside the area of concentrated Roman activity, and does not appear to have developed significantly until the mid-nineteenth century, when the railway was constructed. It lies outside the Area of Archaeological Interest designated by High Peak Borough Council. It is therefore considered to have a generally low potential for archaeological remains, particularly taking into account the extensive terracing and ground modelling that has taken place. It is therefore recommended that no further investigation is required in respect of below-ground archaeology.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

2.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been researched and prepared on behalf of Threadneedle Property Investments by J Forbes Marsden and Margaret Bennett-Samuels, and edited by J Forbes Marsden, of CgMs Consulting.

2.2 The assessment considers land at Spring Gardens, Buxton, Derbyshire. The site is approximately 2.77 hectares in extent and is centred at National Grid Reference SK 0601 7379 (Figures 1 and 2). It is located in the parish of Buxton, which was created in the 1860s from parts of the ancient parishes of Hope and Bakewell (Youngs, 1991). The site is bounded to the north and east by Station Road. Spring Gardens, which is lined with shops and commercial premises, lies to the south, and Station Approach lies to the west, with The Quadrant beyond, comprising further shops and commercial premises.

2.3 In accordance with government guidance on archaeology and planning (PPG16) this assessment draws together the available archaeological, topographic and land-use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the site.

2.4 The assessment comprises an examination of evidence in the Derbyshire County Record Office and Local Studies Library and the Derbyshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), considers the results of nearby archaeological investigations, incorporates published and unpublished material and charts historic land-use through a map regression exercise.

2.5 As a result, the assessment enables relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of the site and to consider the need for design, civil engineering, and/or archaeological solutions to the potential identified.

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3.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

3.1 In November 1990 the Department of the Environment issued Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG16) ‘Archaeology and Planning’, providing guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the preservation and investigation of archaeological remains.

3.2 In considering any planning application for development, the local planning authority will be guided by the policy framework set by government guidance, in this instance PPG16, by current Development Plan policy and by other material considerations.

3.3 The Development Plan framework is provided by the Derbyshire Structure Plan and the High Peak Local Plan.

3.4 The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act (2004) allows for adopted structure and local plans to be ‘saved’ for a period of three years from the commencement of the Act in September 2004, to enable a smooth transition from the old system under the 1990 Planning & Compensation Act and the new spatial planning system. For plans in preparation the three year period will start from adoption of the draft plan. Following the commencement of the Act, policies in local plans will, however, continue to form part of the development plan for a period of 3 years (or 3 years from adoption if the plan was in preparation at the time of commencement of the Act) unless they are either replaced by more up-to-date policy in a development plan document included in the Local Development Framework or extended for a further period by the Secretary of State.

3.5 At the present time the 2005 High Peak Local Plan continues to be the key planning policy document used by High Peak Borough Council in the determination of planning applications for which it is the local planning authority.

3.6 The Derbyshire Structure Plan contains the following policy which provides a framework for the consideration of development proposals affecting archaeological and heritage features.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 12: Archaeological and other heritage features

Development on or adjacent to archaeological or other heritage features will be considered against the need to ensure their preservation in situ,

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conservation, interpretation and, where appropriate, investigation. In particular: a) where development proposals may disturb or destroy archaeological remains or other heritage features an archaeological evaluation will be required to assess the nature and importance of the archaeological remains and the effect of the proposed development on them. Where important archaeological remains are identified, applicants will be required to submit a written mitigation strategy as part of their planning application demonstrating how the impact of the proposed development can be mitigated b) planning permission will not be granted for development which would disturb or destroy Scheduled Ancient Monuments or other nationally important archaeological sites or monuments and/or their setting c) in the case of less than national importance where preservation of remains in situ is not feasible and there is an overriding need for development which will disturb or destroy archaeological or other heritage features known to be of importance, measures will be taken to minimise its impact on those features and to ensure an appropriate level of recording is carried out prior to and during development to ensure preservation by record

