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Water for Life: Lessons for Climate Change Adaptation from Better Management of Rivers for People and Nature

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Water for Life: Lessons for Climate Change Adaptation from Better Management of Rivers for People and Nature Water for life: Lessons for climate change adaptation from better management of rivers for people and nature Jamie Pittock 02 The adaptations undertaken 08 Lower Danube in eastern Europe 03 The adaptations outcomes 10 Great Ruaha River in Tanzania 04 The lessons learnt 12 Maner River, a tributary of the 05 Discussion of key issues Godavari River in India 07 Summary of key adaptation, 14 Lakes in the central Yangtze River livelihood and conservation basin of China benefits 16 Rio Conchos in Mexico 18 Rio São João in Brazil Cover: Dry river channel, lower Danube basin. © Anton Vorauer / WWF-Canon. WWF-Canon. / Vorauer Anton © basin. Danube lower channel, river Dry Cover: This spread: Children playing in a channel, Ruaha basin, Tanzania. © Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK. This report presents six cases where the work of WWF and its partners has resulted in adaptations in water management that are reducing vulnerability to expected climate change impacts, and are also improving the livelihoods of local people and enhancing the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. The six cases are: 1. Lower Danube in eastern Europe; 2. Great Ruaha River in Tanzania; 3. Maner River, a tributary of the Godavari River in India; 4. Lakes in the central Yangtze River basin of China; 5. Rio Conchos in Mexico; and 6. Rio São João in Brazil. THE ADAPTATIONS THE ADAPTATION UNDERTAKEN OUTCOMES These six cases of adaptation were not explicitly 7. Increasing the incomes derived from natural The freshwater adaptation outcomes can be designed to address the full impacts of climate change commodities, like fish, to reward producers categorised as enhanced: on these basins. High confidence climate change adopting more sustainable practices and increase 1. Flood retention – increased capacity to safely scenarios are not available for these river basins that the resilience of these households; retain higher peak flood flows; would enable managers to adopt specific counter 8. Establishing and strengthening local institutions measures. Yet in each case there was knowledge of 2. Water security – more reliable access to water to facilitate adaptive management and self- historical extremes that enabled “auto-adaptation” in areas prone to scarcity; determination, including establishing and enforcing to manage in increasing uncertainty the impacts of more sustainable behavioural norms for uses 3. Pollution reduction – cuts to pollution levels and floods and droughts, water scarcity and pollution. of natural resources like water; the risk that pollution impacts like eutrophication The work of these projects involved social and will be exacerbated by higher temperatures; 9. Facilitating basin-scale multi-stakeholder institutional changes as much or more than institutions to: establish partnerships; develop 4. Livelihoods – diversified income generation biophysical and technological interventions to reduce common visions; lead adaptive management; and strategies and increased incomes of many vulnerability to the likely impacts of climate change. connect the local to global measures needed for participants that may increase resilience of The adaptation tools and measures deployed more effective adaption and sustainability; communities to climatic events; included: 10. Advocating for laws and government programs 5. Institutional capacity – established and 1. Decommissioning or changing the operations that facilitate subsidiarity, by providing basin and strengthened local institutions, increasing their of under-performing infrastructure, like flood local institutions with the mandate and access adaptive management capacities; “protection” dykes and sluice gates; to resources for adaptive management; 6. Connectivity – re-linked habitats and populations 2. Restoring the ability of the natural environment to 11. Improving connectivity in freshwater ecosystems of species, enabling greater mobility and capacity provide ecosystem services, such as floodwater by applying environmental flows, ensuring wildlife to colonise new habitats that may be required retention, storing water in aquifers, water passage through or over water infrastructure, and to survive in a warmer world; and purification and fisheries; restoring riparian habitats; and 7. Populations and habitats – restored 3. Adopting locally available and small-scale 12. Restoring habitats to increase the resilience of populations of species and areas of habitat that technologies, such as village water tanks; these ecosystems to climatic impacts and their may better resist and survive impacts of severe 4. Changing agricultural and aquacultural practices capacities to support greater populations of flora climatic events. to more sustainable methods that: produce fewer and fauna species, especially those that are pollutants; reuse water, such as for fish production threatened or of economic value. then irrigation are more water efficient; require Table 1 (on page 7) summarises the main adaptation, less inputs and secure higher returns for more livelihood and conservation benefits by project. valued produce; 5. Providing better waste management systems, especially for sewerage; 6. Diversifying local livelihoods into less water dependant enterprises; Left: Restored Lake Hong, China. © Claire Doole / WWF-Canon. Right: Fishing on restored lake, Zhangdu. © Yifei Zhang / WWF-Canon. 