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Kuznetsov Disser.Pdf ИНСТИТУТ ПРОБЛЕМ ЭКОЛОГИИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ЖИВОТНЫХ им. А.Н. СЕВЕРЦОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК На правах рукописи Кузнецов Андрей Николаевич СТРУКТУРА И ДИНАМИКА МУССОННЫХ ТРОПИЧЕСКИХ ЛЕСОВ ВЬЕТНАМА 03.02.01 - ботаника Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических наук Научный консультант Павлов Вадим Николаевич, д.б.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН Москва 2015 г. 2 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Том 1 Введение…………………………………………………………………… 5 Глава 1. Анализ состояния изученности тропических лесов Вьетнама в 16 регионе Индокитай …………………….………………………….. Глава 2. Объекты и методы полевых исследований…..………………….. 43 2.1. Полевое определение лесных растений, составление вертикаль- 46 ных профилей лесов ……………………………………………... Глава 3. Природные условия Вьетнама …………………..….……………. 50 3.1. Положение Вьетнама, рельеф территории …...…………………… 50 3.2. Климат………..…………….………………………………………… 53 3.3. Почвы ……..……………….……………………………………….... 60 3.4. Растительность …………………………………………………..….. 61 Глава 4. Состав и эколого-биологические особенности растений муссонных тропических лесов …………………………………… 67 4.1. Деревья ……….……………………………………………………… 68 4.2. Лианы ………………………………………………………………… 95 4.3. Наземные травы ……………………………………………………... 109 4.4. Эпифиты и полуэпифиты.…………………………………………... 114 4.5. Паразитные и полупаразитные растения……………...…………… 126 4.6. Анализ состава жизненных форм растений ……………...…..……. 129 Глава 5. Природная динамика тропических лесов и возобновление лесных растений …………………………………………………... 134 5.1. Фазы сезонного состояния лесов в годичном цикле.……………… 134 5.1.1. Листопад ………………………………………………………. 134 5.1.2. Цветение и плодоношение …………………………………... 144 5.2. Растительный опад − формирование и утилизация ………………. 161 5.3. Природные нарушения в лесном пологе. Лесные «окна»: появление, зарастание……………………………………………….. 175 5.4. Естественное возобновление лесных деревьев……...………….…. 191 Глава 6. Вертикальная структура древостоев муссонных тропических лесов…………...……………………………………………………. 215 Глава 7. Флористический состав и структура муссонных тропических лесов Вьетнама в различных типах местообитаний……………. 236 Глава 8. Воздействие человека на тропический лес…….………………… 274 8.1. Военное воздействие на тропические леса фитотоксикантов и напалма во время Второй Индокитайской войны…………………. 276 3 8.1.1. Реакции тропических лесов на фитотоксиканты ………….. 278 8.1.2. Анализ реакций тропических лесов на применение фитотоксикантов …..…………………….……………………. 283 8.1.3. Последствия экоцида и возрастающего антропогенного воздействия на тропические леса ……………………………. 295 Заключение…………………………………………………………………... 299 Выводы ….…………………………………………………………………… 316 Список литературы …………………………………………………………. 320 Том 2 Приложения Раздел 9. Фотоиллюстрации………………………………………………… 362 Раздел 10. Краткая геологическая история территории Вьетнама……..... 413 Раздел 11. Климат леса ……………………………………………………... 419 11.1. Режим температуры и влажности под пологом равнинного высокоствольного диптерокарпового леса ……………….… 419 11.2. Режим температуры и влажности под пологом долинного высокоствольного леса ……………………………………….. 423 11.3. Режим температуры и влажности под пологом светлого диптерокарпового леса ……………………………………….. 429 11.4. Режим температуры и влажности под пологом горных лесов 432 11.5. Режим температуры и влажности в травяных сообществах... 437 Раздел 12. Корневые системы лесных деревьев …………...……………… 440 Раздел 13. Характеристика некоторых лесов Вьетнама……………….... 463 13.1. Леса в зоне морских приливов или мангровые леса на засоленных грунтах ……………………………………………….. 464 13.2. Леса равнин (на примере Юга Вьетнама) ……………………… 465 13.2.1. Леса на приморских песках ……………..…………………… 465 13.2.2. Леса на глинистых почвах …………………………………… 469 13.2.3. Леса на короткопрофильных ферраллитных почвах ………. 471 13.2.4. Леса на ферраллитных почвах средней мощности ………… 474 13.2.5. Леса на глубоко дренированных ферраллитных почвах ….. 479 13.2.6. Леса на сезонно-переувлажненных базальтовых почвах ..... 487 13.3. Леса горных массивов ……………………………………………... 490 13.3.1. Низкогорные леса на склонах массива Хонба, 400-600 м над ур. м. ………………………………………………………. 490 13.3.2. Низкогорные леса на склонах массива Хонба, 500-900 м над ур. м………………………………………………………... 493 13.3.3. Среднегорные леса на склонах массива Хонба, 1000-1500 м над ур. м………………………………………………………... 495 13.3.4. Среднегорный лес на гребне хребта, массив Хонба, 4 1500-1550 м над ур.м…………………………………………... 499 13.3.5. Среднегорный лес на гребне хребта, массив Вукуанг, 1400 м над ур.м. ……………………………………………….. 503 13.3.6. Среднегорный лес на подветренном склоне, массив Вукуанг, 1100-1200 м над ур.м. ……………………… 504 13.3.7. Среднегорные леса на плато, массив Вукуанг, 1200 м над ур.м…………………………………………...……………. 