3.7 The High Peak Local Plan was adopted in 2005. The policy relevant to archaeology in the current study area is:

POLICY BC10: Archaeological and other Heritage Features

Planning permission will not be granted fro development which is likely to result in harm to a Scheduled Ancient Monument or other nationally important site, its setting or amenity value. Elsewhere, planning permission will be granted for development, provided that: • There will not be a significant adverse effect upon other known archaeological or heritage features, including Buxton’s Area of Archaeological Interest as defined on the Proposals Map Where proposals will affect a feature or an Area of Archaeological Interest, they will, where appropriate, include an archaeological evaluation of the site and a statement demonstrating how it is intended to satisfactorily accommodate or preserve the archaeological or heritage features.

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Where planning permission is granted, conditions will be imposed, and/or planning obligations sought, to ensure that: • Archaeological or heritage features are recorded and retained intact in situ; or • Where this is impractical, archaeological or heritage features are appropriately excavated and recorded, prior to destruction by development.

3.8 This assessment therefore aims to clarify the specific archaeological potential of the proposed development site, and identify any archaeological constraints that would preclude its allocation for development.

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4.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

4.1 Geology

4.1.1 Buxton is situated astride a geological fault at the junction of Carboniferous limestone with shales and mudstones. The site lies within the urban area, and therefore no information is available regarding the soils it would have possessed prior to development (SSEW, 1983).

4.2 Topography

4.2.1 The site lies on a series of terraces, descending from approximately 298M AOD in the north to between approximately 288m and 290m AOD in the south.

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5.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5.1 Timescales used in this report are as follows.

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 BC - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 BC - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 BC - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 BC - 600 BC Iron Age 600 BC - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 AD Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 AD Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 AD Post Medieval AD 1485 - 1700 AD Industrial AD 1700 - 1900 AD Modern AD 1900 - Present

5.2 Examination of data provided by the Derbyshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and published sources shows that no archaeological records exist within the site, although there are several records of remains and/or finds within the study area (Figure 3 and Appendix 1). It is the aim of this assessment to review the data available for the study area, and to use this to construct a predictive model of the site’s archaeological potential.

5.3 There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the study area.

5.4 Prehistoric

5.4.1 There is plentiful evidence of prehistoric activity in the general area from the Mesolithic period onwards. However there are only two records of dated prehistoric remains in the study area, comprising pieces of Neolithic worked flint found approximately 525m south-east of the site during an excavation in 1993 (SMR 31159), and a likely Bronze Age inhumation found towards the end of the nineteenth century during road construction, approximately 275m south of the site (SMR 2801).

5.4.2 There are also other records relating to lithic material within the study area, which although undated, are of possible prehistoric origin. These comprise a flint scatter and a perforated stone axe, both found in 1929 at locations approximately 525m south-west and 300m south of the site (SMR 2802-3); a polished stone axe, flint flakes and a chert

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core found approximately 400m south of the site towards the end of the nineteenth century (SMR 2847-8); and a further polished stone axe found towards the end of the nineteenth century, approximately 525m south of the site (SMR 2807). If these records were to prove to be prehistoric in origin, then together, they would evidence a general level of prehistoric activity in the vicinity.

5.4.3 The Roman development of the spring site, and in particular the Latin name for the settlement, derived from the Celtic nemeton meaning a sacred grove, imply that there may have been a pre-Roman shrine centred in the vicinity (Burnham and Wacher, 1990, 176). If there was late Iron Age settlement accompanying it, there is, however, no record of any remains deriving from it.

5.5 Roman

5.5.1 Buxton developed as a spa during the Roman period, at the crossing of two major roads from Little Chester to Manchester and from Brough to the Stoke-on-Trent district (Burnham and Wacher, 1990, 176). A Roman milestone was found in the mid- nineteenth century approximately 300m south of the site, and another alleged milestone was found in about 1878 approximately 550m north-east of the site (SMR 2841, 31119). It is possible that these mark the approximate route of the Roman road to Brough, which is thought to have followed a route similar to that of the present route towards Chapel en le Frith (Margary, 1957, 92). Three sherds of pottery were found in the vicinity of the site of the latter milestone during building works in 2003 (SMR 31127).

