IJEP 40 (11) : 1127-1137 (2020) Adsorption Of Methylene Blue Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Hyperbranched Polyester: Isotherm And Thermodynamic Studies
D. Manjula Dhevi1*, T. Vasanth1, A. Sivaraman2 and A. Anand Prabu2 1. SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Tamil Nadu 2. Vellore Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu
*Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
In the present study, hyperbranched polyester (HBP), a biodegradable material having a large number of terminal OH groups was used as an adsorbent to study the removal efficiency of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from synthetic aqueous solution. The adsorption process was carried out as a function of varying parameters, such as agitation time (20-180 min), adsorbent dosage (0.05-0.6 g of adsorbent/50 mL dye solution), initial dye concentration (6-50 mg/L), pH (2-12) and solution temperature (303.15-323.15 K). Maximum dye adsorption was observed under 150 min of agitation time, 0.25 g of adsorbent/50 mL dye solution, 6 mg/L of dye solution and at pH 4 for 99% removal of dye, whereas a removal efficiency of 90% was achieved at 30oC solution temperature. Adsorption isotherms were investigated and found that the data fitted well for Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic data reveal that the adsorption process is feasible and spontaneous as indicated from the negative value of Go.
KEYWORDS Hyperbranched polyester, Methylene Blue dye, Adsorption capacity, Adsorption isotherm, Thermodynamics
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IJEP 40 (11) : 1138-1145 (2020)
Study Of Water Quality Of River Salandi At Bhadrak, Odisha By Using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) Method
Pratap Kumar Panda1, Rahas Bihari Panda2* and Prasant Kumar Dash3 1. A. B. College, Department of Chemistry, Bhadrak, Odisha 2. Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Burla 3. Council of Higher Secondary Education, Deputy Controller, Bhubaneswar
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
The river Salandi after its point of origination from Meghasana hill of Similipal reserve forest passes through the mining area, industrial area, urban area, agricultural area and finally merges with the river Baitarani at Tinitaraf ghat before the confluence with the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. The river during its course of travelling from Similipal to Tinitaraf ghat receives different types of contaminants from different places. In this work, water samples collected from nine different places during summer, rainy, post-rainy and winter seasons in the year 2015 and 2016 have been analyzed to study the physico-chemical as well as bacteriological parameters. The mean and standard deviations (SD) and water quality index (WQI) by using the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) method have been calculated for the year 2015 and 2016 independently. The study reveals that both the years exhibit bad water quality and belongs to class D. The physico-chemical parameter analysis concludes that the river as a whole is contaminated physically, chemically and bacteriologically with respect to Cr (VI), iron, chloride and bacteria.
KEYWORDS River water pollution, NSF-WQI, Hexavalent chromium
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IJEP 40 (11) : 1146-1153 (2020)
Novel Approach For Traffic Directing In Urban Areas Using Ant Colony Optimization Technique To Diminish The Effect Of Air Pollution On The Human Body
Dhaval Varia1 and Dr. Ashish Kothari2* 1. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 2. Atmiya University, Rajkot
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
In this paper, the layered architecture to analyze and suggestive route planning based on the critical parameter air pollution is proposed. Various ways have been proposed for minimizing the criticality of air pollution and its impact on health. Usually while selecting a route from one place to another place, one choose the shortest path or the path which is having lesser traffic density but for the person who suffers from diseases like aggravated cardiovascular, respiratory illness, accelerated aging of the lungs, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, it is more important to know the level of pollution throughout the route which one wants to use while traveling especially for the riders on two-wheeler. Moreover, this awareness about the recent level of pollution will help them to take precautionary actions. The proposed architecture is based on the modified version of the ant colony optimization technique. The novel part of the proposed architecture is to use the dynamic approach to calculate the probability depending on the different parameters like air pollution, traffic density and distance before arriving at each junction of the route on which leads towards the selection of an optimal path. Furthermore, the inclusion of other parameters can experiment in future work.
KEYWORDS Vehicular ad-hoc network, Ant colony optimization, Air pollution, Health impact, Sensor
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IJEP 40 (11) : 1154-1163 (2020)
Seasonal And Morphological Analysis Of Airborne PM And PM In Srinagar Garhwal 10 2.5 (Himalaya Region)
Alok Sagar Gautam1, R. S. Negi2*, Sanjeev Kumar1, Don Biswas3 and Santosh Rawat2 1. Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Department of Physics, Birla Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal - 246 174 2. Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Department of Rural Technology, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal - 246 174 3. Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Department of USIC, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal - 246 174
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
To understand the morphology and chemical constituent of ambient air in Srinagar, Garhwal valley, an experiment was carried out in the Department of Physics, Chauras campus, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University. The particulate matter (PMs) were collected by using fine particulate dust sampler (APM 550 and APM 460 NL, Envirotech, New Delhi) and analysed by using SEM and EDAX technique (CARL ZEISS, 3 MA15/EVO18). The average mass concentration of PM10 is recorded as 107.4±16.3 µg/m , whereas the 3 average mass concentration of PM2.5 is recorded as 88.48±14.74 µg/m which are much higher than the standard value prescribed by WHO and NAAQS. The reason behind such a huge concentration is identified as massive construction of building, stone crusher factory and exponential growth in vehicles, forest fire and other anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area. The SEM analysis suggest that silicon (Si), oxygen
(O), sodium (Na), aluminium (Al) are dominantly present in form of silica (SiO2), aluminosilicate (Si-Al rich), sea spray, mineral dust and gold (Au), zinc (Zn) and barium (Ba) may be present due to natural ores in surrounding hills in all seasons. But in the case of the post-monsoon season, nearly 25% of PM2.5 consists of carbon particles, which is more likely to be coming from soot particle emission from biomass burning.
KEYWORDS
SEM, EDAX, Forest fire, Anthropogenic activities, Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
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2. Datta, A., et al. 2010. Variation of ambient SO2 over Delhi. J. Atmos. Chem., 65:127-143. DOI: 10.1007/s10874-011-9185-2. 3. Kulshrestha, A., et al. 2009. Chemical characterization of water soluble aerosols in different residential environments of semi-arid region of India. J. Atmos. Chem., 62:121-138. 4. D’Almeida, G.A., P. Koepke and E.P. Shettle. 1991. Atmospheric aerosols: Global climatology and radiative characteristics. A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, USA. 5. Colbeck, I. and M. Lazaridis. 2010. Aerosols and environmental pollution. Die Naturewissensch-aften., 97(2):117-131. 6. Gautam, A.S., et al. 2018. Chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol at Alaknanda valley (Srinagar) in the central Himalaya region. Int. J. Env. Res., 12(5): 681–691. 7. Gautam, R., et al. 2011. Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: Distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11:12841-12863. 8. Heyder, J. 1986. Single-particle deposition in human airways. In Physical and chemical characterization of individual airborne particles. Ed K.R. Spurny. pp.73-85. 9. Chen, Y., et al. 2006. Microanalysis of ambient particles from Lexington, KY, by electron microscopy. Atmos. Env., 40 (4): 651-663. 10. Cong, Z., et al. 2010. Elemental and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols from the high Himalayas. Env. Monit. Assess.,160:323-335. 11. Li, W., et al. 2010. Size, composition and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a south China coastal city. J. Env. Sci., 22 (4):561-569. 12. FSI. 2017. State of Forest Report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Dehradun. pp 159-162. 13. MSME. 2012. Brief industrial profile/Pauri Garhwal/micro, small and medium enterprises development institute Kambangal, Kaladhungi road, Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhnad. 14. Bahuguna, Y.M., J. Sharma and S. Gairola. 2011. Phytodiversity in the submergence area of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Int. J. Env. Sci., 1(7):1448-1458.