02 03 THE LESSONS DISCUSSION OF LEARNT KEY ISSUES These cases are historical examples from which 5. Adaptive management – adaptation is an The freshwater projects studied here are from sites By contrast, in the Yangtze and Danube, the we have derived higher-level lessons on how to help iterative process requiring mainstream institutions where aquatic environments had been extensively floodwater retention capacities achieved by the societies adapt to the commonly expected impacts to engage relevant stakeholders to work on and degraded through desiccation, pollution and land restoration of floodplain sites are known and appear of climate change on rivers and water resources. revise key measures over many years. River basin use change. Consequent restoration of these sites part of larger governmental decisions on the levels From the six cases presented in this report, the management organisations are key adaptation suggests that practical and affordable adaptations of acceptable flood risk. lessons derived are: institutions in most societies; of freshwater management can reduce vulnerabilities If climate change impacts become more severe to climate change, and in many instances, also 1. Multiple benefits – many freshwater adaptations 6. Linking local to national to global – the there is a risk that the adaptations to manage water provide benefits for peoples’ livelihoods and to climate change impacts are practical now, can most effective adaptations draw strength and scarcity and quality, documented in these projects, conservation of freshwater habitats. Two questions be scaled up, and may have benefits for peoples’ link action at different geo-political scales. Sub- could be insufficient to meet the needs of people arise from these examples of generic adaptations: livelihoods and for nature conservation – they are national governments were enthusiastic partners and the environment. Yet these resilience building a) could more targeted and sophisticated programs “no regrets” measures; in these adaptation efforts, apparently motivated measures have engaged and built the capacities achieve more, and b) could the resilience building by vulnerability reduction and sustainable of local institutions in adaptive management process 2. Communicating adaptation – better adaptations implemented in these projects be development opportunities. National laws and that may provide the social and institutional resources communication is required to inform and overwhelmed as climate change impacts exceed resource provision that support basin and sub- needed to address greater climate impacts. These encourage local communities and governments, key thresholds? basin scale institutions appear vital for adaptive adaptations have bought time to consider whether to overcome the perception of adaptation as a management of freshwaters. Basin and multi- There is little doubt that more climate informed more radical measures are required. By contrast, the complicated process requiring new expertise lateral treaties are a catalyst for better river and target driven projects could achieve more increase in flood water retention capacity achieved to succeed; management in transboundary situations; effective adaptation, for example by better defining in these projects will always be valuable. All of these 3. Local ownership – participation of local the freshwater biodiversity conservation objectives adaptations have two prized qualities: they are 7. Post disaster reform – there is great impetus stakeholders in the design, implementation, and the thresholds for the quantity and quality of “no regrets” measures, and they can be scaled up for adaptation following major natural disasters and management of adaptation creates new water required to achieve them. In the Ruaha and considerably to substantially increase resilience at or severe environmental degradation that should societal norms that ensures the sustainability Rio Conchos projects, the generic adaptations a basin or greater scales. be seized; and and effectiveness of the measures; implemented on water scarcity are buying time 8. Funding adaptation – the social, institutional and 4. Immediate benefits –local stakeholder support
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