5.5.2 Buxton’s Roman name was Aquae Arnemetiae, referring to its warm springs, which flow at 846,000 litres per day at a temperature of 28°C. The spring was associated with the goddess Arnemetia, derived from the Celtic nemeton, as noted above (Burnham and Wacher, 1990, 176). Remains related to the spa have been found close to the site of St Anne’s Well, approximately 200m south-west of the site. Until about 1709 the well rose into a small basin surrounded by walls of Roman brick (SMR 2836). The lead casing of a probable Roman bath was discovered nearby at around the same time (SMR 2834), and another bath was found during the construction of The Crescent in 1780-1 (SMR 2837). In 1787, a massive base and wall, thought to indicate the site of a possible temple to Arnemetia, was found during excavations in the area of what is now The Terrace (SMR 2833). Although subsequent development has effectively sealed much of the area from further investigation, traces of a paved road were found in the vicinity of St Anne’s Well in 1949 (SMR 2849), and a massive coin hoard of several hundred bronze and silver

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coins from the first century to 400AD were found in the vicinity of the spring in 1975 (SMR 2869).

5.5.3 The remains of the Roman town, as evidenced by the location of recorded finds, lie generally to the east and south of St Anne’s Well. An excavation in 1903-4 approximately 150m south of the site recovered Samian ware, glass, bronze and iron fragments, coins, charred bone, an area of limestone paving and three hearths, indicating settlement or possibly a religious site (SMR 2832). Slightly further south- east, Roman pottery was found in the nineteenth century, when the line of the LNW Railway was being built (SMR 2838), and more recently, an area of cobbles, sealed below a layer of clay containing Romano-British pottery, was found during work in a garden approximately 375m south of the site (SMR 31101). The existence of a Roman fort is postulated, possibly sited in the Silverlands area approximately 400m south-east of the site (SMR 2840), although to date no evidence of its location has been found, and recent excavations in the vicinity have failed to find any Roman remains (SMR 31158-9).

5.6 Saxon/Medieval/Post Medieval

5.6.1 There is no indication that the small Roman town survived beyond the end of the Roman period, and there are no records of Saxon remains in the vicinity. Nor is Buxton recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, which suggests that it had not become a significant focus of settlement by the beginning of the medieval period.

5.6.2 The earliest documentary reference to Buxton dates from 1108, when it was noted as Buchestanes. The name is thought to derive either from būg-stān, meaning ‘rocking stone’, or bucc stān, meaning simply ‘buck stone’. In 1366 it was referred to as Kyngesbucstones, because it formed part of the Royal Forest of the Peak, belonging to the Crown (Cameron 1993, 52-3). There are no records of medieval remains in the vicinity, and since the site lay well outside the estimated extent of the medieval settlement, it would seem likely that it formed meadow or wood pasture during the medieval period.

5.6.3 Late medieval records demonstrate that by this period, St Anne’s Well was of significance again, and a valuation of 1536 notes that it was worth the not inconsiderable sum of forty marks. By this time, a small chapel had been built adjoining the well, but this was destroyed during the Dissolution (http://www.letsgo- buxton.co.uk/village-history). By the last quarter of the sixteenth century Buxton had passed into the possession of the sixth Earl of Shrewsbury, and in 1572-3 he built New

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Hall, near St Anne’s Well and approximately 150m south-west of the site. It appears to have been built to provide lodgings for persons of rank taking the waters at St Anne’s Well and visiting the thermal bath adjoining the Hall. The first guest of importance was Mary, Queen of Scots, who was in the custody of the Earl from 1569 until 1584. Her first visit to Buxton was delayed until the Hall’s completion in 1573 (SMR 2875).