15. Tiwari, S., A.S. Gautam and U.C. Dumka. 2016. Assessment of PM 2.5 and PM10 over Guwahati in Brahmaputra river valley: Temporal evolution, source apportionment and meteorological dependence. Atmos. Poll. Res., xxx:1-16. 16. Ramos, A. C., et al. 2009. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols by SEM in rural area in the western part of Mexixoandits relation with different pollution sources. Atmos. Env., 43: 6159-6167. 17. Moreno, T., et al. 2003. The geology of ambient aerosols: Characterizing urban and rural/coastal silicate
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19. Xie, K., et al. 2004. Chemical characterization of individual particles (PM10) from ambient air in Guiyang city, China. Sci. Total Env., 343:261-272. 20. WHO. 2005. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. World Health Organizations, Geneva, Switzerland. 21. NAAQS. 2012. Review of the national ambient air quality. Available at : http://www.cpcb.nic.in/National- Ambient-Air-Quality-Standards.php. 22. Sen, A., et al. 2017. Variation in particulate matter over Indo Gangetic Plains and Indo-Himalayan Range during four field campaigns in winter monsoon and summer monsoon : Role of pollution pathways. Atmos. Env., 154:200-224.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1164-1171 (2020)
Polymer Coated Magnetic Banana Peel Cellulose Nanocomposites For Oil Removal
Sasi Bremila and Suresh Chandra Kumar* Scott Christian College, Department of Chemistry, Nagercoil, Thirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
*Corresponding author, Email :
Oil spills, particularly of the sea and navigable waters, have serious impacts on the environment. Current oil spill remediation techniques are inefficient and may have deleterious environmental consequences. However, nanotechnology offers a new direction to oil spill removal. In this study, a cheap facile method was developed to synthesize maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene anchored magnetic banana peel cellulose nanocomposites (MAPP-a-MBPCNFs/PP) to separate heavy crude oil from oil-water mixture. Carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNFs) were synthesized from banana peel. The MAPP-a-MBPCNFs/PP nanocomposite was characterized with FTIR, TGA and SEM. Oil absorption capacity studies showed 100% removal of heavy crude oil from the oil-water mixture under optimum condition. Results show that MAPP-a-MBPCNFs/PP nanocomposites can be utilized to remove oil over a short time with high removal efficiency under environmentally relevant conditions.
KEYWORDS MAPP-a-MBPCNFs/PP nanocomposites, FTIR, TGA, SEM, Oil absorption capacity
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18. Zhang, H., et al. 2008. Fe3O4/polypyrrole/Au nanocomposites with core/shell/shell structure: Synthesis, characterization and their electrochemical properties. Langmuir. 24: 13748-13752. 19. Lu, A.H., E.L. Salabus and F. Schuth. 2007. Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, protection, functionalization and application. Angew Chem. Int. Edit., 46(8): 1222-1244. 20. Wu, W., Q.G. He and C.Z. Jiang. 2008. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. Nanoscale Res. Letters. 3: 397-415.
21. Yu, L.H., et al. 2015. Fe3O4/PS magnetic nanopar-ticles : Synthesis, characterization and their application as sorbents of oil from waste water. J. Magn. Magn., 394: 14-21. 22. Chu, Y. and Q. Pan. 2012. Three-dimensionally macroporous Fe/C nanocomposites as highly selective oil-absorption materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4:2420-2425. 23. Zhu, Qing, Feng Tao and Qinmin Pan. 2010. Fast and selective removal of oils from water surface via
highly hydrophobic core-shell Fe2O3@C nanoparticles under magnetic field. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2(11): 3141-3146. 24. Lü, Ting, et al. 2017. Treatment of emulsified oil wastewaters by using chitosan grafted magnetic nanoparticles. J. Alloys Compd.,696: 1205-1212. 25. Gui, Xuchun, et al. 2013. Magnetic and highly recyclable macro-porous carbon nanotubes for spilled oil sorption and separation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 5:5845-5850. 26. Andrade-Mahecha, M.M. 2011. Microcomposites, nanocomposites and edible coatings based on biodegradable materials from Canna indica L. PhD Thesis. University of Campinas.
27. Xie, W. and N. Ma. 2009. Immobilized lipase on Fe3O4 nanoparticles as biocatalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Fuels. 23:1347-1353. 28. Fujisawa, S., et al. 2011. Preparation and characterization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril films with free carboxyl groups. Carbohydr. Polym., 84: 579–583. 29. Durdureanu-Angjeluta, A., et al. 2008. Silane covered magnetic particles: Preparation and characterization. Dig. J. Nanomater. Bios., 3:33-40. 30. Sathe, Sachin N., Srinivasa Rao and G.S. Surekha Dev. 1994. Grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene: Synthesis and characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 53:239-245. 31. Cheng, Miao, et al. 2014. Efficient extraction of carboxylated spherical cellulose nanocrystals with narrow distribution through hydrolysis of lyocell fibers by using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2: 251-258.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1172-1179 (2020)
An Overview Of Marine Pollution: Impact And Remedies
Sandhya Wakdikar* and Praveen Sharma CSIR - National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
Our oceans are polluted with various deleterious materials due to air, water and land contamination. These pollutants can make the oceans a garbage dump thus removing the life in seas and ultimately harming the existence of man on the earth. Several technologies are slowly being adopted for cleanup but the efforts are low compared to the rise in pollution. Concerted efforts are required to curtail the damage already caused. This paper discusses the major causes, impacts and efforts for combating marine pollution at national and international levels.