507 13.3.8. Долинный среднегорный лес, массив Вукуанг, 1300 м над ур.м. ……………………………………………………….. 513 13.3.9. Верхнегорный лес с Keteleeria evelyniana, горный массив Бидуп, 1600 м над ур. м. ………………………….............. 514 13.3.10. Лес с Pinus dalatensis и P. krempfii, 1550 м над ур. м., горный массив Бидуп …………………………………………. 517 13.3.11. Туманные моховые леса и горное криволесье, массив Нгоклинь, 2450-2600 м над ур.м……………………………... 520 13.3.12. Горное криволесье и бамбучники в горах Хоангльеншон, 2800-3100 м над ур.м.……………………...………………..... 522 13.4. Леса карстовых (известняковых) массивов ……………………… 524 13.4.1. Леса главных карстовых хребтов, массив Фоння – Кебанг, 400-600 м над ур.м. …………………………………………… 524 13.4.2. Леса подчиненных карстовых хребтов, массив Фоння – Кебанг, 300 м над ур.м. ……………………………………… 526 13.4.3. Вершина карстового холма с провалом, массив Фоння – Кебанг,400 м над ур. м..…...…………………………………. 528 13.4.4. Лес на склонах внутренних карстовых хребтов, горный массив Фоння – Кебанг, 200-300 м над ур. м. ……………... 529 13.4.5. Лес на карстовом склоне и вершине, массив Фоння – Кебанг, 270-310 м над ур. м. ………………………………... 531 13.4.6. Лес на склоне, подстилаемом сланцами, 300 м над ур. м., горный массив Фоння – Кебанг…………………………….. 533 Раздел 14. Последствия хозяйственной деятельности в лесах Вьетнама... 536 14.1. Сплошные рубки и расчистки лесных территорий ………. 536 14.2. Выборочные рубки ……………………………………………. 544 14.3. Земледелие на лесных территориях …………………………. 547 14.4. Подсочка лесных деревьев …………………………………… 549 14.5. Пожары ………………………………………………………… 552 5 Введение Биомы характеризуются господством определенной или определенных жизненных форм растений. При доминировании деревьев – это лес или лес- ной ландшафт. В выстроенном деревьями лесном сообществе только в тро- пической зоне Земли совместно произрастают растения таких биоморф как лианы, травы, эпифиты, полуэпифиты, паразиты и полупаразиты. Исследова- тели природы и различные специалисты, оказавшиеся в тропиках Старого (экваториальная Африка, Индостан, Юго-Восточная Азия, северо-восток Ав- стралии) и Нового Света (Центральная и Южная Америка), восхищались ими или проклинали их. Многие изыскательские экспедиции пропали бесследно, зоонозные (передающиеся животными) болезни унесли сотни тысяч жизней. Ни о каких других природных ландшафтах не сложено столько легенд и ми- фов как о тропических лесах. Именно легенды о природном богатстве – рас- тительном и животном мире, полезных ископаемых – стали первопричиной появления европейцев в тропиках и последующей планомерной колонизации. Только в XX веке – по прошествии 200-400 лет бесконтрольной эксплуата- ции природных и людских ресурсов – многие страны тропической зоны по- лучили или завоевали независимость. Во времена колонизации ресурсы тропического леса являлись объектом повышенного спроса в метрополиях – велась добыча и вывоз древесины, жи- вотных и декоративных растений. В наследство от колониального прошлого современные страны тропической зоны получили в разной степени промыш- ленно освоенные леса. Согласно мировому экономическому подразделению бывшие колонии сейчас – это, в основном, развивающиеся и даже слабо раз- витые страны. Подавляющее большинство правительств этих стран в эконо- мических вопросах продолжают ориентироваться на спрос мирового рынка на древесину тропических деревьев. Промышленная вырубка лесов не только продолжается, но и усиливается. Чрезвычайно активно осваиваются террито- рии Камбоджи и Лаоса, на очереди Мьянма – пока еще наиболее облесенные 6 (до 50% территории) страны Индокитая. При этом в составе традиционной (еще колониальных времен!) команды экономических европейских игроков, Австралии и Японии, появляются новые с амбициями на мировое лидерство, а именно Китай. Глобализация мировой экономики затронула развивающиеся страны тропической зоны преимущественно в аспекте интенсивной эксплуа- тации их природных ресурсов. Учитывая неослабевающий интерес стран с развитой экономикой (и, соответственно, технологиями) к природной составляющей ресурсной базы развивающихся стран, исследователи в обозримом будущем через 2-3 деся- тилетия лишатся источника получения первичных научных данных, в нашем случае – тропических лесов. В этом заключается один из парадоксов совре- менности – наряду с непредсказуемым и неизученным биологическим богат- ством этих сложнейших по взаимодействиям природных систем и, в связи с этим, принятием на уровне правительств, в том числе «тропических» стран различных природоохранных конвенций – тропические леса исчезают с по- верхности Земли быстрее, чем идет процесс их первичного (флористическо- го) изучения. Поэтому задача не только изучения оставшихся лесов, но со- хранения и восстановления становится неотложной. Тропическим лесам посвящено огромное число разноуровневых науч- ных трудов. В отечественной литературе наиболее цитируемыми являются работы Ан. А. Федорова
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