5.6.4 Although Buxton continued to develop as a spa throughout the seventeenth century, the Hearth Tax returns of 1670 demonstrate that it remained a very small settlement. 19 householders were assessed for the Tax, indicating a population of about 80 people (Edwards, 1982, 42). However, compared with other settlements in Derbyshire, it had a relatively high proportion of larger houses in addition to New Hall (which had 12 hearths), perhaps suggesting, rather than a prosperous yeoman class, the existence of inns or lodgings to accommodate visitors to the spring and thermal bath.

Hearth numbers Social Status Buxton

1 Husbandmen & the poor 53% 2-3 Most craftsmen, tradesmen & yeomen 26% 4-7 Wealthier craftsmen & merchants 16% 8+ Gentry & nobility 5%

5.6.5 An element of the well’s religious significance appears to have survived the Dissolution, for during the 1975 construction works in which the Roman coin hoard referred to in paragraph 5.5.2 above was found, a large number of seventeenth century bronze pins, a gold ring of 1704, bronze bracelets and a Charles I gold crown were found nearby (SMR 2870).

5.7 Industrial and Modern

5.7.1 Bath developed considerably as a fashionable resort during the 1760s and 1770s, and it is possible that its success inspired William Cavendish, the fifth Duke of Devonshire, to invest in building at Buxton, where he was the major landowner. The centrepiece of this new resort was The Crescent of 1780-8 by John Carr (SMR 31116), attached to the spa baths and Old Hall, which had been extensively remodelled in 1672 (it is not clear whether the Hearth Tax return which is noted above, refers to the original or the remodelled building). Further north-west stood the Great Stables, also by Carr and dating from the same period (31128).

5.7.2 Burdett’s map of 1791 shows the approximate extent of the town at that date, although neither the Crescent nor the Great Stables appear to be depicted (Figure 4). Spring Gardens is shown, forming the inner length of the road to Sheffield, which had been

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turnpiked in 1758 with a view to improving traffic between Sheffield and Manchester (SMR 99019). A number of isolated buildings are depicted along the frontage of Spring Gardens, but most or all of the site appears to have remained undeveloped at this date.

5.7.3 Spring Gardens began to develop from the early nineteenth century as Buxton’s principal retail street, and the First Edition Ordnance Survey 1˝ map of 1839 shows further building along its north side (Figure 5). Some development is depicted behind the street frontage, but at this date the majority of the part of the site that lies south of the line of the River Wye appears to have remained undeveloped. The part of the site that lies north of the line of the River Wye appears to have remained in agricultural use at that date. This is confirmed by the Fairfield Tithe Map of 1842, which shows this part of the site as open fields (CRO ref D2360/3/103a).

5.7.4 The Buxton Tithe Map of 1848 (CRO ref D2360/3/56a) shows that Spring Gardens had developed further by this date, and the Tithe Award of the following year (CRO ref D2360/3/56b) describes a mixture of dwellings, shops and hotels. Between 1849 and 1851 a brickworks was established behind the western end of Spring Gardens, to supply bricks for Winster Place (Leach, 1987, 86). The Midland Railway opened in 1863, with a station and sidings which lay partially within the extreme north-western corner of the site, and the London and North West Railway opened in 1864, on a site immediately to the north (SMR 2885). The Quadrant was built from 1860 to the west of the site, and the Palace Hotel was built in 1868, opposite the stations.

5.7.5 The arrival of the railways boosted Buxton’s development, and necessitated the construction of a gas works, part of the site of which lay in the extreme eastern portion of the site (CRO ref D5214/3/1; Figure 6). The 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map of 1879 demonstrates that by this date a further gas holder had been constructed (Figure 7). The map depicts railway lines and a portion of the Midland station occupying the northern part of the site, which had been terraced to accommodate them. The Royal Hotel had been built in the south-western part of the site, with stables and ornamental gardens behind. The southern and south-eastern portion of the site was occupied by open land, gardens, small dwellings or commercial premises and a timber yard.