KEYWORDS Marine pollution, Oil spill, Plastic pollution, India, Clean-up technologies
REFERENCES 1. Beiras, R. 2018. Basic concepts in marine pollution: Sources, fate and effects of pollutants in coastal ecosystems. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-813736-9.00001-5. 2. Ramanamurthy, M. V., P. Mishra and P. Vethamony. 2018. Marine litter in the South Asian Seas (SAS) region development of regional action plan on marine litter India - Country Report. UNEP, SACEP and MOES. 3. UNESCO. 2009. Facts and figures on marine pollution. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural- sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-pollution/facts- and-figures-on-marine-pollution/. 3. NOAA. 2019. What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ facts/pollution.html. 5. United Convention on the Law of the Sea. 2019.https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_ agreements/ texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. 6. Hood, R. R., et al. 2015. The Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2). A basin-wide research Programme, Draft Science Plan. 7. Villarrubia-Gómez, P., S.E. Cornell and J. Fabres. 2019. Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat-The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle. Marine Policy. 96: 213-220. 8. Jambeck, J. R., et al. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Sci., 347 (6223):768. 9. Groden, C. 2015. Plastic pollution in the ocean is reaching crisis levels. http://fortune.com/2015/10/01 /ocean-plastic-pollution and http://www.inquisitr. com/2486631/ocean-plastic-pollution-spiraling-to- crisis-levels-report/. 10 The Week. 2019. Marine plastic pollution harms oxygen-making bacteria. https://www.theweek.in/news/ health/2019/05/18/Marine-plastic-pollution-harms-oxygen-making-bacteria.html. 11. Mishra, S., C.C. Rath and A.P. Das. 2019. Marine microfiber pollution: A review on present status and future challenges. Marine Poll. Bul., 140:188-197. 12 IUCN. 2019. Deep sea mining. https://www. iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/deep-sea-mining. 13. Directorate of Fisheries and Environment. 2015. National oil spill disaster contingency plan. https://www. indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/bookpdf/201512281221565793127NOSDCPC GBR771.pdf accessed 8.12.2017. 14. Karan, C. P., R. S. Rengasamy and D. Das. 2016. Oil spill cleanup by structured, fibre assembly. Indian J. Fibre Textile Res., 36. 15. Marine defenders. 2017. Protecting our waters from oil pollution. http://www.marinedefenders.com/oil pollutionfacts/sources.php. 16. Chang, S., et al. 2014. Consequences of oil spills a review and framework for informing planning. Eco. Soc., 19:2. 17. NOAA. 2017. Office of Response and Restoration. Oil types. https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil- and-chemical-spills/oil-spills/oil-types.html. 18. Ober, H.K. 2010. Effects of oil spills on marine and coastal wildlife. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida. 19. American Academy of Microbiology. 2011. Microbes and oil spills. http://archive.gulfcouncil.org/docs/ Microbes_and_Oil_Spills.pdf. 20. IPIECA. 2015. Impacts of oil spills on marine ecology. http://www.oilspillresponseproject.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/Impacts_on_marine_ ecology_2016.pdf. 21. Denchak, M. 2018. Ocean pollution: Dirty facts. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/ocean-pollution-dirty- facts. 22. NOAA, OCADS, Ocean Carbon Dioxide. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/. 23. UNCTAD. 2014. World Investment Report 2014. Investing in the SDGs: An action plan. www. unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2014_en.pdf. 24. Galanty, H. 2016. Saltwater brewery creates six-pack rings. https://www.craftbeer.com/editors-picks /saltwater-brewery-creates-edible-six-pack-rings. 25. From edible shot glasses to biodegradable plastics: Eight companies reducing plastic waste. 2019. https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3766743,00.html. 26. Dangerfield, K. 2017. Brewery creates edible six-pack rings that are safe for animals eat. Accessed from globalnews.ca/news/3792000/edible-six-pack-ring-beer/. 27. https://www.uspto.gov/ accessed 12.12.2017. 28. Slat, B., et al. 2014. Feasibility study- The ocean clean-up. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/ 309202751_Feasibility_Study_-_The_Ocean_ Cleanup. 29. Environmental concerns drive use of jellyfish filtration system. 2010. Membrane Tech., 8:5-6. DOI:10.1016/S0958-2118(10)70142-7. 30. Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt. 2019. Database on coastal states of India. http://iomenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid= 758&sublinkid=119&langid=1&mid=1. 31. Goswami, R. 2018. Ocean pollution, in Centre for Communication and Development Studies, Agenda on the water front. https://infochangeindia.org/agenda-issues/coastal-communities/8257-ocean-pollution. 32. Kumar, A. A. and R. Sivakumar. 2016, Marine debris – the global problem least studied in India.Current Sci., 110 (7): 1153-1154. 33. NFDB, About Indian fisheries.http://nfdb.gov.in/about-indian-fisheries.htm accessed 09.7.2019. 34. MOES, GOI.2017. Damage to marine ecosystem, Unstarred question in Rajya Sabha, https://moes.gov.in/ writereaddata/files/RS_US_965_ 09032017.pdf. 35. Glasby, G. P. and G. S. Roonwal. 1995. Marine pollution in India: An emerging problem.Current Sci., 68:5. 36. Marine and coastal pollution in India- An overview. 2017.Geography and You.https://www.geograph- yandyou.com/climate-change/pollution/coastal-pollution/. 37. Press Information Bureau, GOI, MOES. COPMAS. 2017. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid =107609. 38. Indian Maritime Foundation. 2019. The ocean conservancy: Start a sea change.http://indianmaritime foundation.org/coastal_cleanup.html. 39. Press Information Bureau. 2019. India and Norway launch initiative to combat marine pollution. http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressrelease-share.aspx? PRID=1563932. 40. UN, Sustainable Development Goals. 2019. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/ uploads/2018/09/Goal-14.pdf, accessed 18.7 2019. 41. Macreadie, P. I., et al. 2018. Eyes in the sea: Unlocking the mysteries of the ocean using industrial, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Sci. Total Env., 634: 1077–1091.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1180-1185 (2020)
Design Of Intelligent Controller For Hybrid Renewable Power Generation For Sustained Environment
Linnet Jaya Savarimuthu and Kirubakaran Victor* The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Centre for Rural Energy, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
The great demand for clean, renewable and sustainable energy resources has been created by the rapid growth of energy consumption, fossil fuel restriction, global warming and all the damages to the ecosystem and environment. Amongst all renewable energy sources, wind energy has the capability to deliver electric power with low or zero-emission of toxin gases. This paper delivers the concept of hybrid renewable power system generation which is a valuable solution to organize our energy demands and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. To promote the power quality of the wind energy system a Wind-EB (electricity board) source-diesel engine based hybrid power system is proposed in this paper. A dynamic electric power control strategy has been introduced since the wind system alone is not proficient to convene the energy demand. Based on the availability of wind energy, wind turbines contribute a maximum of power in order to decrease fuel consumption and the emissions caused by diesel generators. The performance and the analysis were achieved through modelling a proposed hybrid system with the help of the Simulink library in the Matlab platform which is simulation software.
KEYWORDS Hybrid, Renewable, Wind energy, Diesel engine, EB source, Zero emission, Energy demand, Control strategy, Modelling, Performance
REFERENCES 1. Ackerman, T. 2005. Wind power in power systems. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Stockholm. 2. Abdallah, L. and T. El-Shennawy. 2013. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions from electricity sector using smart electric grid applications. J. Eng. DOI: 10.1155/2013/845051. 3. Donev, J.M.K.C., et al. 2015. Energy education - Diesel generator. 4. AWEA Report. Environmental-benefits. Online. Wind-101. 5. Prajapati, V., et al. 2018. Modelling and simulation of solar PV and wind hybrid power system using Matlab/Simulink. Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 5(4). 6. Bhayo, M.A., et al. 2015. Modeling of wind turbine simulator for analysis of the wind energy conversion system using MATLAB/Simulink. IEEE Conference on Energy conversion (CENCON). DOI: 10.1109/ CENCON.2015.7409525. 7. Kariyawasam, K., et al. 2013. Design and development of a wind turbine simulator using a separately excited DC motor. Smart Grid Renewable Energy. 4(3):259-265. 8. Benyachou, B., et al. 2017. Modelling with Matlab/Simulink of a wind turbine connected to a generator asynchronous dual power (GADP). J. Mater. Env. Sci., 8(S):4614-4621. 9. Ahuja, R.K. and R. Kumar. 2014. Design and simulation of fuzzy logic controller based switched-mode power supply. Int. J. Electrical Eng., 2(5). 10. Meziane, S., et al. 2013. Modeling and simulation of hybrid wind-diesel power generation system. Int. J. Renewable Energy. 8(2). 11. Jomaa, M., et al. 2018. Design and control of the hybrid system PV-wind connected to the DC load. 9th International renewable energy congress conference. DOI: 10.1109/irec.2018.8362515. 12. Anoune, K., et al. 2016. Hybrid renewable energy system to maximize the electrical power production. Proceedings of IEEE. DOI: 978-1-5090-5713-9/16. 13. Allani, M.Y., et al. 2018. Modelling and simulation of the hybrid system PV wind with MATLAB/SIMULINK. 9th International renewable energy congress conference. DOI: 10.1109/irec.2018. 8362514. 14. Saeed, R.A. and E. Erceleb. 2016. A simulation model for hybrid power system sources (HPSS) photovoltaic/wind/battery/diesel connected with grid. Int. J. Computing, Communications Instrumentation Eng., 3(2). DOI: 10-15242/ijccie.cap616003. 15. Kumar, T. K., et al. 2013. Hybrid wind-diesel energy system using Matlab simulation. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Innovative Tech., 2(5). 16. Kumar, R. and T. Kaur. 2017. Designing of micro-grid for rural electrification case study. Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 4(6). 17. Prabhuraj, P. M. and R.M. Sasiraja. 2013. Controller for standalone hybrid renewable power generation. Int. J. Eng. Trends Tech., 4(6). 18. Nehrir, M. H., et al. 2011. A review of hybrid renewable/alternative energy systems for electric power generation: Configurations, control and applications. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2 (4). 19. Suresh, J. and S.S. Sarma. 2014. Modeling and simulation of hybrid wind/diesel system with energy storage for rural application. IOSR J. Electrical Electronics Eng., 9 (6):1-7. 20. Sabat, H.K. and P.C. Pradhan. 2018. Simulation and control of a stand-alone PV- wind-battery-diesel generator hybrid power system. Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 5(5). 21. Subrahmanyam, K., et al. 2018. Automatic EB-DG switching operation using PLC and HMI. Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 5(3). 22. Pachori and P. Suhane. 2014. Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery hybrid power generation system. Int. J. Electrical Electronics Computer Eng., 3(1):122-125. 23. Saidi, A. and B. Chellali. 2017. Simulation and control of solar wind hybrid renewable power system. 6th International conference on systems and control (ICSC). DOI: 10.1109/icosc.2017.7958647. 24. Dumitru, C.D. and A. Gligor. 2010. Modeling and simulation of renewable hybrid power system using Matlab/Simulink. Env. Res. Gate. 7(2):1841-9267. 25. Tous, Y.E. and S. A. Hafith. 2014. Photovoltaic / wind hybrid off-grid simulation model using Matlab/Simulink. Int. J. Latest Res. Sci. Tech., 3(2):167-173. 26. Wavhal, J., et al. 2015. Wind power generation. Int. J. Adv. Electronics Computer Sci., 2(2).