5.7.6 By the late 1880s the gas works had been relocated to a position further out of town on the Bakewell Road, and the eastern portion of the site had become a laundry, as shown on the 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map of 1890 (Figure 8). The Royal Hotel had been extended, and further terracing is visible in the area previously shown as an ornamental garden, which by this date appears to have been amalgamated with part of the open land adjoining, perhaps to form allotments. Small buildings, possibly sheds and/or

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workshops, are depicted in the southern part of the site, and an industrial building occupied a piece of land in the south-east. By this date, Wye Street had been opened beyond the south-eastern site boundary, giving improved access to the rear of Spring Gardens.

5.7.7 The 1922 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map shows further development in what had previously been open land within the site, approached for the most part via Wye Street (Figure 9). By this date a bridge had been constructed within the site to cross the river and give access from Wye Street to the low lying land on the river’s northern bank. Further development is shown in this area, some of which took the form of glass houses, suggesting that the land may have been used as allotments and/or market gardens.

5.7.8 Although not visible from the Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map of 1967, the railways closed in that year (Figure 10; SMR 2885). By this date, an engineering works had replaced the laundry at the eastern end of the site, also occupying buildings on the southern bank of the river, to which it was linked by footbridges. Buildings had been constructed in the western part of the site, where a short section of the River Wye had been culverted, and the central portion had been made into car parks, accessed via Station Approach and Wye Street.

5.7.9 Major redevelopment took place in the following decade, as depicted on the Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map of 1977 (Figure 11). By this date, Station Road and New Wye Street had been constructed immediately to the north and within the north-eastern portion of the site, and the Spring Gardens shopping centre had been built. The remainder of the site had been laid down to service access and car parking, which necessitated further terracing in its northern and eastern portions. The remainder of the River Wye had been culverted by this date, except for a short length running through the central portion of the site.

5.8 Summary

5.8.1 A relatively large number of dated archaeological finds are recorded in the study area, most of which relate to the Roman and Industrial periods, and this temporal finds distribution reflects fairly accurately Buxton’s two major periods of prominence.

5.8.2 Although there are sufficient finds from the Prehistoric period to indicate activity in the area (particularly if the undated lithic material noted in the SMR is prehistoric in origin) there are insufficient to indicate a focus of either industry or settlement, and none has

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been found within 275m of the site. The site’s potential for Prehistoric remains is therefore considered to be low.

5.8.3 Roman remains are by contrast relatively plentiful, and would no doubt be more plentiful still, if subsequent development, largely protected by listing and Conservation Area status, had not effectively sealed much of the study area from further investigation. However, the putative maximum extent of Roman remains has been identified, forming the Area of Archaeological Interest designated by High Peak Borough Council, which is shown on Figure 3. The site lies outside the Area of Archaeological Interest and is therefore considered to lie outside the area of concentrated Roman activity. Its potential for Roman remains is therefore considered to be low.

5.8.4 There are no records of Saxon or Medieval remains in the study area, evidencing Buxton’s relatively late development after the end of the Roman period. The site lay well outside the estimated extent of the medieval settlement, and it would seem likely that it formed meadow or wood pasture during the medieval period. Its potential for Saxon and Medieval remains is therefore considered to be low.

5.8.5 Buxton began to expand as a spa from the sixteenth century onwards, but the Hearth Tax returns demonstrate how small the settlement remained in the late seventeenth century, and the site’s potential for Post-Medieval remains is therefore considered to be low.

5.8.6 Buxton grew dramatically during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, but the site appears to have remained largely undeveloped until the construction of the Midland Railway, which opened in 1863, occupying the north-western part of the site. A gas works followed in the early 1870s, and a hotel was in existence by 1879. However, the majority of the site remained open until well after the end of the Industrial period. Its potential for unrecorded Industrial remains is therefore considered to be low.

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6.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Site Conditions

6.1.1 A site inspection was carried out in August 2007. The site comprises the Spring Gardens Shopping Centre, an electricity sub-station, car parking and service areas. A short length of the River Wye runs in an easterly direction between car parks within the south-eastern part of the site, and it is considered likely that a further length of the river has been culverted under the car park which forms the central portion of the site.