IJEP 40 (11) : 1186-1191 (2020)
Evaluating Environmental Threads And Possible Remedies Of Buriganga River, Bangladesh: A Contextual Study
Hossain Al Tanjil1*, Sigma Akter2 and Md. Sumon Chowdhury3 1. Brandenburg University of Technology, Department of Environmental and Resource Management, Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany 2. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Shah Alam, Malaysia 3. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Petroleum and Mineral Resource Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]
Bangladesh is a land of rivers. The Buriganga river is located in the southern part of the north-central region of Bangladesh which is getting highly contaminated for many years. Around 7000 industries and municipal waste make the river contaminated continuously. The physico-chemical parameters, like pH, DO, BOD, TDS, EC, temperature and transparency indicate that the quality of the Buriganga river water is very low. High quantity of metal concentration, like Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni are found in this water which proves that water of the Buriganga is highly polluted. The deteriorating health of the river is now manifested in the health of the Dhaka city itself. The paper is an attempt to briefly identify the main causes of water pollution, assessment of the impact of pollution and finally discuss some remedies to improve the water quality of the Buriganga.
KEYWORDS Pollution, Industrial waste, River dredging, Public awareness
REFERENCES 1. Chakraborty, C., et al. 2013. Analysis of the causes and impacts of water pollution of Buriganga river : A critical study. Int. J. Sci. Tech. Res., 2(9): 245-252. 2. Mowla, Q.A. and M. A. K. Mozumder. 2015. Deteriorating Buriganga river : It’s impact on Dhaka’s urban life. Int. J. Phil. Soc. Crit., 2(2):1-10. 3. BBS Report. 2005. Compendium of environment statistics of Bangladesh. Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 4. Islam, M.S., et al. 2015. Alteration of water pollution level with the seasonal changes in mean daily discharge in three main rivers around Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Env., 2(3):280-294. 5. World Population Review. 2019. Bangladesh population 2019. Available at: http://worldpopulation- review.com/countries/bangladesh-population. 6. Hasan, M.T. 2011. Pollution of rivers around Dhaka. The Daily Star, September 10. Avialable at: https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-201795. 7. Tiwari, T.N. and M. Ali. 1988. Water quality index for Indian rivers. In Ecology and pollution of Indian rivers. Ed R.K. Trivedy. Ashish Publishing House. New Delhi. pp 271–286. 8. Islam, F., R. Sharmin and J. Junait. 1997. A detailed analysis on industrial pollution in Bangladesh. Workshop discussion paper. The World Bank Dhaka Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 9. Mizan, R.K. 2006. Banglapedia: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10. Islam, S., et al. 2016. Total and dissolved metals in the industrial wastewater. A case study from Dhaka metropolitan, Bangladesh. Env. Nanotech. Monit. Manage., 5: 74-80. 11. BIWTA report. 2001. Development of navigability and providing landing facilities from Sadarghat to Ashulia Bridge, Dhaka. Project performed on intro duction of waterways around Dhaka city. Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 12. DoE. 2001. The general overview of pollution status of Bangladesh. Department of Environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 13. Alam, M. K. and D. Marinova. 2003. Valuing benefits of environmental improvement: The case of the Buriganga river in Bangladesh. Int. Sum. Aca. Tech. Stud. Tech. Public. Deutsch-landsberg, Austria. Proceedings, pp 169-176. 14. Rahman, M. R. and M. Y. Rana. 1992. Management of Buriganga river water quality under alternative scenarios. Final report. R02/95, IFCDR, BUET. 15. SWMC Report. 1995. North central region model. Model update 1993-94 hydrological year. River Research Institute, Government of Bangladesh. 16. RPMC Report. 2008. Mitigation of river pollution of Buriganga and linked rivers-Turag, Tongi Khal, Balu, Sitalakhya and Dhaleswari. River Pollution Mitigation Committee (RPMC), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 17. Saifullah, A. S. M., et al. 2012. Investigation of some water quality parameters of the Buriganga river. J. Env. Sci. Nat. Resour., 5(2):47-52. 18. EQS. 1997. Bangladesh Gazette. Environmental quality standard. Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of Banladesh. 19. Sikder, D. and M.S. Islam. 2016. Heavy metal contamination assessment of the Buriganga river bed sediment. 3rd International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering, CUET. 20. Kibria, M. G., M. N. Kadir and S. Alam. 2015. Buriganga river pollution: Its causes and impacts. International Conference on recent innovation in civil engineering for sustainable development (IICSD- 2015), DUET, Bangladesh.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1192-1197 (2020)
Photodegradation Of Acid Red 88 And Direct Green 6 Dyes Using Prepared Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles
G. Shilpa1, K. Yogendra1*, K. M. Mahadevan2, N. Madhusudhana1 and A. M. Santhosh1 1. Kuvempu University, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Shivamogga, Karnataka 2. Kuvempu University, Department of Chemistry, Kadur P.G. Center, Kadur, Karnataka
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]
The photodegradation of coloured aqueous medium of two targeted synthetic textile dyes is tested by using efficient photocatalyst, prepared by simple, fast and cost-effective solution combustion method using glycine as a fuel. The prepared nickel oxide nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV absorption spectroscopy. The optical band gap was found to be 3.03 eV and the average size was found to be 26 nm. The experimental results showed that the synthesized nickel oxide has the efficient ability to degrade Acid Red 88 (95.10%) and Direct Green 6 (96.23%) dyes. The nanoparticle has the advantage of easy and clean removal of dyes from the polluted water medium.