6.1.2 The site is shown on Figures 1 and 2 and in Plate 1.

6.2 The Proposed Development

6.2.1 The proposed development comprises a retail food store and other retail provision, a hotel, a multi-storey car park, further car parking at ground level, and public realm development.

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7.0 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 The desk-based assessment has established that the site has a generally low potential to contain archaeological remains, particularly taking into account the extensive terracing and ground modelling that has taken place, both in connection with the construction of the Midland railway in the 1860s, and during the development of the Spring Gardens Shopping Centre in the late twentieth century.

7.2 Given its low potential, it is recommended that no further investigation is required on the site in respect of below-ground archaeology.

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8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BARNATT, J. & SMITH, K., 2004. The Peak District: Landscapes through Time. Macclesfield: Windgather Press.

BURNHAM, B. C. and WACHER, J. 1990. The Small Towns of Roman Britain. London: Batsford.

CAMERON, K., 1959. The Place-Names of Derbyshire. Part 1 Introduction, River-Names, High Peak Hundred, Maps.1992 rep. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society.

CHILDS, J.,1987. A History of Derbyshire. Chichester: Phillimore.

CHRISTIAN, R., 1987. Notable Derbyshire Families. Derby: J.H. Hall & Sons.

EDWARDS, D.G., 1982. Derbyshire Hearth Tax Assessments 1662-1670. Chesterfield: Derbyshire Record Society.

GLOVER, S., 1830. The Peak Guide containing the Topographical, Statistical and General History of Buxton, Chatsworth, Edensor, Castleton, Bakewell, Haddon, Matlock & Cromford. Derby: Henry Mozley & Son.

GLOVER, C. & RIDEN, P., eds., 1981. William Wooley’s History of Derbyshire. Chesterfield: Derbyshire Record Society.

LEACH, J. 1987. Book of Buxton. Buckingham: Barracuda Books.

LELEUX, R., 1976. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 9 The East Midlands. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.

MARGERY, I.D., 1955. Roman Roads in Britain Vol. 2. North of the Foss Way - Bristol Channel (including Wales & Scotland). London: Phoenix House.

MORGAN, P., ed., 1978. Domesday Book 27 Derbyshire. Chichester: Phillimore.

NIXON, F., 1969. The Industrial Archaeology of Derbyshire. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.

NORTH DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST. 1982. An Archaeological Assessment. Unpublished.

PEVSNER, N., 1953. The Buildings of England: Derbyshire.1986 rev. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

SOIL SURVEY, 1983. Soil Map of England and Wales, Sheet 3 Soils of Midland and Western England. Harpenden: Soil Survey of England and Wales.

TATE, W.E. & TURNER, M.E., c1974. Domesday of Enclosures. No publishing details.

TURBUTT, G., 1999. A History of Derbyshire: Vol.1 Prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon Derbyshire. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.

TURBUTT, G., 1999. A History of Derbyshire: Vol.2 Medieval Derbyshire. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.

TURBUTT, G., 1999. A History of Derbyshire: Vol.3 Tudor, Stuart and Georgian Derbyshire. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.

TURBUTT, G., 1999. A History of Derbyshire: Vol.4 Modern Derbyshire and Index. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.

YOUNGS, F.A., 1991. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England Volume II: Northern England. London: Royal Historical Society.