KEYWORDS Acid Red 88, Direct Green 6, Photocatalyst, Nanopar-ticles, Photodegradation
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of ammonia in TiO2 aqueous suspensions. Catalysis Today. 209:127-133. 4. Hosseinnia, A., M. Keyanpour-rad and M. Pazouki. 2010. Photo-catalytic degradation of organic dyes
with different chromophores by synthesized nanosize TiO2 particles. World Appl. Sci. J., 8(11):1327- 1332. 5. Khoshhesab, Z. M. and M. Sarfaraz. 2010. Preparation and characterization of NiO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. Synthesis Reactivity Inorganic, Metal-Organic Nano-Metal Chem., 40:700- 703. 6. Kooti, M. and L. Matouri. 2014. A facile and mild method for synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles in the presence of various surfactants. Res. Reviews: J. Mater. Sci., 2(1):37-42. 7. Patil, S.B., et al. 2018. Multiple applications of combustion derived nickel oxide nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29:277-287. 8. Chebor, L. J. 2018. Characterization of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles and their application in photodegradation of methyl orange dye under fluorescent lamp irradiation. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Sci., 2(2):5- 8. 9. Kamat, P. V. and D. Meisel. 2002. Nanoparticles in advanced oxidation processes. Current Opinion Colloid Interface Sci., 7:282-287. 10. Kansal, S. K., N. Kaur and S. Singh. 2009. Photocatalytic degradation of two commercial reactive dyes in aqueous phase using nanophoto-catalysts. Nanoscale Res. Letters. 4:709-716. 11. Pandey, A., P. Singh and L. Iyengar. 2007. Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 59:73-84. 12. Bokare, A. D., et al. 2008. Iron-nickel bimetallic nanoparticles for reductive degradation of azo dye Orange G in aqueous solution. Appl. Catalysis B: Env., 79:270-278. 13. Nitin, C., et al. 2011. Photocatalytic degradation of Safranine O in the presence of nickel oxide. Int. J. Res. Chem. Env., 1(1):66-70. 14. Molla, A., M. Sahu and S. Hussain. 2016. Synthesis of tunable bandgap semiconductor nickel sulphide nanoparticles: Rapid and round the clock deg radation of organic dyes. Nature Publishing Group. pp 1- 11. DOI: 10.1038/srep26034. 15. Khojasteh, H., M.S. Niasari and M.S. Sobhan. 2016. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic
properties of nickel-doped TiO2 and nickel titanate nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electronics. 16. Ameta, P., et al. 2010. A comparative study of photocatalytic activity of some coloured semiconducting oxides. Iranian J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 29(2):43-48. 17. Kale, R. D. and P.B. Kane. 2016. Colour removal using nanoparticles. Textiles Clothing Sustainability. 2(4):1-7. 18. Farzaneh, F. and S. Haghshenas. 2012. Facile synthesis and characterization of nanoporous NiO with folic acid as photodegredation catalyst for Congo Red. Mater. Sci. Applications. 3:697-703. 19. Liu, Z.L., et al. 2008. Fabrication and photocatalysis of CuO/ZnO nano-composites via a new method. Mater. Sci. Eng.,150:99-104.
20. Palanisamy, P.N. and K.K. Kavitha. 2010. Photocatalytic degradation of Vat Yellow 4 using UV/TiO2. Modern Appl. Sci., 4(5):130-142. 21. Shilpa, G., et al. 2018. A comparative study over degradation of Direct Green 6 by using synthesized magnesium aluminate and magnesium zincate nanoparticles. IOSR J. Appl. Chem., 11(5):1-8. 22. Zabat, N. 2018. Comparative study of discoloration of mono-azo dye by catalytic oxidation based on wells-dawson heteropolyanion catalyst. Env. Nanotech. Monit. Manage., 10:10–16.
23. Neppolian, B., et al. 2002. Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. Chemosphere. 46:1173–1181. 24. Santhosh, A.M., et al. 2018a. Efficiency of photodegradation properties of nickel calciate nanoparticle synthesized by solution combustion method. Int. J. Scientific Res. Physics Appl. Sci., 6(5):48-56. 25. Sakthivel, S., et al. 2003. Solar photocatalytic degradation of azo dye: Comparison of photocatalytic
efficiency of ZnO and TiO2. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells. 77: 65–82. 26. Tayade, R. J., et al. 2007. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes and organic contaminants in water using
nanocrystalline anatase and rutile TiO2. Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater., 8:455-462. 27. Chen, X., et al. 2017. Preparation of ZnO photocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes. Nanoscale Res. Letters. 12(143):1-10. 28. Chaudhary, G. R., et al. 2013. Well-crystalline ZnO nanostructures for the removal of Acridine Orange and Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 hazardous dyes. Sci. Adv. Mater., 5:1886-1894. 29. Santhosh, A.M., et al. 2018b. A comparative study in photocatalytic degradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G dye by using nickel calciate nanoparticles. J. Emerging Tech. Innovative Res., 5(9):155-164.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1198-1205 (2020)
Assessment Of Deterioration Of Jaipur’s Monument
Mansvi Yadav and Varsha Gupta* JECRC University, Department of Microbiology, Jaipur, Rajasthan
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
Jaipur shows the rich culture and history. It has numerous cultural heritages which has significant value. Cultural heritage has a valuable approach to history, culture and many other aspects. While studying cultural heritage or monuments, which are made up of different types of stone materials, we identify the deterioration also. This can be caused by physical, chemical and biological means. Here we focus on microbial aspects of biological cultural deterioration. Before studying deterioration, we did an assessment of the surface of monuments with the visual inspection method for better understanding. This method is very simple and non- destructive one. With the help of this method, we can identify the pattern of stone loss, basic deterioration mechanism and basic characteristics of the surface area of selected sites which will help for restoration and protection. These properties give an indication of the bio-receptivity of the surface.
KEYWORDS Bioreceptivity, Cultural heritage, Deterioration, Jaipur
REFERENCES 1. Hueck, H. J. 1965. The biodeterioration of materials as part of hylobiology, material and organism. Int. Biodeterioration Bulletin. 1(1):5-34. 2. Hueck, H.J. 1968. The biodeterioration of materials-an appraisal. In biodeterioration of materials. Ed A. H. Walters and J. S. Elphick. Elsever, London. pp. 6-12. 3. Caneva, G. and O. Salvadori. 1988. The deterioration and conservation of stone. In Studies and documents on the cultural heritage. Ed R. Pieper. UNESCO, Paris. 16, pp 203-205. 4. Warchlid, T. and J. Braams. 2000. Biodeterioration of stone : A review. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 46:343-368. 5. Urzi, C. and W.E. Krumbein. 1994. Microbiological impacts on the cultural heritage. In Durability and change: The science, responsibility and cost of sustaining cultural heritage. Ed W. E. Krumbein, P. Brimblecombe, D. E. Cosgrove and S. Staniforth. Wiley, Chichester. pp 107–135. 6. Gaylarde, C., P. Gaylarde and I. Beech. 2008. Deterioration of limestone structure associated with copper staining. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 62:179-185. 7. Valentín, N. 2003. Microbial contamination and insect infestation in organic materials. Coalition. 1: 2–3. 8. Piñar, G., et al. 2013. Microscopic, chemical and molecular-biological investigation of the decayed medieval stained window glasses of two Catalonian churches. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 84:388–400. 9. Allsopp, D., K. Seal and Ch. Gaylarde. 2004. Introduction to biodeterioration (2nd edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 233. 10. Werner, A. 1981. Synthetic materials in art conservation. J. Chem. Educ., 58:321. 11. Charola, A.E. 1984. Understanding stone decay through chemistry. The pHilter. 16:1. 12. McGlinchy, C. 1994. Colour and light in the museum environment. In The changing image: Studies in paintings conservation. The Metropolitan Museum, New York. pp. 44-52. 13. Barrionuevo, M.E.R. and C.C. Gaylarde. 2005. Physiological and microbiological analyses in sandstones of the ruins of the Jesuit missions in Argentina. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 55:21-24. 14. Vladimirov, V. 2005. Non-destructive X-ray analysis and petrophysical evaluation of a Cybele votive plaque. Nuclear Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Section B. 239:122-126. 15. Moropoulou, A., et al. 2003. San Francisco Monastery, Quito, Equador: Characterisation of building materials, damage assessment and conservation considerations. J. Cultural Heritage., 4(2):101-108. 16. Galan, E., M.I. Carretero and E. Mayoral. 1999. A methodology for locating the original quarries used for constructing historical buildings: Application to Malaga Cathedral, Spain. Eng. Geology. 54:287-298. 17. Price, C.A. 1996. Stone conservation : An overview of current research. The Getty Conservation Institute, USA. pp 7. 18. Ribas-Silva, M. 1995. Study of biological degradation applied to concrete. International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Porto Alegre, Brazil. pp 327–332. 19. Topal, T. and B. Sozmen. 2003. Deterioration mechanisms of tuffs in the midas monument. Depart. Geological Eng., 68(3-4): 201-223. 20. ICOMOS-ISCS. 2008. Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. https://www.icomos.org/ publications/monuments_and_sites/15/pdf/Monuments_and_Sites_15_ISCS_Glossary_Stone. pdf. 21. Tomaselli, L.,et al. 2000b. Biodiversity of photosynthetic microorganisms dwelling on stone monuments. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 46: 251-258. 22. Hoppert, M., et al. 2004. Colonization strategies of lithobiontic microorganisms on carbonate rocks. Env. Geology. 46:421-428. 23. Gaylarde, P. and C. Gaylarde. 2004. Deterioration of siliceous stone monuments in Latin America: Microorganisms and mechanisms. Corrosion Reviews. 22(5-6):395–416. 24. Salvadori, O. and M.P. Nugari. 1987. The effect of microbial growth on synthetic polymers used on works of art. In Biodeterioration. Ed D. R. Houghton, R. N. Smith and H. O. W. Eggins.Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 424-427. 25. Fosberg, F.R. 1980. The plant ecosystem for Moenjodaro. Unesco Technical Report no. RP/1977- 78/4.121.6, FMR/CC/CH/80/189. UNESCO, Paris. 26. De Marco, G. G. Caneva and A. Dinelli. 1990. Geobotanical foundation for a protection project in the Moenjodaro archaeological area. Prospezione Archeologiche. 1:115-120. 27. Koestler, R.J. and O. Salvadori. 1996. Methods of evaluating biocides for the conservation of porous building materials. Sci. Tech. Cultural Heritage. 5(1):63-68.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1206-1210 (2020)
Estimations Of Air Pollutants With Respect To Meteorological Parameters
Mehraj ud din Bhat* and Anish C. Pandey Jiwaji University, Gwalior
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
The present study was carried out in Gwalior in-order to know the level of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) and particulate matter (SPM and RSPM). In this study, gaseous pollutants SO2, NO2 and particulate matter (SPM and RSPM) was collected during different seasons (2014-17) and estimation was done by chemical method. The method used for the determination of SO2 and NO2 in the ambient air of Gwalior was modified West and Geake method and modified Jacob and Hochheisier method. For the determination and investigation of SPM and RSPM in the ambient air Envirotech fine particulate matter sampler (APM-550) was used. GF/A Whatman’s filter paper no. 1 was used to collect suspended particulate matter and respirable suspended particulate matter. Meteorological parameters, like temperature, relative humidity and rainfall data were also recorded during the sampling period. The statistical analysis was carried out between the level of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) and particulate matter (SPM and RSPM) alongwith meteorological parameters measured during the sampling. The average concentration of pollutants showed distinct seasonal variations with high winter and summer value in the study area than the post-monsoon value. This post-monsoon fall down of air pollutants may be attributed to the monsoonal washout effect of particles, whereas during winter low mixing heights leads to an accumulation of pollutants for long time. The accumulation of such a high level of pollutants in winter may also be attributed to the emission from the vehicles, local rice mills, suspension of dusts from the paved and unpaved road, etc. The main objective of this study was to know the level pollutants of alongwith meteorological parameters in Gwalior.
KEYWORDS Air pollutants, Air quality, Meteorological parameters, Gwalior, India
REFERENCES
1. Schumann, U. and H. Huntrieser. 2007. The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7:3823–3907. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-3823. 2. Galloway, J. N., et al. 2013. A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. London B Biol. Sci., 368. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2013.0120. 3. EPA. 2013. Integrated science assessment of ozone and related photo chemical oxidants. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid= 247492#Download. 4. Valin, L. C., A. R. Russell and R. C. Cohen. 2013. Variations of OH radical in an urban plume inferred
from NO2 column measurements. Geophys. Res. Letter. 40:1856–1860. DOI:10.1002/grl.50267. 5. Duncan, B. N., et al. 2010. Application of OMI observationsto a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation. Atmos. Env., 44:2213–2223. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03. 010. 6. Seinfeld, J. H. and S. N. Pandis. 2006. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change (2nd edn). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
7. Li, C., et al. 2013. A fast and sensitive new satellite SO2 retrieval algorithm based on principal component analysis: Application to the ozone monitoring instrument. Geophys. Res. Letters. 40:6314–6318. DOI:10.1002/2013GL058134. 8. Liu, Y., et al. 2015. Association between air pollutants and cardiovascular disease mortality in Wuhan, China. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 12: 3506–3516, DOI:10.3390/ijerph120403506. 9. EPA. 2013. Integrated science assessment of ozone and related photochemical oxidants. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recor-display.cfm?deid=247492#Download. 10. Stocker, T.F., et al. 2013. Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, AR5, 1535. 11. Twohy, C. H. 2005. Nitrogenated organic aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei. Geophys. Res. Letters. 32:L19805. DOI:10.1029/2005GL023605. 12. European Commission. 2015. Air quality standards– Environment– European Commission. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm. 13. US EPA. 2015. National Emissions Inventory (NEI) air pollutant emissions trends data available at: http://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissions-inventory. 14. Krall, J.R., et al. 2013. Short-term exposure to particulate matter constituents and mortality in a national study of U.S. urban communities. Env. Health Perspect., 121:1148-1153. 15. Bell, M.L. 2012. Assessment of the health impacts of particulate matter characteristics. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst., 161:5-38. 16. Mirowsky, J., et al. 2013. The effect of particle size, location and season on the toxicity of urban and rural particulate matter. Inhal. Toxicol., 25:747-757. 17. Sadeghi, M., et al. 2015. Modeling of the relationship between the environmental air pollution, clinical risk factors and hospital mortality due to myocardial infarction in Isfahan. Iranian. J. Res. Med. Sci., 20:757–762. 18. Sahu, D., G.M. Kannan and R. Vijayaraghavan. 2014. Carbon black particle exhibits size dependent toxicity in human monocytes. Int. J. Inflam., 827019. 19. Bentayeb, M., et. al. 2014. Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. J. Env. Sci. Health A Toxicol. Hazard. Subst. Env. Eng., 48:1783-1789.
20. West, W., Phillip and G.C. Gaek. 1956. Reference method for the determination of SO2 in atmosphere (Paraosaniline method). Anal. Chem., 28:1816-1819. 21. Jacob, M.B. and S. Hochheiser. 1958. Continuous sampling and ultramicro determination of nitrogen dioxide. Anal. Chem., 30:426-428. 22. IS 5182. 2006. Indian standards – Methods for measurement of air pollution (part 23) – Respirable
suspended particulate matter (PM10), cyclonic technique. 23. Method IO-2.1. Sampling of ambient air for total suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM using high volume (HV) sampler.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1211-1220 (2020)
Physico-Chemical Characterization, Mapping And Quality Assessment Of The Berrechid Groundwater, Morocco
M. Aboulouafa*, A. El Bahi, A. Aboulouafa and S. Ibn Ahmed University Ibn Tofail Kenitra, Laboratory of Materials, Electrochemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Morocco
*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]
This work is part of the study of the quality assessment and mapping of the Berrechid groundwater. Physico- chemical analyzes of seven wells are carried out. Samples of seven wells were taken in January and April 2018. The results obtained showed that the majority of the analyzed samples have conductivity values which exceed the norms whereas potassium, magnesium, calcium and chlorides meet the standards defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). While the recorded values of sodium, sulphates and especially the nitrates remain high in some wells and go well beyond the Moroccan norms and those defined by the WHO. The application of the principal component analysis on these results shows that we have two groups of wells: the first group of wells in the positive part of the F1 axis, with waters with high concentrations (Na +, Cl-, - 2+ 2+ + NO3 and Ca , Mg , K ) and high values of electrical conductivity, at the level of the wells (P1, P2 and P3) and the second group of wells in the negative part of the F1 axis, characterized by water at high levels of pH at the wells (P5, P4). The piper diagrams, Schoeller-Berkaloff, Stabler and Stiff confirm the predominance of the sulphated-calcium and sulphated-sodium facies. The obtained Riverside diagram shows that the studied wells’ waters are of poor quality and highly mineralized, while the Wilcox diagram shows that the studied wells are of bad to poor quality.