APPENDIX 1

Gazetteer of SMR Entries

SMR No. NGR Description Period

2801 SK 0618 7332 Pottery of late BA type found with bone, Prehistoric socketed axe & leaf-shaped spearhead found c1898; indicative of inhumation 2802 SK 055 733 Flint scatter found 1929 Undated 2803 SK 0615 7331 Perforated stone hammer found 1929 Undated 2807 SK 061 731 Polished stone axe found 1895 Undated 2832 SK 0615 7348 1903-4 excavation recovered Samian Roman ware, glass, bronze & iron fragments, coins, charred bone, area of limestone paving & 3 hearths. Trenches dug nearby revealed similar finds 2833 SK 058 734 Site of possible temple of Arnemetia, Roman evidenced by podium & unmortared wall uncovered 1787 2834 SK 0584 7347 Lead casing of probable bath discovered Roman c1700, indicating site of bath house 2835 SK 0560 7372 Possible site of bath, found 1883 ?Roman 2836 SK 0579 7347 Before 1709, St Anne’s Well rose into Roman basin built up within Ro wall 2837 SK 0575 7348 Bath discovered 1780-1 close to St Anne’s Roman Well 2838 SK 063 734 Pottery found during railway construction Roman 2840 SK 0635 7330 Possible site of fort, suggesting material Roman from area, most of which is late C1-late C3, comes from a vicus, although no physical evidence of fort 2841 SK 0610 7330 Milestone found 1856 indicating line of Roman Buxton-Brough road 2842 SK 0576 7320 Site of C15 wayside or sanctuary cross Post Medieval 2847 SK 0615 7325 Polished stone axe, ?Neo, found 1895 Undated 2848 SK 0615 7325 11 flint flakes & chert core for long blades, Undated found during road construction 2849 SK 0580 7317 Traces of paved road found 1949 Roman 2863 SK 0555 7363 Bronze coin of Gallienus c218AD found Roman 1976 2869 SK 0576 7348 Coin hoard of several hundred bronze & Roman silver coins from C1-400AD found 1975 at natural baths 2870 SK 0576 7348 Large no of C17 bronze pins, gold ring of Post Medieval 1704, bronze bracelets & Charles I gold crown found near Ro hoard 2875 SK 05 73 Remains of Earl of Shrewsbury’s New Hall Post Medieval of 1572-3 behind early C18 south front of Old Hall Hotel, built to provide lodgings for elite visitors, bathing in adjoining thermal bath 2885 SK 05994 Booking office & end wall of engine shed Industrial 73804 of LNWR station opened 1864; & goods shed of MR station, opened 1863, closed 1967 2889 SK 06191 Railway workers’ cottages Industrial 73957 2890 SK 062 736 Viaduct carrying MR to Chinley Industrial

2897 SK 058 736 Stone heads said to have been built into Undated walls of Old Courthouse 31101 SK 0605 7321 Cobbling sealed below clay containing RB Roman pottery, possibly part of road or structure 31104 SK 056 730 Findspot of carved sandstone head Undated 31107 SK 05 73 Pavilion Gardens of 1871 by Edward Industrial Milner, registered Grade II* 31108 SK 05 53 Pleasure gardens of c1820-40 by Industrial Wyatville, laid out to improve setting of The Crescent 31116 SK 0576 7354 The Crescent of 1780-8 by John Carr, Industrial listed Grade I 31119 SK 0662 7395 Alleged findspot of Ro milestone, found Roman c1878 31127 SK 06464 3 sherds of Samian ware found during Roman 73858 building works 31128 SK 05670 Great Stables of 1780-8 by John Carr, Industrial 73673 converted to hospital 1857, listed Grade II* 31158 SK 06396 Remains of wooden buildings occupied by Industrial 73137 railway navvies 31159 SK 06395 2 pieces of Neo worked flint found during Prehistoric 73213 excavation 99019 SK 14636 Sheffield to Buxton turnpike of 1758 Industrial 75567

Figure 1 Location Plan 1:25000

Figure 2 Site Plan (not to scale)

Figure 3 SMR Data 1:12500

Figure 4 Burdett’s map, 1791

Figure 5 Ordnance Survey 1˝ map, 1839

Figure 6 Buxton Gas Works, plan of land to be taken, 1869

Figure 7 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 map, 1879

Figure 8 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 map, 1890

Figure 9 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1922

Figure 10 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1967

Figure 11 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1977

Plate 1: Air Photograph from the South-West