KEYWORDS Groundwater, PCA, Piper, Stiff, Stabler, Berrechid plain
REFERENCES 1. Aboulouafa, M., et al. 2019. Mapping, assessment and application of principal component analysis for the study of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in Berrechid groundwater Morocco. Indian J. Env. Prot., 39(10):875-887. 2. Aboulouafa, M., et al. 2020. A GIS based groundwater vulnerability mapping and assessment in Berrechid plain, using DRASTIC, SINTACS and GOD models. Indian J. Env. Prot., 40(2):197-202. 3. Ruhard, J.P. 1975. Chaouia and Berrechid plain. Water resources of Morocco. Serve. Geol. Rabat. Morocco. II, No. 231. 4. The Bouregreg and Chaouia Hydraulic Basin Agency (ABHBC). 2015. State of the quality of water resources. 5. Aboulouafa, M., H. Taouil and Ibn S. Ahmed. 2016. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability and sensitivity to pollution in Berrechid plain, using drastic model. American J. Eng. Res., (5)2:10-20. 6. El-Hajji, K. and M. Dechiech. 2008. Development and application of a decision support system (DSS) for water resources management in Berrechid basin. Morocco report. 7. Taouil, H., et al. 2017. Waters metallic typology of Oued Tisslit-Talssint (Morocco Oriental). Oriental J. Chem., 33(3):1252-1258. DOI: 10.13005/ojc/330324. 8. JORA. 2011. Executive decree no. 11-125 of 17 Rabie Ethani 1432 corresponding to March 22, 2011 relating to the quality of water for human consumption. Official Printing Office, Les Vergers: Bir-Mourad Raïs, Algiers, Algeria. pp 7-25. 9. Lemacha, H. 2017. A study on groundwater geochemistry and metallic properties in the Guir basin (Eastern Morocco). Int. J. Adv. Res., 5(10): 1023-1029. 10. Dib, I. 2009. The impact of agricultural and urban activity on the quality of groundwater in the plain of Gadaine-Ain Yaghout (eastern Algeria). Master’s Thesis in hydraulics, hydro-technical construction and the environment, faculty of engineering sciences, Department of Hydraulics, Hadj Lakhdar University, Batna. pp 127. 11. Ollagnier, S. and B. Vittecoq. 2007. Monitoring of the quality of Martinique’s groundwater, 2006 rainy season campaign: Results and interpretation. Report. 12. Kaimoussi, Aziz, et al. 2000. Heavy metals in the surface sediments of the littoral coast of the region of El Jadida and the estuary of Oum R’bia (Morocco). Bull. Iinst. Natn. Scien. Tech. Mer de salammbo. 27. 13. Bouziani, M. 2000. Water from a shortage of diseases, Edition ibn khaldoun. pp 247. 14. Shokoohi, R., et al. 2011. Evaluation Aydughmush river quality parameters changes and Wilcox index calculation. Rasayan J. Chem., 4 (3):673–80. 15. Torabian, A., et al. 2004. Effects of harvesting on water quality in the river downstream of the dam Mamlu using QUAL2E model. Env. Stud. Fall., 30 (35). 16. Gouaidial, L., et al. 2013. Assessment of the groundwater salinity used for irrigation and risks of soil degradation: Example of the plain of Meskiana, northeastern Algeria. Geo-Eco-Trop., 37 (1):81-92.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1221-1228 (2020)
Statistical Analysis By Pearson’s Correlation Matrices Between Different Physico- Chemical And Biological Parameters Of Mahi River
P. C. Choyal1, Kirti Yadav2, Dhananjay Dwivedi3, Paras Tak4 and Vijay R. Chourey5* 1. Maharaja Bhoj Govt. P.G. College, Dhar - 454 001 2. Kasturbagram Rural Institute, Indore - 452 020 3. PMB Gujrati Science College, Indore - 452 001 4. PAHER University, Udaipur - 313 003 5. Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore - 452 001
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]
Rivers have always been the most important freshwater resource and many developmental activities are dependent upon them. Rivers are our lifeline. Mahi is one of the major interstate flowing river of India. Correlation and their significance level will be helpful in the understanding of water quality and also in its maintenance. For this purpose in the present investigation, samples were collected from 6 different locations which are situated at the bank of the river. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between 19 physico-chemical and biological parameters have been studied. It was determined by using IBM SPSS software version 1.0.0- 3906 in all three sessions (2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18). Median values are considered for statistical correlation studies. From the experimental observation, it’s found that studied physico-chemical parameters were within the set guidelines of BIS, WHO for domestic and agricultural use. The high level of indicator organism suggests that the water should be properly disinfected before use.
KEYWORDS
Physico-chemical parameter, Water, Mahi river, WHO, Pearson’s correlation coefficient
REFERENCES 1. Gupta, N., P. Pandey and J. Hussain. 2017. Effect of physico-chemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, (M.P.). Water Sci., 31:11-23. 2. Khan, M.Y., et al. 2012. Physico-chemical analysis of river Jhelum (Kashmir). Global J. Sci. Frontier, Res. Interdisciplimary. 12(1):1-4. 3. Bhutekar, D.D., S.B. Aher and M.G. Babare. 2018. Spatial and seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties of Godavari river water at Ambad region, (Maharashtra). J. Env. Bio. Sci., 32 (1):15-23. 4. Mehnaz, B., 2018. Comparative study on seasonal variations in hydrobiological parameters of Gagan river at Moradabad and nearby area in U.P. Env. Poll. Climate Change. 2(4):1-6. 5. Vaishnav, S., D. Sharma and A. Saraf. 2017. Estimation of water quality physico-chemical and biological parameter of Shivnath river in Durg district, (C.G.), India. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Tech., 6(3):288-293. 6. Watker, A.M. and M.P. Barbate. 2015. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties of Chandrabhaga river in Dhapewada, district Kalmeshwar, Maharashtra. Res. J. Recent Sci., 4:1-4. 7. Parmar, K. and V. Parmar. 2010. Evaluation of water quality index for drinking purposes of river Subernarekha in Singhbhum district. Int. J. Env. Sci., 1(2):77-81. 8. Goswami, K. and I. Mazumdar. 2017. The ritual of idol immersion and the aquatic environment surrounding us: A study of water quality and its inhabitants of the Ganga river and immersion pond in Kolkata. Int. Res. J. Env. Sci., 6(12):9-13. 9. Bhutiani, R., et al. 2018. Evaluation of water quality of river Malin using water quality index at Najibabad, Bijnor, (U.P.). Env. Conser. II. 19(1 and 2):191-201. 10. Gor, A. and A. Shah. 2014. Water quality index of Mahi river at Vadodara, Gujarat. Int. J. Eng. Develop. Res., 2(3):3214-3219. 11. Gohar, S., P. Solankiand A. Barua. 2019. Analysis of water of river Kshipra during Kumbh Mela 2016 Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Develop. Res., 4(3):44-48. 12. Patel, V. and P. Parikh. 2013. Assessment of seasonal variation of water quality in river Mini at Sidhrot, Vadodara. Int. J. Env. Sci., 3(5):1424-1436. 13. Soni, V. K., et al. 2013. Evaluation of physico-chemical and microbial parameters on water quality of Narmada river, India. African J. Env. Sci. Tech., 7(6):496-503. 14. Verma, S. 2009. Seasonal variation of water quality in Betwa river at Bundelkhand region. Global J. Env. Res., 3(3):164-168. 15. Kumar, P., A. Pandey and H. C. Upadhyay. 2014. Seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties of Kali river in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. J. Env. Res. Develop., 8(3A):600-606. 16. Matta, G., et al. 2017. Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of Ganga canal water quality in Uttarakhand. Env. Develop. Sustain., 19: 419-431. 17. Bhandari, N.S. and K. Nayal. 2008. Correlation study on physico-chemical parameters and quality assessment of Kosi river water, Uttarakhand. J. Chem. DOI: 10.1155/2008/140986. 18. Joshi, D.M., et al. 2009. Statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters of water of river Ganga in Hariwar district. Rasayan J. Chem., 2(3): 579-587. 19. Choyal, P.C. and V. R. Chourey. 2017. Water quality assessment of Mahi river in M.P. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng. Tech., 4(2):3280-3287. 20. Choyal, P.C., et al. 2018. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of water quality of Mahi river. Int. J. Res. Anal. Reviews. 5(3):288-292. 21. APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th edn). American Public Health Association, Washington D.C. 22. BIS. 2012. Indian standards for drinking water specification 10500. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 23. WHO. 2010. Guidelines for drinking water quality. (3rd edn). World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. pp 1-10. 24. Gupta, M., 2014. Ph.D. Thesis. Barkatullah University, Bhopal. 25. Srivastava, A. and S. Srivastava. 2011. Assesment of physico-chemical properties of river Gomati in U.P. Int. J. Env. Sci., 2(1):325-336. 26. Bhatt, L.R., et al. 1999. Physico-chemical characteristics and phytoplankton of Taudha lake, Kathmandu. Poll. Res., 18(14):353-358.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1229-1234 (2020)
Effect Of Aggregate Gradation On The Design Parameters Of Flexible Pavement With The Addition Of Polyurethane Foam
Praba M.*, S. Nandhakumar, Vanitha S. and Eshanthini P. Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]
Road transport is one of the most widely used means of mobility for people and goods. Hot bituminous mixtures require a large quantity of aggregates and asphalt binders for road surfacing and for other sorts of bituminous surface courses. Hence, an investigation into the use of recycled materials for the manufacture of bituminous surface courses is of great interest from an environmental point of view. This project work has considered two different mixes of dense graded aggregate and has analyzed the behaviour of bitumen- polyurethane mixtures but based on the use of the material as a pre-prepared waste product rather than the manufacture of polymer in-situ. In this work, bituminous mixtures were prepared with the partial addition of polyurethane foam waste and their physical and mechanical properties were studied. Here two dense graded bituminous mixes, Mix I and Mix II was considered. One comprising of more percentage of fine aggregate than the coarse aggregate and the other with more percentage of coarse aggregate as compared to fine aggregate by weight. A certain percentage of polyurethane foam was added to the Marshall mix and Marshall stability test was conducted. It was found that the mix with more percentage of coarse aggregate gives higher stability value and a lower flow value and also it can conclude that the percentage of polyurethane foam must be limited to 10% as the stability value decreases with an addition of 15% of polyurethane foam.
KEYWORDS Dense grade aggregate, Bitumen, Polyurethane foam, Marshall stability test
REFERENCES 1. Banerji, Arijit Kumar, et al. 2014. Influence of variation in the aggregate gradation range on mix design properties of bituminous concrete (BC) mixes used as wearing course. Int. J. Eng. Res. Tech., (IJERT). 2. Lodhi, Deepesh Kumar Singh and R.K. Yadav. 2016. Effect of gradation of aggregates on Marshall properties of DBM mix design. Int. J. Eng. Res. Sci. Tech., 5(2). 3. Komurlu, Eren and Ayhan Kesimal. 2015. Experimental study of polyurethane foam reinforced soil used as a rock-like material. J. Rock Mechanics Geotech. Eng., 566 - 572. 4. Al-Mosawe, Hasan, Nick Thom and Gordon Airey. 2015. Effect of aggregate gradation on the stiffness of asphalt mixtures. Int. J. Pavement Eng. Asphalt Tech., 16(2). 5. Suleman, S., et al. 2014. Acomprehensive short review on polyurethane foam. Int. J. Innovation Sci. Res., 12(1):165-169. 6. Yang, W., et al. 2012. Recycling and disposal methods for polyurethane foam wastes. 7th International conference on waste management and technology. Procedia Env. Sci., 16:167-175. 7. Gutierrez-Gonzalez, S., et al. 2017. Characterization of hot bituminous-asphalt mixtures with recycled polyurethane foam. Open Construction Building Tech. J., 11:343-349. 8. Bandopandhyay, T.K. 2010. Construction of asphalt road with plastic waste. Indian Center for Plastic on Environment (ICPE), ENVIS. Eco. Echoes. 11(1). 9. IS 2386-4. 1963. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete (Part 4) : Mechanical properties. CED 2: Cement and concrete. 10. IS 2386-3. 1963. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete (Part 3): Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking. CED 2: Cement and concrete. 11. IS 2386-1. 1963. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I) : Particle size and shape. CED 2: Cement and concrete. 12. IS 73. 2006. Paving bitumen. PCD 6 : Bitumen tar and their products.
IJEP 40 (11) : 1235-1240 (2020)
FTIR Band Interpretation Of Hydrocarbon Oils And Oil Spill Identification
S.R. Varadhan* and S. Gunasekaran St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai - 600 054
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]
Crude oil is called rock oil, is gifted by the earth. But in return, the same factor is adversely affecting her own rich and useful environment. In this connection, the oil spill in the sea and oceans has caused a great environmental impact on the entire marine eco-system. In the present study a modern technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used for oil spill identification. Identification of the oil spill is carried out by matching the fingerprint bands of the known and unknown hydrocarbon samples.
KEYWORDS Oil spill, FTIR, Crude oil, Hydrocarbon, Marine ecosystem
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IJEP 40 (11) : 1241-1244 (2020)
Heavy Metals Found Due To Traffic Density In Soil From Dhule Along National Highway
Dynaneshwar B. Dhangar1, Rajendrasing G. Mahale2* and Ravindra S. Dhivare1 1. B.S.S.P.M's A.C.S. College, Department of Chemistry, Songir, Dhule, Maharashtra, India 2. S.S.V.P.S. Late Karmaveer Dr. P.R. Ghogrey Science College, Department of Chemistry, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected] The toxic metal level of the roadside topsoil collected along National Highway-17, North Maharashtra, India, such as lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, As, Hg, Co, Fe, Mn and others was determined. The impact of vehicular traffic can thus be undisputedly documented on heavy metal contamination of roadside soil. Road traffic and maintenance pollutes the roadside soil by chronic heavy metals. Some of these pollutants can be scattered into the air or stored on the roadside. The collection of samples from a higher pollutant site near highway-17 also determined soil metals collected by atomic adsorption spectroscopy after acid digestion with a control sample that were considerably distant from the road. The heavy metal concentration in the former sites was compared between polluted control sites.
KEYWORDS Heavy metal, NH-17, Soil, Traffic, North Maharashtra
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